Chapter 81 The Attempt to Revaluate All Values ​​The Will to Power Section Thirteen

the will to power attempt to revaluate all values Section Thirteen <832> In the field of art, the Jews have the genius of Heinrich Heine and Offenbach, the genius of Satyr who is full of wit and debauchery, they are musicians who maintain a great tradition, and, for more than just To those with ears, they are still detached from the sentimentality of German Romanticism and the thoroughly transformed musicians. <878> The value of a person is judged according to whether this person is useful to others, or has value, or does harm to others.That is to say, works of art are judged according to the effect they produce.But doing so has nothing to do with the person's value compared with others. The "moral valuation," as long as it is a social valuation, is to be measured entirely according to the role played by the person.A man with his own taste on his tongue, surrounded and buried by his own solitude, becomes a man of few conversations and a taciturn man—this is the generous man, that is, another entirely superior class of man.How can you belittle him because you can't know him, you can't compare him?

The devaluation of morality has been judged to have caused unprecedented losses, because the value of human beings has been underestimated, ignored, and almost denied.This is a naive teleological remnant that human beings are worth only in relation to human beings. <467> The history of scientific method, Auguste Comte even argued, is philosophy itself. <605> The assertion between "true" and "unreal", the assertion of the whole truth, is fundamentally different from the creative positing, establishment, shaping, subduing, wishing, etc., which reside in the essence of philosophy.Giving meaning—a task that is always superfluous if there is no meaning in things.Such is the case with tones, but so is the fate of nations.For they enable very different interpretations and directions to different ends.

A higher stage is setting the purpose and then giving form to the reality.That is, interpret behavior, not just abstract rewriting. <656b> Now that the basic desire for power has acquired a higher mental image, "starvation" is nothing more than a stricter adaptation. <969> In general, everything is worth as much as people pay for it.This statement, of course, does not apply if one refers to isolated individuals.The greatness of an individual man is simply out of proportion to all that he himself has paid, sacrificed, and suffered.But if one looks at the pre-history of one's own species, one also finds there the saving of energy and accumulation of means through various sacrifices, scrambles, toils, and implementations.The reason why a great man is great is because he has given enough effort, not because he lives in the world like a miracle, as a gift from God and "accidental"-"hereditary" is a wrong concept.But for a person's growth, his ancestors have contributed.

<199> There is nothing naive about the New Testament.People know what its basis is.This nation with a ruthless will to self-discipline, long after it has lost all natural support and compromised its own right to existence, knows the way to recognition, and urgently needs to build itself on unnatural and purely fictional premises (chosen people, community of saints, votive nation, "church", etc.).Because, although this nation engages in pious deception, it thinks it is perfect, and it is quite "peace of mind".It believes that if it goes to give morality, others may not take strict precautions.The danger is heightened if the Jew appears innocently.If you go to read the "New Testament", don't lose the little foundation of reason, doubt and conscience you have!

People of low birth are partly mediocre, they are the scum of respected high society, they even become human in an environment without the slightest cultural flavor, uneducated, ignorant, and have no idea what is going on in spiritual things. There will be a conscience, like—Jews: they are wise by nature, with all the presuppositions of superstition, with ignorance itself, and love to make temptations. <27> Reasons for nihilism: 1. Lack of higher types.That is, the species whose inexhaustible abundance and power sustain faith in man. (Consider what to attribute to Napoleon: Almost everything higher hope of this century. )

2. Inferior classes ("herds", "crowds", "society") lose their humility and exaggerate their need for cosmic and metaphysical values.In this way, the whole life is vulgarized.That is, once the masses are in power, they will exercise tyranny over the particular, thereby making these people lose their self-confidence and become nihilists. Absence of all attempts to invent higher kinds ("Romantics"; artists, philosophers; attempts to oppose the highest morality imposed on them by Carlyle). Rebellion against the higher kind, that is the result. All higher species are declining and less confident.The struggle against genius ("popular poetry", etc.).Regard sympathy for the lowly and the victim as the standard of noble soul.

There is a lack of philosophers who are interpreters of action, not just rewriters. <901> Main point: Do not see the mission of the higher species as a channel for the inferior (as, for example, Comte-) but rather the inferior as the basis on which the superior species can fulfill its mission , only then will it be able to stand. The conditions under which the strong and noble species preserve themselves (as far as spiritual cultivation) are the opposite of those of the "industrial masses," of small traders like Spencer. Allowing only the strongest and richest natures to direct that which makes their existence possible--that is, leisure, adventure, unbelief, licentiousness itself--would really ruin them if they were left to the domination of the middle natures. — but there are also available.Here it is: hard work, good manners, self-control, fixed "beliefs"—in short, "herd virtues."For, under the influence of this virtue, the mediocre breeds are perfected.

<20> The "purpose" of nihilism starts from past habits.Because of these habits, the purpose seems to be proposed, given, required from the outside - that is, by superhuman authority.Now that the time for faith in such an authority is past, men go to the old habits, to another authority who is eloquent, commanding, and clear in purpose and mission.Now, the authority of conscience first appears (the higher the degree of freedom from theology, the more unambiguous morality becomes), and it becomes the compensation for the authority of personality.Or, it has become a supplement to rational authority.Or, it has become a compensation for social instinct (herd animals).Or, the compensation for a history that has an inner spirit, because it has its own purpose and one can be immersed in it, one wants to avoid the will, the desire for a purpose, the risk of giving itself a purpose; one wants to prevaricate Responsibility (—maybe accept fatalism).In the end: happiness, with a bit of hypocrisy, has become the happiness of the vast majority of people.

People say to themselves: 1. The specific purpose is not necessary at all; 2. It is also not predictable at all. At a time when the will, perhaps, is in dire need of supremacy, it grows terribly weak and terribly timid.Doubt at all about the organizational power of the will on the whole. <15> What is faith?How did it come about?Any belief is presumed to be true. The extreme form of nihilism holds that: any belief, any behavior that thinks it is true must be false.Because there is no real world at all.That is to say: such a world is derived from the perspective illusion of our minds (because we have always been inseparable from a rigorous, compressed, simplified world).

——This is the standard of power. If you want not to be destroyed, you must try your best to admit superficiality, and admit that lying is inevitable. In this sense, nihilism denies the real world, existence, and divine ways of thinking. <560> The idea that things should have properties in and of themselves is, apart from interpretation and subjectivity, a downright silly hypothesis.Because the premise of this statement is that interpretation and subject existence are not fundamental, and things that are separated from all connections are still things. Conversely, is it true that the objective features on the surface of things cannot show a certain degree of difference within the subject? ——In my opinion, something slowly changing has become "objective", continuous, existing and "in-itself" in our eyes. —Perhaps the object is only a false conception of a species and a false opposition to the subject?

<1005> About 1876, I dreaded to see all my hitherto intentions destroyed.At that time, I understood what Wagner was after.And I was bound to him by all the bonds of our deep unity of need, by gratitude, by the irreplaceability and absolute poverty I saw. At the same time, I seemed inextricably entangled in my philosophy and my teaching job - imprisoned in the contingencies and expediencies of my life. —I don't know how to get out, and I'm exhausted, exhausted. At the same time I realized that what my instinct wanted was the opposite of Schopenhauer.Justification of life, even in Schopenhauer's most terrible, ambiguous and deceitful phenomena - against them I have mastered the "Dionysus" formula. Some people think that "things in themselves" must be good, blissful, true, and unified, while Schopenhauer interprets "in-itself" as will, which is a decisive step, but he does not understand the deification of will.For, still trapped in the prison of the moral Christian ideal, under the rule of Christian values, Schopenhauer stood so far that when the thing-in-itself was no longer "God" for him, he could not Don't see it as bad, stupid, absolutely undesirable.He doesn't know that there are infinitely many other possibilities, even the possibility of becoming a God kind. <507> The valuation of "I think something is so" is the condition of preservation and multiplication that the essence of "truth" expresses through valuation.All our cognitive organs and senses are developed only in terms of conditions of preservation and multiplication.The belief in reason and its categories, the belief in dialectics, that is, the logical evaluation, only proves the utility of the above-mentioned beliefs for life, which is confirmed by experience.They are not the "truth" of these beliefs. Some people think that there must be many beliefs; that it can be judged; some people think that there is a lack of doubt about all basic values ​​​​-for this is the premise of all living things and their lives.In this way, it is necessary to claim that something should be considered true. — I do not mean that something is true. "The real world and the apparent world—I trace the source of this antagonism to value relations. We mirror our conditions of existence to the level of being and think we must hold fast to what we believe in order to thrive. We It follows from this that the "real" world is not the world of mutable becomings, but the world of beings. <14> Values ​​and their changes are always proportional to the growth of the power to set them. The non-religious standard, the sanctioned standard of "spiritual freedom," is an expression of growing power. "Nihilism is the ideal—part destructive, part mocking—of supreme spiritual power, of the most energetic being. <2> What does nihilism mean? - means the highest value depreciates itself. no purpose.There is no answer to purpose. <13> Nihilism describes a pathological intermediate state (—pathology is extreme generalization, the inference that there is no meaning—).Although the productive forces are not strong enough,--though decadence still hesitates and has not yet found its auxiliary means. The premise of the above hypothesis is that there is no truth.Things have no absolute properties, no "things in themselves". ——This is pure nihilism, and it is extreme.It determines the value of things, and there is no reality suitable for these values, nor has there ever been.Value is nothing but a symbol of force on the side of value-positivity, a simplification of the purpose of life. <22> nihilism.It has a double meaning: A．Nihilism is a symbol of heightened spiritual power: active nihilism. B．Nihilism is the decline and decline of spiritual power: passive nihilism. <23> Nihilism is the normal state. It can serve as a symbol of strength, and the power of the spirit may rise so sharply that the purpose ("belief", creed) hitherto does not correspond to the power. (—for, generally speaking, what faith expresses is the coercion of the conditions of existence, the submission to the authority of the relations in which one flourishes, grows, acquires power...); on the other hand, it It can also be a sign of not being strong enough to productively reset purpose, belief. It reaches the maximum of relative power as a colossal destructive force: active nihilism. Its opposite is exhausted nihilism, which is no longer aggressive, which is the famous form of Buddhism.This is passive nihilism, a sign of weakness.Spiritual power can be exhausted and exhausted, so that the purpose and value until now become inappropriate, and faith can no longer be gained——.Thus, the synthesis of values ​​and purposes on which any strong culture is based dissolves itself.As a result, various values ​​struggle endlessly and fall apart——.Everything that refreshes, rejuvenates, comforts, reassures, wears various garments, religious, or moral, or political, or aesthetic, etc., Come on stage. <763> Start with the future of workers. —The workers should learn how the soldiers feel.An honorarium, a salary, but not a payment! There is no link between repayment and grades!Individuals are to be arranged in such a way: each according to its kind, that the individual is capable of producing the best results possible. <785> Justify the concept of "individualism". —and one realizes why the individual is a mistake, since any individual is equally linear in its entirety (not only "inherited" but in himself—), then this individual is of immense significance .Here, what instinct says is exactly right.Wherever there is laxity of instinct—wherever an individual finds value for himself only in service to others, one can certainly infer that there is weariness and degeneration.The altruism of belief is thorough and without hypocrisy. It is at least a second value instinct created by the purpose for itself, and it serves other egoisms.However, altruism is only superficial: because it follows a curve, so as to maintain one's sense of life and value. <880> Morality is replaced by the will to the means to our ends, and therefore the ends. <946> Don't want any credit.Because what people do is what benefits someone, or satisfies someone, or has to do. <150> The biggest lie in history: as if the paganism that started Christianity really withered!Christianity, however, is the decay and moralization of the ancients!It reduces natural desires to vices.Already have it! <189> Deceptively analyzing and describing the speech, behavior and state of the dying person, for example, the fear of death is basically confused with the fear of "after death"... <381> The Great Deception of History: As if Church Corruption Was the Cause of the Reformation!It was no more than an excuse, a boast for the self-delusion of the Reformation—when the urge to brutality was in dire need of spiritual cover. <577> Against eternal and unchanging values ​​(Spinoza's childishness, Descartes as well), against the most ephemeral and most evanescent values, life's serpent's belly shone with bewitching golden light— <360a> Saint Franz of Assisi ①: Beloved, well-known poet.For the sake of the humblest, he tried his best to oppose the hierarchy of the soul and slander the hierarchy of the spirit - "everyone is equal before God". ① Saint Franz (1181-1226) - born in Assisi, Italy, also known as Francesca, formerly known as Giovanni Bernandona. - translator <357> The transformation of slavery; slavery put on the cloak of religion; morality sanctified slavery. <358c> Diligence, humility, approbation, impartiality, these are also obstacles to self-belief, to great creative talent, to grand purpose-setting, to noble being-for-itself. <358d> It is not a question of leading (--if so, one had better be the shepherd, the need of the herd), but of empowering independence, which is another kind of ability. <890> In the long run, the miniaturization of man should be considered the sole purpose.For, first of all, a broad base must be established on which a strong type of man can stand. <994> Absolute belief: the sense of value at the top is different from that at the bottom.People at the lower level lack rich experience, and if they look at the top from the bottom, they will inevitably have misunderstandings. <706> "The value of life". —Life is an individual condition; one should justify all life, not only individual life. — This principle of justification is what life uses to explain itself. Life is only a means to an end, for life is the expression of a growing form of power. <709> I don't think we'll turn our "consensuality" into a judge of existence! Nor do we, I think, take the ultimate form of development (eg spirit) as an "in-it-in-itself" cause of development! <833> Offenbach: French music in the spirit of Voltaire, free, unrestrained, sardonic sneers; but bright, witty to banal (--he doesn't paint-- ), and without the sensuality, morbidity, or golden Viennese sensibility. <462> Principle innovation: replacing so-called "moral values" with purely naturalistic values.The naturalization of morality. Replace the so-called "sociology" with the doctrine of the products of domination. Replace the so-called "society" (the totality with respect to its parts) with a cultural complex (my interests take precedence). The so-called "epistemology" is replaced by the vision of desire (the hierarchy of desires is part of this doctrine. Metamorphic desires, their higher order, their "spirituality"). Replace "metaphysics" and religion with the doctrine of eternal reincarnation (this doctrine is the means of domestication and selection). <712> "God" is the supreme element, and life is the eternal process of deification and deification.However, there are no value vertices in it, but power vertices. Clear away mechanism and matter, for both are but manifestations of the lower classes, de-spiritualized forms of desire (the "will to power"). The regression from the apex of becoming, the highest spiritualization of power on the most slavish basis, is the result of this highest force, which, against itself, puts its own used to decompose... a) the ever-increasing degree of victory over herds, so that herds are confined to a small but powerful number; b) The greater the degree of victory over the privileged and the powerful, the more democratism will prevail, and finally the anarchy factor will flourish. <687> The superfluous power in spirituality sets new goals for itself; its function is not simply limited to giving orders and guiding the lower classes, or the preservation of the organism, the "individual". We are more than individuals, because we are still the whole chain, shouldering all the future missions of this chain. <1002> How man makes himself immortal... ("Divine Comedy", "Inferno", song 15, line 85) ①The original text is in Italian, and for quotations, see "Divine Comedy" and "Inferno" New Literature and Art Publishing, Shanghai Publishing, 1954, p. 109. - translator <101> Kant, who made the epistemological skepticism of the English possible for the German: 1. Because he aroused the moral and religious needs of Germans and their interest in skepticism.At the same time, for the same reason, new scholars use skepticism as a preparation for Platonism (empty Augustine).And Pascal, who even used moralistic skepticism to emphasize ("maintain") the need for faith; 2. Because he used scholastic philosophy to beautify and dress up skepticism, thus being accepted by the German aesthetics of scientific forms (because Locke ① and Hume were originally too bright and clear, according to the value instinct of the Germans, they is "too superficial" :-). ① John Locke (1632-1704) - British dualist philosopher, sensationalist. - translator Kant, a petty psychologist and humane man; his misappreciation of great historical values ​​(the French Revolution); a moral fanatic like Rousseau; with hidden Christian values; outright dogmatism However, he is tired of this obsessive hobby, and even hopes that it will become cruel, but his skepticism immediately softens; he has not yet had time to be cultivated by any cosmic political aesthetics and ancient Greek beauty... Yes A transition and intermediary, by no means unique (—like Leibniz, between mechanism and spiritualism; like Goethe, between eighteenth-century aesthetics and aesthetics of "historical meaning" (which is essentially dddddf has become an exotic meaning), like German music between French music and Italian music, like Charlemagne between Roman Empire and nationalism, it is an intermediary and transition-true the transition). ① Charlemagne (742-814) - King of the Frankish Kingdom, crowned as Holy Roman Emperor of Germany in 800 AD. - translator <831> On the characteristics of national creativity in dealing with foreign things and borrowed things. —— English creativity roughens and naturalizes all that it takes in; French creativity mixes, tempers, stirs, moralizes all that it takes in; Italian creativity makes the most extensive, freest, and most careful use of borrowings, and incorporates far more than it absorbs, for it is the richest genius that bestows the greatest gift. <903> The sense of social value still holds the upper hand for the time being, which is understandable and beneficial.For this concerns the establishment of a foundation upon which a strong race can eventually be formed.A strong criterion: the ability to live with an opposite valuation, and always hope to have one.The state and society are the foundation, this is the world economic point of view, and education is domestication. <989> Philosophers do not love each other by nature.Falcons soar in the sky, coming and going alone.The sparrow had to let it be... circling the sky, outstretching its claws, this is the fate of great geniuses. <201> Galiani1 Even if people do not have high demands on intellectual cleanliness, they cannot suppress the unspeakable displeasure caused by the New Testament.Because it is too much for the most powerless to presumptuously ask to participate in major events and to have the right to adjudicate on major events.There is a shameless frivolity in this book's treatment of inexplicable questions (life, the world, God, the purpose of life, etc.), as if such things were not a problem at all, or even known to everyone! ①The original text of the entire section is in French. - translator <385> Moral intolerance is a sign of human weakness: because one fears one's "immorality," one must deny one's strongest desires because one does not yet know how to use them.As a result, this most affluent area in the world has been left barren for a long time—there is no power here that could be the master... <558> "Things in themselves" are absurd.If we do not consider all relations, "characteristics", "activities" of things, then there will be no things left.For the properties of things are invented by us exclusively for the needs of logic, that is, for the purpose of illustration and exposition (in order to connect relations, properties, activities). <1035> As far as God is concerned, modern man exerts his idealizing power through the continuous moralization of God-what does this mean? ——In other words, this is by no means a good thing, but the power of people has been deprived.In fact, the opposite is true, and there are already signs of this.God, considered to be a being that is divorced from morality, is full of the sense of urgency of opposites in life, and saves and defends the opposites in the suffering of divinity——God is the other side, the pitiful crappy morality of "good and evil" boss. <202> Such was the unprecedented and disastrous megalomaniac:—if these hypocritical little eccentrics began to proclaim "God," "Doomsday," "Truth," "Love," "Wisdom," "Divine Spirit," etc. If they start to invert the value according to their own needs, as if the value is all the will, the salt, the standard and the weight left, then one only needs to prepare a madhouse for this group of people, There is no need to worry about anything else.To say that others have persecuted them is ancient Greek nonsense.Because that's making a big deal out of a molehill, which is tantamount to flattering them. There are two reasons for the disaster.First of all, a similar kind of megalomania in the world was formerly manifested as Jewish megalomania (—Once the gulf between Jews and Christians is formed, Jewish Christians have to resort to the self-invention of Jewish instincts again in order to preserve themselves. Preservation procedure—); secondly, Greek moral philosophy did everything in its power to prepare and glorify moral fanaticism for the Greeks and even the Romans... Plato is the intermediate bridge of decline.First of all, he closes his eyes to the essence of morality, he has already blasphemed the Greek gods with the concept of "goodness" he invented, he already has the hypocrisy of the Jews (-in Egypt?) <571> There is an advantage in emphasizing life in general terms with things we don't understand at all.Because in this way, no one can recognize what things are. This is Kant's stupidity, and it is the result of intentionally catering to the needs of moral metaphysics. <188> People judge all life outside of Christianity with great disapproval.For it is not enough for them to conceive of their feud as baseness, and they never need a general slander against all dissidents... A base and cunning soul is at peace with a holy vanity, the first batch Christians are witnesses. Future: They could make a fortune here.They are the dirtiest kind of people in the world.The life of Christ can be summed up in this way. He won the right to prophecy, because his behavior was to allow prophecy to gain the right... <66> "Please take it easy!" - the complex, inscrutable kidney tester asks us, this request is simple stupidity... just take it easy.However, if it is precisely "unnatural", how can it be natural... <197> The premise of psychology: ignorance and unculture, shameless ignorance.For, one can imagine, there are such shameless saints in the center of Athens. —the instinct of the "chosen people" of the Jews: they appropriated all virtue for themselves, and considered the rest of the world to be their opposite, which is a profound manifestation of the baseness of the soul; There is a total lack of real purpose, a practical mission, for to realize this one needs a virtue different from that of a villain. —The state deprives them of the right to perform such work: nevertheless, this impudent people does it as if they had nothing to do with the state. "Okay, don't you become like children!".what!How far we are from this childish psychology! <298> "Morality for morality's sake"—is an important stage of their denaturalization.For even morality appears as the highest value.At this stage, morality itself runs through religion.For example, Judaism.Likewise, there are phases during which morality detaches itself from religion, for which no god is "moral" enough.Morality, then, turns in favor of impersonal ideals . . . as is the case today. "Art for art's sake"—the principle is equally dangerous.For, in doing so, one introduces into the thing a false antithesis, which results in a denial of actuality ("idealization" to a distasteful degree).If one derives an ideal from reality, one attacks reality, impoverishes it, denigrates it. "Beautiful for beauty's sake," "True for truth's sake," "Good for good's sake"—those are the three forms of hating reality. —Art, knowledge, morality, all three are means.Because, people don't see it as an intention to improve life, people make them correspondingly the opposite of life, into "God". —seemed like revelations from the higher world, and this world gained certain insights through these revelations. "Beauty and Ugly," "True and False," "Good and Evil"—these distinctions and antagonisms reveal the conditions of life and advancement, not of the common man, but of a solid, enduring, repelling synthesis of opposites. .The resulting war is fundamental: the means of isolation that reinforces isolation. . . <203> These petty herd morals do not lead to "eternal life" at all, but they are put on the stage, so-and-so is virtuous, which may be very clever, but to the audience of this scene, in any case It's still the funniest scene of all the shows.If the scene were played out as docile as the perfect sweet little sheep, no one would be privileged either in heaven or in earth; so man would be nothing more than a little cute silly sheep with horns That's all - the premise is that people don't get vain and make a fool of themselves by posing as law enforcement officers. Here, the insignificant morality, because of the colorful decoration, shows a strange appearance-it seems like a reflection of the divine qualities! In principle, the natural intention and utility of each virtue is silent; they have only relative divine precepts, divine examples, beyond, and religious wealth.That's what counts. (Colorful; as if it were a matter of "saving souls". Still, it's just a means of "keeping" well-being with as much wonderful emotion as possible.) <182> The missionaries of Judaism knew how to describe everything they demanded as divine statutes, as a consequence of God's commandments... In the same way, what served to preserve Israel and the possibility of Israel's existence (for example, a series of "Ritual"; circumcision, sacrificial worship—the center of national consciousness) was not introduced as Nature, but as "God." —The process continues; within Judaism, where the necessity of "ceremony" is not felt (i.e., as a solitude to the outside world), one can imagine a priestly people whose attitude towards the nobility is very much like "noble nature" ; the soul has an unbiased and almost spontaneous missionary quality, because the soul pays no attention to "rituals" but to "faith" in order to sharply highlight its opposite... Fundamentally, a certain category of souls is added to the problem here: as if a national uprising had taken place in a priestly nation—a missionary movement from the lower classes (criminals, tax collectors, women, sick men).Jesus of Nazareth was the symbol by which they knew themselves.In order to be able to believe in themselves, they again needed the theological Transfiguration.In order to establish their own beliefs, they also cannot do without fictions such as "Son of God"... Just like the priests distorted the entire history of Israel, here, some people are trying to distort the entire history of mankind so that Christianity can become Israel fundamental matter.This movement was possible only in the soil of Judaism.For the chief work of Judaism is to dwell upon evil and misfortune, and to ascribe all sins to sins against God.At that time, the second largest force was Christianity. <215> Christianity is a denaturalization of herd morality, influenced by absolute misunderstanding and self-delusion.Democratization is the natural form of this self-deception, with less hypocrisy. Fact: The downtrodden, the lowly, the slaves and half-slaves of the masses seek power. The first stage: They free themselves--they activate themselves, above all fictions, they recognize each other, they make themselves successful. second stage: They go into a struggle, they want recognition, they want equality, they want "justice". The third stage: They demand privileges (—they draw to their side the representatives of power). The fourth stage: They want power, they have power... In Christianity there are three main elements to be distinguished: a) the oppressed in all their forms; b) mediocrity in all its forms; c) all forms of scum and sick men. Christianity fights with the first element against the political elite and its ideals; with the second element against all forms of excellence and privilege (spiritual, emotional); with the third element against the healthy and happy man的自然本能。 假如基督教取胜，那么第二要素就会出现在前台；因为那时基督教就会说服健康者和幸福者跟着它走（作为基督教的事业而战的斗士）。同样，对强者也是如此（由于他能制服芸芸众生，所以令人感兴趣），——而如今，基督教就是群畜本能，无论从哪方面来看，平庸性都是宝贵的，因为他们通过基督教获取了自己的最高认可。这种平庸天性最终要达到如此程度的觉悟（——取得了对自身的勇气——），他们也会在政治上承认自己有权力…… 民主制度乃是自然化了的基督教。既然基督教由于极端的反自然性而被相反的估价克服，它就成了"返回自然"的一种形式。——结果：贵族政体的理想开始非自然化。（"高等的人"、"高贵"、"艺术家"、"激情"、"认识"；作为特殊者、天才等等崇拜的浪漫主义。） 〈２１０〉 请读一读《新约全书》这本诱惑之书吧！它本能地征用了道德，因为人们利用它赢得了公众舆论，——而且是理想的羊群所认可的极其可怜的美德，别的什么也说不上（包括牧人在内——），因为，它是道德的一种渺小、柔顺、善良、乐于助人和醉心入迷的形式，它对外界毫无所求，——它把"世界"同自身判若两界。它无端狂妄自大，好像人类的命运就是这样围绕着它来旋转一样；它认为一方的教区是权利，另一方的则是谬误，是永世的下流痞和垃圾。对一切有权力者抱有莫明其妙的仇恨。但是，并不动手！它是内在的超脱，外表则一仍其旧（任人驱使、奴性十足；善于把一切都变成为上帝和美德效劳的工具）。