Chapter 12 style articles

style articles Fly forward with the light, fly at the same speed as the light.Light is now at rest for us.What will be in front of us at this time-darkness. Since we are at the same speed as light, we can't see anything and the light disappears.time machine time machine time story If I sit on the light, what will I see? Can't see anything. — Einstein The first thing I found out when I came back was that the mobile phone I took with me when I went to Heath City was the one that could be positioned globally, so why couldn't it be positioned then? ?Is there a problem with the signal?

Nana and Weiwei heard that I was coming back and insisted that I tell a story, so I had to tell them a story about time on the phone. In ancient times, a woodcutter elder brother saw a fairy with his own eyes.One day, the woodcutter went up the mountain to cut firewood as usual. When he got to the top of the mountain, he saw two An old man was playing chess, so he walked over to watch.One of the old men with fluttering silver beards looked at him, smiled, and gave him a piece of fruit from the plate , nodded to indicate please eat.The woodcutter ate it. I think the taste of the fruit must be "sweet and sour".This big brother is so patient until he finishes watching

Still reluctant to part.I suddenly remembered that it had been a long time since I came out and hadn’t cut wood, so I reached for the ax for chopping wood, and the handle of the ax shattered with a bang.It turned out that the two old Weng is a god who came down to earth, if it weren't for that fruit, this eldest brother would have starved to death.The time of this game of chess has not only passed through so many dynasties and generations in the world .Why is this story believable?Because later on, the eldest brother memorized the game record of the two old men - the "Lan Ke Jing" handed down to later generations.

Or yes! After listening to the story, the two of them asked me if I had seen the "Lan Ke Jing", and I said of course I had, otherwise how could I believe it.The two of them came to a conclusion that I still Quite superstitious. In fact, the fantasy about living a fairy life is always treasured in my heart, until one day I actually heard that this is not a fantasy but a possibility! There's a scientific story about time slowing down besides the one I encountered in Hyde Village: one of a pair of twins living on Earth , the other lives in the spaceship, and after many years the children on the spaceship will be younger than their brothers on Earth.Some people refer to this phenomenon as the "twin paradox"

. The scientist who discovered this truth is the Einstein we are already familiar with. When it comes to Einstein, we must first mention another great scientist-Newton.Newton not only fulfilled the dreams of his predecessors, but even ended the dreams of later generations. elephant.Newton told us: time is uniform and never stops, space is absolute and eternal.Newton's theories make scientists feel like they have nothing to do up.In Newton's halo, the lonely scientists are left with an extremely relaxed mood and freedom to enjoy life. But in the twentieth century another greater man was born—Einstein.A poet later described it this way, "God said 'Birth Newton'

, So the world was bright; but the devil said, "Birth Einstein", and the world fell into darkness again. " Why did Einstein bring us "darkness"?Has he cast some curse upon the earth? Einstein was a Jew, worked as a clerk, had a rough life, and finally settled in the United States. In his later years, he thought about many philosophical issues. He was the first president of Israel After his death, the government invited him to serve as the second president, but was rejected.No more than three people could understand his theory of relativity at that time, and not too many people now, but he proposed

When he came up with this theory, he was only a young man who was less than 30 years old. Incredible! But he was only a teenager when he began to think about this question, whether only a child's heart can be so free and broad!Childhood Einstein did not belong The ranks of smart children, even a little clumsy.He didn't set himself a great goal, he didn't even plan to study physics, he just thought asked a question. He thought: If I sat on the light, what would I see? Why can we see?Can we see without light, such as in the dark of night?Do our eyes glow?our Eyes don't shine, otherwise we can see no matter how dark the night is.Without light we cannot see anything.We can see objects because objects

The body reflects sunlight. What is light?Einstein wondered about this question as a child. Let's think about that too! Fly forward with the light, fly at the same speed as the light.Light is now at rest for us.What will be in front of us at this time-darkness. Since we are at the same speed as light, we can't see anything and the light disappears. Why does this happen at the speed of light?How to understand this matter?In fact, it doesn't have to be at the speed of light for strange things to happen. Objects moving at two different velocities produce differences as long as there is a difference in velocities.

The "twin paradox" is due to the speed difference, because we all know that even on the earth, we will follow the earth - our mother — Spin together. In fact, in this so-called "paradox", whether it is twins or not has nothing to do with the overall situation, and whether it is a human being has nothing to do with the overall situation. This kind of time difference will always exist. As for how much the difference will be, it depends on the speed of the spacecraft.So I thought, the stewardesses and pilots who often fly in the air will always keep their youth, It's enviable.

Why is it said that Einstein was summoned by the devil?Sir Newton established a calm and peaceful world framework for us. Who would not want to live in such a world? Live in a stable environment!But Einstein just discovered the variability of time and space, time is no longer uniform (but may still be endless interest), space is no longer absolute and immutable.As the speed of the object changes, the corresponding time and space will change. The situation is also known as "space-time curvature".Scientific experiments have proved that the faster the speed, the slower the time and shorten the length.

This kind of bending gives us a lot of room for imagination, and I have thought more than once: If one day we humans can run at a speed faster than the speed of light Then, will there be a strange phenomenon-time travel back.Because the faster the speed, the younger the people on the top will be, and the faster we Just a little bit smaller, and a little faster we can go back to the past. But the biggest question is if we go back to the past, can the memory still be kept, will we forget everything when we came; if we can still remember, then Are we really back in time? So are we now living in memory or going back in time in some world! Turn back time Turn back time Mr. Ai Wan is the chief engineer in charge of technology of our company.He is a few years older than me, has a Ph.D. in physics, and mainly studies quantum physics.He often makes a Some strange machines, so one day I tried to encourage him to make a time machine, which can send people to the past or the future.But he asked me, how could it be possible to the future?Because the future has not yet appeared.He said that it is only possible to use machines to simulate the future, but it is impossible to become a reality.But what about the past?no it's not practical .He said that if time could be turned back, it would be reality. As for the working principle of the machine, he knows more than me, but I can also make some functional requirements, such as being able to transfer people from a place in the past to another place, or from one era to another, etc.It turns out that Ai Wan is more obsessed than I am. He studies day and night and puts me in I was moved, so I had no choice but to accompany him to enthusiastically participate in various tasks within my ability.All of our spare time is spent in it, and luckily everything is going well profit. One day after get off work, Ai Wan called me to the laboratory and said mysteriously: "The machine is finished and ready to use." I was surprised and said: "It's so fast, you won't cut corners." "Aren't you there too?" But I really didn't know that the machine was built like this.But can it work?Although the idea is fine, is it actually possible?Ai Wanye A little worried, after all, no one knows what will happen when the machine is turned on.Can you try it with an apple first, Ai Wan said that I have no brains, so I can’t just use it when I come up people try it. In the next few days, we always went around the machine after get off work.I encouraged him to try it first, but his reason was better, because I couldn't operate it at all. So many complicated processes. Under his thousand-time guarantee that even if he fails, his life will not be in danger, I decided to sacrifice for science. Sit in a launcher where the space is not too crowded, and everything is ready.His finger was on the start button, and I heard a loud bang I don't know anything. "please wait patiently" The two can say that is the lawsuit. ——Deng Xi's Paradox In a trance, I felt a beam of sunlight shining on my face, and when I opened my eyes, I was in a wooden house.Get up and walk out of the house in front of a small village.It is our ancestors who come and go!What is this place? There are not many people on the road, and they seem to be resting at home in the afternoon. "Ah Qi, go back and feed the horse." I literally went back in time!What year is this? ... "Ah Qi, why are you standing there in a daze? Don't go to work." I turned around and saw a woman calling me, am I Ah Qi?I'm still stunned , "You called me?" "If you don't call me, who do you call? You don't feed the horses yet. If you just idle around all day, you will follow Deng Xi to watch the fun." I follow Deng Xi, who is he?I had no choice but to dawdle to the stable, picked up the fodder and put it in the manger, and then came back to the front. "Hey, there are no horses behind. "" Where did the horse go? "The woman took a look at the back, then came back and said me again. In fact, I said it on purpose. I only saw black horses and white horses, not white horses. see horse.She said that I was like Deng Xi and only knew nonsense.I think I was probably in the state of Zheng at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. This Deng Xi is said to love debates the most. He is a well-known litigator who specializes in helping people litigate.She didn't know that the "white horse is not a horse theory" Gongsunlong would appear hundreds of years later! (Yes, Mr. Could it be that Sun Long's point of view came from this Ah Qi?) What puzzles me most now is whether my past is Ah Qi, or just borrowing his body for use, which is even more terrifying! When I was confused, I could only hear the noisy people in the village running to the west, so I hurried to join in the fun. "Ah Qi, why are you joining in the fun? How much work is there? Can't see it? " run.Followed everyone to the river, it turned out that someone found a drowned person by the river.Everyone gets together but no one knows who this person is.I Said the man was probably a rich man.People ask me how I know. "I guessed it." "Ah Qi knows nonsense." It seems that Ah Qi is a normal person. People who don't work and make trouble for everyone.Who would have thought that someone would come from a village upstream of the river in the afternoon and ask if they found someone flooded in the river, and said it was a the rich.This is great, the person who found the body will definitely ask for a ransom, and the price is fifty gold.I don't know what the concept of fifty gold is, but see everyone They all opened their mouths wide and couldn't speak. Some were jealous, some were envious, and some were already stupid. It seemed that the money was very much.The person who came was The servant of the rich family dared not agree to the request for too much money, and said that if he wanted to go back and report it, he must protect the corpse, and the family would definitely come to redeem it. Haha, as I expected, I still have to ask Deng Xi to ask you about this matter.As a result, everyone came to scold me, "You know how to ask Deng Xi, He wanted to collect money, and he didn't let people get to know him well that time.What kind of benefits did he give you, you always speak for him..." I hurriedly shut up I said it, but they still chased me and asked why I didn't quibble. The next day, the rich man sent someone to say that he could only give 20 gold at most, and he couldn't pay more.This side is not willing, and the price will be increased to 30 gold in the afternoon, but Here is still not given.This is too outrageous, selling other people's relatives for money, what is the difference between this and robbery? On the third day, I heard that the family was going to ask Deng Xi for advice, so I hurriedly asked where Deng Xi lived.No one cares about me.Fortunately, there are people who love to be lively.But It was still too late, when I saw Deng Xi's house was full of people, I heard a sentence, "Don't worry, the deceased is of no use to others, if he doesn't sell it to you, there is still a lot of trouble." Who will pay for it, just wait patiently and that person will lower the price. "So the family returned with peace of mind. Everyone also dispersed, Deng Xi met Ah Qi and said, "Why haven't you come these days?" I hesitated and said, "I'm not feeling well. I heard someone I have something to do with you, let me take a look.Can you just let people wait? " "Do you think it makes no sense?" " I thought about it and it made sense, but it didn't solve the problem. After a few days like this, although the family members were anxious, they still felt that what Deng Xi said was reasonable, so they had to continue to wait. In the past few days, the person who found the corpse never saw his family bring the money, and was anxious, so he also approached Deng Xi for advice.Deng Xi also said, "Let the Waiting patiently, besides his family members, who else would want the ransom?And it's the only one.They will pay for it. "So this person is also relieved gone back. One is waiting for the price to drop, and the other is waiting for the money to be collected.Deng Xi's statement is also correct, but what will happen in the end? After I went back, I thought about Deng Xi’s analysis again. Yes, the truth is obvious, and the patience of both parties within “a few days” is no problem. , but then what?Because the problem actually still exists, temporary stability does not mean that the problem disappears. However, Deng Xi only remembered to show his eloquence, but forgot that there was another factor in this incident-ethics.Why do family members spend money to buy, those who ask for money Why would you ask for it?The reason why the money asker dares to ask for money is because he knows that his family will definitely pay, it's just a question of how much.The family also knows that they must , It's just a question of how much money to pay.Why do family members "must pay" and "must"?If the family doesn't want it at all, no matter how much money the asker wants The family would not give it either, and if the person asking for the money knew that the family would not pay for the remains of their loved ones, this would not have happened.The reason why one would ask for money, The other will definitely pay, because they all accept the same "ethical concept", that is, "love" and "maintenance" of blood relationship. I don't know whether Deng Xi ignored this factor because he was trying to challenge this "ethical concept" or whether he wanted to confirm this concept.I think it will take a few days It will definitely be resolved, because this "deal" must be completed, and there is only one balance point, which is called "transaction" in modern economics or sociology. balanced". From another perspective, it can also be said that what Deng Xi really missed was the constant change of things, after which both sides will find a balance point. I don't know if I should discuss my thoughts with Deng Xi, because I am worried that he will come up with other more difficult explanations. Make trouble! Deng Xi's Method Deng Xi's Method "There is no absolute truth in this world." Is it absolute? —— Relative Paradox After another day, I don't know when Ai Wan will let me go back, and I didn't make it clear when I came. At dawn, I hurried to Deng Xi's place, wanting to argue with this long-admired elder. Deng Xi seems to have gotten used to arguing with Ah Qi, which I didn't expect. The role of Ah Qi is not recorded in history. He asked Ah Qi if he still came to argue with him about what happened yesterday, and I said there was another problem that I couldn't figure out so I came to him. "tell me the story." "There is a saying: There is no absolute truth in the world. But now I don't understand whether this sentence is absolute or not?" After all, Deng Xi is not ordinary, he thought for a while and asked me, "Tell me what is absolute first." "Absolute is unconditional, without any prerequisites." He asked Ah Qi if he could tell me if there is anything absolute in the world.Of course there is, everyone absolutely has parents; everyone absolutely has to eat (traditional It seems that gods don’t need to eat, but they are no longer human beings); everyone absolutely has to sleep... There are many "absolutes" in people. He corrected that eating is not necessarily "absolute", because there must be food to eat first. I said, "Yes,... well, no, I meant 'to eat'. This kind of need has nothing to do with whether there is food. It is still absolute." Deng Xi said: "Now that there is an absolute thing, the next step is to look at what is 'truth'." The last thing Deng Xi told Ah Qi was: "There is no absolute truth in this world." This sentence is absolute, but it is not the truth. When I analyzed Deng Xi's words, I actually distinguished the meanings of several words.First, "absolute" things are not necessarily truth; second, "truth" is not actually Absolutely; from this we can draw the conclusion Deng Xi said, so there is no paradox here. The method of conceptual analysis is used here.But there is a more fundamental question waiting to be revealed! I don’t know if you have noticed, but when many children clamor for adults to buy food, they often say, “I want to eat delicious food, buy me delicious food. "But there is no such thing as "delicious" in the world. Where can I buy it? I don't want to buy this or that, but what is "delicious" "? "Truth" is like what children say "delicious". There is nothing that can be said to be "absolute truth".truth is not absolute , eternal, but relative and changing.This is not to say that everyone can imagine "truth" arbitrarily according to their own subjectivity, but that the truth Understanding is a process of continuous advancement and development. The method of conceptual analysis used by Deng Xi has an advantage, that is, no matter whether he is clear about the meaning of the concept itself, it can be logically consistent Principles of judging whether different concepts can be used together.Here, for example, he finds that "absolute" and "truth" cannot be consistent with each other, even if he does not Knowing what is "truth" can also draw the conclusion he wants. I'm not in the mood to be happy with such a result now because I don't know how to go back.Where is the transmitter?Where is the exit? Zhuang Hui's argument "How do you know fish are happy?" "How do you know I don't know?" ——The dialogue between Zhuangzi and Huizi I was on my way back when suddenly a few people behind me yelled aggressively not to let Ah Qi go.I turned my head and saw that the situation was not right, so I hurried forward I ran, and asked them what happened while running, but no one answered me, that posture would never let Ah Qi go.I ran forward desperately, eye It seemed that I was about to catch up with me, and suddenly my feet were empty, and I fell straight to a cliff. With a "plop", my whole body trembled.The strange thing is that I don't feel any damage, but feel free. At this time, I only heard someone talking on the edge of the cliff, and I wanted to get close to them to save me, but my water skills have always been bad, but now I am so comfortable. I was even more dumbfounded when I realized that I was now a swimming fish.How can I become a fish? At this time, a voice came from the cliff, "Oh, look how happy the fish in this water are!" How could this be possible, I was almost bored to death! Another voice said, "How do you know fish are happy? You are not a fish." Well, that's a good question. The first voice said again: "How do you know that I don't know that fish are happy? You are not me." It seems reasonable. The second voice went on to say, "Yes, just because I am not you, and I don't know if you know fish are happy, I know you don't know fish are happy." Son is not happy, because you are not a fish. "I'm a little dizzy. Unexpectedly, the first person could continue to refute, "No, you are not me, but you said that you know that I don't know that fish are happy; so although I Not a fish, but I can also know if a fish is happy or not. "But I'm not happy at all now, how can you say I'm happy? Only the second voice said: "Zhuang Zhou, this is just a sophistry." Zhuang Zhou said, "Hui Shi, you are not sophistry." ... With a "crash", I was picked up by a fishing net, and I saw a fisherman smiling and saying, "I don't know what you two are talking about, anyway, now I feel very happy when I catch the fish in the net, haha. "It's unreasonable, but at this time I felt that my breathing became more and more rapid, and I was almost out of oxygen. I wanted to speak loudly. screaming, but unable to make a sound, as if trapped in a nightmare. "Ai Wan, come and save me! Did you hear that?" Ancient Greece Ancient Greece travel across time and space "History is false." "No, history is mutable." ——Historical Paradox "Wake up, hello, are you okay?" I felt a pain in my chest, and slowly opened my eyes, but my eyes were still blurred, "Where is this?" Someone let out a long breath, "Finally it's all right." I saw Ai Wan, it seemed that I was back.Don't say anything, go to sleep first. Ai Wan said that I only sat on the transmitter for a few hours, and he was watching my reaction all the time, adjusted two buttons in the middle, and then looked at me He stopped as soon as he had trouble breathing.Fortunately, this Ai Wan is not stupid enough to let me persist. The results of our preliminary analysis are: 1. This machine cannot make the real person go back to the past; 2. The buttons controlling time and place can be Time changes the age and location; 3. If you encounter something, the real people will have the same reaction; 4. If you find that the real people If there is any abnormal phenomenon, the machine should be shut down immediately and rescued in time; 5. It is still impossible to know what it is that has returned to the past. I later recalled what I heard in the water, probably Zhuangzi of Taoism and Huizi of famous school were arguing. In fact, what Huizi said about Zhuangzi's sophistry is still pertinent.Because Huizi is based on the fact that he is not Zhuangzi, but he can know whether he knows Zhuangzi or not. What Zhuangzi thinks, and through this, we can judge whether Zhuangzi knows the happiness of fish.Keiko means: I am not you, so I don't know if you know I know fish, but I know that I don't know you (this can be known or certain), and you are not a fish, so I know you don't know fish. And Zhuangzi's sophistry is to confuse the two meanings of "knowing" before and after, because "knowing" in "don't know" refers to knowing the other party (or fish, That is another thing), and the "knowledge" that Keiko said later refers to knowing oneself, but the content of this knowing is "not knowing something".Zhuangzi Deliberately confusing these two meanings of "knowing", his quibble is as follows: Since you already know that I don't know, it can be seen that you still know me, and you don't know me. It's me, so I'm not a fish, but I can still know a fish.If you look carefully, you can see that the "know" here is used in two meanings . However, we can see from it that the ancients have consciously used the ambiguity of the language itself to argue, and we can slowly discover that there are many "Paradox" or "contradiction" is actually caused by language.However, the ambiguity of language is not always used to quibble, more often people are Use this kind of ambiguity to increase the charm of language, just pay attention to distinguishing carefully when encountering more subtle situations! In addition, I think that if people do go back in time, it will have a greater or lesser impact on history. Doesn't the result mean that history is false? fake?Ai Wan disagreed with this point of view. He said that history will not become false, but our understanding of history will change. In any case, after listening to my experience, Ai Wan wanted to try it too, but I can't operate so many buttons, not to mention there are still many buttons with existing functions. I still don't know if it works or not!If something goes wrong, I can't even fix it, it's going to be a big trouble. So I finally decided that if I have time, I will test it a few times first, and then generalize it. Challenge from Zeno "You'll never catch up with me, -_-!" ——Speed ​​Paradox After a few days, I couldn't help but want to visit ancient Greece, so I encouraged Ai Wan to adjust the equipment and go on another trip. This time it was even worse, I turned into a tree.If I can't move, how can I find the great philosophers of ancient Greece?Fortunately, this is not an ordinary tree, Perhaps it has been tainted with too much Homer to give it the charm of gathering crowds for conversation. Who will be here today? After a while, several people from all over the world gathered under the tree, and one of them said, "I don't know what strange things Zeno will say today? Don't we? So many people can't argue with him? The other said: "I know what he said is wrong, but I just can't find the fault in what he said." At this time someone asked: "Yesterday God, what did he say again? Some people quarreled and said, "He actually said that Achilles couldn't catch up with the tortoise." " "What? The long-distance running champion can't catch up with the tortoise. How is this possible? Could he have any reason?" "He said that as long as the tortoise started a little ahead of Achilles, Achilles would never catch up to the tortoise." "No matter how much you lead, you will definitely be able to catch up." "He reasoned like this: the tortoise was some distance ahead of Achilles, and if Achilles wanted to overtake the tortoise, he had to reach the tortoise first. The place. " "That's right." "But at this time the tortoise has already moved forward for a certain distance, and when Achilles finished this distance, the tortoise walked forward for a certain distance. Kiris gets closer and closer to the turtle but can never catch it. " "..." "Why does this Zeno always come up with some strange questions? We must find a way to expose his mistakes." While they were thinking about how to deal with Zeno, let's also think about what happened to the problem just now.Now we have at least two ideas to push Looking at his theories: one is to tell the truth of being able to catch up with the tortoise; the other is to point out the mistakes of not being able to catch up with the tortoise. Of course, the conclusion does not hold.The ancients once had a vivid metaphor for the second method: Can you stand an egg on the table, I will try to stand it on the table. But (is it stupid), a smart man picked up the egg when he heard about it, and stood the egg on the table with a "pop". Of course, the chicken standing on the table The egg is already rotten, which is called—no break, no stand.We are now going to use this method to rebuild from destruction (Li Dazhao, the pioneer of the revolution, also wrote in the article As mentioned in the chapter, the Chinese revolution is to establish a new system while destroying the old system, which shows the wide range of power of this method). What Zeno said was simple.According to this principle, even if you have the ground shrinking technique, don't try to catch up with the tortoise. Isn't this a "weird thing".there is a A crucial factor has been overlooked - time.Because we know that it takes a certain amount of time to walk a certain distance, and the so-called speed is different from the actual speed. The above means that the time it takes to cover a certain distance varies.Mr. Zeno said that if Achilles walked to the original position of the tortoise, and the tortoise moved forward A certain distance, and then another distance...Here we can clearly see that he only considered the distance and ignored the time, so there is no longer There is the concept of speed.In other words, what Zeno is telling here is not a story of chasing, but a story of infinitely divisible distance. In fact, Zeno also said another "paradox", he said that it is impossible for a person to go from one place to another.Because this person is going to a place If he wants to go to the square, he must go to half of the distance, but if he wants to go to the midpoint, he must first go to the midpoint of the midpoint. Far from reaching the end. Here Zeno also ignores time, or Zeno intentionally divides time infinitely.Because no matter what means of transportation the person uses, It will take up time. If you divide a distance by half or half, in fact, you will also keep scoring time at the same time. That is to say, if you want to let When the time passes by one second, half a second must first pass, and if you want to pass half a second, half a second must pass first, and then, and then... We find that there is no time. So Zeno's meaning becomes: I don't give you time, can you get from one place to another? Even I who have become a tree know: never. However, this reminds people of the Chinese Hui Shi who once said, "If you beat a foot, take half of it every day, and it will last forever." Hui Shi explained that there is indeed infinite This does not cause a paradox, because he only admits the existence of this infinite, but does not use the infinite inappropriately. Zeno is coming Zeno is coming Feiya does not move. —— Zeno's Paradox At this moment, I saw a man of medium build walking in the distance, with a slightly conceited smile on his mouth. When he got close, everyone shouted: "Zeno, what strange talk do you have today?" It turned out that everyone liked to hear his strange talk, maybe so The challenges it brings are much more interesting than reading a book by yourself. Zeno walked up to him and said, "Tell me first, have you figured out a way to refute my question a few days ago?" After a while, there was still no result.Zeno said: "In any case, I will tell you one today." I only heard Zeno say: "Today I want to say 'Flying arrows don't move'." "Flying arrows don't move? What do you mean?" He said: "Flying arrows appear to be in motion, but are actually stationary." "A flying arrow is stationary?" "That's right. Because the trajectory of the arrow is connected by the different positions of the arrow, when the arrow is in the first position, it is stationary , it is still still when it reaches the second position... Could it be said that many stationary arrows are connected together to become a moving arrow? " Everyone commented, "That's wrong! An arrow at rest is at rest, and an arrow in motion is in motion. Then you mean that there is no motion at all. . ..." Zeno said: "Yes! We should not trust our senses too much. What our senses bring us may not be the truth. We should trust our wisdom more. ! " My tree couldn't help but nod in agreement after hearing this, but this sentence is a bit too philosophical. The decomposed "movement" is stilled, and the coherent "still" is moved. What is stillness and what is movement? The invention of the camera is a milestone in the history of human records, how many beautiful "past" can only retain fresh memories through the photos left behind .The earliest paintings of human beings recorded the images of those times like a camera, so that we can restore the appearance of our ancestors to some extent. Our descendants are lucky Luckily, they don't have to spend as long drawing us anymore.After the emergence of high-speed cameras, we humans can take pictures of high-speed moving objects The state in the process of movement, cartoons are based on the opposite principle, and the continuous still life paintings are coherent to produce animation effects. Both "stillness" and "movement" are perceived through vision, and the distinction between "stillness" and "movement" is of little significance to the blind, because no matter the object Whether it is stillness or movement, he must perceive and remember it in various other ways.When a person closes his eyes on the train, it is hard to tell after a while Check whether the train is moving or has stopped.Zeno's idea may come from his imagination. He imagined that if he closed his eyes and sat on the arrow, the arrow would be the same as the arrow. It's the same as not moving.Indeed, Zeno's thought was proved by later physics, and an object moves (rests) in different ways in different frames of reference.but It is Zeno who wants to explain another problem, which is the infinite subdivision-dividing an action into countless small actions-from the smallest to the still.But in his analysis There is still one thing missing, that is, "stationary" and "movement" are not opposites. It is really admirable that Zeno thought about so many profound problems more than two thousand years ago.His thoughts also had a great influence on the later Western thought tradition. influences. "I'm so clueless" "I'm so clueless" "The only thing I know now, It's just that I don't know anything. " - Paradox of Socrates Suddenly, the scene in front of me became ethereal, and when it became clear again, it turned out to be another scene.Before coming, I agreed with Ai Wan Yes, I stayed in each place for about two days, how could I change places so quickly? I saw people coming and going in groups of threes and fives on the street, and I was already in a town. "Oh, Puslud," a hand fell on my shoulder, startling me, "what are you doing here?" "Me? It's okay, just stand for a while." I became Puslud again. Who is this Puslud? "Pusliud, I have a question that I don't understand and I want to ask you, can you answer it for me?" "Can I answer?" "You can think about it, maybe you can help me." "okay then." "If my shoes are broken and I want to fix them, who do I go to?" "Of course it's time to go to the shoemaker." "Then if the table in my house is also broken, who should I call?" "Naturally a carpenter." "What if my copper kettle breaks?" "Look for a coppersmith! What do you want to ask me?" "Well, Puslud, now that the big ship of the country is broken, who do you think you should call?" "Well, you should go to the government." "Well, what you said makes sense." After speaking, the man left. What should I do?Now.Who is this person?He seemed to know this Puslud. "Hey, Puslud, aren't you going to the Debate Garden? Socrates has already gone." 我扭头看见一个年轻人向我走来，我连忙说：“你说的是酷爱辩论的苏格拉底？” “普斯留德，你今天是怎么了？连苏格拉底是谁都不知道了。你还有别的事吗？” “没有，没有，一起去吧。” 我也不敢问这个人的贵姓，就假装很熟悉的样子吧。我跟着他到了一片树林边，只见有两棵大树立在中间， 就像是一个大门，左边一棵树上挂着一个牌子，上面写着“辩论园”。没想到还有一个专供人辩论的地方，这就 是著名的苏格拉底的希腊时代。 据说苏格拉底称自己是一位“思想的助产士”，就不知是如何“助产”的。我们走进小树林，只见前面不远 处已经聚集了一群人，和我同来的年轻人说：“快点，苏格拉底开始说话了。” 我们挤进人群，只见刚才那个向我请教问题的中年人坐在一块岩石上，静默着，显得有些忧郁。原来他就是 苏格拉底。他刚才问我的问题难道就是在引导我去思考。 这时有人问：“苏格拉底，你怎么了？今天怎么不问问题了？”苏格拉底停了停说：“我刚从神庙回来，神 没有告诉我什么是智慧。回来的路上我细细地想，只觉得我现在唯一知道的事，就是我一无所知了。”说完又陷 入沉思。 过了一会儿，人群中传来叽叽喳喳的声音。有人对苏格拉底说：“你怎么会一无所知呢！”苏格拉底没有说 talk.另外有人接着说：“是呀，苏格拉底你是我们之中最聪明的人了。怎么会一无所知。” 这时又有人说：“苏格拉底，你还知道你一无所知，这说明你不是一无所知呀！”看来到了这种时候希腊人 还忘不了争论。苏格拉底没有回答。 “是呀，苏格拉底你不是最爱挑别人的错嘛，现在自己也说出矛盾的话了 Bar! ”苏格拉底只是抬头看了看天，就起来走了，人群闪出一条道来，也许大家并不是要与苏格拉底争论，而只 是想安慰他吧。 我看苏格拉底马上就要走远了，急忙追了上去。 “苏格拉底，等等我，我是普斯留德，我也有问题请教你。” 苏格拉底真的停下了，我追上他，“苏格拉底，你说你一无所知，一定是想告诉我们什么吧？” 苏格拉底看了看普斯留德，“其实我什么都没做，我只是想唤起每个人的记忆。如果一个人没有关于某事的 记忆，再怎么说也是没有用的。 " 说完他就走了，我一时也不知道想问什么了。 可是我们不能让伟大的苏格拉底变得“一无所知”呀！ 问题出在哪儿呢？让我们仔细看看这句话。其中出现了两个“知”，我“知”道我无“知”。“知”在字典 中有很多个解释，也就是说它有多个意思，其一为“知道”即对事物的认识，另一为“知识”。“知识”的范围 与“知道”的范围并不完全一致，我看完天气预报后知道明天又是一个“艳阳天”，但这并不是说我就具有关于 气象方面的知识，并且我还“知道”我对气象知识“一无所知”。 类似地，一个没有知识的人却可以知道很多“张家长、李家短”的事，而一些大学问家偏偏就不知道这么多 “张、李家” 的事。可见对这句话的误解来自对概念的混淆，尤其是利用语言、文字的同形或同音。现实中我 们也常常对熟悉的事物不加注意，自以为已掌握了事物的真谛。其实每个事物都可以被多方面、多角度的认识。 “你的头上有角” 你的头上有角” “你没有失去的东西你仍然拥有， 你没有失去你的角，所以你有角。 " ——古典辩论 普斯留德回到辩论园的人群里，大家还在议论苏格拉底的话，最后大家得出一个结论，苏格拉底一定有了新 Find. 这时与我同来的那位仁兄问道：“柏拉图今天也没来吗？” “他向来不是很爱辩论。” “我听到一个怪论，不知谁能解释？” “说来听听。” 于是这个人问道：“你有没有角？” 另一个回答：“我没有角。” “你能不能失去你没有的东西？” "Of course not." “所以你不能失去你的角。” "yes." “你没有失去你的角，那你现在有角。” "..." 这个问题如果单从上面的问答是很难分辨出关键所在的。因为这里面不只是涉及到“有”和“没有”的问题 . “有没有”的问题只对那些已经存在的事物才有意义，而对世上不存在的东西来说当然不可能有“有没有” 的问题。因为一个人说“我没有钱”，是因为世上有“钱”这个东西而这个人没得到、没拥有；如果一个人说“ 我没有翅膀”，别人就会以为他在发烧或者在幻想，因为世上本就不存在长在人身上的翅膀。而只有对存在的东 西才有“有没有”的问题，这个很好理解。出现这种“似是而非”的说法的原因是，在现实生活中人们常常对不 存在的事物也用“没有”这个词来描述，比如传说中的“独角兽”本不存在，但说起来时总是“世上没有独角兽 ". 日常语言的不严谨并不应该成为我们思想混乱的理由。 可是又有人说了：“'独角兽'存在——至少它在我们的意识中存在。” 于是我现在要告诉全世界的是：你们现在看到的是一位世上最伟大的作家的作品，同时他也是世上最富有的 富翁——他的财产比世界五百强的总和还多四百九十九倍，至少这一切现在就存在于我的意识之中。 可是我还没陶醉到这般地步，我所知道的是：“一位世上最伟大的作家同时又是世上最富有的富翁”这样一 个人并不存在，存在的是关于“一位世上最伟大的作家同时又是世上最富有的富翁”的意识和具有这个意识的这 personal. 世上不存在长在人身上的角，所以你永远不会失去它——因为你从来不可能拥有。对于世上本不存在的东西 ，又何必问有没有！ 因为你不能拥有不存在的东西，所以你也不可能没有不存在的东西。 什么是民主 完善的民主选举不只在实际执行中， 而是在原则上就是不可能的。 ——阿罗悖论 大家正在谈论，只见不远处又聚起一堆人，有人在演讲。我赶紧也凑了过去，演讲人正在讲雅典的民主制度 ，“我们的民主是最广泛的，就是一个部队的将军也必须通过大家的选举才能决定。” 有人问：“克里提斯，你说的民主是否一定是完善的。” “当然很完善。这是我们雅典人的传统。” 可是真正的完善谈何容易。 我带着现代人的理解问道：“请问克里提斯，你说的完善指的是什么？是说选举的结果是最公正的吗？” “难道你会认为不公正吗？普斯留德。” “对不起，我问的是'完善'的意思，而是否公正只是我自己对完善的理解。现在我想知道的是你说的完善 what is it如何才能保证像你说的完善？ " 克里提斯说：“因为我们已经建立了选举的制度，这个制度就能保证结果是完善的。只要依据这个制度得出 的结果就是完善的。 " 普斯留德说：“不知道大家是否已经听出他的话里的矛盾？如果依据制度得出的结果是完善的，这个制度当 然就能保证结果的完善，这还用你说吗？但是我想请问，到底是这个制度是完善的，还是得出的结果是完善的。 并且你还是没说出'完善'是什么。”我之所以这样为难克里提斯，是因为这个曾经向苏格拉底求教过的政治家 最后成了与苏格拉底对立的带头人。 其实完善的选举制度至今也很难实现，甚至可能根本不存在。我们唯一可以依据的就是“多数原则”。 提到选举问题我们就不能不提到阿罗先生。诺贝尔经济学奖获得者的美国斯坦福大学教授阿罗提出一个被称 为“阿罗不可能定理”或“阿罗悖论”的观点。举个通俗点的例子，一个人喜欢看电影胜过看电视，看电视胜过 听京剧；第二个人喜欢看电视胜过听京剧，听京剧胜过看电影；第三个人听京剧胜过看电影，看电影胜过看电视 .现在三人投票选择各自的偏好，结果很明显没有一个能获得多数票而通过，因而又称作“投票悖论”。 虽然这种选择只会出现循环投票并且毫无结果，并不会出现直接的矛盾，但是一项选举始终得不到结果，这 本身不就是一个“悖论”吗？后来另一位经济学家阿马蒂亚·森修正了这个说法，但是仍然存在不少的假设在里 面，可是我们知道生活中是不会允许太多的假设的。 最广泛的民主是可能的，但是必须有一个前提，那就是对“民主”这种权力的掌握，过分地行使“民主”实 际上就会侵犯他人的“民主”。很多人都曾幻想过，“如果这个世界上只有我一个人该多好”，可是只有一个人 的社会，那该多寂寞，到那时也就不会再有什么“民主”了，因为那时“民主”和“独裁”又有什么区别呢？Place 以“民主”的本质就是来自于“多数”，也许现在还不能做到“完善的民主”，但我们可以期待，随着“民主” 意识的提高，也就是人们真正能掌握如何行使民主权力的时候，社会全体的“民主”才能实现。那时个人的自由 意识将于全体相一致，“多数原则”就能如它想要的样子存在了。 阿罗不可能定理（阿罗悖论）不能靠改变研究方法得到解决，而是要靠社会的不断前进才能最终达到“完善 的民主”。