Chapter 92 V. Style theory (1) On the separation and integration of poetry and music

Jiao Litang's "Diao Zhu Ji" Volume 14 "Poetry Book with Ouyang Zhimei" briefly said: "You can't say it, and you can't say it. You can't express your feelings without reciting strings. It can be seen that those who cannot sing strings, That is, it is not poetry. Since Zhou, Qin, Han, and Wei, as for Shaoling and Xiangshan, although their physiques are different, they do not behave like this. After the late Tang Dynasty, they began to exhaust their lyrics but lacked emotion. This is lost. However, those whose temperament cannot be controlled, cannot be suppressed and not announced, but are divided into words, which are called poems. Poetry died in Song Dynasty and escaped from Ci, and Ci died in Yuan Dynasty and escaped from Song. For example, the house in Huai River Not only is it taken from the river, but the Huai River is collected into the lakes" and so on.

According to "General Records" ③ Volume 49 "Yuefu General Preface", it is said: "Ancient poems are also today's lyrics and music. If you can't sing them, but you can recite their essays and explain their meaning. The theory of Nai Yili is superior , the joy of singing and singing is diminishing day by day, although the chapters and sentences exist, the vocal music is useless"; "Preface to Zhengsheng" reiterates Shen Jue's theory.The purpose of Litang is true to Yuzhong, but the discussions are very long and absurd.Recently, there have been several generations of lyricists who still advocate string music, which is implicitly the same as that of Yu Zhong and Li Tang.The former evil and the later Xu ④, not thinking about it.Poems, words, and music are all integrated with music from the beginning.And after the muddy period, the first union and the final separation.Everything is straightforward, and An Rong is alone.Character string songs, each is good at its uniqueness.The talents and duties of art are biased; the thinking power of the heart is also difficult to apply widely.The combination of strong desires fails to achieve both beauty, or both are injured, and each cannot do its best, each of which will cover up each other's strengths.Even if it is a compromise, it is a unique style, not a comprehensive one.If you mix black and white, you will get gray, which is the most suitable way to paint the dead ashes of a cold furnace; however, it is said that gray can be combined with black and white, and powder and ink can be discarded, no one will believe it.If Shaoling's "Ode to Wei Yan's Painting of Pines" says "white destroys the rotten bones, black enters the sun", how can the gray be able to hide the bridle, and it is necessary to ask for it.Poetry and music are separated and combined, and so is the reason.Li Tang suddenly said that if you can't recite strings, it is not poetry, how solid it is.Cheng Tingzuo's "Qingxi Collection" Volume 5, Volume 2, "Poetry Theory" No. 15 strongly refuted Zheng Yuzhong's statement, thinking that "the two scholars who cut poetry are righteousness, sound and singing, but not happy with them. If only poetry is used for pleasure, then Poetry and music both lose their style.” Although Cheng’s aim is to affirm Confucius’s theory of “Poetry Teaching”⑥, the main idea is to use the four beginnings and six righteousnesses⑦ to save the three winds and ten evils⑧, but his words are particularly succinct.If it is called righteousness, then the meaning is true; if it is called sound and song, the poem has its own syllables, which are not always in harmony.Visit "Yangyizhai Poetry Talk" Volume 4 Poems and Music Contradicting Li Xiya, and David Daiches: The Place of Meaning in Poetry ⑩.Li Tang's "poetry is dead" and so on, and the people of the Ming Dynasty spit it out. (Pages 26-27) ①Jiao Litang's "Diaogu Collection": Jiao Xunzi Litang in the Qing Dynasty, built a building in his later years called Diaogulou, because of the name of the collection.Set of twenty-four volumes.

② Shaoling: Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once lived in Duling. He called himself Duling Commoner, Shaoling Yelao.Xiangshan: Tang poet Bai Juyi. ③ "Tongzhi": written by Song Zhengqiao (styled Yuzhong), 200 volumes, summarizing the historical events of the past dynasties, divided into four parts: biography, chronicle, brief, and biographies. ④Before the evil and then promise: see "Huainanzi? Daoying" for the evil promise, this is called the act of calling before and responding after. ⑤ Cheng Tingzuo's "Qingxi Collection": Qing Cheng Tingzuo, named Qingxi, has twelve volumes.

⑥Confucius's "Poetry Teaching": "The Analects of Confucius? For Politics": "The Master said: "There are three hundred poems in the "Poetry", which can be summed up in one sentence: thinking is innocent. '" ⑦ Four Beginnings and Six Meanings: "Mao Poetry Preface" begins with Feng, Daya, Xiaoya, and Song as the four beginnings, and "Historical Records? The Family of Confucius" begins with the first chapter of Feng, Daya, Xiaoya, and Song. "Poetry Preface": "Poetry has six meanings: one is Feng, the other is Fu, the third is Bi, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is Ya, and the sixth is Song." Later generations interpreted Feng, Ya, and Song as the body of poetry. Fu, Bi and Xing are the expressive techniques of poetry.

Cheng Tingzuo here mainly emphasizes the enlightening function of poetry. ⑧ Three winds and ten evils: Three winds refer to witch wind, lewd wind, and chaotic wind. "Shangshu Yixun" accuses Shen Yu of drinking, singing and dancing, wandering, and committing crimes.At the same time, it is pointed out that the ten evils have the same content as the three winds, saying: "dance, song, goods, sex, travel, slander, insult to the holy words, rebellion against loyalty and straightness, far away from virtue, and comparison with urchins." All of the above are not tolerated by feudal morality.

⑨ Entering and breaking: Refers to entering the music, which is like the urgent sound of complicated strings. ⑩ "Yangyizhai Shihua": six volumes, with three volumes of "Li Du Shihua", written by Pan Deyu in Qing Dynasty.Poetry and music: "Poetry and music are both exterior and interior. Is one or two?" Li Xiya regards poetry as the joy of the six arts. But poetry is not joy, if you seek music when composing poems, then you will not be consistent with the original, and you will come to the words and sentences, smooth and clear, and the poems will be transformed into words." Xiya: Li Dongyang of the Ming Dynasty.Li advocated the integration of poetry and music, while Pan advocated the separation of poetry and music into two.

Mr. Qian said in the section "Poetry and Music, Gradual Changes in Style": "Poets are one body of writing", "The ancestors were ignorant, and there was no specialization in poetry. So he sang and sang, and gave it to sacrifices, military, military, etc. Counseling and banquets are used to reap the effects of cheering up and watching the group's resentment." Visible, the relationship between poetry and music.The production of poetry was originally due to the needs of music and dance, and it has no independent literary life itself. "Historical Records? The Family of Confucius" says: "Three hundred and five chapters, Confucius sang them all, in order to match the sound of Shaowu Yasong."

That is to say, most of the poems at that time were fillers for music and dance. With the development of social life, poetry itself is also developing. Song Zhengqiao's "Tongzhi? Lelue" says: "Since the late Kui, music has been based on poetry, and poetry has been used for sound", "Ancient poems, modern lyrics and music Also. If you can’t sing it, but can you recite its text and explain its meaning?” You said: “In the Han Dynasty, academic officials were established again to teach each other with meaning, so that the sound of singing and singing was lost and unknown.”

In a sense, this passage reflects the development of poetry itself, which was first related to string songs and then became an independent literary form.Therefore, Jiao Xun, a writer in the early Qing Dynasty, said in "The Collection of Sculptures" that "those who cannot string and sing are not poems", did not look at this issue from the development of the art form of poetry itself, but were obsessed with Zheng Qiao's theory. "Teaching each other with righteousness and reason, so that the sound of singing and singing will be obliterated and unknown", thinking that those who cannot recite strings are not poems.This view is obviously wrong.

What is poetry, and whether only those who can sing are poems? This article makes a brilliant discussion: (1) Poetry, words, and music are all integrated with music from the beginning, and they are separated at the beginning and end.This is the need for the development of art itself, and it is also the influence of the development of social life.For example, the "Song" in the book was the earliest, and most of them were lyrics written by music officials at that time for music and dance. Such poems and music are naturally very closely related, while the later "South Wind" is mostly folk songs. After being collected by the music officials at that time, they were sung with music and dance, and these poems had little to do with music.Until the appearance of "Poetry? The Great Preface", it was clearly stated: "A poet has his aspirations. His aspirations are in his heart, his speech is poetry, and his emotions are moved in his heart and expressed in his words." This "word"

It is poetry, which has both ambition and emotion, completely gets rid of music and dance, and establishes the independent position of poetry.In order to illustrate the principle of the separation and combination of poetry and music, an interesting and appropriate metaphor is used here, that is, gray is obtained by mixing black and white, which can be used to paint "cold furnace dead ashes". It is impossible to keep gray, because without the blending of black and white, gray can no longer be produced.Therefore, it is said that "literary chords are good at their own beauty", and they cannot be "both beautiful" And "merger of strong desires" can only develop along with its natural development.The same is true for words and music. (2) Poetry has its own syllables.Zheng Qiao said: "Since the theory of righteousness and reason is superior, the joy of singing and singing will become less and less. Although chapters and sentences exist, vocal music is useless." ("Tongzhi") This passage also just reflects the fact that there was no independent literary status at that time, but had to be attached to music and dance, but it must not draw the conclusion that "what cannot be recited is not poetry".Cheng Tingzuo, a litterateur in the Qing Dynasty, further put forward the idea of ​​"righteousness, sound and singing, but joy and dissatisfaction", which is more reasonable.Poetry is meaning and sound, and music does not need to be bounded.Giri is the meaning, referring to the content of the poem; vocal song is the syllables of the poem itself, referring to the language form of the poem.With these two basic elements in poetry, what else is there to do?Music can naturally complete its own artistic mission.