Chapter 14 Thirteen. The author's defense of several groups of reflections

Attachment: Descartes Biography Descartes Life Chronicle Compiled Postscript and Bibliography This book is another collection of western academic essays following the compilation and publication of "Kant's Collected Works".Descartes thought is the first complete rationalist philosophical system in the history of philosophy, and Descartes himself has become the pioneer of modern rationalism.At present, researching and discussing Cartesian thought has become a craze in academic circles, and it is based on this that we have worked together to compile it.The idea of ​​compiling the book was put forward by Mr. Feng Zhe, who was meticulously organized and planned. Mr. Feng Zhe is enthusiastic about the inheritance and dissemination of academic works.I would like to express my respect and thanks to Mr. Feng Zhe!

The compilation work of this book is in charge of: Jin Ling, Guo Zhi, Liu Xiaohu, Zhu Ji, Dong Sheng, Han Jijiang, etc. Please correct and criticize the deficiencies in the book to the compiler. Finally, a large number of relevant materials and translations were selected during the compilation process of this book, and only the main bibliography is listed, and I would like to express my gratitude to them. 1 "Rules for Guiding the Mind" is selected from "Guiding Principles for Searching for Truth", translated by Guan Zhenhu, Beijing Commercial Press, 1990. 2 Paragraphs 1 to 4 of "Introduction to Method" were selected from "Religious Views in the Age of Rationality" translated by Zhu Xin. Hong Kong Jinling Theological Seminary's Chronicle Department Christian Fuqiao Publishing House in 1960, and paragraphs 5 to 6 were selected from "Methodology" translated by Peng Jixiang. The first volume of "Wanyou Library" in 1933.

3 "Meditations on First Philosophy" is selected from "Meditations on First Philosophy: Refutation and Rebuttal", translated by Pang Jingren, Beijing Commercial Press, 1986. 4 "Proving the existence of God and the difference between human spirit and body according to geometry" comes from the same 3. 5 "Principles of Philosophy" is selected from "Principles of Philosophy" about translation, Beijing Commercial Press, 1958. 6 "The Author's Reply to Several Groups of Refutations of Meditations" is from the same source as 3.The sources of other papers are from "The philosophical works of Des-Cartes".by Elizabeths.Haldane, LL.D.and GRT Ross...Cambridge. The university. press. 1911-12.

1 "I think, therefore I am - Descartes' life and his thinking methodology", compiled by Qian Zhichun, Taipei Zhiwen Publishing House, 1974. 2 "Research on Descartes' First Philosophy" by Feng Jun, Renmin University of China Press, 1989. 3 "Descartes' Theory of Innate Conception" by Yao Peng, Qiushi Press, 1986. 4 "Philosophy of Western European Countries from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", The Commercial Press, 1975. 5 "Critical Biography of Famous Western Philosophers", Shandong People's Publishing House, 1984. (Fourth school, Weng Ligai)

 ▲Born in 1596: On March 31, Rene Descartes (Rene DesCartes) was born in a bourgeois aristocratic family in the town of Rhine (Touraine, LaHaye), Toulon Province, southern France. ▲French Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1795) Henry IV (Henri IV. 1553-1610) was in power, and the French "Poor Party" uprising (1593-1595) swept many provinces, and the aftermath was not over.British materialist philosopher Francis Bacon (1561~1626) began to publish "Prose Collection" (1597) when he was in his prime. ▲In 1600, the 4-year-old Italian atheist thinker Giordano Bruno (born in 1548) died heroically in Rome's Flora Square in the Catholic Papal State.

▲Francois viete (born 1540) died at the age of 7 in 1603.In "Wonderful Algebra", he expressed coefficients with letters, which advanced the discussion of problems in symbolic algebra.The collection of his writings was not published until 1646, but Descartes was familiar with his contributions even before that. ▲ In the spring of 1604, at the age of 8, he entered Anjou/La Fleche Public School (Anjou/La Fleche) to study. Descartes was thin and weak, and he was exempted from morning classes. ▲ In 1605, 9-year-old Bacon's main work was published. In 1602, "Academic Progress" was published in 1605. Marx believed that "Bacon... believed that the change in the form of production and the actual domination of man over nature was the result of a change in the way of thinking" .

▲In 1609, he studied at school at the age of 13. In the previous stage, he studied humanities, mastered Latin, Greek, and French, and studied grammar and religious teachings.The latter stage studies logic, ethics (Aristotle's "Ethics") astronomy and theology.The subjects of science use the annotations of Aristotle’s works as textbooks, and the subjects of theology mainly use the annotations of Aquinas’ works by the Jesuits as textbooks. ▲In June, 1610, at the age of 14, he participated in the burial ceremony of the heart of Henry IV. The school selected 24 students to participate.Descartes was among them. After the grand ceremony, Descartes transferred from philosophy class to ethics class, still studying physics and philosophy, and studying mathematics in the last year.

▲ In 1613, at the age of 17, he went to Paris and lived in Saint-Germain in the suburbs. He met Marin Mersenne (born 1588) again and met the mathematician Claude Mydorge (born 1585) to study mathematics together.  ▲ In 1615, at the age of 19, he obeyed his father's order and entered Poitiers University to study law.His older brother, who had graduated from this school, and who had succeeded his father as a judge in Brittany, was somewhat distant from him. ▲ In November 1616, he received a law degree at the age of 20, but his interest in science has not diminished.This year, Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo was summoned by the Inquisition for supporting the Copernican theory and went from Florence to Rome for trial.

▲ In May 1617, at the age of 21, he went to Breda in the south of the Netherlands and joined the Maurice de Nassau army headquarters in Nassau as an attendant officer. ▲ In 1619, at the age of 23, he left Morris's military headquarters and traveled to Denmark, Poland, and Germany. In July, he defected to the Catholic Alliance Army led by the Duke of Bavaria and opposed the Protestant Alliance. In winter, he was stationed in Ulm, north of Munich, here I met the mathematician Faulhaber, who had just published a book, On Arithmetic. ▲A 24-year-old military life in 1620, traveled around, and occasionally recorded his thoughts. In Prague, he learned about the astronomical research work of Tycho Brahe and others.At this time, Dutch physicist Willebrord Snell determined the law of refraction formula 1 (the speed of light in the first medium) 2 (the speed of light in the second medium) of light, but unfortunately he did not publish it.Within 20 years, Descartes independently established this law, but the proof he gave was wrong.

▲ In 1623, at the age of 27, he returned to Paris for two or three months and sold the property. In September, he made a pilgrimage to Italy, passing through Basel, Switzerland, Venice, and arrived in Rome on Christmas Eve.At this time, Pope Urban VIII (Urbanus VIII) took office, according to the will of the Holy See to kill new scientific insights.Galileo went to Rome for trial; Gassendi was opposed by the church for criticizing Aristotle's views and had to resign. ▲In 1627, at the age of 31, he participated in a seminar held by the Pope's envoy, Bishop Bagno, and heard the alchemist Sieur de chandoux introduce the so-called new philosophy he discovered.Descartes was unconventional at the meeting and was appreciated by Cardinal Pierre de Berulle, who later encouraged Descartes to write books.

▲ In the winter of 1628 at the age of 32, he wrote the Latin book "Regulae ad Directionem ingenii" (Regulae ad Directionem ingenii).There should be 36 articles in this manuscript, each group of 12 articles, but it is a pity that it has not been finished, and now there are only 21 articles. ▲ In March 1629, at the age of 33, he bid farewell to Paris and went into exile in the Netherlands.Began to write "On the Universe" (Le Monde), divided into two parts: "On Light" and "On Man".Fermat discovered the basic principles of coordinate geometry, but unfortunately the work was not published until after his death in 1679. ▲In 1632, at the age of 36, he met Jacob Gool, a professor of mathematics at Layton University. He learned about the problems raised by Pappus of Alexandria in the third century AD in the history of mathematics, and rushed to write the unfinished "On the Universe" , to answer a series of questions such as the area, volume and center of gravity of the circle related to the parabola yn=px raised by Melsena.At the end of the year, Galileo was finally persecuted for his "Tide Dialogue" (later titled "Dialogue Concerning Two Major World Systems").He was imprisoned in the Inquisition on January 23 next year. ▲At the age of 37 in 1633, he continued to be busy writing "On the Universe". In September, Descartes read Galileo's works from Beekman after seeing the church's notice in Liege, Belgium, that Galileo was a heretic. His point of view is closely related to Galileo's theory, so he decided not to publish "On the Universe". ▲In 1634, at the age of 38, he wrote a letter to Melsena, telling him that the original plan to send the whole manuscript of "On the Universe" or part of it as a "New Year's gift" was abandoned, and that Galileo's works were rumored to have been burned in Rome.Because in "On the Universe", Descartes put forward the famous cosmic vortex theory, explaining that the planets revolve around the sun, and he flinched from the church's despotic power.At the same time he wrote to Beekman, telling Galileo that his theory of light was closely related to his own philosophy.In the winter of that year, he lived with Helene, a Dutch servant, and gave birth to a girl. ▲At the age of 39 in 1635, he sent the manuscript of "Refractive Optics" to Huygens, and wrote to discuss the problems in the manuscript and the problem of grinding optical lenses. ▲ 1637, June 41, "Talking about the correct guidance of reason and the method of finding truth in science, with optics, meteorology, geometry" handed over to John Marie (JanMarie) and published anonymously in Layton.In the fourth part of the main text, the author puts forward his famous formula: I think, therefore I am; in the appendix "Geometry", analytic geometry is formulated, and variables are introduced into mathematics, so that "dialectics enters mathematics. With variables, differentiation and integration can be It became necessary immediately." ▲In 1640, at the age of 44, he finished writing "Meditations" and began to solicit opinions. In November, he sent the manuscript of "Meditations" together with the first set of rebuttals and defenses to Huygens for comments, and asked him to forward them to Mayer Senna. ▲In the spring of 1641, at the age of 45, Descartes moved to Endegist and began to conceive the "Principles of Philosophy". In August, Latin was published in Paris, and Descartes distributed it to all parties. ▲The 48-year-old Latin "On Method" was published in Amsterdam in 1644. The text and two appendices of the book were translated from French by the Protestant theologian De Cussel, who was transferred to the Netherlands and France by a friend, and reviewed by the author.In July of the same year, the Latin "Principles of Philosophy" was also published, and Descartes dedicated the book to Princess Elizabeth. ▲ In 1645, at the age of 49, he began to write "On the Passions". ▲In February, 1647, at the age of 51, he answered the questions asked by Christina about love, including love for God, love and hatred, and emotional control. "Principles of Philosophy" was translated into French by Abbe Pico and published with the preface of a letter from the author to the translator.In the autumn, he began to write "Finding the Truth with Natural Light". ▲In February 1649, at the age of 53, I received a letter from Christina from Paris asking for an explanation of "Principles of Philosophy" and "Meditations". In September, at the invitation of Christina, I took a special ship from the Swedish Navy to In Stockholm, starting in November, I have classes 3 times a week. I went from the embassy to the queen's study to give lectures in the severe cold of Northern Europe at 5 o'clock in the morning. Since then, I have broken the habit of getting up late and affected my health.  ▲In the first month of 1650, at the age of 54, "On the Passions" was published in Amsterdam. On February 11, he contracted pneumonia and was buried in Stockholm.