Chapter 20 Part Three Taoist Academic Thought and Buddhist Esoteric Culture-1

Taoist academics originated from the "hermit" thought of ancient culture, and became "alchemists" between the Warring States, Qin, and Han, and changed from immortals after Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin to Taoist priests. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, they were called "refiners".This series of academic thoughts, on the surface, have undergone several stages of changes, but in essence, they have been inherited in one continuous line without much change. They can only follow the path of historical and cultural development and absorb other foreign academic methods. Just expand it.The center of Taoist academic thoughts is built on this series of cultivation methods, and Taoism inherits the content of Taoism, which is to use this series of academic thoughts as its foundation.Now let us make a comprehensive introduction, so that we can get a little idea of ​​what kind of medicine is sold in the gourd of Taoism, which is considered mysterious and unpredictable in the world?

(1) Taoism and Taoism’s evaluation of the meaning of life: We usually only know Chinese culture, and Confucianism, Confucianism, and Mencius studies represent Confucianism. system.But I have forgotten that it is preserved by the tradition of ancient history and culture, the relationship with the Department of Pentateuch, and the scattered schools of thought.It is really a pity that the academic thoughts of life science that our ancestors left to future generations are thrown away casually. Everyone knows that philosophies in ancient and modern China and abroad are all studying the problems of the universe and life, trying to find solutions for human beings to obtain eternal peace.However, just like religious belief, philosophical thought is based on pessimism about life and the shortcomings of the world. Although philosophy, like religion, also works hard for real life and real world problems, its ultimate requirements are different from those of the world. The highest purpose is generally to study the problem of death.Especially in terms of religious thoughts, as the common people say, they all work on the issue of death, despise life, and deny reality. Sure enough, they are also trying their best to beautify life and beautify reality, but its purpose is still to make the real life work hard. The result, as the capital of the soul's detachment after death.In other words, religion and philosophy generally stand on the side of death and perdition, calling for the sublimation of the soul.Only Chinese culture, according to the department's thinking, is quite different from this spirit.Because life and death, existence and perishing, are just two phenomena that treat each other, equal to the two ends of a stick, just like morning and night.If you stand on the side where you eat iodine when the sun is getting thinner and the grass is dying at dusk, and you see the scene of "the sun disappears behind the mountains, and the Yellow River flows into the sea", everything has only the past and no future, and it is really full of infinite sadness.However, standing in the east of the morning dynasty, on the side of "the building looks at the sea and the sun, and the door faces the tide of Zhejiang", and sees the source of life that "the wild fire is endless, and the spring breeze blows again", there will always be tomorrow, and there will always be an endless future. , It really gives people incomparable vitality and infinite prospects.The thinking of the Department of Chinese Culture is to look at the universe and human life from the end of life, and thus establish the concept of "changing life is endless".

The mainstream of the two ancient cultures, Taoism and Confucianism, proceeded from this philosophical foundation of infinite life, believing that the value of human life and the function of human wisdom can make up for the shortcomings of heaven and earth physics.Therefore, establishing the purpose and value of life has the function of "counseling the cultivation of heaven and earth".In other words, man, this creature, has infinite potential. If he discovers it by himself, he can make up for the shortcomings of everything in the world.The academic thought of Taoism is based on this idea, and it believes that human life can be "the same body (age) as the heaven and the earth, and the same life (life) as the sun and the moon", and can also control the heaven and the earth and manipulate physics.But why can't this potential be realized?Why can't I do it myself? ①Because human beings cannot understand the root of life, they are blinded by foreign objects, disturbed by emotions and desires, they create troubles anytime and anywhere, and shorten their lifespan by themselves. ②Because they don’t know the principle of continuation and supplementation, they only know the reduction of consumption, but they don’t know the magic effect of increase. In the Warring States period, because of the stimulation of the decline of the times and the chaos of the world, because of the prevalence of free lectures, and because of folk research on academic ideas, they gradually became upper class. Therefore, between Yan and Qi, alchemists who believed in this kind of thinking, some from the research of astrophysics and geophysics believed that the laws of human life are the same as the laws of the endless movement of heaven and earth, and established a Principles and methods of health preservation.Under the general principles of this method, some do research on physics and physiology; , with a variety of tricks, each holding one end.However, this is just an example of their alchemy concept of life cultivation. Starting from this alchemy concept, as for standing in the world, they also have their own sets of thoughts and theories in their views on people and things, which constitute the schools of thought. Doctrine of similarities and differences.Let us ignore this absolute and lofty realistic ideal, can we really achieve it?At least, this kind of concept and theory about the value of life and the great function of life is actually unprecedented in the history of world culture and thought, and only one family in China—Taoism—is the first to advocate it.In the past, the theoretical basis of Chinese medicine came entirely from the academic thought of Taoism.Therefore, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, doctors who did not understand, "Nei Jing", "Nan Jing" and Taoist academics were greatly lacking in medical science.

(2) The influence of alchemist thought: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, this emerging and popular "alchemist" thought, among scholars who only knew the poor classics, completely lacked scientific interest except for discussing Taoism and discussing humanistic thoughts. Pay more attention.Even laughing is considered absurd and outrageous, and everyone despises it, and the upper-class people among the wise and talented, like fools and fools, are more or less affected by it.As a result, the prevailing ethos of "restoration", "convincing the spirit", "bait and medicine", and "sacrifice prayer" gradually became popular, which means that in this age of science, whether you understand science or not, atomic ice cream and atomic haircuts follow the pace of science. The trend is to shout casually, especially in the United States, where science fiction is as popular as it is.Now we only give examples of the famous theories related to Taoist alchemists' thoughts at that time:

(1) Theoretical methods of the spiritualists: Of course, Lao Tzu is the most popular.For example, the principle of Lao Tzu's theory of nourishing the gods is: "The god of the valley does not die, it is the gate of the mysterious female, and it is the root of the heaven and the earth. If it exists continuously, it is not used diligently." When Lao Tzu mentioned this god of the valley, some heretical Taoists later He and the refiners dragged it to the scope of medicine and the physiology of the body, thinking that the word "gu" is the god of "yi", a kind of explanation is the god of spleen and stomach (Taoist priests) Call it the part of the middle palace), one explanation is Yidao (the junction of the large intestine and the kidney), so I held back my fart and kept a close eye on Yidao, thinking that it was in line with Lao Tzu's Taoism and practiced "Gushen "The magic trick.In fact, Lao Tzu's so-called "God of the Valley", as long as you carefully read the principle of "to the extreme of emptiness, and to keep quiet" in "Lao Tzu", you can know what he said: The methodology of "Quiet Day and Return to Life" is the commentary of "Gu Shen".If you can calm your mind and mind until it is as empty as a valley, you can experience the realm of "transmitting sound in an empty valley, listening in an empty hall" and "continuously as if there is existence".After the Wei, Jin, Sui, and Tang, the Taoist method of "preserving the spirit and nourishing the nature", combined with the "Nei Jing" of Taoist medicine and the "Huang Ting Jing" created by Taoism, produced the "inner vision and reflection" and "longevity and long-term vision". theory.Therefore, the "inner vision" and the method of guarding the navel are both matters of Taoist cultivation in later generations, not Zen terms. If someone makes a mistake, they should pay attention.

So, what is the god that Taoism talks about?There are many similarities and differences in the Zishu of the Warring States Period, let me give a few examples to illustrate. "Book of Changes: Xi Zhuan": "God has no way, but Yi is endless." Later Sima Tan said in "On the Essentials of the Six Schools": "The gods who are born of mortals are also the shapes that are entrusted." "Gods, The root of life. The form is the tool of life.” Sima Qian said in the "Law Book" more eloquently: "God makes qi, and qi takes form." God, and the feeling of forming!" The problem of form and spirit mentioned by Sima and his sons is consistent with the theory of form and spirit mentioned by Qi Bo in "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Taisu's Theory of God". Form, the eyes are dark, ask what it hurts, search for it from the scriptures, Huiran is in front, can't press it, and don't know its feelings, so it is called form." Also: "Shen is like a god, you can't hear it, your eyes are clear, your heart is open, Be the first to be ambitious. Wisdom and enlightenment alone, eloquence and speech, all seeing and only seeing, suitable as if faint, clearly and alone. If the wind blows the clouds, so it is called God." These gods mentioned in Taoist thought are not religious in nature. Gods, and the theories of these gods are scientific and not purely philosophical, but they are not physical materialistic thoughts, they are the thoughts that gods can control things, and they are the unity of mind and matter as the root of life.In the hands of the Taoist "Huang Ting Jing", this primitive Taoist theology of life is put on Taoist robes and robes, painted with ghosts and gods' faces, and stands in every acupuncture point of the internal organs and limbs of the human body.Therefore, according to the ideas of the "Huang Ting Jing", our physical body has become a mysterious world of gods.If it is used to explain Confucianism, "University", "The Doctrine of the Mean" theories of vigilance and fear, and to cultivate a mind of sincerity and respect, it is the best explanation. Religious learning is indeed a unique realm in the history of world religious thought, so I won't go into details here.

(2) The harbinger of the theory of nourishing and refining Qi: after King Mu of Zhou, starting from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, as for the Spring and Autumn Period, the Taoist alchemists' self-cultivation method was biased towards cultivating the spirit.In the Warring States period, due to the advancement of medicine, medicine bait and alchemy methods became popular. Therefore, the Taoist practice method, from the stage of focusing on nourishing the mind, entered the stage of concurrently cultivating "both body and spirit", emphasizing convincing and refining qi.During this period, Zhuangzi, the representative of Taoism, talked about the methods and theories of "exquisite form and spirit" everywhere.Therefore, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu, who are both the ancestors of Taoism, although their academic thoughts are closely related, there are similarities and differences in theoretical purport and methods.The principle of nourishing the mind mentioned by Zhuangzi is basically nothing more than forgetting things and forgetting oneself, regarding life and death as a consistency, and equalizing things in the invisible.However, in terms of methods, it specifically puts forward "the theory of fasting the heart" and "the theory of sitting and forgetting", which are the foundation of nourishing the spirit and harmonizing the Tao, so that they can reach the realm of "the empty room produces whiteness, auspiciousness stops and stops", and then they can "take advantage of the heaven and the earth". Righteousness, but guarding against the debate of the six qi, you can swim infinitely." Compared with the Taoism theory of "Lao Tzu", it has evolved quite concretely.However, in addition to nourishing the spirit, he also put forward the method of nourishing Qi, explaining that "the breath of a real person is on the heels, and the breath of the people is on the throat", and "following the governor's scriptures, you can protect your life, you can live a whole life, you can support your relatives, and you can live forever." And other theories, explain the role of the existence of qi mechanism everywhere, and the key truth of life.The development of Zhuangzi's academic thought is obviously influenced by the thought of "alchemist". Not only Zhuangzi is like this, but also he thinks at the same time that he is a direct successor of Confucius, practicing benevolence and righteousness. The method of self-cultivation mentioned in the theory of Taoism is obviously influenced by the health-preserving thought of the Taoist "alchemist". It is quite different from the original plain theory of Confucius. "Cheng Ming" and "Ming Cheng" have different ways of rejuvenating the mind.In terms of self-cultivation methods, Mencius simply put forward the idea of ​​nourishing qi.The so-called "husband's ambition is the handsomeness of qi." It even specifically proposed that the atmosphere that can be cultivated from the night qi to the calm qi, and then can be cultivated to the awe-inspiring qi, filling the space between the heaven and the earth, and more specifically, the principle of nourishing qi for further study. program.Such as: "What is desirable is called goodness, what is full of oneself is called faith, what is full is called beauty, what is full and brilliant is called great, what is big and transformed is called holy, what is holy but unknowable is called god" and other remarks.In any case, it is really difficult to find such clues in the theories of self-cultivation methods inherited from Confucius, Zengzi, and Zisi.

After 2,000 years of Taoist alchemy theory, the range of qi has never been exhausted. Generally, people who want to seek "immortality" follow the example of people who practice Taoism.So, what is the so-called qi in Taoism?People often ask me, if I am convinced, where should I sum it up?Or for the lower dantian (below the navel)?Or for the middle palace (part of the gastric cavity)?Little do they know that this body is like a leather bag with internal and external ventilation, containing many bones, viscera, the entire nervous system, blood and endocrine.For example, for a ball, when you pump air into it, is it possible for you to concentrate the air in a certain fixed place of the ball?If it is not possible, then the qi refining technique of exhaling and breathing is tantamount to the effect of ventilation, so as to achieve the movement of purging and cleaning, where can accumulate qi to make alchemy and obtain the result of "immortality"?A part of the Indian yoga theory of qi refining believes that the air is full of sunlight energy and many unknown physical nutrients, which can increase people's life span.Little do they know that there are many functions of nourishing the human body in the blood and energy.For example, if oxygen is absorbed too much, it will become harmful and useless. If sunlight is absorbed too much, it will also change the shape of the human body and even cause adverse consequences.In short, these theories are all specious lies. In fact, they are all deceived by "interpretation according to the text", and they cannot really understand the meaning of Taoism.Therefore, the immortals after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, fearing that everyone would misunderstand the meaning of the character Qi, created their own style and rewritten the character Qi into the character "Qi". a precursor of.This "black" formed from the absence of fire is also the reason Taoism uses to explain that this qi is not air.There is another kind of concept, which interprets the three Chinese characters qi, qi, and "Qi" in three layers. It believes that the qi without rice refers to the qi of breathing, and the fluorine added with the word rice refers to the qi of air. Qi without fire is what Taoism talks about. What is the true meaning of the word Qi in Taoism? It refers to a kind of potential inherent in life. It is not electricity or the function of atoms. We stand Modern concepts, borrowing modern knowledge, can only borrow an abstract term in physics—“energy” as a temporary explanation. From this we can see that the so-called methods of refining qi, such as exhaling the old and absorbing the new, do not mean that it is useful for Health preservation is useless, it can only be said that the breathing technique of letting out the old and absorbing the new at home is just like borrowing a match and relying on it to ignite one's own potential.

We are too specific about these explanations, in order to save time, we can't say more.Now continue to explain the Taoism in the Warring States period. After the "alchemists" put forward the cultivation method of convincing and refining qi that is "excellent in form and spirit", they were promoted from the concept of "alchemists" to the realm of "immortals". Among them, the epoch-making Conceptually, it is Chuang Tzu; in traditional beliefs, those with high morality and virtue are called Mr., adults, gentlemen, and even saints, and they are regarded as the highest standard among persons invisibly.Chuang Tzu raised this standard further, and created the title of "Perfect Man, Divine Man, True Man".For example: "All people have no self, gods and men have no merit, and sages have no name." Later generations of Taoism and Taoism used to call the gods who attained the Tao, and called him "true people", which started from Zhuangzi's concept.We need to know that in all Zhuangzi’s ideas, if a person can’t reach the state of being a god-man, he has not reached the peak of being a man, so he can’t be called a perfect man, because being a man can neither achieve the highest state of being a man. Therefore, all living beings are all fake people, that is, the so-called "walking corpses" in Taoism, not "real people".Zhuangzi's standard for the value of life and the sublimation of personality is too high for Chen Yi.For ordinary people, it can be said that there are only elusive elements, so everyone thinks that he, like all Taoist thoughts, is just an idealism.In fact, it is not wrong to refer to the concept of human life as the same as the function of the universe. It is just that human beings want to be self-respecting and arrogant, but they are not great enough, so they feel inferior and dare not bear it.So, what is the realm of "true man" and "god man" he proposed?For example, it is said: "The mountain of Miaogushe is inhabited by gods and men, whose skin is frosty, graceful like a virgin, who does not eat five grains, absorbs wind and drinks dew, rides on clouds, rides flying dragons, and swims beyond the four seas. His spirit is suspicious, Make things not blemish, but ripen every year." Zhuangzi's description of "God and Man" like this is not uncommon. He has raised the realm and value of people, so when he looks down from the sky, he naturally despises the world, and is humble and insignificant. Therefore, he said that a "god man" like this can be created by using his dregs and waste. Many saints, what else is there to say?It is like saying: "To a human being, there is no harm in things. If you are soaked in the sky but not drowned, if you are in a drought, gold and rocks flow, and the earth and mountains are scorched but not hot, it is their dust, dirt and chaff. If you cast Yao and Shun like pottery, who would be willing to use it Things matter!"

(3) Reasons for taking bait: When it comes to taking bait, in ancient Taoist scholarship, there are also names such as "taking food" or "bait medicine".In short, this is the orthodox school of physical science and philosophy of Taoism, which evolved from "alchemists" of Taoism to the "alchemy" of the alchemy school of later generations, and the Taoist school of physical science and philosophy, which took elixirs and became immortals.That is, ancient Chinese primitive scientific knowledge.For the concept of physics, the ideal of biological life is quoted, in an attempt to change the temperament of the body, mind and physiology with drugs, and extend the life span of people.As for the requirement of becoming immortals, they are the pioneers who opened the chemical era in the world, and they are also the mainstream of early pharmacology research.This school of Taoism, which mainly takes medicine and bait, is called the genuine "alchemist" in the Warring States period, and it also includes medical people.Because in ancient Chinese history, starting from the concept of Confucianism, people who were engaged in medicine for the living and the living were all called "Fangshi" people, and they were always regarded as "alchemists". They had no status among Confucian scholars. , and are not taken seriously, and sometimes they are listed as Buddhas and Taoists, and they are despised as the end of the rivers and lakes.Therefore, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars who practiced medicine specially advertised themselves as "Confucian medicine" in order to strive for academic status.There are about two theories, three types, and three procedures about the theories of the bait alchemist school:

1.The so-called two theories of taking bait pills: (1) They believe that the human body is a world of bacteria, with all limbs, internal organs, and internal organs full of life activities of bacteria. They use primitive ideas to name the types of bacteria , call it a worm.According to the medical concepts handed down in ancient China, the human body has always been divided into the upper, middle and lower triple burners.From the head to the lungs, it is the upper burner; from the stomach to the diaphragm, it is the middle burner; from below the diaphragm, including the kidney system, large and small intestine, bladder, etc., is the lower burner. All parasites in the triple burner are named after it. For the "Three Corpse Worms", and also for the race of the "Three Corpse Worms", they were named Peng Min, Peng Zhi, and Peng Jiao.Later, Taoism, more politely, called it the "Three Corpse Gods".For example: "The upper worm lives in the brain, and the middle worm lives in the Mingtang (the middle of the eyebrows)", so they exercise mineral medicines, such as mercury (mercuric sulfide), arsenic, sulfur and other five metals and eight stone poisons, which are chemically refined and condensed into Dan, swallowing Qiuxian, is to kill the bactericidal effect of "San Peng".We don't care whether this theory is correct or not, but more than 2,000 years ago, when there was no shadow of modern science, this kind of medical theory appeared openly. Can you say that it has absolutely no basis in scientific thinking? (2) In addition to the concept of taking bait pills to eliminate the "three corpses", the second thought is that the internal organs of the flesh and bone system are easily damaged by external physical effects and get sick.Such as cold, temperature, heat, temperature and the invasion of infectious diseases, if all the physiological functions of this human body are replaced with gold and silver-like constitutions, of course you can live for a long time.Therefore, they studied the chemistry of mineral medicines and made steel into gold. (In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the so-called gold was mostly red copper. There were very few real natural golds, so they had to be made chemically. Chinese alchemy is also the earliest in the history of world science. The smelting technology invented by the Arabs was later passed on to Europe.) Then use a certain natural plant ingredient to turn pure gold into a body, swallow it slowly, and let it absorb slowly. If all physiological functions are replaced with a golden body, of course one can live forever.You say this kind of thinking, how ridiculous?But is it ridiculous?Otherwise, all scientific inventions come from fantasies that are equivalent to child's play. Before we have evidence, we can only adopt a skeptical attitude.However, you must say, won't you be poisoned if you eat gold?Yes, the ingredients of gold poisoning are not too serious. If the gold is not turned into liquid, the situation of gastrointestinal perforation can be caused at any time. The "Fang Tu" has studied the medicine to rescue gold poisoning as early as more than two thousand years ago. There are several, but unfortunately some have been lost.As for the method of smelting iron into gold, it is still passed down in later generations.It is said that some people have tried it in modern times, and it really can be refined, but now natural gold is too common, and the cost of gold refined by this kind of chemistry is more expensive than natural gold, so it is useless. This is seen in modern people's research The factual information reported on Taoist practice is just a casual mention.We have heard this kind of Taoist "alchemist" academic thinking, which seems very ridiculous and interesting at the same time. Of course, people will not believe it, but modern people want to use blood serum and other medicines to exchange for the ideal of human longevity. Wouldn't it be equally doubtful before the formal test was successful?The spirit of a scientist is to seek the basis of the theory from fantasy and ideal, and then use the theory to verify the experiment. Therefore, we regard this Taoist "alchemist"'s ideal of "immortality" as a concept of science fiction Let's see, it's better not to add yes or no. Speaking of this, let us explain a problem by the way, that is, in our past history, many emperors and celebrities, such as Han, Tang, Ming, and Qing emperors who believed in Taoism and took elixir, and celebrities such as Han Yu and Su Dongpo , Wang Yangming and others all took the elixirs of Taoist "alchemists" and contributed to their quick death. What is the reason for this?Here, I would like to sincerely warn all friends who are superstitious about modern patent medicines, taking a lot of tonics, and specializing in tonic injections, that you should be on this issue and pay considerable attention. "Alchemists" invented medicines for tempering metals, eight stones and other minerals. In terms of medical value and physical therapy agents for human beings, as long as they are used properly, they are not only error-free, but also extremely valuable.However, this kind of medicine extracted from minerals is irritable, and has a strong effect of volatilizing physiological and vital functions. It has the same effect as a certain type of modern multivitamin medicine.In terms of the method of taking by real Taoist "alchemists", the first point is to thoroughly achieve "pure heart and as few desires" in terms of psychological behavior. The desire for food has absolutely ceased to have the effect of greed before you can start taking food.Otherwise, once this drug is taken, it will have a strong aphrodisiac effect, and it will inevitably promote the impulse of sexual function. This is for those emperors, and famous officials and dignitaries, who are indulging in the rich life of sensuality and beauties all day long. The person who is in love will undoubtedly become a life-threatening agent, so what is there to make a fuss about?The second point is that the Taoist conditions for taking this type of elixir must first be refined to the point where the spirit can be concentrated, and the grain can be fasted without eating the world's fireworks and food, before it can be absorbed and melted. Otherwise, it may be poisoned by the opposite food, or He got sick from the medicine and died.In short, people who generally take elixir cannot cut off their desire for "food for men and women". ", this is an inevitable result, there is no need to record all these bad debts under the names of "alchemists", are you right? 2.Regarding the three types of elixir pills: since the Warring States period, through the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the types of elixir pills can be roughly divided into three categories, that is, the later generations There are three kinds of Taoist so-called "Tian Yuan Dan, Earth Yuan Dan, and Human Yuan Dan": (1) There are two types of Tianyuan pills: one refers to the pills made of natural minerals, such as natural chemicals such as hardware and eight stones.One is to accept the gift from those who have already achieved the Tao without hard training. (2) Diyuan Dan: It refers to a kind of pill that uses botanical medicinal materials to research and refine.After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the development of Chinese pharmacology has an inseparable relationship with Taoism, which pays attention to the practice of Yuandan.For example, according to folklore, the stories of Ganoderma lucidum and Polygonum multiflorum, which are eaten to become immortals, all come from the thought of Diyuan Dan.There are special books on the study of Ganoderma lucidum in Taoism, including the types of Ganoderma lucidum, mineral fossils, animal fossils, etc. Most of them are unseen and unheard of. The wild Ganoderma lucidum we usually collect in Taiwan is not a part of the immortal alchemy. Ganoderma lucidum, which belongs to the fungus, some are poisonous, even if it is non-toxic, eating less will only make people have illusions, eating more will make people schizophrenic, or poisoning, and it must not be superstitious. And the immortal passed away, too late to regret. (3) Human Yuandan, there are roughly two types: ① It refers to leaving the dust and going out of the world, avoiding the world and practicing purely, specializing in cultivating the spirit, abandoning desires and tiredness, and cultivating the body and mind, so that it can reach the state of tranquility and inaction, emptiness and tranquility.Utilize the extremely quiet effect, only to accumulate, not to dissipate any results, to stimulate the potential of one's own life.For example, the so-called opening up of the two meridians of Ren and Du and the eight meridians of Qijing, and then reaching the concentration of energy, exerting the great functions of life, and then creating new life freely, is also the so-called Qingxiu school of Taoism in later generations, or called Qingxiu. A function of the Shanxiu School. ②Based on the theory of ancient intercourse surgery, it studies the function of sexual psychology and sexual physiology. It believes that the endocrine (hormone) of both sexes has the function of prolonging life. , to achieve the effect of sublimating the spirit and prolonging life, this is the so-called male and female dual cultivation school of Taoism in later generations, which belongs to the "longevity and long vision" and "internal vision refining" in the room. Their research on endocrine should be regarded as the world's medical history. found the earliest.But this faction's abuses are far-reaching, and there are many harms.For example, the common so-called tonifying technique (collecting yin to supplement yang, or collecting yang to supplement yin), as well as heresies in the past, used Ziheche (afterbirth clothes) and took red lead (infusion of the blood of boys and girls), causing a lot of harm to nature and reason. It not only violates the ethics and morality, but even violates the criminal regulations, which is a big treason.In Chinese folk society, many ignorant people are superstitious about this kind of heresy, which is quite common in the dark. They don't know that in modern medicine, after scientific sorting, there are many drugs, such as hormones, vitamins, etc., which have long been used. Beyond this primitive and unrealistic ideal, there can be no more superstition. 3.Three procedures for taking elixir: The orthodox "alchemists" of Taoism during the Warring States period should belong to the alchemists who were engaged in bait serving. Mercury, etc.) inventors of medicinal chemistry, and also the founders of effective prescription medicines. They have ideal theories in physical science and experimental results.The Taoists of later generations called the cultivation of the spirit, energy and spirit of the body and mind as alchemy.That is to take the evolution of the internal nourishing method of Renyuan Dan as the main body. This is a special achievement in Chinese proprietary health preservation, which will be explained later.However, those who specialize in cultivating the inner alchemy of essence, energy, and spirit do not understand the principles of Taoist medicine and the knowledge of Taoist medicine. In terms of alchemy, there are shortcomings. From the perspective of alchemy, there are about three procedures for taking bait pills: the first procedure, taking Diyuan pills, is to prepare for the practice of health preservation, so-called strengthening one's muscles and bones, improving one's body and mind, even for an ordinary person, It can also be taken for health care. From this development, it has become the custom of Chinese people in later generations to pay attention to food therapy.For example, the winter tonic and the habit of dietary regimen are all derived from the thought of Diyuan Dan.The second procedure is to practice Yuandan and change temperament to meet the Taoist standard of concentrating and gathering energy, just like the so-called: "Climb the height without trembling, enter the water without Confucianism, and enter the fire without heat", "He does not sleep without dreams, and he feels without pain". When this level is reached, one can eat without food, sleepless day and night as one, just as the saying goes: "I don't know how to say (pleasure) life, I don't know how to hate death, I don't feel happy when I come out, There is no distance between entry and exit, but it is just coming. Don’t forget the beginning, don’t forget the end, enjoy it when you receive it, and return it when you forget it. "Then you can take Tianyuan Pill, this is the procedure of Fang Shidan Daoist practice taking bait.It's a pity that throughout the ages, some people who don't know the true meaning of the way of alchemy, because they don't know the truth, want to "live forever", but lead to a short life and premature death, and they can't live happily ever after. Isn't it absurd? (4) Cultivation of the people of the Siqiu Sect: The academic thoughts of the "alchemists" who practice immortality have been briefly introduced earlier. This is a huge misunderstanding.The academic thinking of real "alchemists" cultivating immortals is based on scientific and philosophical theories.The academic thinking of the Siqi School is entirely based on religious beliefs, and belongs to the scope of spirituality and spirituality, that is, after the Han Dynasty, it formed the central idea of ​​Taoism.When it comes to sacrificial prayers, we must push up the traditional sacrificial thoughts of the three generations of culture, and then push it up, it should be attributed to the era of the Yellow Emperor, and the witchcraft handed down from the ancient peoples. In medicine, it is used for spiritual treatment—— The origin of "Zhu Youke".According to the cultural traditions of the "Book of Books}) Department, up to the ritual thought at the center of the "Book of Rites", we can understand the religious thoughts and emotions of our ancestors for more than three generations, just like the origins of the cultures of various nations in the world. It came from the concept of pantheism and the worship of common things, and then gradually transformed into a monotheistic religious authority.Although our ancestors also have the same origin as the cultures of all nations in the world, they first started with religious beliefs, but they never followed the line of monotheistic authority, and the biggest feature was that they always regarded heaven, gods, and people as moral elements. On the standpoint of good and evil, they are always equal.In addition, the spirit of worshiping ancestors and the rituals of praying to the gods of heaven and earth and mountains and rivers are used for each other, especially the culture of the Zhou Dynasty, which formed the essence of the cultural thought of the three generations, established the norms of various sacrifices, and unified them. Focus on worshiping ancestors.Therefore, our later generations will all call the tablets of deceased ancestors and parents as gods, and thus establish the spirit of traditional culture of "ruling the world with filial piety". There are differences, and we must never take the standards of other cultures and apply them to Chinese culture casually. Then there will be crowns, which are definitely not the true colors of our culture. Due to the evolution of sacrifices to the gods of heaven and earth, and the evolution of mountains and rivers and ghosts in ancient times, in the period of Tang Yao, Yu Shun, and Xia Yu, they inherited the ideas of the ancestors, and "enshrined" the mountains and rivers gods as a grand ceremony symbolizing national peace and politics.But everyone, don't forget that the true spirit of "Feng Chan" is still based on humanistic culture. Why?Because the gods of mountains and rivers are great and lofty, but they do not go through the emperors of the world and lead the will of the whole people to worship them and "enshrine" them. Then, they are still just a pile of mountains and rivers. "Where does the sage come from, and where does the spirit come from?" ?Everyone knows that the idea of ​​"Feng Chan" is equivalent to religious concepts and rituals in ancient Chinese cultural thought, but everyone has forgotten its inner spirit, which is the true meaning of improving humanistic thinking.After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the sages and sages praised by Confucianism, as well as the folk novels between the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, all came from this spirit.When Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi began to play with "Feng Chan", this traditional "Feng Chan spirit" changed greatly, and it was completely inconsistent with the ancient system.In addition to expressing their complacency about the power of the emperor, they used it to roam around and use it to show off their power, in fact, a group of "Taoist priests" of the worship sect at that time took advantage of their psychological weaknesses to seek "immortality" , The delusion of ascending to immortality, to achieve the extravagant hope of the Taoist legend that the Yellow Emperor rides a dragon to go to heaven, so it is recorded in history that the Qin Emperor and Han Wu's dramatic "Feng Zen" page.这一派“道士”的方术，完全讲究精神与灵魂的作用，利用药物，配合咒语与符箓，借此而锻炼心理意志的统一，引发心灵电感的功能，演出鬼神幻术，博取野心家，如秦皇、汉武的信仰，使其做出求药寻仙，“封禅”以邀神佑的豪举。他们在这中间，便可上下其手，自饱私囊。如李少翁的招魂，栾大等人装神弄鬼的幻术，不一而足，及其祸弊所及，汉代宫廷的巫蛊大案，就是当然结果的榜样了。后来历史学家，把这一批“道士”或“术士”的滥账，一概记在“方士”名下，这对于秦、汉以来真正的“方士”们，似乎大有不平之处。我们在这里附带地说明一句，中国文化学术思想中，对于精神学、灵魂学与心灵作用等雏形，早在春秋、战国以前，已经普遍流行，只要读过，孔子讲到“曾谓泰山不如林放乎？”便可知道孔子对于“封禅”的观感，王孙贾问曰：“'与其媚于奥，宁媚于灶'何谓也？”子曰：“不然，独罪于天，无所祷也。”等章句，便可知道古代对于家神、灶神崇拜的习惯，由来久矣。 秦始皇重“封禅”，汉武帝在“封禅”以外，更喜欢祀拜灶神，同时，又相信降神的法语，这便是后世流传到现在的扶乩、扶驾（这几种方法不一样）等旁门左道，相信灵魂存在的传统。我们平常随便开口批判别人为迷信，其实，真正最迷信的人，倒不是愚夫愚妇。实际上，知识愈高的人，愈是迷信，而且批评别人迷信的，在他心理上，正在迷信的案臼之中，这是一个非常有趣、而有深度的心理问题，将来再讲。然而，为什么上至帝王，下至贩夫走卒，都很愿意听信迷信的神话，这是什么道理呢？因为人类知识，始终无法解开宇宙人生的谜底，所以祀铸派的“道士”们，就能在种种心理的空隙上兴风作浪，产生利用的价值，极尽玩人的手法了。现在我们举出司马迁在《封禅书》上所载汉武帝相信神话的迷信现象，足以显见古今中外一律的戏剧。如说：“神君所言，上使人受之，书其言，命之曰书法。其所语：世俗之所知也，无绝殊者，而天子心独喜。”于是便有神仙派的五利将军，“装治行，东入海，求其师云。”公孙卿的奏言“神仙好楼居”，便大兴其土木了。至于秦始皇做的诸如此类的故事更多，你能说秦皇、汉武，不是第一流的聪明人物吗？这种做法与思想，不是第一流的傻事吗？因其聪明绝顶，才会有这样的傻劲，不傻者，未必如此“聪明”，这又是一个哲学上的重要课题，在此不必细说。 然而祀祷派的思想，都是一派谎言吗？不然，真正祀祷派的渊源，除了上面讲过，实是远继三代以上的祭祀精神以外，它的内容，也自有它的学术源流，而且包藏很多学术价值。例如，尽人皆知祭神情兴祷祝（告），是全世界，贯古今，所有宗教共同的仪式，如果要研究全人类原始上古文化思想的渊源，那么，对于道士祀祷派渊源的追溯，便不可轻易放过，同时，也不能只把它当做人类原始的迷信而已。因为虔诚的祭祀与祷祝，有时候的确可以产生心灵的感应，对于事物的反应，达到俨然有如神助有功效。当然啦，这里所说有时候的意思，便是指精神意志，绝对统一，达到极其虔诚的情况，这种作用与功效，也便是人类对于精神的功能，心灵的玄妙，灵魂的奥秘，三种基本的学问，始终未经解开的谜底。上古的巫祝，以及黄帝时代流传下来的“祝由科”，他们便在这种奥妙的学问上，建立它的基础，后来尽管演变而成为宗教的仪式，可是在它的基础上，还是由于精神生命的心灵作用，与灵魂的关系而来，我们如果把它迷信的外衣褪去，不是用来欺人，是以科学的精神来研究，你能说它不是人类文化的一大贡献吗？假使人们真能研究发明精神的功能与奥妙，证明灵魂的存在，那么，对于宗教、哲学、科学的文明，也必随之而来，会有新的变化了。其次，“道士”们用以统一精神，用做祀祷的咒语，看来都是鄙俚不文，不堪卒读。然而，推开精神作用而不讲，如果要研究古代的方言，与古代民俗的俚语，那就不能不留心注意，足供发掘了。至于画符用的符箓，由东汉时期，张道陵五斗米道以后，派别更多，符箓的式样，也不统一。如元、明以后，辰州派的符咒等等，看来真有鬼画桃符，如同儿戏的感觉，然而你要研究上古文字不同的来源，例如蝌蚪文等，以及印度梵文与中国符箓的关系与唐、宋以后，道教自创文字的思想，就不能不慎重地注意了。总之，祀祷派“道士”们祭祀、祷祝的礼仪，以及画符书箓、念咒诵文等方法，其主要精神，仍然要与“方士”修炼派的养神论者，与养气论者的作用合一，才有灵验。换言之，当在画符书箓，念诵咒文的时候，不能达到忘身忘我、精神统一的境界，不能炼到神凝气聚，阔气炼形的情况，那便如民间俗语所说：“不会画符，为鬼所笑了”！所以晋代道家的葛洪，在他著作的《抱朴子》中，讲到修炼符箓的要点，便特别提出炼气的重要。因此祀祷派的方法，仍然属于“方士”学术的范围，其由来也久矣。