Chapter 8 6. Reading words

Poetry is different, but the reason for reading it is the same. Therefore, with regard to reason, whatever poetry can be transferred to words, as mentioned in the previous article, this article does not need to talk about it.Then focus on what to read. Poetry is a time-honored brand. As far as collections are concerned, it also opened before the Warring States Period.The words are much late, and the opening time was in the Tang and Five Dynasties.Popularity is also different. Poems are written by almost anyone who can hold a pen. Otherwise, there are many people who write poems but not lyrics. Also, those who write poems are limited to famous writers, such as Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Jiang Kui, etc. , There are many poems but few words.The result is that the volume of poetry is very large but the volume of words is not very large.The amount is not very large, which is good for those who do not take research on ci as their career. The burden is not too heavy.Specifically, find Lin Dachun's "Tang and Five Dynasties Ci" or Zhang Zhang's "Complete Tang and Five Dynasties Ci", Mao Jin's "Song Sixty Famous Poems" or Tang Guizhang's "Quan Song Ci", Ye Gongchuo's "Quan Qing Ci" or Tang Guizhang's " Quanqing Ci" and Zhu Zumou's "Qiangcun Series" can be regarded as generally complete, and the required space is only a small bookcase.

The original intention of this light-hearted remark is that compared with poetry, words are after all small, rather than really in favor of large-scale efforts.The reason why it is not suitable to make a big move is that although the family is small, it should not be underestimated.The reasons can be divided into two aspects.On the one hand, Xiaomen Xiaohu is compared with poetry. If there is no comparison, but only for the sake of those who have spare capacity in the streets and alleys, the small household will become a big household, and it will be difficult to resist if it is fully spread.On the other hand, the expression method of words is complex (too many changes in rhythm, wording is convoluted, especially the slow words in the later stage), the artistic conception is lingering, understandable, and tasted, you have to think while reading, and haste makes waste.Therefore, it is also suitable to use the slow spread method, or the triple jump method.

An anthology for the first grade.Long Yusheng's "Selected Cis of Famous Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" and "Selected Cis of Famous Masters in the Past Three Hundred Years" are not large in volume, but they are comprehensive and important.There are two famous anthologies in the Qing Dynasty, the earliest is Zhu Yizun's "Ci Zong", which has a large volume, and the late one is Zhang Huiyan's "Ci Xuan" (the "Continued Ci Anthology" compiled by his grandson Dong Yi is a supplementary one), with a large volume It's small, but it can also be flipped over.The focus is on the Song Dynasty, and there are many anthologies dedicated to the Song Dynasty, in large or small volumes. Among them, "Three Hundred Poems of the Song Dynasty" was selected by Zhu Zumou, with Tang Guizhang's detailed annotations, which is also suitable for reading.

The second and third level is a further step after the first taste, so naturally it takes more effort.I want to talk about it in chronological order, although I don’t have to stick to it when I read it.The Tang and Five Dynasties are the initial period of Ci, and there are not many works in existence today, and they must be recorded if they are heard, but there are only more than 1,000 poems.There are two systems.One is basically from the folk, and it is from the lyrics of Dunhuang stone chambers, which Wang Chongmin compiled as "Dunhuang Music Ci Collection".The second comes from writers. During the Five Dynasties, there were already selected editions of "Hua Jian Ji", "Zunqian Ji" and "Jin Cang Ji", which are widely collected by Lin Dachun and Zhang Zhang. "Tang and Five Dynasties", the volume is not very large, you may as well read it if you are interested.The lyrics of the tunes are not or rarely polished by literati. Although the content is mostly about love and hatred, it is simple and unpretentious, which is different from the heavy decoration of Huajian Ci.The poems of the Five Dynasties are not long in length, and most of them are written about the spring hatred and autumn sorrow of idiots.When reading the works of this period, you can also focus on them. For example, you can read more about Wen Tingyun and Wei Zhuang in Tang Dynasty, and you can read more about the two masters of Southern Tang Dynasty and Feng Yansi in Five Dynasties.There is a special collection of the two masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty called "The Second Masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty", and Feng also has a special collection called "Yangchun Collection".Also, when reading Huajian-style words, it is easy to accept other people's colored glasses. For example, when Zhang Huiyan read Wei Zhuang's "Bodhisattva Man" (starting from "Farewell to the Red Chamber at night", and finally "Yijun I don't know"), I felt that it was For works that miss the homeland of the Tang Dynasty, the "jun" of course refers to the subjugated monarch. In this way, the scene is expanded from a boudoir to an infinite country, and the value of the work will increase.Today people don't go deep into the literature, and admit that the boudoir is the boudoir, but the price of the work is reduced, because it has nothing to do with the national economy and the people's livelihood, or there is no thinking about the king.The evaluations are different, but the principles are the same. They are all evaluations of the quality of the works, and the standard should be whether or not they are thinking about you.I think it's better to be more lenient. If someone wants to love you, let him think about it;People's hearts are different, each is like its own face, and it is reasonable and reasonable not to insist on the same.In my opinion, as long as you know the original face of the word, it is enough to pass it down, not to mention the Northern Song Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty and later, Daliu is still the same, and it is unnecessary to force the hat of the descendants on the head of the predecessors. .

Later, in the heyday of Ci, the Song Dynasty, after reading the anthology, there will be interest in expanding, and it should be expanded.The way is to read anthologies (if available) or complete works of important writers, because the volume is not very large.The important ones are as follows: Zhang Xian's "Zhang Ziye Ci", Yan Shu's "Pearl and Jade Ci", Ouyang Xiu's "Liuyi Ci" (with different names), Liu Yong's "Music Chapter Collection", Yan Jidao's "Xiaoshan Ci", Su Shi's "Dongpo Yuefu" , Huang Tingjian's "The Fun of the Valley" (with a different name), Qin Guan's "Huaihai Jushi Long and Short Sentences" (with a different name), He Zhu's "Dongshan Ci", Zhou Bangyan's "Halal Collection" (with a different name), Li Qingzhao (female ) "Shuyu Ci", Xin Qiji's "Jiaxuan Long and Short Sentences" (with different names), Jiang Kui's "Baishi Taoist Songs" (with different names), Shi Dazu's "Meixi Ci", Liu Kezhuang's "Houcun Long Short Sentences", Wu Wenying's "Dream Window Ci", Zhang Yan's "Baiyun Ci in the Mountains".This period is a period of great changes in the system and style of Ci. Even if it is not full of flowers, it is always diverse.The general change is that the popularity of literati gradually increased.In the early Northern Song Dynasty, such as Zhang Xian and Er Yan, who took over the remaining threads of the Five Dynasties, wrote their pens, and sought to approach the tone of a singing girl. Is there any explanation?" "At that time, I was a flower appreciator, and now there are no half of the inspections" is; in the Southern Song Dynasty, especially Wu Wenying, such as "the barrier is full of wax, full of joyful bushes, and the toad is left out in the cold." Wrist, clever script hanging hairpin, jade hidden cyan yarn sleep", neither simple, nor clear, you can only see, not listen.Another manifestation of the increasing popularity of literati is the gradual lengthening of the text.In the early days, the lyrics were almost all small orders, presumably for the convenience of singing.It is said that the lengthening began with Liu Yong.For Xiao Ling, slow Ci with a large number of characters is always willing to show more in the writing, so after the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, most of the Ci works became slow Ci (the longest "Ying Cry Preface" is 240 characters long. ), coupled with the fashion of cutting red and engraving emerald green, with twists and turns, reading is not as easy and smooth as it was in the Five Dynasties period.Unfortunately, the power of this ethos continued unabated until the Qing Dynasty. For example, when Zhu Yizun selected "Ci Zong" and created the Zhejiang School, he respected Wu Wenying as the first; It was the time when the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China changed dynasties.The above is the general variation.There are also points of variation.From Su came the bold and unconstrained faction, which has been discussed earlier.The Southern Song Dynasty was on the left side of the Anjiang River, and politics (as usual) was not good. Some literati were inevitably angry and did not dare to point it out directly, so they expressed it in Ci, such as Zhang Xiaoxiang, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, Liu Chenweng, etc. This is the case.In addition, Liu Yong came out in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is said that he likes to travel narrow and evil, that is, he often keeps company with kabuki and prostitutes, so when he expresses it in Ci, it becomes gaudy, even vulgar, such as "Take care of each other, don't throw away, needle and thread Sit with Yi at leisure, and me, so as not to waste your youth", other poets are unwilling to write like this.It has been a long time, there are many writers, and the system and style have changed a lot. How to distinguish the importance?My prejudice is, first focus on the Northern Song Dynasty, and read more about Eryan, Ouyang Xiu, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji during the Yi Dynasty, and then Su Shi, Liu Yong, and Jiang Kui and Shi Dazu of the Southern Song Dynasty. Then, if you also want to be bold and unrestrained and cut red and green, just look at Liu Kezhuang, Liu Chenweng, Wu Wenying, and Zhang Yan.This is roughly a point of view, not guaranteed to be suitable, it can always be used as a reference.

After the Song Dynasty and beyond, the Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties are not important. If you don’t have much time and energy, it doesn’t matter if you don’t read it; of course, it’s best to read the anthology.It was different in the Qing Dynasty. The style of poetry suddenly became popular among literati. Not only men liked to write, but many women also liked to write, and many famous writers came out.So after reading the anthology, you can, and should, go further and look for a collection of words by famous writers.These include the following: Xu Can (female) "Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry", Chen Weisong's "Huhailou Ci", Zhu Yizun's "Booshuting Ci", Nalan Chengde's "Tongzhitang Ci" (with a different name), Li Osprey's "Fanxie Shanfang Ci", Zhang Huiyan's "Mingke Ci", Xiang Tingji's "Yiyun Ci", Jiang Chunlin's "Shuiyunlou Ci", Tan Xian's "Futang Ci", Wang Pengyun's "Bantang Final Draft", Wen Ting Shi "Yunqixuan Ci", Zheng Wenzhuo's "Qiaofeng Yuefu", Zhu Zumou's "Strong Village Language Industry", Kuang Zhouyi's "Huifeng Ci", Chen Zengshou's "Jiuyueyu Ci", Lu Bicheng (female) "Xiaozhu Ci".Generally speaking, the poetry style of the Qing people is close to that of the Southern Song Dynasty, and they seek beauty in deep harmony.However, Nalan Chengde, who has achieved the highest achievement, is an exception. He is deeply affectionate and his style is close to that of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, Wang Guowei said in his book: "Nalan Rongruo observes things with natural eyes and expresses feelings with a natural tongue. This is from the beginning The Central Plains has not been infected with the customs of the Han people, so it can be true. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there is only one person." It is a pity that he only lived to be 31 years old.Another Xiang Tingji, who did not live long, lived to be 38 years old, and his style of writing is also affectionate and shallow.So in my opinion, whether it is reading or studying, I can put more effort into the works of these two.There are also quite a few poems written in the Qing Dynasty that came from the hands of ladies. If you want to learn more, you can look for Nanling Xu's "Xiao Tan Luan Shi Hui Carved Hundreds of Ladies' Cis".

Just like reading poetry, whether it is for increasing knowledge or for entertainment, you should read Cihua.There are early words, such as Zhang Yan's "Etymology" in the late Song Dynasty, and Shen Yifu's "Yuefu Zhimi" in the Yuan Dynasty.Most of the poems were written by the Qing people, and many of them are very important, such as Zhou Ji's "Jiecunzhai Lunci Miscellaneous", Chen Tingzhuo's "Baiyuzhai Cihua", Kuang Zhouyi's "Huifeng Cihua", Wang Guowei, etc.Today's Tang Guizhang compiled "Ci Hua Cong Bian", which contains 85 kinds of words and words. If you want to read more, you can basically collect all of them.In addition, there are various analyzes or appreciations made by people today (in order to sell more, or called dictionaries).

Finally, let’s talk about the fact that reading words is more difficult than reading poems.There are two reasons, external and internal.In addition, the expression form is complex.Generally speaking, poems are basically divided into five-character and seven-character poems, so some people joked that as long as you can count (shu) and count (shu), you will have no difficulty in punctuating sentences.Ci, except for a few such as "Sheng Chazi" (five words), "Huanxisha" (seven words), etc., are all long and short sentences, and those with a slightly larger number of words must be divided into pieces (generally two pieces at the top and bottom, and three or four pieces) ), if there is no punctuation and you are not familiar with the meter, it will be very difficult to sentence.The same is true when it is narrowed down to a sentence. Taking a five-character sentence as an example, the words are grouped. Not in the poem.Fortunately, it is now after the literary revolution, punctuation marks are popular, and the new printed editions have been sorted out, and there are punctuation marks, so beginners will not have great difficulties in learning.Difficulties that are not easy to overcome come from the inner words, but the meaning is vague; in other words, when we read the lyrics, we will feel that there are many poems, the author seems to have something hard to say, so when they are written, they become two ways with the poems, the poems are bright and the words are vague.Take the following two songs as examples:

Thinking about the past, crossing the river, the green moths are lowly reflected across the mountains (read flat tone).Sleeping together in a boat to listen to the autumn rain, each with a light quilt is cold. (Zhu Yizun's "Autumn in the Palace of Osmanthus") Black silk painting on fretted paper, fragrant coal etched (reading the tone) to hide the initials.Zhengyan ten (read zhe tone) three pairs, lose him to make one (read zhe tone) row.Looking at each other (read flat tone) is still like a guest, but Daoxiu remembers each other.Simply don't return home, and drop the red apricot blossoms. (Nalan Chengde's "Bodhisattva Man")

The two capitals are masterpieces, but there seems to be "something" in them, what's the matter?I can't figure it out, so "feeling" is like being in a fog.What should I do in this situation?Both approaches seem to be available.One is to seek deep understanding, like a detective must seek to solve a case; the other is impressionism, for example, after reading the first two sentences to the last two sentences, it seems that there is some feeling, which is the desolation of fate born due to estrangement, so I saw Just accept it, and stop chasing deeply.In my opinion, the latter method is better for two reasons: one is that it will inevitably be far-fetched if you seek a deep understanding; It can accommodate more conjectures and associations, so it is quite cost-effective for us to choose its strengths, right?