Chapter 105 (5) Different sides of metaphors

"The Collected Works of Mr. Huang in Yuzhang" Volume ① Volume 16 "Preface to the Old Quotations of Fuzhou Xichan Siam" says: "The cover is like a worm-eaten wood, the guest and the host are equal, and it becomes a text." "Would you dare to reward Qiongyu when you are empty, and fungus can still be produced by decay"; Valley Yu's "Great Wisdom Theory? If I Heard the Third Commentary" ③: "Among all heretics, there are good words, such as insects eating wood, and occasionally You can make it into a character." Here, the valley uses "worm-eaten wood" as a compliment, while the "Ciyun Mianzhong Examination Paper for Scholars in Ciyun Mianzhong" in Volume 8 of "Guangu Neiji" also regards it as a derogatory term. , Two handles of one metaphor ④ (Lu Juren's "Mr. Donglai's Poetry Collection" ⑤ Volume 11 "Gift to Yiqian Brothers": "What you write is like a worm eating wood", also a commendation).

(582-583 pages) (Huang Tingjian) The first song of "Ciyun Dabin Touring the East Garden Alone from Old Sickness": "Lianhua is born with mud, which shows the nature of anger and joy." Tianshe notes the "Vimalakirti Sutra" ⑥: "Lotus does not grow on plateau land, but this flower grows in low and wet mud." It is also true. The second song of "Jade Narcissus in Second Rhyme": "The mud is interpreted as white lotus root", Tianshe has no comment. "Feelings about eating lotus in Jiangxi": "The lotus grows in the mud and is not in harmony with the mud." Tianshe's annotation also quotes the Vimalakirti Sutra.The first two poems say that flowers and mud are instant, and the latter poems say that flowers and mud are separated; (322 pages) ① "Mr. Huang's Anthology of Yuzhang": written by Huang Tingjian (named Valley Taoist), 30 volumes.

②Hui Hongyu refers to his "Heyou Gushan": "I am ashamed to write poems when I am old, such as mushrooms out of rotten wood" ("Shimen Wenwen Zen" Volume 7), and "Poems Stored by Master Tizhu": "Recorded in the text, it is not intentional, but it is more suitable for the ears when it happens, such as a dry plant, steaming mushroom mushrooms for no reason." (Vol. ③ "Great Wisdom Theory": written by Nagarjuna Bodhisattva, translated by Qin Luoshi, 100 volumes.Interpretation of the "Dapin Prajna Sutra". ④ Two handles: During the Warring States period, the philosopher Shen Dao proposed that the two handles are "mighty virtue", and the two handles proposed by Han Fei are "punishment virtues". derogatory.

⑤ "Mr. Donglai's Poetry Collection": written by Song Lu Benzhong (word Juren), 20 volumes. ⑥ "Vimalakirti Sutra": The abbreviation of the Buddhist scripture "Vimalakirti's Sutra", three volumes. As a rhetorical technique, no matter simile (direct metaphor) or metaphor (metaphor), it only compares one end (side) or a little similarity of two things. Bixizi" is a direct comparison of the beauty of Xishi; Meng Jiao's "Xiaohe": "It seems to open the mouth of a lonely moon, and it can be said that the heart of a falling star" is a dark comparison of the mouth shape resembling a moon and the star shape resembling a heart; The rhetorical technique of metaphor, and the saying that the same metaphor is different from the other side and the two handles of the metaphor are all unprecedented.

One, the second theory of metaphor.Mr. Qian discussed this in detail in the section "Gui Mei" of "Zhou Yi Zheng Zheng" in "Guan Zhui Bian": "The same thing is used as a metaphor, either to praise, or to derogate, or to show joy, or to show Evil, the tone of the words is very different; the study of rhetoric is urgently needed to be shown. The Stoic philosophers tasted: "Everything has two handles". Fate is a 'metaphor of two handles'." Two handles, Han Fei refers to the virtue of punishment, killing is punishment, and celebrating and rewarding is virtue, which means reward and punishment or praise and blame.For example, Huang Tingjian's "Insect Erosion Wood" metaphor in "Fuzhou Xichan Siam Old Quotations Preface", although the sentence is clever, is not original. "Eating wood" is a compliment, which means "by chance it becomes a character", and Huang Tingjian learned this metaphor, saying that "like insects eating wood, the host and guest are equal, and it becomes a text by chance", which is synonymous with the original compliment of Buddhist scriptures, which means "by chance "Cheng Wener"; "A young man is obsessed with calligraphy, but no different from insect beetle wood" is a derogatory term. The same metaphor has two extremely different meanings, which are the two handles of the metaphor.Another example is the two examples quoted in "Guan Zhui Bian", that is, Wang Chong's "Lunheng? Ziji" in "Ruheng's balance, like a mirror's opening", and Zhuge Liang's "Yu Ren Shu" in "My heart is like Scales can't be used to judge people's weight." They all use scales to describe people's selflessness and "fairness and fairness" to people and things, which is a compliment.And Zhu Xi said: "The uprightness of this heart is like a scale. When there is no object, the scale will be uneven. Only when an object is placed on it, the scale will be uneven." ("Zhu Zi Yu Lei") and Zhou Lianggong of the Qing Dynasty : "Buddha has the metaphor of 'flower friend' and 'scaling friend'. Flowers are ups and downs because of time, and scalers regard things as low." The injustice and injustice, the scale metaphor has become a derogatory term.The two handles of metaphor are also used to refer to the same thing, mainly to describe changes. For example, in Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", first "Hu Jiangli and Pi Zhi Xi, Ren Qiulan admired", and its "Pi Zhi" and "Pi Zhi" "Qiu Lan" are all adorned with good fragrant grasses; later, "Lan Zhi changed and became less fragrant", and then mutated its body and lost its nature; Che and Jiangli", pepper orchid herbs have gone bad, not to mention the herbs like Jieche and Jiangli; in the end, when the herbs have turned bad, "it's only admirable, it's beautiful and beautiful", only I have the beauty of Qiongpei.The same metaphor of Lanhui, which started out as a vanilla in one article, then turned ugly, from praise to derogation, is also a metaphor.

Second, the same metaphor and different sides.That is to say, the same metaphor can be compared to multiple meanings, such as the moon, which can be bent like an eye, like an eyebrow, like a bow, round like a face, like a ball, like a cake, bright like a mirror, like water, like an eye, and so on.Huang Jianting's "Ciyun Dabin from Old Sickness Touring the East Garden Alone" has a sentence "Lotus and peanuts are born with mud". "Milt is interpreted as white lotus root", which means that the flower is close to the mud; while "A Feeling of Eating Lotus on Jiangxi" says: "The lotus grows in the mud and is not in harmony with the mud", which separates the lotus from the mud.But no matter whether the flower is close to the mud or the flower is away from the mud, the metaphor is appropriate, which is the same metaphor but different sides.There are many examples of similar metaphors and different sides in Western literature. The "Supplement to Tan Yilu" cited ancient Greek poets who called snails "house wearers", and British ancient novels compared Egyptian women who "stay at home" to "snails". The French and Italian poets use the snail as a metaphor for "moshouzhiziliu Han" and "home-loving ghost". ", such as Qing Lu Shiyi's "Five Insects Yin and Lu Hongkui", the fourth "The Snail is Named for a Cow", said: "Cite the heavy original from the name of the profit, such as a king who only has the foot of Dai Jiaxing" ("The Collection of Poems of the Pavilion"), "Dai Jia "That is, the snail.John Tang, the patriarch of the British school of metaphysical poetry in the 17th century, was good at drawing examples, and praised "the snail wears a shell and never goes anywhere but is uncomfortable".

They all take the snail as a metaphor, some of which are praises and criticisms, and some of them are not. They are all good examples of the same metaphor and different sides.