During Arthar Schopenhauer's lifetime, his philosophy was completely silent for more than 30 years.At last, like a hero returning triumphantly from a long and hard war, he became famous all over Europe and the world.People from all over the world visited him in an endless stream; newspapers and magazines across the country kept publishing his name; his believers made portraits and statues of him over and over again, and then worshiped him like a god in the house.It is unbelievable to say that two of the wives even visited him.This philosopher, who has always been known as extremely sad and pessimistic, passed away probably "extremely happy" lying on the sofa in the end.

In modern times, many great thinkers, writers, and artists such as Nietzsche, Wagner, Thomas Mann, etc. were all directly or indirectly influenced by Schopenhauer's philosophy, especially Nietzsche.When recalling the scene of purchasing and reading (Schopenhauer's masterpiece), this proud and unruly pioneer of existentialism wrote: "An unknown ghost quietly said to me: Hurry up and get the Take this book home! As soon as I got home, I flipped through my precious pages, and I succumbed to the magic of his powerful, sublime genius.” He read the book in 14 days, almost I was so absorbed in that book that I forgot to eat and sleep.Then he said: "Like ordinary readers who love Schopenhauer, when I read the first page, I can't wait to read it all in one breath, and I always feel that I am very eager to pay attention to listening to the words written by him." Every word that comes from the lips." So Nietzsche published a treatise in 1874 entitled "Schopenhauer the Educator".Schopenhauer is regarded as an educator because he enables all modern people to discover their "true self".How deep was Schopenhauer's influence on Nietzsche?From Nietzsche to our friend P.It is not difficult to get a glimpse of it as stated in Toyson's letter.In the letter, Nietzsche wrote: "Do you want to know how Schopenhauer helped me? I can only answer you in this way: He made me have the courage and freedom to face life, because my feet found a solid ground The reason why Nietzsche was able to face the reality—the indifferent, ugly and tragic reality, was really learned from Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche also established the foundation of his own thought and philosophy.

Why does Schopenhauer's philosophy have such a profound influence and such charm?First of all, this should be attributed to his unique "philosophy of will", and secondly, his superior language talent is also indispensable. Schopenhauer was born in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) on February 22, 1788. His father was a big banker and his mother was a talented female writer.Due to the disagreement between their parents' personalities, they often use recreational activities to reduce mutual friction, and travel is even more common for them.In this way, Schopenhauer had to travel around with his parents from time to time since he was a child.It is said that his father was unflattering in appearance and had a bad temper, while his mother was smart, beautiful, talented in literature and fluent in foreign languages.Schopenhauer himself once said: "My character is inherited from my father, and my wisdom is inherited from my mother." This is probably the portrayal of his own characteristics. The seeds of "eccentricity" and "genius" were already sown.

When Schopenhauer was 8 years old, he traveled with his parents, passed through France, and stayed in the suburbs of Paris for a period of time. In order for his son to learn French thoroughly, his father entrusted him to a business friend, and he brought his wife back to the Hamburger.Schopenhauer lived and studied here for almost two years.According to himself, this was the happiest and most memorable happy time in his life.After that, he returned to his parents in Hamburg, and under his father's deliberate arrangement, he entered a business school. Go to school to study so that you can inherit your father's career in the future.Since Schopenhauer's father was a celebrity in the business world, and his mother had a long history of contacts with people in the literary and art circles, there were often celebrities and scholars in his family.Perhaps it was because of this environment that Schopenhauer began to dislike the vulgarity of business life and the vulgar taste of the world. From then on, he planted the seeds of learning in his heart. His philosophical genius is found in man.Therefore, Schopenhauer's father firmly believed in the concept of how poor literati are, and insisted not to let his only son abandon business and pursue literature.Until the autumn of 1804, after the death of his father.With the consent of his mother, Schopenhauer escaped from the prison-like business life and truly embarked on the road of academic research.

In addition to his own philosophy, Schopenhauer also studied medicine, physics, botany, astronomy, meteorology, physiology, law, mathematics, history, music and many other academic fields, and he has his own unique insights , and he can treat everything with a meticulous attitude, and can show his unique personality.As Schopenhauer himself said: "Human problems cannot be studied alone, they must be studied in conjunction with the relationship with the world...the microcosm must be viewed in connection with the macrocosm." However, Schopenhauer's philosophical destiny was not all smooth sailing Yes, after the publication of his representative work, it did not cause the sensation he expected. Only 140 books were sold in one and a half years, and the rest were scrapped, which made him discouraged and very sad, so he Intensified attacks on his philosophical opponents Hegel, Fichte and Schelling.After that, he also went to the University of Berlin (where Hegel taught) to give lectures on his philosophical system, but unfortunately there were very few listeners. A plague in August 1831 forced Schopenhauer to flee Berlin. This silence lasted for 20 springs and autumns. It was not until 1851 when people read his last book "Appendices and Supplements" that they suddenly realized that Schopenhauer As a result, Schopenhauer's image suddenly grew in their minds, and Schopenhauer's enthusiasm swept across the middle class in Germany.However, at this time, Schopenhauer was already an old man in his seventies. On September 21, 1860, after he got up and took a cold bath, he sat alone and had breakfast as usual. Everything was fine. An hour later, when the servant came in again, he was found leaning against a corner of the sofa. Asleep forever.

Induction and summary of Schopenhauer's philosophical thoughts can be described by the following sentences: life is the expression of desire (or called will), and will is the abyss of insatiability; but life always pursues this kind of A hotbed of insatiability.Therefore, life is a great pain.It is surprising that Schopenhauer, a philosopher who never worries about food, drink, travels, or official career, paints such a gloomy picture of life and regards happiness as worthless all his life.So, what kind of inner world does he have? Schopenhauer's philosophy and all the details are fully explained in his masterpiece:Although the book was published at the end of 1818, the basic concept of this book had already been formed in Schopenhauer's mind almost 4 years ago. In 1816, Schopenhauer was 28 years old.However, looking at all the things he wrote later, it is not difficult to see that they are all confirming or explaining his philosophical thought in it. In those works, this philosophical thought has never changed, neither added anything nor changed. Reduce something.At the age of 70, his mind is still occupied by the concepts at the age of 28. Although he has continued to acquire new and more knowledge in these decades, nothing has changed in his heart .So, how does he express it in this book?This is one of the main contents of our series.We will read four main aspects of Schopenhauer's philosophical thought in this masterpiece of Schopenhauer, namely: Solips

The idealism of doctrine, the philosophical system of voluntarism, the philosophical position of anti-rationalism and the pessimistic outlook on life. In any case, Schopenhauer was a successful man in the end, and his status and role in the history of Western philosophy cannot be ignored.The reason why he achieved such success can be summarized as follows: first, pessimism is easy to move people, which is the reason that need not be repeated; Reinterpret Christianity.There is no God at all in the world of his will and ideas, and there is no need to reconcile the evil of the world with the existence of God—that is another great consolation; the third is his so-called theory that will is first and wisdom is second. Actions are determined by "will" rather than "reason"; fourth, the simplicity of his basic concepts. When he writes, he rarely uses terms, and only uses a few easy-to-understand inevitable and irreplaceable words. fifth, Schopenhauer's style is typical of nineteenth-century Germans, he was not an innovative man, but his method was to use popular idioms appropriately and to prove that in Germany a Metaphysical problems are discussed in a manner accessible to a non-expert general reader.In short, he articulated for many a feeling which had hitherto been hidden and therefore half-understood.This sense also tells us that the progress of the nineteenth century was not a golden age of peace and prosperity.Only in this age will the explainer and prover of pessimism find his audience.So Schopenhauer succeeded.

Schopenhauer is the pioneer and main representative of the voluntarism school of philosophy that emerged before and after capitalism entered the imperialist stage. His theory not only laid the cornerstone of voluntarism, but also had a profound impact on Machism, pragmatism, philosophy of life and even Florianism. Ead's psychoanalysis theory has a certain influence, and it is undoubtedly the main aspect of the study of the history of modern western philosophy.It is hoped that the publication of this series of books can make a modest contribution to the study of the history of Western philosophy in our country.