Chapter 8 Chapter 05 (3) Brief History of Zen Buddhism

(11) Xuansha Master Preparation (VIII) Shi Bei, whose common surname is Xie, was born in Min County, Fuzhou (in present-day Fujian).Probably a rich man who rowed and fished when he was young.At the age of thirty, he suddenly had a whim and became a monk.Participate in the Xuefeng Memorial Office.Later, he lived in Puyingyuan in Meixichang and moved to Xuansha Mountain, where he was respected by local officials.There are many disciples, it is said that there are more than 800 disciples.Although the teaching method also uses bizarre words and deeds to break the stick all the way, but sometimes it is close to common sense, and the words are intelligible and inexplicable.

If someone asks "how is it a matter of kindness", he answers: "I am Xie Sanlang." Another example is that he eats fruit with Wei Jianjun, and Wei asks "how is it for daily use without knowing", he picks up the fruit and says "eat." "After eating, Wei asked again, and he said: "It's just for daily use, I don't know." It's easier to get involved.Famous disciples of Sifa include Luo Han Guichen (passed down as Fayanzong), Anguo Huiqiu, Tianlong Juji, etc.He also died in the second year of Liang Kaiping, at the age of seventy-four.

(12) Arhat Guichen (9th) Gui Chen, whose common surname is Li, was born in Changshan (in present-day Hebei).When he becomes a monk after becoming an adult, he observes the precepts first, but he is not satisfied, saying that "observing the precepts is just a discipline of the body, not real liberation."So he traveled south, first visited Xuefeng Yicun, and then went to Xuansha, where he was approved by the teacher, and even lamented that "it is impossible to find a person who knows Buddhism in the world".Later, he lived in the Arhat Academy to promote the Dharma.The teaching method is characterized by refuting the common.If a monk asks "how is an Arhat's sentence", he will answer:

"If I tell you, it will be two sentences." Another example is that a monk came from Baofu, and he asked how the Dharma was there. You can’t hear it; you can’t hear it if you sit there, and you can’t tell the difference.” He said, “I ask you, if you don’t plug your eyes, what do you see? If you don’t plug your ears, what do you hear? ?” This is to refute continuous thinking with “continuous thinking”.Famous disciples of Sifa include Qingliang Wenyi (the founder of Fayan sect), Qingxi Hongjin and so on.He died in the third year of Emperor Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty (AD 928), at the age of sixty-two, and was posthumously named Zen Master Zhenying.

Second Group (1) Nanquan Puyuan (IV) Pu Yuan was a disciple of Mazu, whose common surname was Wang, and was born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou (in present-day Henan). After becoming a monk, he studied various scriptures, and later learned Zen from Mazu.He may have lived there for a long time, and then went to Nanquan Mountain in Chizhou to spread the Dharma, and was supported by the high official Lu Gen.The teaching method is more strange than his teacher.For example, once, he went to pay homage to Nanyang Huizhong Guoshi together with Guizong Zhichang and Magu Baoche (both disciples of Matsu). On the way, he drew a circle (circle) on the ground and said: "Dao De (can explain clearly) ) and go." Zhichang walked to Yuanxiang and sat down, while Baoche bowed as a woman.He said: "I don't want to go anyway." Looking at it now, it all seems crazy.One of his deeds is related to the water bull. He once said:

"Teacher Wang (self-proclaimed) has raised a water ox since he was a child. If he intends to graze the east of the stream, he will inevitably eat his king's aquatic plants; if he intends to graze the west of the stream, he will inevitably eat his king's aquatic plants." The deceased asked again: "Where will the monk go after a hundred years?" He replied: "Go down the mountain and become a water gun ox." The more prominent deed is to kill the cat: "Master (Puyuan) competes for cats in the east and west halls. Said: "If you get the right way, save the cat, if you can't do it, kill the cat." If the people are not right, the master will kill them." This is much worse than cursing the Buddha and scolding the ancestors, because it has violated the first great precept of killing.

Since the time of Matsu, Zen monks have always been so strange, and there are many disciples of Puyuan, among which the famous ones are Zhaozhou Congren, Changsha Jingcen, Ezhou Zhuyu (mountain) monk and so on.He died in the eighth year of Emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty (834 AD) at the age of eighty-seven. (2) Zhaozhou Congjian (V) Congren's descendants did not establish a sect, but he is very famous. When mentioning Monk Zhaozhou, almost everyone knows it.His common surname is Hao, from Hao Township, Caozhou (in today's Shandong).He became a monk in Honshu when he was young, and soon went south to visit Nanquan Puyuan.After learning the strangeness of Southern Zen, relying on one's own intelligence, one can develop further.For example, at Pu Yuan's place, Pu Yuan taught him: "Today, people have to walk among different kinds (referring to go as a water ox) before they can get it." To expand the ground, he trampled Pu Yuan down.After that, he lived in Guanyin Temple in Zhaozhou most of the time and promoted Zen.Words and deeds are almost supernormal.For example, he said: "Buddha is affliction, and affliction is Buddha." Once, when he was visiting the garden with others, a rabbit got up and ran away. The person asked: "The monk is a great virtuous teacher. Why did the rabbit go away?" He said: "Hello, old monk." Kill." Once again, someone asked him:

"Monk Chengwen saw Nanquan in person, didn't he?" He said, "A big radish comes out of Zhenzhou." Some people asked him, "Where does one return to if all dharmas return to one?" He said, "The old monk did well in Qingzhou. A cloth shirt with a collar weighs seven catties." Another time, when someone asked him what his surname was, he answered "Changzhou"; when asked how old he was, he answered "Suzhou".These are the tricks of speech.There are still things that can be done. The most prominent time was when a nun asked "What is the secret meaning (the deepest meaning of Buddhism)", he pinched the nun with his hand, and the nun said: "The monk still has this." You have this here." What does "this" refer to?It seems to mean vulgar, that's too much.The most famous of his maneuvers is to answer people's question "how is the meaning of the patriarch's coming to the west", he said:

"The cypress in front of the court." Perhaps because of his words, someone asked him, "Does the cypress still have Buddha nature?" He said, "Yes." But another time, someone asked, "Does the dog have Buddha nature?" There is no Buddha-nature.” He said: “None.” In short, since Mazu, Zen’s words and deeds have become more and more far away from common sense. Monk Zhaozhou can be an outstanding representative of the North.The disciples of Sifa include Yan Yang Shanxin, Guang Xiao Huijue and so on.Congxuan died in the fourth year of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Dynasty (897 A.D.). It is said that he lived to be 120 years old, and he was later posthumously Master Zhenji.

(3) Danxia Natural (IV) Naturally, he is a disciple of Shitou Xiqian, whose name and place of birth are unknown.Originally a scholar, he went to Chang'an to apply for an examination. He heard a Buddhist student say that seeking an official is worse than seeking a Buddha, so he went to Jiangxi to pay homage to Mazu, who instructed him to find Xiqian.After studying for three years, I saw Mazu again, because I was riding on the neck of the holy monk (the statue of the venerable in the meditation hall), and was approved by Mazu.Later, he went to Luoyang and lived in Huilin Temple.It was cold in winter and he burned a wooden Buddha to keep warm. The owner of the hospital reprimanded him, saying: "I burn it for relics." The owner said: "Why do wooden Buddhas have relics?" This is the famous koan of Danxia Burning Wood Buddha, which means to abandon everything except one's own heart.Later, he spread the Dharma in Danxia Mountain in Nanyang, and it is said that there were more than 300 disciples.The disciples of Sifa include Cuiwei, who has no education, Xiaoyi, Xingkong, etc.He died in the fourth year of Changqing (824 A.D.) of Emperor Muzong of the Tang Dynasty at the age of eighty-six. He was posthumously named Zen Master Zhitong.

(4) Shi Shuang Qingzhu (VI) Qing Zhu is a disciple of Daowu Zongzhi and a grandson of Yaoshan Weiyan.His common surname is Chen, and he was born in Xingan, Luling (in present-day Jiangxi).After becoming a monk, he went to Luoyang to study the law, but was not satisfied, so he returned to the south, first to visit Weishan Lingyou, and then to Taoist Wu Zongzhi.Before his death, Zongzhi said: "There is something in my heart that has been a trouble for a long time. Who can get rid of it for me?"Another time, I heard someone repeat the words of Dongshan Liangjia: "In early autumn and late summer, brothers may go east and west, and they must go to a place where there is no grass for thousands of miles." He asked how to get to such a place, but no one answered. He said: "Why don't you say it's grass when you go out?" Liangji heard about it and praised "this is the words of 1,500 good teachers".He sometimes used poems in his wit, such as when someone asked "What is the meaning of Buddhism", he said: "Falling flowers go with the water." When asked what it meant, he said: "Cultivate bamboo to attract wind." He lives in Tanzhou Shishuangshan is revered by the high official Pei Xiu.His Zen method probably also paid attention to sitting quietly. It is said that some of his disciples sat for a long time without lying down, and their shapes were like dead trees.The disciples of Sifa include Daguang Juhai, Jiufeng Daoqian, and Hongjian who overturned the boat.He died in the fourth year of Emperor Xizong Guangqi (888 A.D.) at the age of eighty-two, and was posthumously named Master Puhui. (5) Jiashan Charity Association (VI) Shanhui is the disciple of Chuanzi Decheng and the grandson of Yaoshan Weiyan.His common surname is Liao, from Xianting, Guangzhou (in today's Guangdong).He became a monk when he was young and was familiar with scriptures.Lectured in Runzhou, using common language, was ridiculed by Daowu Zongzhi.Under the guidance of Zongzhi, he went to Huating, Xiuzhou to join the boat monk.I was kicked into the water twice by the monk Chuanzi, and I realized the truth of "following the king's thread, not breaking the clear wave".Later, he lived in Jiashan, Lizhou to promote Buddhism. The teaching method is both positive narration and wit.The general spirit is still broken by the Southern School of Zen, such as saying: "Since the ancestors, people have misunderstood it, and it has been passed down to the present, and the words and sentences of the Buddha have been used as teachers. If so, he becomes a madman. "The Tibetan religion is an old monk's seat, and the patriarch's mysterious decree is a broken straw sandal. It is better not to wear bare feet." "It's all like this. The disciples of Sifa include Luopu Yuan'an, Xiaoyao Huaizhong, Huangshan Yuelun, etc. He died in the first year of Tang Xizong Zhonghe (881 AD) at the age of seventy-seven. He was posthumously named Master Chuanming. (6) Touzi Datong (VI) Datong is Cuiwei's ignorant disciple and Danxia's natural disciple.His common surname is Liu, from Huaining, Shuzhou (in today's Anhui).When he became a monk at a young age, he first learned other scriptures.Later, he consulted Wuxue and asked, "What did the second patriarch gain from seeing Bodhidharma for the first time?" Wuxue said, "When you see me now, what do you gain?" That's the real deal.Later, he promoted the Dharma in Touzi Mountain in Honshu. The "Jingde Biography of Lantern Records" said that he "lived in Touzi Mountain for more than 30 years, and the contacts were aroused, and the room was always filled with people who asked for help. The teacher Zongzhi debated fearlessly, and answered questions quickly. While spitting and pecking, there are a lot of micro-talks." It is noteworthy that his answers are sometimes between straightforward and witty, such as when someone asks "What happened when Niutou didn't meet the Fourth Patriarch", he replied: "Be a teacher with others. " Asked again " how do you do after meeting?" He replied: "I don't teach others." People asked "what should the monk do when he is born?" He said: "Yin Sikong invited the old monk to open the hall." The king, why is he swallowed by the six dusts?" He replied: "If you don't become a big man, you will have no one." Monk Zhaozhou seldom said such words that are not far from common sense.It is said that there are more than three hundred disciples, including Touzi Ganwen, Guanyin Yanjun and so on.He died in the fourth year of Ganhua (AD 914), Emperor Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty, at the age of ninety-six, and was posthumously named Master Tzu Chi. 5.6 Lizong distribution The Sixth Patriarch Huineng was born in the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (AD 638) and died in the second year of Tang Xuanzong's Xiantian, that is, the first year of Kaiyuan (AD 713). He was a figure in the early Tang Dynasty.Shenhui was born in the first year of Zongzhang (AD 668) of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and died in the first year of Shangyuan (AD 760) of Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty. He was a figure in the early Tang Dynasty.The two who founded Nanzong are very similar to Li Yuan and Li Shimin who established the Tang Dynasty: the first to raise troops, and the last to fight the world. In the Uncovered Skateboard Conference, Shenhui defeated the Jianjiao of the Northern School in one fell swoop, and since then the Dunjiao of the Southern School has become orthodox, and quickly occupied the famous mountain temples across the country.There are many monks, and almost all of them become Zen monks after shaved.There are a lot of people and a lot of power, so it is the same as the situation in the political field. If you occupy a large area, have a lot of people, and have enough food and soldiers, you have to think about founding a country and becoming a king and emperor.As far as Zen is concerned, this situation was formed in the late Tang Dynasty, and it is very strange that it was after the Huichang Fa disaster, which shows that the atmosphere of the times is hard to return.In short, in order to flaunt the inheritance relationship between master and student, and to promote the righteousness of Zen, there are many believers, great momentum, unique, or self-proclaimed, or hearsay, Zonghe sect emerged one after another. There are no differences in doctrine among different sects, because they all seek enlightenment and liberation.The difference can be said to be well-known.The name is the teaching method. For example, Linji School has three mysteries, three essentials, and four material slips; Off or something.Called "name" because the importance of the characteristic is not as great as it is said.In fact, it is the inheritance relationship of the Zen Forest: For example, Shishuang Chuyuan came from Fenyang Shanzhao, Shanzhao came from Shoushan Shengnian, Shengnian came from Fengxue Yanzhao, Yanzhao came from Nanyuan Huiyong, Huiyong came from Xinghua Cunju, and Cunju came from Linji Yixuan (the founder of Linji Sect) is well documented.People in various sects attach great importance to this difference between name and reality, and even flaunt it to themselves, calling it "family tradition". When it comes to the situation of the sects in Zen Buddhism, we have no choice but to stick to the old saying, admitting that each has its own family tradition.This old saying can cover a wide range, including Shenhui (Hezezong) and Mazu (Hongzhouzong).However, the early Heze and Hongzhou are generally not counted, and the Weiyangzong is counted.There are five sects plus two sects (Weiyang sect, Linji sect, Caodong sect, Yunmen sect, Fayan sect, Yangqi sect, Huanglong sect), from the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song and Middle Dynasties (referring to the establishment, not including the spread) .The situation of teaching and creation, see the following chart: 5.6.1 Wei Yangzong Founded by two masters and apprentices, Lingyou and Huiji, because Lingyou lives in Weishan, Tanzhou, and Huiji lives in Yangshan, Yuanzhou, so it is called Weiyangzong. Lingyou, whose common surname is Zhao, was born in Changxi, Fuzhou (in present-day Fujian).He became a monk at the age of fifteen and read various scriptures.Later, he went to Jiangxi to visit Baizhang Huaihai.Once, Huaihai asked him to poke the ashes in the furnace to see if there was any fire.Later, when he went to Weishan, he practiced and propagated the Dharma under difficult conditions. He also passed through the Huichang Dharma Tribulation in the middle, and he never changed his long-cherished wish.The Tongqing Temple where he lives has as many as 1,500 monks.There are few straightforward teaching methods, and most of them use sharp ideas, because he advocates that "no heart is the way", "but if you don't attach anything, you can get it."Ji Feng, a few of them are not very strange. For example, when disciple Huiji asked, "What is the meaning of the patriarch's coming from the West", he pointed to the lantern and said, "Great lantern." The meaning probably means lighting.But most of them are in a trance. For example, when he was sitting indoors and Hui Ji came in, he crossed his hands to show Hui Ji, and Hui Ji bowed to a woman, and he said: "So, so." This is hard to understand. Among the disciples of Sifa, besides Yangshan Huiji, there are also Xiangyan Zhixian (that is, the one who is "poor this year, and there is no cone"), Jingshan Hongyan, Lingyun Zhiqin (the one who saw the peach blossom enlightenment) and so on.He died in the seventh year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (853 A.D.) at the age of eighty-three. He was posthumously named Dayuan Zen Master. Huiji, whose common surname is Ye, was born in Huaihua, Shaozhou (in present-day Guangdong).I believe in Buddhism, and wanted to become a monk when I was just an adult, but my parents didn't allow me. I broke two fingers to show my determination, and then I became a monk. First, I visited Yanyuan Yingzhen (a disciple of Nanyang Huizhong), and Yingzhen gave him the picture book of the ninety-seven circles, saying that it was passed down by the six generations of patriarchs, and he burned it after reading it.Yingzhen questioned him, and he said: "But it is useful, and you can't stick to it." Later, he visited Weishan Lingyou, and Lingyou asked him if he had a novice monk or a masterless novice. He said, "Yes." There, he walked from the west to the east (presumably to show that he is the Lord), and he was sealed by the blessing of the spirit.He has been at Lingyou's place for a long time, and he used wit and sharpness between master and apprentice, and today it seems that he intends to fight.Later, he left Weishan Mountain and lived in Wangmang Mountain, Yangshan Mountain, and Guanyin Mountain successively to promote the Dharma, and he had many disciples.The way he guides his disciples is still to understand the self-nature, so he said: "Everyone, you should reflect on your own light, don't remember my words." Is it right? This is because I have broken even my own instructions. Because I don’t believe in language, I have to rely on wit (no words and meaning), strange behavior (hitting, drinking, making female worship, etc.) and drawing circles (sometimes Buddha, A, etc.) are also written in the circle. It seems that he is a very intelligent person, so the words and deeds handed down from generation to generation appear strange and fluent. Sifa disciples include Xita Guangmu, Nanta Guangyong and so on.He died in the third year of Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty (883 A.D.) at the age of seventy-seven, posthumously posthumous as Zen Master Zhitong. Wei Yangzong's family tradition, Song Zhizhao's "Eye of Man and Heaven" said that "Father is kind and son is filial, obeying orders from superiors", which probably means closeness and kindness.This is relatively abstract. I think it is from the early times, and there is still a lack of experience in making rituals and music.But because of this, there is less man-made gas. The Weiyang clan was established early, and it also declined early. It has only been passed on for three or four generations, and it has been silent for more than a hundred years. 5.6.2 Linji Sect Founded by Yixuan of Linjiyuan in Zhenzhou.Yixuan's common surname is Xing, and he was born in Nanhua, Caozhou (in today's Shandong).After becoming a monk, he first studied the law and various scriptures.Later, he went to Huangbo Xiyun's place to study, asked about Buddhism three times, and was beaten three times.With Xiyun's advice, he went to ask Gao'an Dayu (Matsu's disciple and grandson), and Dayu told him that it was his "wife's eagerness" (extreme caress), and he realized what he said.Probably because of the straight-forward style and methods of beating and drinking that he learned at Xiyun Office, after arriving at Zhenzhou Linji Institute, he always used this style and method to attract his younger students.If he sees a monk coming, he raises his whisk, and when the monk pays respects, he beats it; Said "thank you monk for instructions", he still hit.Another example is that he used drinking more at the opportunity, and his disciples also learned to use drinking. He said: "You always imitate me to drink. I will ask you now. One person comes out of the east hall, and the other comes out of the west hall. Both of them drink together. Here we divide Are you the guest and host? How do you divide it? If you can’t share it, you won’t be able to learn from the old monk.” In addition to beating and drinking, the words are often too bizarre, such as: “All parties are cremated, and I am buried alive here.”” There is a person who talks about the kalpa and is on the way, but does not leave his home; there is a person who leaves his home, but is not on the way.” This is an attempt to break common sense with abnormal words.The disciples of Sifa include Xinghua Cunjue (passed down as Yangqi Sect and Huanglong Sect), Zen Master Baoshouzhao, Sansheng Huiran, Weifu Dajue, etc.He died in the eighth year of Tang Yizong Xiantong (867 A.D.) and was posthumously named Zen Master Huizhao. The family tradition of the Linji sect is relatively easy to say, because the teaching method has specific measures.These are the three secrets and three essentials, the four material slips, the four guests and the host, and the four photos.Sanxuan (miaoyi) is Xuanzhongxuan, Tizhongxuan and Juzhongxuan. He himself said: "Whenever you sing Zongcheng, you must have three Xuanmen in one sentence, and you must have three essentials (points) in one Xuanmen. There are facts, and there are evidences that are useful." The four materials are simple: Sometimes people are taken (not preserved) and people are not taken away, sometimes people are taken away without people, sometimes people and place are taken away, and sometimes people and place are not taken away.The four guests and hosts are: the host of the host, the host of the guests, the guest of the host, and the guest of the guests.The four uses are: according to first (belonging to perception) and then use (belonging to practice), first to use and then to take care, according to use at the same time, according to use at different times.In addition, drinking is also particular about drinking. He said: "Sometimes drinking is like the King Kong King's sword, sometimes drinking is like a master standing on the ground, sometimes drinking is like a shadow grass on a pole, and sometimes drinking is not used for drinking." The different functions give the machine fronts different categories.From the perspective of specific words and deeds, the style of Linji sect is to act decisively and act vigorously, so there is a saying in Zen school that "General Linji, native of Caodong". This general's family style really has the upper hand in terms of popularity and reproduction.Of the five Zen sects, only it and Caodong remained after the Song Dynasty. However, the situation is that "the world is close to the world, and Cao is a corner." Almost all the temples have become Zen forests, and almost all Zen forests have become Linji.Because there are many descendants, covering a large area, and a long time, the situation of inheritance is very complicated.Roughly speaking, in the middle age of the Northern Song Dynasty, after Shishuang Chuyuan was divided into the Yangqi Sect and the Huanglong Sect; after that, the Yangqi Sect flourished, restored the old name of Linji, and handed it down. Fayan, Foguo Keqin, Dahui Zongdai (advocating Kanhua Zen and opposing Silent Zen), Gao Gao Yuanmiao, Tianri Mingben, Tiantong Yuanwu, Qingshan Yuanxiu, Yulin Tongxiu (teacher of Emperor Shunzhi), I can't bear to wait. 5.6.3 Cao Dongzong Founded by two masters and apprentices, Liangjia and Benji, because Liangjia lives in Dongshan, Ruizhou, and Benji lives in Caoshan, Fuzhou, so it is called Caodongzong.Calling Caodong instead of Dongcao is probably a way of saying it and listening to it. (One said Cao means Cao Xi.) Liang Price, whose common surname is Yu, was born in Zhuji, Kuaiji (in present-day Zhejiang).It is said that when he was a child, he studied with a teacher and read "no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind". He asked the teacher why he had eyes, ears, nose, tongue and so on.He once participated in Nanquan Puyuan and Weishan Lingyou, and Lingyou pointed him to see Yunyan Tansheng.Hearing Tan Cheng quote the scriptures and say, "Waterbirds and forests, all recite the Buddha and the Dharma", and get something. Later, seeing his own shadow in the water, he suddenly realized the wonderful truth of "This is only".Later, he went to Dongshan to promote the Dharma, created the theory of five monarchs and ministers, and received and guided disciples.He focused on enlightenment, but he also emphasized self-reliance. For example, when people asked him why he set up a fast for his predecessor, he said, "I don't value my predecessor's morality and Buddhism, but only that he doesn't explain it for me." He said: "Half-yes, half-no." When asked "Why not all?", he said: "If you are all-yes, you will fail the teacher." Spirit. It seems that he was born as an intellectual, so he likes to write gatha in secular poetry, such as: "It's the one who washes the heavy makeup, and the cuckoo's voice persuades people to return. The flowers are gone and they cry endlessly, and they cry to the depths of the chaotic peak." Outside the peak, the moon is bright and the wind is clear and the sun is good." If you don't regard it as a metaphor for the Zen state, some people will believe that it is Li Shangyin's lyric poem.He is the author of "Xuanzhong Ming", "Ode to Five Monarchs" and so on.Among the disciples of Sifa, apart from Benji, there are also Yunju Daoying, Shushan Kuangren, Qinglin Shiqian and so on.He died in the tenth year of Tang Yizong Xiantong (869 AD) at the age of sixty-three.There is also a bizarre story before his death: he predicted the date of death, and after making preparations such as shaving his hair and bathing his body, "the bell rang to say goodbye, and he seemed to sit down."The crowd wept unceasingly. He opened his eyes and said, "It's true practice to become a monk without attachment. What's the use of mourning?" Past".If his preaching of "the mind is not attached to anything" is true, then he can be said to have really broken the barrier of life and death, and he is worthy of being the founder of the sect.Posthumous title Wuben Zen master. Ben's common surname is Huang, from Putian, Quanzhou (in today's Fujian).Read Confucian books first, then become a monk, and participate in good prices.After resigning a few years later, Liangji asked him where he was going. He said: "Go to the place where there is no variation." Mastered the speculative alchemy commonly used in Zen.After leaving Dongshan, he first went to Caoxi to worship the Pagoda of the Sixth Patriarch.Then he went to Jishui to promote the Dharma, and changed the name of the mountain where he lived to Caoshan. In the teaching method, in addition to using uncanny wits to break perceptions, guarding the teacher's theory, and talking about the five monarchs and ministers, etc., it also developed the tricks of drawing circles.There are five kinds of meter, namely: B, B, B, ○, C.Each one is explained with five-character quatrains. For example, the last one is: "It's hard to understand the hidden things. The king of Weiyin has not known, so Maitreya is not ashamed." This is not only bizarre, but also somewhat mysterious. .Ben Ji is intelligent and knowledgeable, so he can carry forward the great cause of establishing a good family (later passed down, mainly relying on the Yunju Daoying lineage).He also annotated Han Shan's poems.The disciples of Sifa include Dongshan Daoyan, Jinfeng Congzhi, Lumen Chuzhen and so on.He died in the first year of Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty (AD 901), at the age of sixty-two, and was posthumously named Zen Master Yuanzheng. Cao Dongzong's family tradition, the important thing is the five said.There are four kinds of five: five positive and negative, five meritorious service, five monarchs and ministers, and five princes.Take the five positions of positive and negative as an example, which include: central and partial, partial center and positive, center from the center, and both to the middle and both to the middle, a total of five types. Ben Ji explained the meaning of right and wrong: it is body, it is emptiness, it is reason; it is function, it is form, it is matter.In the middle, it is to go against the principle and use it from the body; in the center, it is to take things into account, and to use them in the body;In short, it is again begging for assistance in the analysis of cumbersome names and appearances.However, the general spirit of the teaching method is to reveal the truth based on the facts, and to see the truth from each other. Cao Dongzong's transmission, although the momentum is not big, the time is very long.This is mainly due to Dao Ying, a good price disciple.Daoying, whose surname is Wang, was born in Yutian, Youzhou (in present-day Hebei). Shen Liangji, after attaining Taoism, spread the Dharma in Yunju Mountain, Hongzhou, and had many disciples.His lineage continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty, during which famous Zen masters included Taiyang Jingxuan, Tiantong Zhengjue (advocating Silent Zen), Changlu Qingle, Tiantong Rujing, Wan Songxingxiu, Linshan Changzhong, Shaoshi Changrun et al. 5.6.4 Cloud Gate School Founded by Wen Yan, because Wen Yan lives in Yunmen Mountain, Shaozhou, so it is called Yunmenzong.Wen Yan, whose surname is Zhang, was born in Jiaxing, Suzhou (in present-day Zhejiang).When he was a monk when he was young, he once visited Chen Puxie in Muzhou. Chen asked him to visit Xuefeng Yicun and got the seal of Yicun.After traveling to Shushan, Caoshan, Tiantong and other places, he was respected by Lingshu Rumin (the grandson of Baizhang Huaihai).Finally, I went to Guangtai Temple in Yunmen Mountain to spread the Dharma, and there were many disciples.The teaching method focuses on breaking knowledge with concise and clear sentences.If someone asks "what is a Buddha", he said: "A Buddha is a dry dung peg." He also said: "(The World Honored One was born with one finger pointing to the sky and the other pointing to the ground, etc.) If I saw it at that time, I would kill the dog with a stick. You eat, but you want peace in the world.” Regarding Zen practice, he said: “Apart from wearing clothes and eating, and feeding shit and urine, what else is there to do? Why do you have so many delusions for no reason!” When answering people’s questions, he often used The method is simple and non-existent. For example, when someone asks "how is the Yunmen sword", he says: "the ancestor." When asked "how is the Zhengfa eye", he says: "general." ", he said: "Lu." Sometimes the answer is even more bizarre, such as when someone asks "what is the general idea of ​​Buddhism", he said: "Look south and look at the Big Dipper." The method is almost all broken by force, which is no wonder, because the aspect of standing is "unspeakable".The disciples of Sifa include Baiyun Zixiang, Deshan Yuanmi, Xianglin Chengyuan and so on.Wen Yan died in the seventh year of Qianhe (AD 949) of Emperor Zhongzong (Liu Sheng) of the Southern Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, at the age of eighty-six. He was posthumously named Zen Master Hongming. The general spirit of Yunmen School's family style is simple and clear, cutting kudzu vines with a sharp knife to clarify the original heart.There are so-called three sentences and one word pass.One word off, as mentioned above.The three sentences are: cover the heaven and earth sentence, which means to include all the truths in one sentence; cut off the flow of the sentence, which means to break all knowledge with one sentence; Yunmen sect was handed down until the Northern Song Dynasty. It tended to decline in the Southern Song Dynasty, and then fell into obscurity. It lasted for about two hundred years.During this period, many famous Zen masters emerged, such as Zhimen Guangzuo, Xuedou Chongxian (there are 100 "Xuedou Songs", which are very famous), Yanqing Zirong, Yuwang Huailian, Tianyi Yihuai, Huilin Zongben (Song Shenzong once asked him), Fayun Faxiu, Lingyin Qisong (the author of "Zhuanfa Zhengzong Ji", "Yinjin Anthology", etc., are all important works of Zen). 5.6.5 Fayan sect Founded by Wen Yi, because Li Jing, the leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty, posthumously called him Dafayan Zen Master after his death, so it is called Fayanzong.His common surname is Lu, from Yuhang (in present-day Zhejiang).He became a monk at the age of seven, studied law, and read Confucianism.Later, I visited Changqing Huileng, a disciple of Xuefeng Yicun.After traveling in the clouds, I went to Zhangzhou and met Guichen, the dizang.Discussing the Tao with Gui Chen, knowing that he has shortcomings, and determined to stay and learn Zen.Hearing Gui Chen say "If you talk about Buddhism, everything is ready-made", and I realized the truth that the heart is the Buddha.Later, I went to Linchuan Chongshouyuan to promote the Dharma, and further developed the theory that the heart is everything, and there is no need to seek outside.Since we do not pretend to ask for things from outside, of course we must get rid of our attachments from outside our hearts.Breaking, often using seemingly unreasonable methods, if a monk asked "how to refer to", he said: "The moon." The monk said: "Students ask the finger, why does the monk point to the moon?" He said: "Ask the finger for you." Use the way of Zen to answer: "There is a gap between the hair and the sky and the earth." He said that his understanding was wrong. When people asked him what he understood, he said: "There is a gap between the hair and the sky and the earth is separated." Only once, it was to the Southern Tang Dynasty. The monarch, ordered by the monarch to chant peony, he made a five-law: "Crowds and clumps have different origins and interests. The hair is white today, and the flowers are red last year. The beauty follows the morning dew, and the fragrance chases the evening wind. Why wait for the sun to fall, and then realize the emptiness?" .Because he was respected by the emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he first lived in Jinling Baoenyuan, and then in Qingliangyuan. He had many disciples.The disciples of Sifa include Tiantai Deshao, Qingliang Taiqin, Lingyin Qingsong, Guizong Yirou and so on.He died in the fifth year of Emperor Shizong Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (AD 958) at the age of seventy-four. The Fayan sect's family style has no obvious characteristics.Sometimes it is simple and concise, close to Yunmen sect; sometimes it is detailed and close to Caodong sect.This may be because seeing one's nature clearly is the ancestral method of Southern Zen. After all, it is difficult to get out of those commonly used methods or even Huatou? Fayan sect passed down.Deshao preached the Dharma in Tiantai Mountain, and was supported by the Qian family of Wuyue and revered as a national teacher.Yongming Yanshou, a disciple of Deshao, is a great celebrity in the history of Buddhism. He wrote "Zongjinglu" and "Xinfuzhu" and other books, and continued to carry forward all the purports of Fayanzong created by the heart. There are as many as one thousand and hundreds of disciples.But then gradually declined, and finally died out. 5.6.6 Yang Qi faction Linji Yixuan was handed down for six generations, and reached Shishuang and Chuyuan.Chu Yuan, courtesy name Ciming, had a friendship with Yang Yi, a great literati in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and was known as the master of Xihe.He had many disciples, the most famous being Yang Qifanghui and Huanglong Huinan.Fanghui lived in Yangqishan, Yuanzhou, and founded the Yangqi School; Huinan lived in Huanglongshan, Longxing Prefecture, and founded the Huanglong School. Fang Hui's common surname is Leng, and he was born in Yichun, Yuanzhou (in today's Jiangxi).He became a minor official first, and was incompetent. He became a monk and learned Zen from Chu Yuan.Later, when he spread the Dharma in Yangqi Mountain and Yungai Mountain, his words and deeds were often even more bizarre.For example, the upper hall said: "The ancients turned the public case and gave it to the public." After a while, he said: "The mouth is only enough to eat." Another example: "The kindness and death set up a fast, and the talents gathered. The teacher in front of Zhen (portrait) squeezed it with two hands. Put your fist on your head, use a seat to draw a picture, make a circle, then burn incense, take three steps back, and worship as a woman." It can be seen that the teaching method is still the same as the strange police of Linji Sect and Yunmen Sect.The disciples of Sifa include Baiyun Shouduan, Baoning Renyong and so on.He died in the first year of Song Renzong Huangyou (AD 1049), at the age of fifty-eight. The Yang Qi sect passed down many famous Zen masters, such as the five patriarchs (Shan) Fayan, Foguo Keqin (had contacts with Zhang Shangying, the endless layman, and wrote "Biyan Collection", etc.), Dahui Zonggao (also known as Jing Shan Zonggao (Chuang Jingshan School), Huqiu Shaolong (Chuang Huqiu School) and so on.After the Yellow Dragon Sect was cut off, the Yang Qi Sect resumed the old name of Linji Sect. Since then, the history of Linji Sect and the history of Yang Qi Sect have been merged into one. 5.6.7 Huanglong School Huinan's common surname is Zhang, and he was born in Yushan, Xinzhou (in today's Jiangxi).As a monk, he first learned Yunmen Zen from Huaicheng in Litan, and listened to Linjizong Xuefeng Wenyue's advice of "unwilling to speak to death", and then threw himself into Shishuang Chuyuan's sect.Because of Chu Yuan's "continuous criticism", he was enlightened.He successively propagated the Dharma in Tong'an Chongsheng Temple, Lushan Guizong Temple, Huanglong Mountain and other places.Sometimes the method of receiving and guiding is even more bizarre, such as: "The whisk limped up for thirty-three days and twisted off Di Shi's nostrils. Mr. Donkey Lip clapped his palms and laughed loudly: "Find a person who knows likes and dislikes in all ten directions. No one.'" "Catching a black-bone chicken in the middle of the night woke up Brahma King to sleep. The Pilan wind suddenly rose and blew down Mount Sumeru. There is no one on the official road, and many people eat bootleg wine.At this time, Linji and Deshan could open their mouths and open their eyes, and they couldn't use it for holding or drinking.You and the others each seek the ancestral deeds, and don't recognize the donkey saddle bridge as the grandfather's jaw. "It all means nonsense. The more commonly used words are the so-called "Three Passes of the Yellow Dragon", which means to ask the students first, "Everyone has a destiny, where is the destiny of the master (respected each other)?" Then he stretched out his hand and said, "Why is my hand like Buddha's hand?" At last he lowered his feet and said, "Why are my feet like donkey's feet?" He himself explained the mysterious meaning of these three levels: "I hold both my hands and Buddha's hands, and the Zen people recommend them directly, and say them without fighting. My feet are parallel to the feet of a donkey, stepping on lifeless step by step, and I will gather clouds to collect the sun, and then I will know that the road is vertical and horizontal. "This is a difficult riddle. It is said that for more than 30 years, "there is no agreement." He Baofeng Kewen Huinan died in the second year of Song Shenzong Xining (AD 1069), at the age of 68, and was posthumously named Pujue Zen Master. The transmission of the Huanglong School mainly relies on the three big disciples of the same age, Zu Xin, Chang Zong and Ke Wen.The three members of the Dharma seats are very prosperous, and they become the three branches of the Huanglong Sect.But they soon declined, and the lineage of the Linji Sect had to be continued by the Yang Qi Sect. 5.7 Later situation The later period refers to the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.From Zen to Song Dynasty, Linji School was supported by Yang Qi Sect and Huanglong Sect. Yang Qi Sect passed down to Jingshan Zonggao to advocate Kanhua Zen, and Cao Dong Sect was passed down to Tiantong Zhengjue to advocate Silent Illumination Zen. .The Yunmen sect was passed down to the late Northern Song Dynasty, and there was a great writer Lingyin Qisong (who wrote "Zhuanfa Zhengzong Ji", "Fujiao Pian", etc.), and then declined.After the Song Dynasty, Zen became the last of its strength. This is not because there are fewer disciples, but because life is becoming more and more secular.The essence of Buddhism is the transcendental law. Life is closer to the secular world, but of course it is farther away from the teachings.A religion that lowers its requirements or even changes its purpose because it is difficult to believe and practice, no matter how cleverly defended it is, the danger of decline or even extinction is always inevitable. (1) Yuan Dynasty Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was a famous Zen master Wan Song Xingxiu in the Caodong School, and his disciples included Xueting Fuyu, Yelu Chucai, etc.Yelu Chucai, named Zhanran Layman, was a famous politician who assisted Genghis Khan in his expedition.The Linji sect has the greatest influence, especially in Jiangnan.Famous Zen monks include: Haiyun Yinjian, who once taught Buddhism to Kublai Khan, and the famous politician Liu Bingzhong was his disciple.Yunfeng Miaogao once participated in the debate on Zen teaching and won the debate with Xianlin.Xueyan Zuqin advocated that the thoughts of Confucianism and Buddhism are interlinked.The peak is original and wonderful, and people call it the ancient Buddha of Gaofeng.Zhongfeng Mingben, great calligrapher Zhao Mengfu once asked him.The old man of the Yuan Dynasty carried forward the Kanhua Zen of Dahui Zonggao.One mountain and one peace, once went to Japan as an envoy. (2) Ming Dynasty The Linji Sect is still the most powerful, and the famous Zen monks include: Jitan Zongle, who was highly valued by Ming Taizu and let him preside over the national monk administration.Forgive me, I have no resentment, I once went to Japan to teach the Dharma.Come back when you see your heart, and also good at poetry and calligraphy.Si Daoyan, that is, Yao Guangxiao, once assisted Ming Chengzu to win the throne.Chushan Shaoqi advocated Chanting Buddhism.Kong Gu Jinglong once wrote a book to refute Zhu Xi.Xiao Yan Debao, the famous Buddhist masters Qu Hong, Zhen Ke and De Qing all asked him questions.Miyun Yuanwu taught the Dharma at Tiantong Temple in Ningbo. His disciples included Fazang of Hanyue, Po Shan Haiming, and Mu Chen Daomin.Tianyin Yuanxiu, enlightened when he heard the donkey's cry, taught the Dharma, and opened the Qingshan School.Cao Dongzong still has some influence.无明慧经在江西提倡农禅，嗣法弟子有博山元来、鼓山元贤、湛然圆澄等。元来传宗宝道独、栖壑道丘等；元贤传为霖道霈、惟静道安等；圆澄传麦浪明怀、石雨明方等。 （三）清代 清代禅宗兴盛，与早年皇帝喜欢谈禅有些关系。世祖顺治好佛，曾召憨璞性聪、玉林通琇、木陈道忞等讲禅法，并尊通琇为国师。世宗雍正好参禅，以禅门宗匠自居，自号圆明居士，编有《御选语录》，还插手禅法的争执，用政治力量摧毁汉月法藏的三峰一系。仍是临济宗势力最大，有天童、磐山两系。天童一系由密云圆悟下传，著名禅僧有汉月法藏、费隐通容、木陈道忞、破山海明等。再下传，法藏一支有灵岩弘礼、灵岩弘储、晦山戒显、硕揆原志、金赋原直、楚奕原豫等；通容一支有憨璞性聪、隐元隆琦、亘信行弥、如幻超洪等；道忞一支有旅庵本月、山晓本晳等；海明一支有丈雪通醉等。磬山一系由天隐圆修下传，著名禅僧有箬庵通问、玉林通琇、茆溪行森等。清朝晚期，禅宗有金山、高旻、天童、天宁四大丛林。著名禅僧有月溪显谛、观心显慧、大定密源、常静密传、道源真仁、楚泉全振、青光清宗、冶开清镕等。曹洞宗有寿昌、云门二系。著名禅僧，寿昌一系有剩人函可、天然函昰、在掺弘赞、迹删成鹫、觉浪道盛等；云门一系有石雨明方、三宜明盂、瑞白明雪、远门净柱、位中净符、俍亭净挺、百愚净斯等。 清末民初，社会经历一次翻天覆地的变化。政体改变，西学输入越来越多，都使出世思想和僧伽制度受到冲击，禅的思想和生活，就是想保持强弩之末，似乎也不容易了。