Chapter 17 Chapter 15 Vernacular Classics (2)

(3) Drum Ci.There are similarities and differences between Guci and Tanci.Both belong to the rap system, which means telling stories in the way of rap.The difference is that Guci is mostly popular in the north, and its content is more about gold and iron horses, accompanied by a stringed instrument plus a drum; Tanci is more popular in the south, and its content is more about wits and beauties.According to the existing literature, it is known that the Song Dynasty already had the genre of Gu Ci.Zhao Lingjuan was born in the late Northern Song Dynasty. He wrote "Hou Mackerel Records", which contains "Cui Yingying's Shangdiao Butterfly Love Flower Ci" in Yuanwei, chanting the love story between Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying. .Lu You's poem "Small Boat Tour Near the Village and Boat Steps Back": "The ancient willow in the setting sun, Zhaojiazhuang, the blind old man carrying the drum is playing field. Who cares about the right and wrong behind him? The whole village has heard of Cai Zhonglang." The drum carried is an accompaniment instrument, speaking and singing Of course, it is drum words.It's just a pity that the earliest known folk drum lyrics are from the Ming Dynasty, and there are very few of them.In the Qing Dynasty, Drum Ci became very popular, and there were countless printed and manuscript copies. Almost all stories in novels, operas and folklore were compiled into Drum Ci.People like to listen to it, just look at the description of Bai Niu's storytelling in Daming Lake.However, like other popular literary works, it is not easy to preserve, and it is even more difficult to look at it now, because there is no new printed version (the new selection is only Zhao Jingshen's "Guci Xuan").The most popular book in the old days, Zheng Zhenduo's "History of Chinese Folk Literature" mentioned dozens of chapters, including "Hu Jia Jiang", "Yang Jia Jiang", "Ping Yao Zhuan", "Loyalty Water Margin", "Butterfly Cup" "Qiaolianzhu", "Mantou Temple", "Shi Gongan", "Baolian Lantern", etc., are still remembered by many old people.

Here I would like to say that this genre is also liked by some outstanding literati.One is Jia Fuxi (named Yingchong, courtesy name Situi, nickname Fuxi, alias Mupi Sanke) in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. He wrote "Mupi Drum Ci", cynical, laughing and cursing, and became a popular literary work. a strange flower.Take a part as an example: The sea rushes to and fro, and the clouds part at night with a long howl.From ancient times to 3.28 million years, a few words of street talk need to be told.The right to criticize the history of Qing Dynasty in fine print is fine, and those who have left it behind are too good to be true.But relying on a broken drum with two pages, don't ask him to sing all over Shengdan and stay on stage.

Since Pangu opened the sky, the Three Emperors have ruled the world. For a long time, there were no words Records and compilations are all based on oral traditions, which are absurd and difficult to talk about.It is about the people who came out in the future, each wanting to subdue the world, I don’t know how many obstacles they have gone through, how many disasters have been eliminated, how many murders and arson have been done for a living, how many schemings have been spent, and how many future generations have been ruined. You can see that at the beginning, Ru Maoyin's heart was already ruthless, and Suiren's sauce and salt were added.

torment.Youchao refused to sleep in the mountain nest, and Yuliu suffered a disaster and rolled into the rafters.The Paoxi family had a strange and strange human head and snake body, and they incited the common people to form nets and sweep them clean.Since ancient times, Daobei Chicken Sichen's family business has been ruined, but why is Fuxi's sister sitting in the golden throne?Nu Wa's refining stones to mend the sky took a lot of effort, and now he can't see the patched sky.The old Shennong tasted all kinds of herbs with a cow's head, and mentioned the source of the disease to some children of Wang Xiangxiang.

The Yellow Emperor quelled Chi You's chaos, and the stable universe had another dispute.Pretending to make the guns, knives, bows and arrows, this is the patriarch who is accustomed to fighting without empty fists.I thought that Mao Daqiao's leather didn't look good, so I got it out of antiques and made clothes and hats.The mulberry wood board is on the top of the head, and there is no fear of eye circles from dripping mud bullets.It's even more ridiculous to talk about the etiquette of ancient li and antiques, singing something round with one's buttocks.These are all trivial details born out of nowhere, and I can't say enough about Li Si and Zhang San.

The above are Chao, Sui, Xi, and Xuan, each of which is single-handedly whipped.That The next is the world where Tang, Yu, Xia, and Shang are all playing together.Let me add a footnote first, listen to it and wait for me to subdivide it. ("Literature Drum Ci of Historical History") The other is Pu Songling, who also used this style to express his dissatisfaction.Take a part as an example: The Qi woman was speechless all the way, so there is no need to elaborate on the sour and bewildering scene.It's just that his little wife is at home, cooking lunch, and waiting for news.And he couldn't wait for the future, so he thought about it in his heart and said: "I haven't come back at such a time, it's no wonder that Wuyan Empress even invited him into the palace? But are you confused?" Just thinking about it, I saw his eldest wife burst into the door step by step with angry tears, and said: "Your aunt, oh, it's amazing!"

Mrs. Qi opened the door, her face burnt yellow with anger.Before opening my mouth, I shed two lines of tears first.It hurts to mention good people.I really hope that I can rely on marrying a man, who would think that what he does is too bad.I walk with the help of my heels, shrinking my head and tail to look at my travels.No one in the whole city would say anything to him, (I still wrote it for him) they just said that he was just a trickster for putting on airs.I followed from the inside of the west gate to the outside of the east gate, and then arrived at the Dongtou cemetery in Dongguan.I saw some princes and grandsons put up the grave, where he carried food boxes to share pigs and sheep.Put on a feast and kowtow, and the housekeepers line up on both sides.

Our husband ran there, I just said that we made an appointment with that side.Unexpectedly, he knelt down with his arms and arms facing forward, and he couldn't say enough about humiliating and hiding.At that time, there was no human appearance at all, and he was just above the head of the pit (Kang) to pretend to be a king.If you don't believe it, take advantage of this moment to take a look, and you may not be calling your parents there.This wife Qi talked about her lover's past and present, and the two of them had tears in their eyes. ("Liao Zhai Vernacular Verses·Dong Guo Wai Zhuan")

There are also only singing but not speaking: I said some injustices today, which made me so angry that I turned upside down.The great sage of ancient times said that Confucius lived in hardship all his life.In ancient times, wisdom has pushed Zhuge slightly, and he can't finish three-point careers.After the rest, Zheng Wu became the prime minister, and the wealthy heroes were trapped in Linquan.The abandoned son kept his nephew Deng Bodao, who died of heirs, and the traitor Cao gave birth to twenty-five sons.Qu killed his filial wife, Tian Wuyan, and it was difficult for the people to suffer a three-year drought.Zhongliang's heirs are weak, and treacherous and evil's children are noble and virtuous.Dutiful sons in Liao'e are not allowed to be raised, and rebellious people have both parents.A smart man married an ugly woman, and a peerless beauty married a demented man.Zhongliang meets Wudaozhu by chance, and the Shengming Dynasty has the right to rape.Wen Ru, a class horse, could not control the patent, so he won the military power with little talent and learning.Why do you ask him to do what you can't do, but let him watch from the sidelines when you can do it. …The good ones are poor and short-lived, while the evil ones are blessed with many males.Domineering people are prosperous, and kind people are lonely.

God does not support the well rope to support the potter's wheel, and it is very good to dig the concave place to add to the high place.You don't have to take care of partial care, what should be comprehensive is not comprehensive.God, if you don't care about it, you should ignore it at all. Why are you half innocent and half naive.When will I find a lofty ladder and run up it, and ask the sky about these fundamental reasons.In this way, the more I talk about it, the more endless it is, and I still have to talk about the dryness of the ink pool.It is better to say as little as possible, and pass it on to later generations for reading.If the world understands these words, "Twenty-one History" can be read in its entirety.Compiled into Guci, I feel a little more comfortable, even if the heart of stone is also sad. (Ibid., "Wen Tian Ci")

By the late Qing Dynasty, Guci flourished in various categories and forms, such as Zitushu, Danxian, Chaqu, various drums, Henan Zhuizi, Lianhualuo, Shulaibao, and Allegro.The terminology is generally popular; there are also a few that are more literary, such as Zidishu, because they are from the Eight Banners, and they often have traces of striving for elegance. 15.3.7 Opera Opera, compared with other genres of vernacular classics, is the home of the rich.This includes several meanings.One is large quantity.We know that there are a lot of vernacular novels, but Mr. Sun Kaidi's "Chinese Popular Fiction Bibliography" (revised in the 1950s) collected no more than 800 kinds. Wang Guowei wrote "Qulu" in the late Qing Dynasty, and the collection is More than two thousand kinds.The second is the most popular.Appreciation of literature and art, to put it bluntly, is nothing more than trying to find a desirable realm outside of one's own real life realm (which inevitably has various natures and degrees of hardship and deficiency), so as to eliminate hardship and make up for deficiency.This realm is naturally fake, but if you want to appreciate it, you have to make the fake come true, or believe it to be true.If the novel is well described, people and things can "like the real thing", such as Lin Daiyu, many young celebrities believe it is true and turn it upside down.However, no matter how lifelike the novel is written, it is still not as good as opera. People can pull out the curtain and appear in a real image.That is to say, reading novels is not as real as watching plays; what's more, many people (especially in the past) were illiterate and could not read novels, but they could watch plays.The third is more refined expression.Most of the novels are written in ordinary prose; on the contrary, most of the operas are written in refined rhymes.These refined words, beautiful in meaning, color and sound, have been admired by countless readers throughout the ages.For example, in Wang Guowei's "History of Song and Yuan Opera", the chapter "Articles of Yuan Opera" said that the beauty of Yuan opera is its naturalness and artistic conception, one of which is "the work of describing the scenery". Take Ma Zhiyuan's third chapter as an example: [Plum Blossom Wine] Ah, facing this wild and desolate place.The grass has turned yellow, the rabbits have risen early to face the frost, and the dogs have lost their hair.People pick up tasseled guns, horses carry their luggage, carts carry rice, and hunting paddocks are set up.He, he, and he said goodbye to the Lord of the Han Dynasty sadly, and I, I, and I went to Heliang hand in hand.His tribe went into poverty, and my Luanyu returned to Xianyang.Return to Xianyang, pass the palace wall; pass the palace wall, go around the corridor; go around the corridor, near the pepper house; near the pepper house, the moon is dim and yellow; the moon is dim and yellow, the night is cool; the night is cool, weeping cold; weeping cold, green screen window; Green screen window, don't think about it. (Receive Jiangnan) Oh, if you don't think about it, you are an iron heart, and an iron heart is also worried about tears.The picture of the beauties hangs in Zhaoyang tonight, where I make offerings, that is, my high-burning silver candles illuminate the red makeup. It was crafted in a way that novels rarely are.The fourth is a high status.Strange to say, if according to the old point of view, literary works are divided into refined and popular, all so-called vulgar literary works should be placed in the vulgar one, with the exception of opera.This can manifest in many ways.One is as the saying goes, "Tang Poetry, Song Ci, and Yuan Qu", which shows that Qu is on an equal footing with Tang Poetry and Song Ci.One is that "elegant" literati are also willing to compose, not to mention Tang Xianzu, Kong Shangren, etc., like Mao Qiling and Jiang Shiquan, who are both scholars who dig through old papers, and also compose music (Mao Qiling wrote "The Buyer"). species; scholar-bureaucrats composed more Sanqu.One is that there have been many experts who have studied music, such as Zhong Sicheng (author of "Record of Ghost Book"), Xu Wei (author of "Nanci Xulu"), Zhu Quan (author of "Taihe Zhengyinpu"), Wang Jide (author of " Rhythm") and so on.One is that there are many famous opera artists who collected, edited, published and printed operas, such as Zang Maoxun, Chen Yujiao, Shen Tai, Mao Jin and so on.There are of course reasons why opera has been upgraded in popular literature, mainly the following two.One is to borrow the light from the source. , "Chu Songs", Yuefu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, and Yuan Qu, handed down in one continuous line, all have the characteristics of starting from the folk and using colloquialisms; from Tang Poems, there is a trend of becoming more popular, just as Li Yu wrote in "Idle Love Occasionally" It is said in "The Department of Ci and Music" that writing lyrics is more vulgar than poetry, and writing music is more vulgar than Ci. In this way, since poetry is admitted to be elegant, music must also be admitted to be elegant.The second is the independence of the song, which seeks both refinement and elegance (especially in the later stage).The main method is to open the door and welcome classical Chinese to come in, that is to say, to use a lot of words and expressions in classical Chinese.The "Kite Mistake" mentioned in Section 14.1.2 above This is the case with the binbai and the lyrics. There are too many materials in the opera classics, and I want to introduce them, so I have to outline them.Borrowing the name from the early Qing Dynasty, it can be divided into two parts: "Ya" and "Hua": Ya refers to Kunqu Opera, and Hua refers to new operas in Gaoqiang, Pihuang, Bangzi and other places.Regarding Huabe, although there should be a lot of materials, we usually see very few, so the main introduction here is Masabe.Yabu refers to Kunqu Opera in the Qing Dynasty. When we talk about opera classics, it mainly refers to the upper source of Kunqu Opera, "Zaju" (commonly known as "Yuanqu") and "Legend" (called "Xiwen" in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and also known as "Southern Opera" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. ).Zaju was mainly popular in the Yuan Dynasty. It is short in length, usually with four folds in a book, and its singing is limited to Shengdan.The legend was mainly popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is long, with dozens of books, and the singing is not limited to Sheng Dan.There are also minor differences in singing, etc. We are talking about vernacular materials here, so you can ignore them.There are many collections of dramas.In the past, the most common one was "Yuan Opera Selection" edited by Zang Maoxun of the Ming Dynasty, which collected 100 kinds of Yuan Zaju.In recent years, the newly printed "Maiwangguan Ancient and Modern Zaju" collected by Ming Dynasty Zhao Qimei collected 242 kinds of Yuan and Ming Zaju; "Shengming Zaju" edited by Ming Shen Tai collected 60 kinds of Zaju in the late Ming Dynasty; Zheng Zhenduo compiled "Qing Ren Zaju" ", collected 80 kinds of Qingren dramas.The legend is long and there are not many collections.The most famous is "Sixty Songs of Ji Gu Pavilion" edited by Mao Jin in Ming Dynasty; followed by "Legend of Mohanzhai Final Version" compiled by Feng Menglong of Ming Dynasty, which has collected 14 kinds of legends.There are self-compiled ones, such as "Six Kinds of Songs of Tanyuan" by Yang Enshou of Qing Dynasty, and "Ten Kinds of Songs of Yushitang" by Chen Hong of Qing Dynasty.There are also Zaju and legend collections, such as Wu Mei's "Samatha Room Music Collection", which collected 30 kinds of works from Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Jiang Shiquan's "Nine Kinds of Songs in Tibetan Garden" in Qing Dynasty, all of which were composed by himself.There are also compilations of the so-called excerpts, such as "Zi Bai Qiu" compiled by Qing Wanhua, which also includes more than 400 works of Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, and Bangzi. Many Yabu scripts are familiar and loved by everyone, such as Yuan Guan Hanqing's "Saving the Wind and Dust", Yuan Wang Shifu, Yuan Ke Danqiu's "The Story of the Jingchai", Yuan Wuming's "White Rabbit" and "Killing the Dog". Yuan Gao Zecheng's "Pipa Ji", Ming Wumingshi's "Youguiji", Ming Liang Chenyu's "Huansha Ji", Ming Tang Xianzu, Ming Gao Lian's "Jade Hairpin", Qing Li Yu's "Kite Mistake", Qing Hongsheng, Qing Kong Shangren, Jiang Shiquan's "Dream of Linchuan" in the Qing Dynasty is both. Sanqu includes Xiaoling and sets, and its nature is close to that of poetry, which can be sung and read but not staged.Because it is a leisurely work of literati, it is generally said that there are more elements in classical Chinese (especially in the Ming Dynasty).But it belongs to the Qu system, and most of it was quite popular in the early days, so it should be counted as vernacular.The anthology of Sanqu written by the people of Yuan Dynasty now includes "Yangchun Baixue", "Taiping Yuefu", "Yuefu New Voice" and so on.Today's Sui Shusen compiled "Quanyuan Sanqu" (the anthology is "Compendium of Quanyuan Sanqu"), which is used together with the anthology of people from the Yuan Dynasty.Among the Sanqu after the Yuan Dynasty, in the Qing Dynasty there is "Quanqing Sanqu" compiled by Ling Jingxuan and Xie Boyang. Huabu refers to new operas other than Kunqu opera. It is inferred that in the late Qing Dynasty, the total size of each region must be very large, because after the liberation, there were more than 300 kinds of operas.Each genre requires many repertoires, and repertoires must have scripts. If you use multiplication, the product will be astonishingly large.It's just a pity that unlike Zaju and legends, it can be listed in the hall of elegance. Therefore, except for Peking Opera, which ranks first, ordinary laymen can hardly see the script of a certain drama.It’s Peking Opera. Although “The Grand View of Peking Opera” has been published, it’s not easy to find it. The language of Yabu opera is generally said to be closer to spoken language in the early stage, and more classical Chinese in the later stage.Some of the lyrics in the later period are very literary, and even make us doubt whether they can be counted as vernacular, such as the case (16) in Section 14.1.2 above. But most of them are commonplace.As in the early play: Seeing everything in the world is inferior, thinking only reading is high.If Zhang Xie's family lives in Xichuan Chengdu Mansion, who doesn't know him?Who doesn't respect this person?This person really reads the history of the day and night, reads it day and night, chants non-stop, and keeps wearing it with his hands. It is because there is no fire in the refining furnace, and there is a residual lamp under the reading window.Suddenly one day in front of the hall, Qi replied to his parents: "this year is the year of the Dabi, your son wants to wait for the upper court to apply for the exam, and find some money to spend on the road ahead." (Mo Bai) [Xiao Chongshan] I had a heart-breaking dream a while ago, which taught me to think secretly. I have never been an eunuch on weekdays, so how can I be troubled. [Langtaosha] Meandering away from the hometown, looking back at home, with white clouds falling straight down, weeping away tears.There are no hotels in the wilderness, only the gurgling water can be heard. (Last song) ("Three Kinds of Drama in the Yongle Encyclopedia·Zhang Xie Zhuangyuan") Early dramas: The old man was born in Bianliang, his own surname is Li, and his husband's surname is Song. He died in his early years.There is only this girl named Song Yinzhang.My child breaks the white road Words, the top is really continuous, there is everything you don’t know, everything you don’t know.There is Zhengzhou Zhoushe, who has been with her children for many years, one wants to marry, and the other wants to marry, but she is old How can you be willing to lie so completely?Yinzhang, it's not that I was in every way to obstruct the marriage that week, I'm afraid that you will suffer yourself after a long time. (Bu Erbai) [Hunjianglong] I think this marriage match, it would be hard to do without a moment.How pleasant?How do you know each other?Afraid of inconvenience, he put his feet on his head and made things happen sooner, but he patted his chest with his hands and regretted later.Looking for the future, looking for the next tip, even the Black Sea seems hard to find.People don't ask what is expected, and the laws of nature are hard to deceive. [Oil gourd] The marriage book depends on me and you, who doesn't wait to pick the right one?He picks and chooses hundreds of times every day, waiting to marry an honest man, but afraid that it will be difficult to make a match in the world;Zhemo hides in the place where the dog is drowning, and Zhemo piles in the cow dung, and suddenly eats a heap, and then blames him with his eyes open. (Zhengdan sings) (First fold of "Save the Wind and Dust") Early Legends: My family arranged some meals for my parents-in-law to eat in the morning. Wouldn't I want to buy some salmon dishes, but I had no money to buy them.I don't want my mother-in-law to die and bury her grievances, but I only know what my slaves ate behind their backs.I didn't know that my slave's food was rice bran, and I didn't dare to teach him, so I didn't dare to tell him if he killed me.Bitter, how can I eat this chaff! (dan white) [Wild Goose Crossing the Sand] Bitterness is sinking to the way of death, and the air teaches me to whisper in my ears.Father-in-law and mother-in-law, I can't serve each other with all my heart, but instead teach you to return to the loess for me.Teach people why you died, father-in-law, mother-in-law, Zensheng gave up and abandoned the slave. [Yubaodu] There are thousands of life experiences to teach the servants how to be unprepared.Otherwise, his bones and coffin will be sent to the barren hills.Seeing this, I couldn't help but shed tears. It was because enemies didn't get together. (Dan Singing) (Volume 21 of "Pipa Ji") Like these, not only popular, but also used a lot of local language at that time, it is well-deserved to be counted as authentic vernacular. 15.3.8 Folk songs and jokes The folk songs mentioned here refer to the folk songs of the Qing Dynasty, which can also be called "popular songs". The previous section 13.1.1 has already given an example.At that time, although there were many classics of folk songs printed in periodicals, only Ming Feng Menglong's "Folk Songs" and "Guizhier", Qingyan's "Neon Clothes Continued Book" and Hua Guangsheng's "Bai Xueyi Yin" are new. printed copy. Jokes should be said to have existed in ancient times, such as the story in "Mencius" that "a man of Qi has a wife and a concubine" bragging and making a fool of himself, and the story of "a man of Zheng buying shoes" in "Han Feizi" is not trustworthy, and so on.But the book of jokes did not exist until the Three Kingdoms period. It was "Laughing Forest" by Handan Chun.After the Tang and Song Dynasties, perhaps because "dictatorship turns people into cynicism", joke books have become quite popular reading materials.This genre was originally written in simple classical Chinese, and later the white content gradually increased, some became half-literate and half-white, and some were basically written in vernacular, so they can be regarded as vernacular.Such as: (1) One in-law's family buys a new bed, which is extremely beautiful.Thinking of a good bed, I don't want my in-laws to see me, and I bury myself in vain. I pretend to be sick and lie in bed, so that my in-laws can come to see me.The in-laws over there made a new pair of trousers and wanted to show off, so they were happy to visit when they heard the disease.When he arrived, he set it up with one foot, so he opened the clothes and made the trousers appear outside. Fang asked, "what disease is my father-in-law's disease that has been reduced to this point?" Weng's dignity is normal." (Ming Feng Menglong's "Xiaofu") (2) A beggar came back from Beijing and boasted that he had seen the emperor.Or ask the emperor how to dress, the beggar said: "Wear a hat carved from white jade, and wear a robe made of gold." When someone asked how to make a robe made of gold, the beggar said: "You really don't know the world. Now that you are the emperor, who do you bow to?" (Qing Shi Chengjin "Smile Well") (3) A monk who recommends the deceased needs three qian in silver, which will be sent to the west.There are women who save their husbands and give them low silver, and the monk then recites "Go to the East".The woman is displeased, (monk) counters with low silver.That is to say, make up for it with a smile and change it to "the West".The woman cried and said: "My God, it's only for a few cents of money. I'm tired of running east and west. It's so hard!" (Qing game master "Xiao Lin Guang Ji") Like many other works of popular literature, there were quite a few publications of jokes in the past, but it was not easy to find some.Today's Wang Liqi edited "The Collection of Jokes of Past Dynasties", which contains more than 70 kinds of joke classics, which can be referred to. 15.4 Modern vernacular Modern vernacular, from the "May 4th" period to the present, is only sixty or seventy years old. However, due to the gradual popularization of education, more people can hold pens, printing technology has improved rapidly, and there are many types of publications. Easy, so the data far exceeds the sum of three thousand years.There are so many, it is not easy to introduce them in an outline.Fortunately, all of these are read by everyone, and even participated in the writing. Since they are quite familiar, there is no need to bother to introduce them.It is worth noting whether the vernacular of this period has any characteristics; if so, whether it interferes with the evaluation issue.Evaluation is not easy, but it is very important, because it enables us to take a big step forward from the place of "how it is" and detect "how it should be".As for the characteristics, there are quite a few that can be pointed out, the most noteworthy ones should be those related to expressive ability.Language is a tool, and the same is true for written vernacular. Of course, it is better to be simple and expressive than complex and weak.The strength of vernacular expression ability will involve the relationship with spoken language, which will be discussed in the following sections. (The status of the vernacular during this period was dominance, and it had almost no relationship with the classical Chinese.) Here, I must first explain that no matter the stages, characteristics, or evaluations, they all come from personal feelings. Circumstances may be unavoidable. 15.4.1 The Literary Revolution In order to adapt to the characteristics of expression, I want to talk about it in three stages.The previous stage was the literary revolution during the "May 4th" period. Its impetus, progress, and achievements have already been discussed in Section 13.3.Here we only talk about the vernacular style of that period. Looking at it from our current perspective, we can give the impression that many people tried their best to avoid classical Chinese and proficient in spoken Chinese, but they couldn't write fluently and naturally.Such as: (1) The more civilized the world is, the more new academic theories will be.Where can a person's energy be enough to read all the books of all countries in the world, and at the same time learn all the languages ​​of all countries.If one must learn foreign languages ​​in order to be able to study foreign cultures, then a student of English cannot study French, German, and Russian culture, and the same is true for those who study French, German, and Russian languages.If so, it is necessary to study the languages ​​of various countries.This translation is considered a very beneficial thing in learning.If writing can be improved and translation studies can be perfected, then those who study foreign languages ​​can save their days of learning foreign languages, which will be useful, wouldn't it be great?If it is said that Western books are so numerous and beautiful that they cannot be translated universally, then the important ones should be put first, the subtle ones, the simple ones, Xu and the rest.People's reading is most important to learn from others, and to learn new things because of what they have learned, so how can they enjoy a ready-made family business? (Zhang Shoupeng's "Literary Improvement and Confucianism", "Chinese New Literature Series · Literary Theory Collection") (2) The new culture movement in our country in recent years has increased the desire for knowledge in our country.Jing Gao firmly believes that the era of learning as an ornament for the privileged few has come to an end thanks to this movement.All the knowledge that learned and thoughtful people could have in the past, from now on, the general public should not learn it; and the modern life conditions in many aspects require rich and extensive knowledge to cope with, and it is indeed impossible. How can it be.However, now our publishing industry contributes to our people as a tool to satisfy this desire for knowledge. In addition to magazines and books, we want to cover all aspects, use the most organized method, and use the most accurate and complete knowledge. What is provided to the people of our country seems to have never existed within the scope of our consciousness.Not only is there any doctrine or theory, but there is no way for us to directly get the exact concept of the new tide of the world that is constantly surging; just like Buddhism, which has been introduced to my country for more than 2,000 years, is a great authority in Chinese culture, and Christianity It has also been hundreds of years, and it is difficult for us to know a complete, stable, and systematic outline of his origin, history, organization, teachings, etc. in a very short period of time.For this reason, without presumptuousness, I have successfully compiled this new cultural dictionary, hoping to contribute the most suitable knowledge-seeking tools to our people. (Tang Jinggao's "New Culture Dictionary Narrative") (3) None of the above statements are true.Don't talk about others, even what I teach myself is the same.Then, according to the sentence "If you know it, you can do it", isn't it "self-contradictory"?But not so.Although half of the graduates of higher primary schools are going to earn a living, the other half are going to enter middle school.Most of the Guowen masters in middle schools today are the old scholars and old scholars of the former Qing Dynasty. They have tasted the bitterness of "under the ten-year window", so their words and actions are more than 90% sour.Just because he himself is immersed in sour gas every day, he naturally asks for students who have sour gas.Since what he is asking for is sour, but what I have created is not sour, then it does not meet his wishes, and it cannot be appreciated by him.So, isn't it that I have missed the students who are generally "eager to learn"? (Sheng Zhaoxiong's "On the Procedures of Literary Reform", "Chinese New Literature Series · Collection of Literary Theories") Example (1) is that the shackles of classical Chinese are still around the neck, and it is white but not white; Example (2) is wearing a long gown and short coat and trying to learn how to lead a car to sell pulp. (3) It is trying to be clear, imagining how to say it in spoken language all the time, but writing it has neither the lively flavor of spoken language nor the heavy taste of vernacular Chinese.This shows that it was the start-up period, the old ones had many entanglements, the new ones had few samples, and every step of the way had to be tried by oneself, so it was inevitable that one step would be deep and the other would be shallow.This phenomenon makes us understand one thing, that it is not easy to write vernacular. 15.4.2 Thirties This is to borrow a name that is popular now, and let it refer to around 1930, the vernacular has reached a mature stage through the efforts of many people.In the mid-1930s, Shanghai Liangyou Books Company published a "Chinese New Literature Series" edited by Zhao Jiabi, with the purpose of summarizing the situation and gains of the literary revolution.A total of ten volumes (compiled by famous experts in various fields), except for the three volumes of "Construction Theory Collection", "Literary Dispute Collection" and "Historical Materials Index", are all anthologies, including three volumes of novels, two volumes of prose, one volume of drama, A book of poems.It was originally planned to only accept works from 1917 to 1927, but actually a small number of later works were also accepted.According to the reference of the 1930s just mentioned, this book can only reflect the situation in the first part of this period.However, the content is quite rich. Taking the major items of the "Historical Materials Index" as an example, it includes seven parts: "General History", "Club Historical Materials", "Author Biography", "Historical Materials Special Edition", "Creation Catalogue", "Translation Catalogue" and "Magazine Catalogue" , including 142 writers, and the catalog of creation and translation (including subheadings) occupies more than 100 pages.This is still limited to the scope of "literature", and what is written in the vernacular is of course often not a literary work.The first part is like this, and the latter part, if counted to the end of the 1940s, the time will be doubled, and the number of writers and works can be imagined. The above refers to the large quantity, but what is more noteworthy is the "quality" achievement.This can be represented by the famous writers of that period, Lu Xun, etc. Their writing is no longer what it was in the initial period, but has created a new style that is both clear, fluent and deep.This new style has a long history.The source is ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.In ancient times, most of them were classical Chinese, while foreign languages ​​were English, Japanese and other countries. Today, Chinese is the so-called "national language" (roughly equivalent to the current "Mandarin"). One.Even middle school students have read many examples in this regard, such as "The True Story of Ah Q", "For the Memory of Forgetting", "Moonlight in the Lotus Pond", "Send to Young Readers" and so on.As for Liu Chang, it's hard to say where it will grow in the future; but we have to admit that until now, almost all the people who have married have absorbed a lot of nutrition from it. In the vernacular of the 1930s, apart from dialogues in novels and scripts, the relationship with spoken language was "never leave".No, it is different from spoken language. Taking Lu Xun’s essays and Bing Xin’s essays as examples, Beijingers generally speak Mandarin, but we have traveled all over Wangfujing and Qianmen Street, and we will never hear such spicy and Bing Xin’s essays as Lu Xun’s essays. Such delicate words.Different from spoken language, there are reasons, which have already been discussed in Section 12.1.3.There is also the question of should or should not.Half a century ago, Zhou Zuoren wrote a postscript to Yu Pingbo's "Yanzhicao", which said: "Based on spoken language, plus Europeanized language, ancient Chinese, dialect and other elements, mixed and harmonious, arranged appropriately or stingily, Elegant colloquial Chinese can only be created with the dual control of knowledge and taste.” It can be seen that at that time, some people felt that written language, especially written language in literary works, should have something more than spoken language.In my opinion, this is not only clear and fluent, but also deep twists and turns.This deep twist comes from the essence and profoundness of the content, as well as the refinement and gravity of the expression.With these, it becomes the "text" in everyone's mind, rather than copying spoken language.But this is only one side, and there is another, equally important, "never leave".That is to say, its structure is spoken language, and words and other words also come from spoken language or can be imported, so if it is read literally, it will not make the listener feel "outrageous".Such is the case in the following paragraphs. (1) I am an active person: every time my body moves, my mind seems to dance along with it.Many of the poems I wrote, no matter how "boring" they are, came to mind during my travels.I love moving, watching moving things, lively people, water, birds in the sky, and the fields and landscapes passing by the car window.The flickering of starlight, the trembling of dewdrops on grass blades, the swaying of flower whiskers in the breeze, the change of clouds and sky during thunderstorms, and the turbulent waves of the sea are all scenes that touch my heart.It is movement, no matter what its nature is, it is my interest and my inspiration.If I move, it will quicken my breathing and increase my life. (Xu Zhimo's "Self-Dissection") (2) Many people are dissatisfied with the "in order to avoid misunderstanding" in my second article, saying that I am afraid of being scolded by them.In fact, after my second article was published, they were still scolding me.If I am afraid, why not "for the sake of avoiding misunderstanding" and "three for the sake of avoiding misunderstanding"?What I mean is that I'm afraid people won't listen to emotional talk, so it's better to talk about it calmly.I said it calmly, but people still don't listen, so what else should I say?Not only will I cancel the second article, but I will also cancel the first, because there is nothing to say about such people. "If you don't agree with what you say, talk with what you say, a slip of the tongue." I don't have Mr. Kong's virtue of "knowing what can't be done and doing it", so in the end I can only come up with my "subtle doctrine". (Liu Bannong's "Bannong Miscellaneous Essays: The Results of "To Be Honest" Postscript") (3) I have lived in Beijing for more than two years.Everything passed as usual.As far as luck is concerned, this is also luck.Because it is commonplace, just as "rare" as "confused", especially in "this year".But for some reason, from time to time, I always think about the south where I have lived a volatile life for five or six years.It is true that life is not a good day to be erratic; but when it comes to the taste of life, it is easier to feel it deeply than usual.Now I see the same stark sky and gray ground all day long; big willows and tall locust trees are just big willows and tall locust trees.So he was numb, with nothing in mind; all he had was himself, his own home. Thinking of my insignificance, I trembled a little; happiness is not easy to enjoy after all. (Zhu Ziqing's "Back View·A Letter") It reads like words, but it is neater and deeper than spoken language, and some people have their own style, so that readers can recognize it immediately. This is the most noteworthy achievement of vernacular in the 1930s.The vernacular since the Tang and Song Dynasties has almost been limited to the scope of popular literature. The vernacular in the 1930s broke both "vulgarity" and "literature".To my mind, this inseparable achievement is exactly what made the big deal. (As for the realities of big sales, such as the works of many famous writers with greater achievements, we can imagine with our eyes closed, so I won’t say much.) 15.4.3 After Liberation This period was longer than the Literary Revolution plus the 1930s, and the number of vernacular documents was not only a little more, but many times more.Many, in addition to some of the reasons mentioned in section 15.4 above, there are also a variety of styles and publications, such as cross talk and allegro. In the past, it was difficult to see the text, but now it can be printed in newspapers and periodicals, even in print. book.All works of these genres are more or less familiar to anyone who has the ability to read, so there is no need to divide them into several categories and introduce them one by one.It is also worth noting the characteristics of expression.Considering the distance from spoken language (generally referred to as "Mandarin"), it can be divided into two categories.One category is closely related to spoken language, or is suitable for spoken language, such as dialogues in novels and scripts, broadcast words and speeches, folk arts such as storytelling and cross talk, general application texts such as announcements and advertisements, etc., generally Use purely colloquial or near colloquial vernacular.The other category is the so-called "literature" that is often separated from the spoken language. It is of various natures, such as politics and economics, culture and education, history and geography, science and technology, art, health, sports, etc., and the genres are also varied, such as discussion, narrative, Lyrics, essays, papers, communications, reports, essays, reviews, etc.The former category is generally spoken and listened to, of course it is suitable for spoken language, so you don't need to talk about it.需要着重谈的是后一类。 还是从与口语的距离方面着眼。有些人笔下的白话离口语近；因为离口语近，看或读就显得简明流利。这似乎也可以分为不同的类。一类是上了年纪的作者，也许是三十年代的旧习未改，拿起笔，还是三十年代那种不即不离的格调，如茅盾、冰心等就是这样。一类是在革命运动中做普及工作的，为了能够深入群众，笔下不能不通俗，如丁玲、赵树理等就是这样。还有些人，特别重视语文问题，认为上好的文章，用语应该与口语一致，于是提倡“写话”，不只在道理上反复讲，而且身体力行，如叶圣陶先生就是突出的代表。这种写话式的文章，具有三十年代的流风余韵，却比三十年代的更浅明，更整洁，我个人以为，如果可以称为话，也不是普普通通的话，而是精选的话，甚至可以称为“文话”。文话是写话理论的成果，值得重视，可惜的是这样身体力行的人并不很多。 更值得重视的是还有一股脱离口语的水流，表现为生僻词语多，句子不只长，而且夹杂一些非本土的格局。口语当然不是这样。因为大不同于口语，所以看，读，就显得既不简明，又不自然，甚至晦涩难懂。我们都知道，词句变长是汉语发展的趋势。不过近年的加速，却是受了外语译文和新风气的影响。这说起来话长，只举一点点例。一种是语言形 态变化的变相引进。文学革命以来把助词de分为“底”“的”“地”三个，有的人从译文习惯，在不必用的地方也要加上一个。近年来，时态越来越受到重视，以表完成为例，本来可以说“收到好的效果”，却要说“收到了好的效果”，本来应该说“写在黑板上”，却偏说“写在了黑板上”。一种是可简、宜于简的地方，乐于从繁的人像是越来越多，如“涉及”和“涉及到”之间，“而且”和“而且还”之间，如果投票，得多数票的恐怕是后者。一种是喜欢加多余的话，如不说“下了雪”，而说“下了洁白的雪”，不说“拿起笔来写”，而说“用手拿起一支笔来写”。一种是愿意绕弯子，如可以说“我没注意”，却说“没有引起我的注意”，可以说“我爱唱歌”，却说“唱歌对我来说是可爱的”。与许多种外语比，汉语灵活，简短。近年来有一种趋势，是变灵活为拘谨，因而有时就不能不增添零件，改变说法。结果是句子渐渐加长，正襟危坐气渐渐加重。长，拘谨，有时也许是必要的，问题是简捷平易，或说接近口语的短句能不能把比较深远的内容说清楚。写话派的答复当然是不只能，而且应该。可惜的是有更多的人并不考虑这个问题，甚至像是认为，既然成文，就应该这样繁富拘谨，不像口语。下面的例就是这样的。 （1）在当代，共产主义运动的发展已经把探索和研究社会主义社会及其发展规律提到了理论与实践的突出地位。现在许多国家的马克思主义者、共产党人和关心社会进步的人士，都从不同的方面，以不同的方式，结合他们各自的国情，考察社会主义的状况，总结社会主义的经验，提出关于社会主义的新见解，寻求在本国实现和发展社会主义的道路。这是当今时代向人们提出的重大而紧迫的课题。它同亿万人民群众跳动着的脉搏息息相通，关系着社会主义的发展前途，关系着马克思主义在新时期的历史命运，也影响整个世界历史的发展进程。我们要明确自己的责任，在丰富的社会主义实践经验的基础上坚持和发展科学社会主义理论，在发展的科学社会主义理论的指导下走出一条在中国建设社会主义的道路，把我国建设成高度民主、高度文明的社会主义强国，为推动世界历史的发展进程、在全世界最终实现共产主义作出自己的贡献。（摘自某书） （2）在广东、江苏这些人口稠密，工商业比较发达的地区，所以会大量存在诸如此类的特殊“行业”，说明了与封建社会高度发展和城市繁荣俱来的，是贫富两极空前剧烈的分化。在“人烟凑集，金粉楼台”，“骈肩辐辏，酒绿灯红”的背后，必然有着更多的贫苦人户被迫将自己的儿女卖出去为优为奴为妾为婢。当时的剥削阶级，特别是其中的上层特权统治阶层，他们除了需要役使大批奴婢以负担繁重的家务劳动外，由于奢逸生活欲望的无限膨胀和精神的空虚，他们还迫切要取得一些更能满足腐朽官吏生活需要的“色艺双全”的活“玩物”，供他们在酒食征逐嬉戏玩乐之余来消遣，也可以作为奢侈排场的装饰。（摘自某集刊） （3）通过这个例子可以清楚地看出这样一条道路，科学思维是通过这条道路从在感觉和知觉中直接对现实的 特性的带有极大主观成分的规定达到在科学概念中对这些特性的客观的规定的。思维之有可能转向客观认识是借助于对一个客体的特性通过它同另外的客体的相互依赖性（在这里就是通过被测温体和测温体之间的热交换和通过物体的热的状态同它的体积和压力的联系）来间接地规定。就如我们看到的，为了揭示认识客体和它的特性之间的这些合乎规律的联系，必须在纯粹形态中、在撇开附带的、非本质的外部情况的抽象中来揭示现象，因为只有在这种条件下它的各个方面（在波义耳—马略特和盖—吕萨克定律中就是压力、体积、温度）的合乎规律的相互联系才毫无隐蔽地表现出来。 （摘自某译本）例（1）是讲政理的，例（2）是论史实的，例（3）是译文，都因为句子长，显得板滞，不平易，而且只能入目，难于上口。像这样的文章，都是随波逐流地写，不是故意要这样，使读者为难。还有少数，是进一步，像是欣赏繁杂、冗长、晦涩，因而就更远离口语，成为难于了解。Such as: （4）话说回来，我们以“城市”与“乡村”作为一种比喻，来说明新旧变化、新旧交替的复杂社会现象，以及在文学创作中如何形象生动地将这些复杂变化反映出来，并且我们在论述有关艺术创作规律过程中的某些语句也可能并不十分妥帖和恰切，但是，有一条是肯定无疑的，即我们的文学创作应当采取多种变化的艺术手段，正如韩少功所说，要“凝聚城市和农村、历史和现实”，从而达到去揭示那些“决定民族发展和人类生存的谜”的目的，这个本意是可取的，正确的，有价值的，也是我们进行创作时可以而又应当选取的一种方式，因为，运用这种互相对照和比拟的方式，对描写对象进行剖析和研讨，其最终目的是为了增强文学作品反映的社会生活的广博度和思想内容的深厚度，给广大群众提供更加丰富而多样的社会思想内涵，以启迪思想，开发智慧，为社会主义精神文明建设助力，同时，又能够为众多读者提供崭新而富有多方面含义的审美对象，以增进美感教育，提高审美能力，为社会主义新时期一代新人的迅速成长和健康发展作出贡献。（摘自某期刊） （5）在著名高等学府N大学的一座学生宿舍楼里，生活着一群似乎超凡脱俗的“时代骄子”们，就在他们中间，生活阴差阳错地进行着，发生着一个个虽远未能说怎么惊心动魄然而又确实是令人哭笑不得却又耐人寻味的故事。小说就这样展示着一群活生生的青春灵魂：他们因为希望或失望所折磨而涌荡的骚动而不安，因为骚动不安而无法摆脱的痛苦和烦躁（以至不由自主的歇欺底里般的纵狂发泄），因为痛苦、烦躁跃跃欲试地进行的自我审视和省悟，因为自我审视和省悟而又不泯不绝地执著于希望或失望……这里，这群青春的灵魂们在深邃的精神层次上经受煎熬的程度，并不亚于人类历史以来任何一代的年轻灵魂。（摘自某期刊） （6）这种区别，似乎并不主要表现为他们对西方现代小说技巧的借鉴，而是力图从历史的高度观照人间，并谋求与此相适应的人生时空形成。正如韩少功所说：“一种审美意识中潜在的历史因素的苏醒，一种追求和把握人世无限感和永恒感的对象化的表现。”然而，人生的无限与永恒自身的时空形式也是无限的，它必然受到小说容量有限性的羁绊。于是，他们力求在人生中寻找具有全息性的人生模态，一种化无限为有限，化多为一—— 有限中积淀着无限、一中含多的“有意味的形式”，或者表现为情绪的抽象，或者表现为精心选取的人生枝叶，这些作品确实显示出作者视野的阔大的。当然，这种阔大必须以作者的主体精神和实际人生经验的博大为前提。 否则，情绪抽象的“空灵”会转成“空洞”，人世无限感和永恒感对象化的人生模态也有变为理念化寓言的危险。（摘自某期刊） 例（4）只是一句，例（5）两句，例（6）六句，写法都是把许多生而深的词语堆在一起，使人感到关系繁杂，意思模糊，念，断不开，不像“话”。这像是用力追求一种所谓风格，以反常显示深刻的风格。如果是这样，那所得至多只是远离口语、连自己也不得其解的“风格”。由白话的性质以及发展的历史看，书面语离开口语，如果程度渐渐加深并且去而不返，这趋势总是不好的。我个人希望，这股逆流的水势不至过大，流程也不至过长。