Chapter 10 8. Keywords

The poems are composed according to the ancient phonetic system, and in order to maintain the musicality, they must be read according to the middle ancient phonetic system. (Whether imitation should also imitate cats and tigers is a complicated issue, which will be discussed later.) This is a principle, or an ideal; if you really read it, you can't ignore the factual side.The truth is we can't quite do it.There are many reasons, the most powerful of which is that, based on the standard of Putonghua, we have no voice.Generally speaking, it is not only impossible, but also too troublesome to pronounce the characters according to "Shi Yun".Impossible, I had to relax a bit.Relaxation can also have different levels of leniency and strictness: strict is flat (not four tones) completely from the old, wide is only the keyword from the old.Take Du Fu's "Five Poems of Recalling Ancient Sites" ("Mountains and valleys go to Jingmen") as an example:

Thousands of mountains and valleys go to Jingmen, where there is still a village for the concubine of the Ming Dynasty. ·Go to Zitailian·Shuo·Mo, ·Leave the green mound alone to the dusk.Draw pictures to save, know the spring breeze, and return to the night around the sky, the soul of the moon.For thousands of years, the pipa has been written in Hu language, clearly resented, in the music, and discussed. The characters with dots have different pronunciations in ancient and modern times (of course, in terms of the phonetic system), among them, except for the old pronunciation of "lun" here, they are all entering-sound characters.It is impossible to read according to the sound, so we have to take a step back and be satisfied with maintaining the melodious tone, that is, to read like the tones.This is a strict way, that is, all entering tones are read like going tones.You can relax again, only the keywords maintain the humming tone, and other non-keywords use the current tone.In this way, there are only two characters in the variable pronunciation, "Shi" and "Lun" ("Qu" is pronounced in the upper tone, and it can be changed to the lower tone).Why can you relax like this?Let's talk about this situation.

The problem comes from musicality, which is quite complex and even quite subtle.I said before that meter is the foundation of musicality, but I didn't make it clear; if I want to make it clear, I need to sort out the relationship between musicality and meter.To make an analogy first, musicality is moral, and the requirements are strict and detailed; meter is legal, and the so-called great virtues do not exceed leisure, but small virtues can come and go.Morality is leniently governed, and it is also a trivial matter to pay more attention to a beautiful woman on the road (the so-called heart-wrenching).The law can't be like this, as long as it's not serious enough to use hands and feet, it doesn't matter.The same is true for musicality, maybe the difference in mood should also be counted?If this is the case, then, for example, the flat rhyme is bright and the oblique rhyme is dull, which is related to the musicality.It can also be refined, like flat tones, fifteen deleted rhymes are suitable for expressing boldness, and five subtle rhymes are suitable for expressing melancholy, which is related to musicality.It can be further refined, even the same tone and ten gray rhyme. Take Du Fu's high-style "The flower path has never been swept by guests, and the Pengmen is now opened for the king" as an example. The upper tone of "Sweep" Changed to Qusheng characters, "Kai" is replaced with "Cai", regardless of the meaning, the musicality will be worse, right?We have always ignored such subtleties because: first, we cannot know clearly, so we will not be able to grasp it accurately;So I had to take a step back and take a practical path, that is, a rough path, only seeking to conform to the rules.What the meter guarantees is obvious and significant musicality, the rest is left to the author to figure it out.

There are mainly two types of rhythm related to sound: one is rhyme, and the other is level and oblique coordination. Let's talk about rhyme first, which is to express the beauty of music in a way of looping.Rhymes are usually placed at the end of sentences.Generally speaking, because, for example, in "The Book of Songs · Zhou Nan · Guan Sui", "the variegated xylophyta, flow from left to right, and a fair and fair lady, you can always seek it", the rhyme characters are placed before the virtual characters at the end of the sentence.Poems since the Middle Ages no longer have this form, so it can also be said that rhyme words are placed at the end of sentences.The rhythmic requirement of rhyming is that the rhyming words should have the same rhyme (this is the nearest style, the ancient style and words are more restricted, and the details will be discussed later), so when reading, when encountering rhyme words with different sounds from ancient to modern (mainly the difference between plain and narrow), just To keep the musical beauty of the rhyme from the old.Take the following songs as examples:

The evening clouds collected all overflowed the cold, and the silver man turned the jade plate silently.This life and this night are not good, where will the bright moon next year be seen? (Su Shi's "Mid-Autumn Moon") Thousands of mountains and birds fly away, and thousands of paths and people disappear.Boat PC World Weng, fishing alone trees and snow. (Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue") Qingming Shangsi West Lake is good, full of prosperity, who is fighting for the road, green willows and vermilion wheels walk with tin and chariots.Tourists will go at dusk, wake up drunk and make noise, the road turns and the embankment is inclined, until the city is always full of flowers. (Ouyang Xiu)

The chilling cicadas are miserable, it is late to the Changting Pavilion, and the showers are beginning to rest.There is no thread to drink in the tents of the capital, Fang Yulian, Lan Zhou urged.Holding hands and looking at each other (read flat voice) with tears in my eyes, I was speechless and choked.Read to go thousands of miles of smoke and waves, the dusk is heavy and the sky is wide.Amorous feelings have hurt parting since ancient times, and it is even more desolate for the Qingqiu Festival.Where are you sober tonight?On the banks of the willows, the wind is blowing and the moon is waning.After many years, it should be a good time for a good time.Even if there are thousands of styles, let alone talk to anyone. (Liu Yong's "Raining Bells")

The first two are poems.The first song rhymes with fourteen cold rhymes in flat tone, and the fourth sentence "Kan" is pronounced in Qusheng according to the modern tone, and cannot rhyme with "Han" and "Pan". In order to maintain the beauty of music, it must be pronounced in flat tone.The second song is rhymed with nine crumbs into the tone, and the rhyme is read according to the modern pronunciation. "Jue" is the flat tone, and Xue is the upper tone, which cannot rhyme with "Mie".The last two poems are words.The previous song rhymes with Liuma in the flat tone, and the rhyme word "che" at the end of the previous film, which is pronounced che today, cannot rhyme with "hua", "jia", "hua", "xie" and "hua"; , to read cha.The latter one basically rhymes with entering tone June and Jiuzhe rhyme (only "kuo" is Qiyi rhyme, and the eighteenth rhyme of the word rhyme is used together with entering tone Wuwu, June, Qiyi, Bajiu, Jiuzhu, and Shiliuye ), "Xie", "Fa", "Yi", "Bie", "Jie", and "Shuo" are all pronounced in flat tone today, and cannot rhyme with "Qie", "Kuo", "Yue" and "Set"; for To keep the beauty of the music, it must be read like Qusheng.

As far as the rhythm requirements of rhyme are concerned, rhyme words are keywords, and the pronunciation of keywords does not match the sound system of the Middle Ages, which disrupts the rhythm and destroys the beauty of music.As for rhymes, if there are no other rules (referring to the coordination of level and oblique, to be discussed below), it is not a bad idea to relax, at least it does not matter much.For example, among the four poems mentioned above, the "Du" in the second song is a entering tone character, and it will not be unpleasant to read it as a flat tone according to the modern pronunciation; Read it in a flat tone, and it won't feel so unpleasant.This is a broad way, only seeking to conform to the law, or just focusing on key words, to use big words is to be improvised and improvised.The purpose is to reduce the burden, so that a large number of people who are interested in learning can get by without too much effort.Of course, if you voluntarily take a strict path, like the "independence" and "straightness" mentioned just now, because I remember that they are entering the phonetic characters, they are pronounced like the tones, so "alone fishing for cold rivers and snows" will return to mediocrity and mediocrity. If "there are always flowers until the top of the city" is restored to mediocre mediocre mediocre mediocrity, then it becomes closer to the ancients, and even today's people will not object.

Let's talk about coordination.Chinese phonetics have tones, and the tones can be divided into two types: "facts" are local, and "theories" are from foreign countries.During the period of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Pi wrote a letter, saying that "the festivals are different at the same time, and things are different from people" (冶平平气, 她印平平), and Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote an article, saying "the sky is bright and the air is clear, and the wind is smooth" (平川半平, 她平平平). Ping Zhe), etc., as Shen Yue said in "Song Shu·Xie Lingyun Biography": "High-sounding and wonderful sentences, with natural rhymes, are all dark and reasonable, and they come from thinking." , but it is just playing tricks (or unintentionally).In the Southern Dynasties, Shen Yue, Xie Tiao, etc. not only intensified their efforts, but also absorbed the principles of Sanskrit pinyin in the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and created the theory of four tones and eight diseases.What are you after?Generally speaking, the sound is beautiful.It is more troublesome to be specific, because it must be made clear that Li Dan's "Opening the Door Snow is Piaoping" (Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping) is pleasant, and Sister Feng's "North Wind Tight One Night" (Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping) is worse. "Auspicious Snow Falling" (Ze Zhe Zhe Zhe) is even worse.Why?Presumably, our ears are not receptive to sameness.On the positive side, I love to hear changes.The change here is flat and narrow.In the simplest terms, the nature of flat tones is upward, and the nature of flat tones is depression, which are just opposites.Why does it sound so good?Maybe music theorists can explain that as for people outside our "family", we may as well be content with "nature dictates".To put it another way, it is easy for us to take it for granted, but it is not easy to know why.

It is not easy to know why, but the change required is not a random change, but a change that basically takes two syllables (some call it "step", and some call it "section") as a unit.Taking the five-character modern style poems as an example, the required change is not "Zeping Zheping" or "Pingping Zheping", but "Zepingpingpingpingping" or "Pingpingpingpingpingping".Such a change extends outside the sentence and becomes a change of the upper and lower lines: Five words and seven words flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat

This is only when two syllables with the same level and tone are combined into one in a couplet, the change is required; and the requirement is thorough, and the neighbors in both directions (left, right, up and down) must be changed.There are very few poems that follow the rules, such as: Love this riverside is good (pingpingpingpingpingping), linger until the sun is oblique (pingpingpingpingpingping).Sleeping is divided into yellow calf (reading melodious sound) grass (ping mediocre mediocre melody), and sitting on white gull sand (mean melancholy mediocre mediocre melody). (Wang Anshi's "Title of Fangzi") The sound of firecrackers (reading melodious tone) is medium (reading melodious tone) New Year's Eve (meaning melodious melody), and the spring breeze brings warmth into Tusu (meaning mediocre mediocre melody).Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old symbols (pingpingpingpingpingpingpingping). (Wang Anshi "Yuan Ri") This is in line with the rhythm, and there is no Hun at all.The reward is that you will feel the cadence when you read it, which is indeed pleasant. However, the neat changes in words that conform to the rhythm of the level and zze often fail to blend in with the meaning.For example, I felt something for a while, and made up such a sentence, "Baoyou's sad things", it happened to be flat and flat, and the words were in line with the rhythm, which was very satisfactory; but think about it, the matter was not from Baoyou, but from Chunyou had to change it to "Chunyou's Sadness" and became mediocre, what should I do?In this kind of place, the ancients didn't dare to be tough, so they accommodated the meaning, gave up some territory in terms of sound, and were willing to ignore the former, that is, to admit two syllables, the latter one being the key point, and giving up the former light one as a last resort.There is also a well-known saying, "It doesn't matter if one, three, five, two, four, or six are clear."This trick is based on seven words, if it is five words, it should be changed to "don't care about one or three, two or four are clear".When we look through the collection of poems, we will find that there are quite a few verses in this way. Take Du Fu, who is conceited in his "poetry and rhythm" as an example: ·Jiangdong·Moon Moves Stone (reading the tone), Xixu·Yunbanghua. ·Tosu knows the old way, ·Who lives in the sails? (One of "Six Quatrains") Caoge (read the flat tone) Chai Fei, the stars live scattered, and the waves turn Jiang Hei (read he) at the beginning of Yufei.Mountain bird introduction · feeding red fruit, · brook girl · get (read flat tone) money · leave blank (read bo) fish. (One of "Twelve Poems to Relieve Boredom") The words with dots, "river", "cloud", "sail", "star", "river", "stream", and "liu" should be flat and flat, "moon", "bird", "wave", " "加", "得" should be flat and narrow, some of the positions are one, some are three, some are five, and they are all the previous syllable of a unit.In this way, Xiao Gui and Cao Sui, for example, read the following two poems by Mr. Du: ·The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation.Feeling the time and splashing tears, hating the farewell (reading the tone) the bird is frightened.The beacon fire lasted for three months, and the family letter was worth ten thousand gold. ·The bald head is scratched shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust (pronounced in flat tone). ("Spring Hope") North Korea returns to the Japanese spring clothes, and the Jiangtou returns drunk every day.Alcohol debts are common places, life · seventy (reading tone) rare since ancient times.Nymphs wear flowers and see deeply, and dragonflies that touch water fly slowly.Rumors and scenery flow together, and there is no contradiction in rewarding each other for the time being. (One of "Two Poems of Qujiang") The characters with dots, "国" and "白" in the first position, and "Qi" and "盱" in ​​the third position are all entering tone characters, so you can follow the principle of relaxing the light and grasping the heavy, according to the current pronunciation read.It is also in accordance with the principle of relaxing lightly and grasping heavily. The "bie" in the second position and the "ten" in the fourth position are also entering tone characters, so they must be read according to the ancient phonetic system, such as Qu Sheng. In the above examples where the pronunciation can be accommodated, the five-syllable sentence is not in the third position, and the seven-syllable sentence is not in the fifth position. I want to add that even if it is not absolutely necessary, it is always It is better to discuss.The reason is that if you don't care, it will become like this: Five words and seven words Zeze, Zeze, Zeze, Zeze, Zeze Zeze, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat Flat, flat, flat, flat, flat Flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, flat Try reading it, it doesn't sound good.Why should the three of the five-syllable sentence and the five of the seven-syllable sentence be treated differently?It's hard to say, but it's advisable to imagine a law of the nature of phenomena, which is like accumulating salary, "coming from behind".It occupies an important position in the ear, and the VIP should not be treated slowly, so it is not appropriate to relax.Based on all this, a poem like this: The flower branches come out of Jianzhang, and the phoenix tubes come out of Zhaoyang.May I ask the benefactor, how long are the two moths? (Huang Furan's "Jie's Complaint") Silver candle (reading the tone) Autumn light cold painting screen, Qingluo small fan fluttering fireflies.The sky street is as cool as water at night, lying down to watch Altair Vega. (Du Mu's "Qiuxi") The four dotted characters are all entered-sound characters. Today, they are pronounced in flat tone, and the position is three or five. (The first character of the five-syllable sentence of "Ping Ping Zhe Ping", and the third character of the seven-syllable sentence of "Ping Ping Zhe Ping" are also discussed. We will talk about it later when we talk about writing.) It is necessary to follow the situation of coming from behind. Those words are symmetrical with the rhyming characters. The five-character sentences are in the fifth position, and the seven-character sentences are in the seventh position. Although they are also singular, they must be different from the rhyme characters. So no matter what.For example: The green hills run across the north of Guo, and the white water surrounds the east city.One here (read the tone) is Farewell, and the solitary Peng Wanli Zheng.Floating clouds and wandering minds, setting sun so human feelings.Waving from here, Xiao Xiaoban Ma Ming. (Li Bai "Send a Friend") The flow of water and flowers are merciless, and the east wind is sent across the city of Chu.Butterfly (pronounced in plain tone) The home in the dream is thousands of miles away, and the cuckoo branches are on the third watch of the last month.The hometown book has been moving for many years, and Hua Fachun urges the temples to grow.If you don't return, you will get it. Who will compete for the smoky scenery of the five lakes. (Cui Tu's "Spring Evening Journey") The four dotted characters are all Rusheng characters, which are pronounced in flat tone today, because they are symmetrical with rhyming characters at the end of the sentence, so they must be read from the old as Qu Sheng. The above-mentioned coordination between level and oblique is based on modern poetry as an example.What about reading words? "Basically" also requires the level change like a poem, the key words are 24 or 246 and the end of the sentence. Such as: Light · boat short · oar · west · lake · good, green · water · meander · meandering, fragrant · grass · long · embankment, hidden · hidden · sheng · singing place · place · follow.Wu · Feng Shui · face · glass · glass · slide (read the melody sound), no · feel (read the melody sound) · boat · move, slight · movement · ripple · ripple, surprise · rise · sand · bird · sweep · shore · fly. (Ouyang Xiu) Thin, dense fog, cloud, worry, eternal, day, auspicious, brain, pin, gold, beast.Jia·节 (reading flat tone)·另·Chong·Yang, jade·pillow·shape·kitchen, midnight·night·cool·early·permeable.East · fence · wine · yellow · dusk · after, there is · dark · fragrant · full · sleeves.Mo · Tao · no · disappear · soul, curtain · volume · west · wind, human · thinner than · yellow · flower ·. (Li Qingzhao's "Drunken Flower Yin") What can be accommodated is roughly the first single number. Saying "approximately" or "basically" is because the level and oblique requirements of words are stricter than poetry, and the level and oblique changes are more complicated than poetry.The difference comes from the difference between the syntax and rhythm of words and poetry.Let's talk syntax first.Poems, especially those in modern style, can be said to be only five-character and seven-character (six-character works are rare).Words are different, ranging from one word to cross.Just give examples of the rare ones at both ends.There are two kinds of one-character characters, big break and small break. For example, the first word of "Sixteen-Character Order" needs to be a sentence break, and the rhyme is big break; The guest's time is wasted", the words with dots must be paused when reading, it is a small break.There are many two characters, which are mostly used in changing heads, such as "Mingyue, Mingyue", "·Jiang·Guo, Zhengjiji".There are more three characters, such as "Xiao Shengyan" and "Qin Louyue".The number of more than seven characters is not large, such as "Genna can be desolate in the Qingqiu Festival", "Heroes can't find Sun Zhongmou's place" is an eight-character sentence, "The setting sun is at the heartbroken place of smoke and willows" is a nine-character sentence, "If you don't see Yuhuan, flying swallows are all dust." It is a cross sentence.Let's talk about the rhythm.In-depth pursuit can be as detailed as Li Qingzhao said in "Ci Lun": "Gai Shiwen is divided into flat side (Zhe), while lyrics are divided into five tones, five tones, six rhythms, and clear and turbid." We I don't dare to ask for this, but I can't retreat to poetry, and I am only satisfied with mediocre changes.The situation beyond poetry can be roughly divided into two categories.One type is thicker, and it is a change of flat and narrow, not flat and flat.It can also be divided into two types: shortening and extending: shortening means that it changes within two words, such as "like a dream, like a dream" (ping, ping), "teardrops" (ping, ping) in "Tian Xianzi", " "Wishing spring to stay temporarily" in "Six Ugly Chou" (冶平波平) is both; the extension is longer than two characters, such as "Peach Blossom Red" (平平平) in Ping Yun's "Reminiscing Qin Moth", "Lanling "Like in a dream, tears dripping darkly" (Ze Zhe Zhe, Zhe Zhe Zhe), "Oriole Pianpian" in "Yellow Yinger" (Ping Ping, Ping Ping), "Slow Voice" "miserable" (Ze Zing) Zee Zee Zee), "Midnight Music"'s "Fisherman Crying a Nut Returning" (Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping back)Another type of refinement is not only distinguishing between flat and tones, but also restricting which kind of tones to use in some places.For example, in "Yong Yu Le", the "No" must use the upper tone; In "Xiao Suo Shuiyun Township", "Suo" must be used in the entering tone. ("Recalling Qin'e", "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" and other words that are used to rhyming into the tone, of course the rhyme must use the entering tone.) It is so trivial, what should I do for beginners?There are two methods: labor and leisure: labor is to compare the word spectrum, and leisure is to read roughly like reading poems (note the changes in level and rhyme).Of course, if imitation, there is only one way to go. To sum up the above, take the following two songs as an example, the pronunciation of the words with dots should be the old one, so as not to destroy the beauty of the music. Good rain knows the time · festival (jie), when spring is · hair (fa) is born.Sneaked into the night wind, moisten things silently.Wild path cloud · ju (ju) · black (he), Jiang Chuanhuo · independent (du) bright.Xiao · see (kan) red · wet (shi) place, flower heavy brocade official city. (Du Fu's "Happy Rain on a Spring Night") I am trying wine in unlined clothes, and I am wasting time in the guest.May the spring stay for a while, and the spring returns like wings, leaving no trace (ji).Why ask where is home?When the night comes and the wind and rain come, the palace of Chu is buried.The fragrance of the hairpin and tin falls in Ze (ze), randomly touch Taoxi, and lightly turn Liumo.Who is more passionate about chasing and cherishing (xi)? "But the bees media the butterfly (die), and knock on the window from time to time. The east garden is silent, and the cage is gradually darkened.The long strips are so provocative to travelers, as if they are holding clothes and waiting for a conversation, so farewell (bie).Remnant English small, strong hairpin scarf (ze).In the end, it didn't seem like a hairpin trembled and turned to the person.Don't take advantage of the tide at the drifting place (xi).I'm afraid Duanhong still has the word lovesickness, why see de? (Zhou Bangyan's "Six Ugly") Finally, let me talk about nothing in theory. A problem that may be encountered in practice is: Reading, from the old (say, there are not many), is it difficult to read, is it completely impossible from now on?Difficulties come from different sources.A small one is contradicting "effort saving".This has been discussed before, in order to save effort, we have to sacrifice the beauty of music.Only one of the two roads can be taken, which one to take is an individual's freedom, there is no need to force it, and it is useless to force it.Another big one is the conflict with the promotion of Mandarin.As far as I know, when reading poems on the radio and TV, this is the reason, and they are all read according to today's pronunciation.This is the freedom of the collective, and there is no need to force it.But this will lead to a small contradiction, which is: reading, mostly describes how beautiful a certain song is, this beauty includes the beauty of artistic conception and beauty of sound, and if it is recited according to the modern tone, for example, the "Girlfriend" which is symmetrical to "Tonight Fuzhou Moon" Only look in the middle", pronounced as guizhongzhidukan, the sound becomes quite ugly.How to solve it?It is inevitable to be in a dilemma.This proves that how to pronounce the poems is still a problem worthy of study.