Chapter 4 Text-3

But, it was a tragedy, the Jia family also fell, and Daiyu also died, he said it was a tragedy.In Western literary theory, from the perspective of Schopenhauer's philosophy, he said that the highest achievement in literature is poetry, and the highest achievement in poetry is tragedy.Not only did Schopenhauer say this, it was earlier than Schopenhauer, the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Aristotle wrote a poem called "Poetics", he said that Aristotle The "Poetics" said that the spirit of tragedy in ancient Greece is the highest achievement in literature and aesthetics.why?Because tragedies tell people, they are terrifying and sinful.He said, look at Shakespeare Shakespeare, the "Macbeth" written by Shakespeare, and "Hamlet" are both tragedies.Therefore, the greatest tragedy is to present terror and evil in front of people. When these audiences face these horrible and evil lives, they can cleanse your spirit, cleanse your spirit, and cleanse your love for life. The spirit of being greedy and wanting, and committing crimes and doing evil at all for the sake of desire.Because you have seen, you have seen the tragedy of life and the pain of life, therefore, tragedy cleanses the human spirit, and tragedy makes you detached from desire, pain and sin.So that is the spirit of tragedy, the spirit of literature.And the spirit of this tragedy is also the spirit of aesthetics, so he said in the third chapter that the spirit of aesthetics is because what he wrote is a great tragedy. He said that there is no detachment, but desire. It's not about the love between men and women in reality, but seeing a man in a dream and dying for him from then on.There was a long pavilion to send off, and later there was "The Story of the West Chamber" and "The Story of the West Chamber". In the end, Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying got married, so China likes reunions and comedies. What China lacks is the spirit of tragedy.

He said that there is another drama with a little tragic spirit, that is, Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun.But Wang Guowei said that because this Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun were separated during the war of the defeat of the Ming Dynasty, the two were separated, and the love between Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu remained unswerving. Someone once tried to force this Li Xiangjun to marry another person. She broke her own head, so her blood was sprinkled on the fan, so it was dyed into a peach blossom fan by later generations, this is love, this is desire. But in the end, it was said that Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun finally met each other after going through untold hardships. Because of a word from the Taoist priest, the two of them became enlightened, and they were both monks without getting married.Wang Guowei said, do you believe such a thing?So this tragedy Jia Baoyu himself is in emotional pain, this is the real tragedy.It is unbelievable to say that the steadfast love of two people, after the separation of life and death, the change of the dynasty, and finally because of a word from the Taoist priest, broke the obsession and became a monk.

Because he said that what he wants to write is not the real tragedy of life, but what he wants to write is history, politics, and the downfall of the Ming Dynasty. That's all, so it doesn't belong to this level, and this level is the real spirit of tragedy.But the so-called tragedy is the tragedy of ancient Greece. Its so-called tragedy is formed, and there are three different situations that form the tragedy. The first kind of tragedy is due to the teasing of the villain, the teasing of the wicked.For example, Qin Hui framed Yue Fei, and Fengboting and his son died.This is a tragedy caused by the villain's teasing and the villain's framing. This is a tragedy.There is also a tragedy that is blind, accidental, the tragedy of fate that does not know why.I just came back on September 2nd, and I got on the plane from Canada on September 1st. Just a few days before I got on the plane, I watched the news and I was riding a motorcycle alone, with a person behind me. This car works very well. Soon, this is really blind, really not knowing what to do, suddenly a wire fell, strangled the man behind him, and cut off his head.He was still hugging the body of the person in front of him, and behind this motorcycle was a headless dead body. This is really tragic, really scary, and blind.This is not the fiddle of a wicked villain, no, this is just that you don't know the reason, that is, a wire fell for no reason, it just fell on his neck for no reason, and cut off his head. This is really a blind tragedy .And the third kind of tragedy is not played by a villain, nor is it the sudden befall of an inexplicable, blind, and terrible fate.It is in the ordinary world, the ordinary relationship between people, there are no accidents, and there are no evil villains, it is formed naturally.The tragedy he was talking about was just such a tragedy.Daiyu and Baoyu fell in love with each other. At that time, when Daiyu's mother passed away, she was sent back to her grandmother's house, and Baoyu was her cousin. The childhood sweethearts between cousins ​​naturally produced feelings. , Then Aunt Xue came over with Baochai, and it was also a relationship between relatives and cousins.One is the relationship between the aunt and the other is the relationship between the aunt, so in comparison, Lin Daiyu's body is weaker, less healthy, and her temperament is narrower, while Baochai is healthier than Lin Daiyu, and Baochai is more healthy than Lin Daiyu. Chai is good at being a man.Look at Xue Baochai, if she is watching a play with Jia Mu, when she orders a play, instead of ordering the one she likes, she will order whatever play Jia Mu likes.When eating, if she was ordering food, she would also think about what kind of food Jia's mother likes, so she would order that kind of food.But Daiyu didn't have such scheming, especially when Baochai was fluttering the butterflies, she heard Xiaohong and the others whispering, and when Xiaohong was about to open the window, she might be misunderstood. Unfortunately, what is she shouting?What she shouted was "Where did you go, Daiyu?"People thought it was Daiyu who overheard this, so Xue Baochai was really good at being a man.Under such circumstances, it was only natural that Xue Baochai was chosen among the maids Xiren who were closest to Baoyu, from Jiamu to Baoyu.So it wasn't the instigation of some wicked person, nor was it someone trying to frame someone on purpose, it was just a matter of human nature, and it was natural.Therefore, he said that the greatest tragedy is that there is no instigation by wicked people in this world, and there are no unexpected disasters, and such a tragedy is formed naturally, and this is the real tragedy.

In the fourth chapter, he talked about the value in ethics.Because he said that according to ethics, in the world, as I said just now, there is no reasonable basis for the existence of people in the world, and he said that there is no reasonable basis at all.Wang Guowei is really a pessimistic person, there is nothing he can do about it. He once wrote three articles in his early essays.These articles of his are all about the meaning of life. One article is called "On Sex". We say that nature is good and nature is evil, that nature.How did he say?He said, "Alas, the opposition of good and evil is a fact of our experience."There is good and evil in the world, and good and evil are opposite to each other. This is what we can see in our life experience. There is good and evil.Since Shengmin, since the universe has living beings and human beings, until now, he said that all kinds of things in the world are often the struggle between good and evil, justice and evil, and there are such two sides of good and evil everywhere. struggle.Politics and morality, religion and philosophy are all caused by this kind of thought of good and evil.What is recorded in history and chanted by poets is the struggle between good and evil, and the struggle between good and evil is an eternal struggle.So there is no way to solve this. This is Wang Guowei's conclusion from his reflection on life.

It is an explanation of behavior. When you do good, Wang Guowei also wrote an article, "Explanation", which is the principle of reason. What does he mean by "reason"?One is reason, and the other is rationality.The so-called "reason" in ethics is motivation.Why are you doing this?This is your reason, so this reason is a motivation for you to do things. He said that if you regard the reason, the reason for doing things as a motive, then your goodness is a motive, and evil is also a motive.You ask those villains why you did this, and they have a reason.Therefore, in terms of reason, good is a motive, and evil is also a motive.From the perspective of rationality, what is rationality? Rationality is the ability to analyze and speculate. You can tell a truth about it. Rationality is the ability to speculate. Come up with a set of reasons.So the liberation of life, from the point of view of nature, there is no liberation in the constant struggle between good and evil.

In theory, one is reason and the other is rationality, neither of which can give people relief.Well, he wrote a third article, all of which belonged to Wang Guowei, and Wang Guowei's third article was about "Original Life".What did he say is life?There are also two reasons for fate. He said that what is commonly referred to as fate, that our fortune, wealth, longevity, and youth are born, this is called destiny.This is beyond our human power.So he said, you can't solve the problems of life no matter from "On Sex", no matter from "Explanation", no matter from "Original Life", so he believes that the liberation of life It means that you yourself can jump out of your desires, sins and pains and be able to be born. There is nothing good about it.So this liberation not only has tragic aesthetic value and significance, but also has ethical value and significance.

In the fifth chapter, at the end he made a suggestion for those who study Hongxue, which is his "Remaining Theory".