Chapter 13 Appendix 1 Summary of Reference Books

Speaking and reading classical Chinese is just a general idea of ​​teaching and learning, not a special study of a certain subject, and you will also encounter various difficult problems.When in doubt, it is a good way to ask others for advice, but it is better to rely on reference books, because they are convenient and detailed.Speaking and reading classical Chinese, having the knowledge of using reference books, and the habit of looking through reference books can turn difficulties into ease and improve relatively quickly.There are quite a few reference books in this area that need to be referred to frequently. According to their nature, they can be divided into seven categories: one is comprehensive dictionaries, the other is special dictionaries, the third is indexes, the fourth is chronology, the fifth is category books, and the sixth is comprehensive dictionaries. The first is the catalog, and the seventh is the political book.Each category includes several species.The following is a brief introduction in turn (commonly used and difficult to check are slightly more detailed).

A comprehensive dictionary 1. "Ciyuan" - edited and published by The Commercial Press There are two versions of this book, the old edition and the new edition. The old edition was compiled in 1908. It is the first comprehensive large-scale dictionary in my country that collects the most ancient and modern words and has relatively clear and detailed explanations.The "Publication Note" of the new edition of "Ciyuan" introduces its nature as: "Based on the old calligraphy books, rhyme books, and class books, it absorbs the characteristics of modern dictionary books, mainly uses words and includes encyclopedias; Emphasize practicality; combined with documentary evidence, the emphasis is on tracing the source." This means that all the words, phrases, and phrases that may be encountered in ordinary books, regardless of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign (actually, how many Chinese and ancient are there), are included, so they are practical.The first edition was compiled in 1915. It was published in five formats: A, B, C, D, and E according to the size of the format. Except for the thread-bound type A, it was published in two volumes.More than ten years later, in order to absorb new words and make up for gaps, a sequel to "Ciyuan" was published in 1931.It was a single line at first, and in 1939, the entries were dismantled and merged into the main volume to become a bound volume, which is still divided into two volumes.Traditional characters are naturally used.The entries are based on individual characters, and the individual characters are arranged by radicals.The radicals are divided into 12 collections including Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, etc., from the "Yi" part of the sub-collection to the "龠" part of the Hai collection, a total of 214 parts, which are the same as the "Kangxi Dictionary".Arrange the words starting with the word in strips under the word; the word with the fewest number of words comes first, and the word with the most number follows; for the words with the same number of words, the word with the fewest strokes comes first, and the word with the most number follows.Fanqie is used for phonetic notation, which is mainly based on "Guangyun", and indicates which rhyme it belongs to (according to "Peiwen Shiyun").A single word has different pronunciations and different meanings, all of which are explained item by item.Explain in classical Chinese, only sentence breaks.

Many of the earlier dictionaries in our country are arranged according to radicals, so we must first be familiar with radicals when looking through them. Some editions of "Ciyuan" have an "Index of Four-corner Numbers" at the back. People who are familiar with four-corner numbers want to look up a certain word. Using the index, they can first find out the page number of the word, which is very convenient.People who are not familiar with the four-corner numbers still need to be familiar with the radicals first.There are 214 radicals in total. It is not difficult to get familiar with them, but it is difficult to know a certain character into a certain radical.Some words can be judged at a glance, but some words are not.For example, "Xing" does not enter the "彳" department, because it is a radical; "Bird" enters the "Fire" department, because "Yi" is another form of "Fire"; In the "dog" department, "phase" does not enter the "wood" department, but enters the "mesh" department; and so on.When encountering such a situation, you can first check the "checking characters" in front of the book, and count the number of characters you want to check (as the radicals of the radicals, the strokes are also counted, and when checking the characters belonging to a certain part, the number of radicals is not counted. ), look for it in several paintings, if you have it, you can press the page number below to find it.However, the characters collected in "Checking Characters" are limited after all, so it is often necessary to memorize them.In addition to the shortcomings of difficult to find radicals, there are also inconveniences in using "Ciyuan".For example, the middle ancient Fanqie is used for phonetic notation, which is difficult for readers today to get right, and even if it is right, it may not match the modern pronunciation.Another example is explaining ancient words, noting only the title of the book but not the title of the article, and citing ancient books is often abbreviated without expressing, which makes readers feel inconvenient.But in any case, "Ci Yuan" is always the pioneering work of a comprehensive large-scale dictionary, with substantial content. Before the subsequent "Ci Hai" and other publications, it is the most suitable for reading ancient books as a good teacher and helpful friend on the desk.

The new version of "Ciyuan" is based on the old version of "Ciyuan", which has been revised since 1958.Regarding the purpose of the revision, the "Publishing Notes" stated: "According to the principle of division of labor with "Ci Hai" and "Modern Chinese Dictionary", "Ci Yuan" has been revised as a reference book for reading ancient books and a reference book for researchers of classical literature and history. "Based on this purpose, all the words about modern natural science, social science and applied technology in the old version of "Ciyuan" were deleted, and many classical entries were added.Use traditional Chinese characters.The entries are arranged by radicals, basically the same as the old version of "Ciyuan".It is divided into four volumes, and there is a "List of Difficult Words" in front of each volume.Both Chinese Pinyin and Zhuyin letters are used for phonetic notation, and Fanqie, Yun (according to "Guangyun") and Shengniu are marked.The explanation is in modern Chinese or in shallow classical Chinese, which is more detailed.Citing ancient books as evidence, indicating the title of the book and the title of the article, is more detailed than the old version of "Ciyuan".So far, as a reference book for learning classical Chinese, this one has the most abundant content. We might as well use it as the main one to solve various difficult problems encountered in the lecture and reading. If it is not enough, then check other related books. reference book.

2. "Ci Hai" This book also has an old version and a new version: the old version was edited and published by Zhonghua Book Company, while the new version was edited by the Cihai Editorial Committee and published by Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House. The old version of "Ci Hai" is a comprehensive large-scale dictionary following the old version of "Ci Yuan".The style is roughly the same as the old version of "Ciyuan".Use traditional Chinese characters.The individual characters are arranged according to the radicals, and the radicals are no longer set like Molecule, Chou, Yin, Mao, etc.; the words and entries are arranged according to the number of words and the number of strokes under the individual characters.Fanqie is used for phonetic notation, and straight sound is also used, and the rhyme is marked (according to "Peiwen Poetry Rhyme").Explain in classical Chinese, with punctuation.There is a "Character Checklist" in front of the book.The content has been improved compared with the old version of "Ci Yuan", the selection items are more abundant and precise, the explanations are relatively simple and clear, and the titles of the cited books are marked for easy checking.

Although the old edition of "Ciyuan" and the old edition of "Cihai" are the same in nature, the entries received are not consistent, and the explanations are either detailed or abbreviated, so they can complement each other.When speaking and reading classical Chinese, if you encounter difficulties, you should use both. The new version of "Ci Hai" is successively revised from the old version of "Ci Hai".It was first revised in the 1950s, and was initially completed in 1962. The "Ci Hai Trial Version" was published, classified according to the nature of the subject, and divided into 16 volumes.Afterwards, various entries were dismantled and put together to publish "Ci Hai·Unfinalized", in two volumes.It will be revised later and completed in 1977. It is still classified according to different disciplines and publishes 20 volumes including "Language", "Philosophy" and "Economy" (of which "Language" is divided into two volumes).Then, on the basis of the sub-volumes, it was sorted and processed, and the entries were dismantled and arranged according to radicals. The upper, middle and lower volumes were divided into three volumes, which were published in 1979.

The new edition of "Ci Hai" in three volumes was edited and published later, and has been improved in many aspects.The book contains more than 100,000 single characters and phrases.Simplified characters are used, but single characters are also included in traditional characters, which is convenient for searching when reading ancient books. The radicals have been rationally adjusted and changed to 250 capitals (for the adjustment, please refer to the "Radials Adjustment Table" before the book), such as "Jiang" into "氵" , "Wolf" enters the "犭" department, which is easier to identify than the old radicals entering the "Water" department and "Dog" department.For characters with unclear radicals, you can look up the "Character Checklist for Strokes" before the book.If you know what the word you want to look up reads, it is best to look up the "Chinese Pinyin Index" at the back of the book, where the page number of the word is indicated, and you can find it by flipping through it.Pinyin is used for phonetic notation, and straight phonetic sounds are used for a few rare characters, and Fanqie and rhyme are no longer noted.Explain in modern Chinese, with punctuation.Citations indicate the title of the book, try to be as precise as possible.Speaking and reading classical Chinese, if you don't have the new version of "Ciyuan" at hand, you should make more use of this book.

3. "Dictionary of Commonly Used Chinese Characters in Ancient Chinese" - Compilation Group of "Dictionary of Commonly Used Chinese Characters in Ancient Chinese", published by Commercial Press This is a small dictionary for looking up the sounds and meanings of commonly used characters in ancient Chinese.The collected characters are divided into two parts: more than 3,700 commonly used characters, with detailed meanings; more than 2,600 rare words, entered into the list of difficult characters, counted as appendices, and briefly noted with meanings.Words are not accepted.The prefixes are arranged in alphabetical order of Chinese Pinyin.In front of the book, there is a "Character Checking Table" that can be checked by radicals (189 parts).Use simplified characters; add parentheses for traditional and variant characters, and place them after the prefix.The phonetic notation uses both Chinese Pinyin and the phonetic alphabet.The interpretation is in modern Chinese, and sentences in ancient books are cited as examples.When speaking and reading classical Chinese, if you just want to know what a certain word reads, what its meaning is, and what meaning it expresses here, it is easier to use this dictionary.

4. "Kangxi Dictionary" - compiled by Zhang Yushu and others in the old days under the order of Emperor Kangxi, this is a dictionary with the most characters, the most abundant phonetic translation and meaning, and the most complete style.It was compiled in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (1710) and compiled in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi (1716).The purpose of the compilation was to extensively collect the characters in ancient books, especially the rhyme books of ancient calligraphy and calligraphy, so more than 47,000 characters were collected.Words are not accepted.The prefixes are divided into 214 radicals (introduced in the previous part of "Ciyuan"), and are arranged into 12 episodes such as Zi, Chou, Yin, and Mao according to the number of strokes, and each episode is divided into upper, middle, and lower.This method of arranging Chinese characters according to radicals had a great influence on later generations, and many dictionaries imitated it.Under each word, phonetic notation is given first, followed by interpretation.The phonetic notation first uses the fanqie of "Tang Yun" (actually "Guangyun"), then uses the fanqie of "Jiyun" and "Hongwuzhengyun", and then uses the straight tone.To explain the meaning of words, "Shuowen", "Erya" and other books and various ancient classics are used to indicate the source.In order to solve the difficulty of finding the radicals, there is "Checking Characters" arranged by strokes in front of the book, such as "Zhi" and "Yun". Note "radicals" under "zhi", and "erbu" under "allow", so it is easy to find.In recent years, the "Kangxi Dictionary Index" arranged according to the four-corner numbers is attached to the book printed by the Commercial Press. People who are familiar with the four-corner numbers can use it to look up characters more conveniently.This book has a lot of content and a short compilation time, so some mistakes are inevitable.During the reign of Emperor Daoguang, Yihui, Wang Yinzhi and others edited "Dictionary Textual Research" and corrected more than 2,500 mistakes. When using this book, it is best to refer to "Dictionary Textual Research" (available in the appendix after printing the book by the Commercial Press).There are many editions of this book, and it is best to use recent printed editions.The feature and advantage of the book is that it draws a wide range of materials, but as far as we are learning classical Chinese now, the wide range of materials may become a disadvantage, because we hardly encounter most of the characters.Many kinds of fanqie are used for phonetic notation, and classical Chinese is used for interpretation, which may be inconvenient for people who are not familiar with classical Chinese.

5. "Zhonghua Dictionary" - edited and published by Zhonghua Book Company. This is a dictionary with the largest number of characters after "Kangxi Dictionary", with a total of more than 48,000 words, about 1,000 more than "Kangxi Dictionary".We might as well call it the Supplementary and Amended Version of "Kangxi Dictionary".Written in 1915, the characters are naturally in traditional Chinese.The prefixes are arranged according to radicals, 214 parts, Molecule, Chou, Yin, and Mao twelve collections, the same as "Kangxi Dictionary" (the page number of the whole book is in the lower corner of the reprinted version in 1978, which is more convenient to check).Words consisting of single characters are not accepted.The phonetic notation uses both Fanqie (mainly according to "Ji Yun") and Zhiyin, and indicates that it belongs to a certain rhyme (also according to "Ji Yun").Paraphrases are written in classical Chinese and arranged in sections after the prefix.For example, the first word "one" in the "one" part has thirty-two meanings, which is clearer than "Kangxi Dictionary".Each explanation quotes sentences from ancient books as evidence, which is helpful for a precise and in-depth understanding of the meaning of classical Chinese.Difficult to judge the character belonging to a certain radical, you can look up the "Chinese Dictionary of Chinese Characters" before the book.You can use this book when you read ancient classics and encounter particularly rare characters.The most inconvenient thing is the phonetic notation, not to mention that Fanqie is difficult to get right, even if it is done right, it may not match the modern pronunciation. For example, "一" is now pronounced Yinping, and the book still notes "quality rhyme" (entering tone).But in any case, this book has obvious features and many advantages. It can not only replace "Kangxi Dictionary", but also is more suitable than "Kangxi Dictionary".

6. "Books of Classics" - Edited by Ruan Yuan, Zang Yongtang, etc. This is a dictionary that collects the ancient meanings of characters. In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Ruan Yuan invited Zang Yongtang and dozens of people to compile it in only five months when he was appointed as Zhejiang Xuezheng.There are more than 10,000 characters, arranged in the order of the characters in "Pei Wen Yun Fu", from "Yi Dong" and "Er Dong" in the upper level tone to "Sixteen Leaves" and "Seventeen Qia" in the entering tone, with a total of 106 rhymes, divided into 106 roll.There is no phonetic notation under the prefix.The meanings of words are collected from various classics before the Tang Dynasty (including the Tang Dynasty), mainly ancient primary school books, such as "Erya", "Dialect", "Shuowen Jiezi", "Classic Interpretation" and other books. Exegesis materials, and materials related to exegesis in this text or commentaries in various other ancient books.A word with multiple meanings is arranged sequentially under the prefix, and each meaning is evidenced by the sentences explained in ancient books.The explanations are not only rich in meaning, but also relatively ancient, so it is an important reference book for learning ancient Chinese.It’s just that few people are familiar with “Pei Wen Poetry Rhyme” now, and it’s very difficult to find out which volume a certain word is in. Remedy for elusive shortcomings.Recently, there is a photocopy of Zhonghua Book Company. The above kinds of dictionaries are aimed at solving the difficulties that may be encountered when learning classical Chinese. It is enough to have words, but sometimes it is not enough to look up words, because the number of words is limited and the words are unlimited.Our country is currently compiling a larger and all-encompassing dictionary "Chinese Dictionary". It is estimated that after compilation, the unresolvable problems will be reduced to a very small number.Such larger dictionaries include the "Chinese Dictionary" published by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Taiwan, and the "Dahanhe Dictionary" (Japanese interpretation) published by the Daishukan Bookstore in Japan. If you have it in the library, you can refer to it. 2. Specialized dictionaries 7. "Ci Tong"——Written by Zhu Qifeng, published by Kaiming Bookstore This is a dictionary specializing in explaining Lianyu (Lianmian characters) in ancient classics.With 30 years of effort, the author collected nearly 40,000 Lianyu words. It was first named "Xinshushutong", and was renamed "Citong" in 1934. It was published in 24 volumes and divided into two volumes.The content is mainly to explain: 1. A certain character is borrowed from a certain character with the same or similar sound, such as the article "Pianfan" on page 523, the following four conjunctions "Pianhong", "Pianfan", "Binfan" and "Funfun", Each cites the source of ancient books, indicating that these five conjunctions are different ways of writing the same word.2. The meaning of a certain word is the same as that of a certain word. For example, in the article "Bao Xin" on page 441, the following "negative salary" shows that the words "bao" and "negative" are common, so the meanings of the two conjunctions are the same.3. A certain character is mistaken because of its close shape, such as "Hedong" on page 1, the following "Kejia", indicating that "Kejia" should be "Hedong", which is wrong because of the close shape.Lianyu entries are based on the following word and are arranged in the order of "Peiwen Shiyun". For example, the entries at the beginning of Juan 1 are "Dingdong", "Hedong", "Hetong", "Fengtong", "Qiantong", etc.Those who are not familiar with the rhyme of "Peiwen Poetry Rhyme" can use the "Ci Tong Index" arranged by four-corner numbers at the end of the book.This book is rich in material, which is very helpful for understanding some words in ancient books.However, some places are sometimes out of personal speculation, and it is unavoidable to be far-fetched, so you should pay attention to it when using it. 8. "Annotation of Ci" - written by Yang Shuda, published by the Commercial Press, and later published by Zhonghua Book Company This is a dictionary about the usage of ancient Chinese function words (which has a wider range than modern Chinese "function words"), compiled in 1928.There are more than 500 imaginary characters, arranged in alphabetical order of phonetic notation.If you are not familiar with phonetic alphabets, you can check the "Catalogue of Radical Radicals" before the book.To explain a character, first divide it into several parts of speech, and then talk about several uses of a certain part of speech.When talking about usage, they all quote various sentences in ancient books as evidence.If you read classical Chinese classics and want to know what kind of usage a certain virtual character has and what kind of usage it is in a certain sentence, you can use this book.However, the grammatical terms in the book are different from those currently in use, so you should pay attention when using them. 9. "An Anthology of Virtual Characters in Ancient Books" - written by Pei Xuehai, published by the Commercial Press, and later published by Zhonghua Book Company The nature of this book is similar to "Annotation of Ci", but the content is more complicated. Compiled in 1932, divided into ten volumes.The individual characters are still classified by thirty-six letters, arranged in the order of guttural sounds, dental sounds, etc., which is more difficult to check.The explanation of the usage does not indicate the part of speech, and the old sayings in the "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci" and "Examples of Ancient Books' Doubts" are often cited. 10. "An Explanation of Poems, Songs, Words and Words"——Written by Zhang Xiang, published by Zhonghua Book Company , compiled in 1945.Regardless of a word or a phrase, its meaning is explained in detail, and some even extend to etymology and grammatical analysis, and sentences in poems and songs are cited as examples.The discussion is relatively in-depth, relatively thorough, rich in materials, and convincing.In the past, when interpreting the words and sentences in ancient books, such words were often ignored. In addition, such words often have flexible meanings, are relatively empty, and are difficult to speak, which has become a difficult point in explaining and reading.For solving such difficulties, this book is indeed of great reference value.It's just that the entries are arranged in the order of poems, lyrics and music, which is not easy to search. When using it, you can first look up the "Index of Words and Strokes" at the end of the book. 11. "Dictionary of Chinese Names" - edited and published by The Commercial Press This is a dictionary that introduces the lives of historical figures in my country. It collects more than 40,000 names from ancient times to the end of Qing Dynasty. It was compiled in 1921.The names of people are arranged in the order of the number of strokes, with the fewest first.Chinese personal names generally include two parts, surname and first name, and the names of entries are separated by black dots, such as "Ding·Wei" and "Shangguan·Yi".Under the name, indicate the place of origin, name, and number, and then introduce the biographical resume and writings.Some famous people often use aliases, official titles, etc. in classics. If you don’t know who they are when you are reading, you can look up the "List of Different Names" in the appendix at the end of the book.For the convenience of searching, there is "Zi Zi" arranged according to the number of strokes at the front of the book, and at the end of the later version there is "Index of the Chinese Name Dictionary" arranged by four-corner number.This book was compiled earlier, and the annotations under the names are in classical Chinese, only punctuated sentences; the annotations do not mention the sources of materials, nor the dates of birth and death of the characters (which can be known), which makes it very inconvenient for those who want to investigate further; The point of view of evaluation is old, of course: this is where the book needs to be improved. 12. "Dictionary of Chinese Writers" - edited by Tan Zhengbi, published by Guangming Bookstore, with a copy in Shanghai Bookstore This is a dictionary that specifically introduces the lives of Chinese writers, including more than 6,800 people, from Li Er and Kong Qiu to Liu Shipei and Huang Weiji.The names are arranged in chronological order. The method is: "record the name, font size, native place, birth year, death year (or living time), age, temperament, deeds, works, etc. of each writer. If there is no test, indicate a certain item. The words 'unknown' or 'no test'. If the person has any interesting stories or famous sayings that can be passed on, they will be recorded according to their discretion." (this book "Example") is more detailed than "Chinese Name Dictionary". The commentary uses modern Chinese with punctuation, so it is more suitable.If you want to look up a certain writer, you have to look up the book first and then arrange the "Chinese Writer's Dictionary Index" according to the number of strokes. 13. "Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China" - edited and published by The Commercial Press This is a dictionary dedicated to explaining place names in my country, compiled in 1929.The style is the same as "Dictionary of Chinese Names", with "Checking Characters" before and "Index" after.All the relatively well-known place names, including political divisions, towns, mountains and rivers, Guansai, railways, and famous temples and temples, are both ancient and modern.Note the ancient place names, focusing on explaining its history and current location.This book can be used as an important reference when reading classical Chinese classics and encountering place names in history.It's just that this book was compiled earlier, and the geographical changes and place name changes in recent years are naturally unpredictable, so many places are inconsistent with the current reality, so you should pay attention when using it. 14. "Jiaqing Reconstruction of Unified Records" - official revision of the Qing Dynasty, with a photocopy of "Si Bu Series" by the Commercial Printing Office Also known as "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty".This is a book that comprehensively introduces all aspects of the area under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty, and can be used as a more detailed dictionary of place names. "Yi Tong Zhi" was compiled from the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi (1686), once in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), once in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), and once in the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842). As of the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), there are five hundred and sixty volumes in total.The content is based on political divisions, first the capital (Beijing), then the provinces and border areas, and finally a few foreign countries.When introducing a certain place, it details the territory, establishment history, customs, cities, schools, household registration, land tax, officials, mountains and rivers, historic sites, passes, mausoleums, temples, people, local products, etc., which can be said to be rich and meticulous.When reading classical Chinese classics, if you want to know the situation in a certain place (such as Suzhou and Shaoxing), you can check the relevant parts of this book.If you want to look up a place name, you can look up the "Index" that is sorted by the four-corner number before the book.Some place names, which are not included in the "Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China", can often be found here. 3. Index 15. "Thirteen Classics Index" - Edited by Ye Shaojun (Ye Shengtao), published by Kaiming Bookstore In the old days, sentences in the "Thirteen Classics" were often quoted. If the source was not mentioned, readers today often find it difficult to know which book and article it came from.This index was made to solve this difficulty and was compiled in 1934.The style is based on the unit of a sentence or a comma, which is listed as an item, arranged according to the number of strokes, and the title of the book is marked.For example, in the first article of the Ten Paintings, "The covenant of taking advantage of others is not benevolence", the note "囸定四2" means that this sentence is quoted from the "Thirteen Classics" published in Kaiming Bookstore in the fourth year of "Zuo Zhuan". It can be found in Section 2 of the text.There are not many people who are familiar with the "Thirteen Classics" in modern times, so this index is very useful for reading classical Chinese classics. 16. "Index of Names of Twenty-five Historians" - edited and published by Kaiming Bookstore, reprinted by Zhonghua Bookstore This book collects the names of people in 25 official histories from "Historical Records" to "Ming History", arranges them in the order of the four-corner numbers, and compiles them into an index. It was compiled in 1935.When I came across the name of an ancient person while reading classics in classical Chinese, I wanted to know if there was a biography of him in the "Twenty-Five Histories", and if so, where to find it. It is very convenient to use this book.For example, if we want to know more about Fan Zhen who wrote "Shen Mie Lun", we can use this book if we don't know if he is mentioned in the official history.If you are not familiar with the four-corner numbers, you can first check the "Stroke Index" at the back of the book. The character "Fan" in Jiuhua is on page 300. Find it there. There is Fan Zhen in the column on page 301. For the bet, see "Liang Shu" volume 48, "Southern "History" Volume 57.If you are using the "Twenty-Five History" from the Kaiming Bookstore, it will also tell you that the pages are 1828 and 2680. 17. "Index of Aliases of Ancient and Modern Figures" - edited by Chen Deyun, published by Lingnan University Library People mentioned in classical Chinese works often don't use their real names, but use aliases, native places, and posthumous names, etc. When encountering people while reading, it is sometimes not easy to know their real names.This book was written to solve this difficulty and was compiled in 1937.The other names are arranged according to the seven strokes of horizontal, straight, dot, left, curved, right, and wide. After the alias, indicate the real name and which dynasty it belongs to.An alias is used by more than one person, indicating the real names of several people.If you are not sure about the stroke shape, you can first check the book and then arrange "Checking Characters" according to the number of strokes.For example, when you come across the strange alias "Looking up at Qianqianqianqianjiuhezhai" when you are reading, you can first look up "Zizi", the six-character "Yang" is on pages 438-439, look it up there, there is it in the left column on page 439, click below It is marked as Zhao Zhiqian of the Qing Dynasty. 18. "Index of Room Names and Aliases" - edited by Chen Naiqian, published by Zhonghua Book Company is the same as "Index of Aliases of Ancient and Modern Figures".Originally divided into "Room Name Index" (published in 1933) and Index of Aliases (published in 1936), combined in 1957.The room name and alias entries are arranged according to the number of strokes.There is "Zi Zi" in front of the book, which indicates how many pages the entry starting with a certain word appears on. In 1982, an updated version was published, and the number of entries was approximately doubled. 19. "Chronicles of Chinese Characters in Past Dynasties"——Edited and published by Hangzhou University Library If you want to know more about a certain historical figure, or examine a certain historical event related to him, it is best to read his chronicle.First of all, we need to know whether he has a chronicle; if so, where to find it.This book was made to meet this requirement and was compiled in 1962.In addition to chronology, it also collects unknown chronology but is of the same nature as chronology.The masters of the spectrum are compiled according to their birth years, starting with Zhou Gong and Confucius, ending with Cai Huanwen and Chen Qubing.Bet on who edited the title of the book, and what version it has.The "Index of Spectrum Masters' Names" and "Editors' Names Index" attached to the book are arranged according to the number of strokes.If you want to know whether someone has a chronicle, it is more convenient to first check the "Index of Names of Spectrum Masters". 20. "Comprehensive Records of Chronicles of Chinese Dynasties" - edited by Yang Dianxun, published by Bibliography and Literature Publishing House The nature is the same as "Chronicles of Chinese Characters in Past Dynasties", compiled in 1980.In addition to those titled chronicles, it also includes "chronology" and "narration", etc., and the content is relatively rich.A total of 1,829 historical figures, from Shun and King Wen to Du Pengcheng and Li Ji, have been collected, with 3,015 types of chronology (some have more than one type).The spectrum masters are arranged in order of birth year.At the back of the book is the "Index of Names and Aliases of Spectrum Masters" arranged according to the number of strokes. Knowing the real name or alias of a character, it is easy to find out whether there is his chronicle. twenty one. "Comprehensive Index of Biographical Materials of Tang and Five Dynasties" - edited by Fu Xuancong, Zhang Chenshi, Xu Yimin, published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1982 twenty two. "Thirty Biographical Biography of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties"——Revised by the Compilation Office of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1959 twenty three. "Comprehensive Introduction of Forty-seven Song Dynasty Biographies" - edited and published by Harvard-Yenching Institute in 1939 twenty four. "Comprehensive Introduction of Eighty-nine Biography of the Ming Dynasty" - edited by Tian Jizong, published by Harvard-Yenching Institute in 1935 25． "Thirty-Three Types of Comprehensive Biography of the Qing Dynasty" - edited by Du Lianzhe and Fang Zhaoying, published by Harvard-Yenching Institute in 1932 The above five books are of the same nature, and they are all for investigating the biographies of a certain person in a certain dynasty. "引得" is the transliteration of English index, with the same meaning as index.When reading classical Chinese classics, when you come across a name and want to know if there is any biography of him, if he is from the Tang Dynasty or later, you can use these five books.The names of the people in the five books, except for one in the Tang and Five Dynasties, which are arranged in the order of the four-corner numbers, are all arranged according to the "Chinese Characters Collection Method" created by the society and classified according to the stroke shape of Chinese characters. People who are not familiar with this typesetting method You can check the previous "Stroke Checking" (from less to more) or "Pinyin Checking" (H·Giles "Chinese-English Dictionary" spelling, which is different from Chinese Pinyin).For example, if we want to know whether there is a biography of Qin Guan in the Song Dynasty, we can look up the book of the Song Dynasty, first check the ten paintings of "Stroke Checking Characters", the serial number of "Qin" is "2A59260". " part, find "11" in the upper corner of the book, there is Qin Guan under "59260" on page 85, and the betting aliases are "Shaoyou", "Taixu", pages 1, 2, 3, 22, 29, 32 No. 1 biography has his biography.Then look at the "Forty-seven Biographical Tables of the Song Dynasty" in front of the book, and know that No. 1 is "Song History", No. 2 is "New Edition of Song History", and so on.If you really want to read the biography in "History of the Song Dynasty", you can find it according to the note "444A4b" after "1" on page 85 (that is, the back of page 4 of Volume 444 of "History of Song Dynasty" lithographed by Wuzhou Tongwen Publishing Bureau).If the name of the person you meet is only "Shaoyou", you can look it up in the first half of the book "Front Size Yinde", where (page 5) "Qin Guan" is marked under "Shaoyou", and then check Qin Guan.The weaving method of the Ming Dynasty is the same.In the Qing Dynasty, there was only "name cited" but no "name cited", and no alias was added under the name, and the quality was far inferior to the first two. 26． "Comprehensive Records of Chinese Local Chronicles"—edited by Zhu Shijia, published by the Commercial Press. This is a book introducing the collection of local chronicles in about 30 libraries in my country. It was compiled in 1935 and an updated version was published in 1958.The titles of the books are arranged according to political divisions, such as Hebei and Shanxi first, and finally Yunnan and Tibet.In the form of a table, under the title of the book, the following volumes, editors, editions, and then use "X" to indicate which libraries have the book.At the back of the book, there are "Book Title Index" and "Person Name Index" organized by strokes.When reading classics in classical Chinese, sometimes you want to know the detailed geography and history of a certain place, including cities, places of interest, figures of past dynasties, famous eunuchs, etc. You can use this book, and then look for the local annals of that place. 27． "Ten Tong Index" - The purpose and usage of editing and publishing by the Commercial Press will be introduced in the "Political Books" section later. 4. Chronology 28． "Chronology of Chinese History" - edited by Henan Provincial Museum, published by Henan People's Publishing House This is a book that introduces the historical chronology of our country in tabular form, compiled in 1980.The content includes four parts: 1. "Chronology of Slaves and Peasants' Uprisings in Past Dynasties", 2. "Chronology of Major Historical Events" (records are very brief), 3. "Chronology of History", 4. "General Inspection of Chronicles of Past Dynasties".The third part starts from the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty and ends in the third year of the Qing Xuantong. It is the focus of the book and the most useful.For example, if we want to know the chronology of Qin Shihuang's accession to the throne, we can turn to the part of the Warring States Period. On page 80, the third horizontal line from top to bottom indicates that Qin Shihuang ascended the throne in the Jiayin year of 246 BC. What kind of monarchs rule the states of Qi? For how many years, if you encounter a reign title "Taiping Xingguo" while reading, you don't know which monarch it belongs to. There is "Taiping Xingguo", indicating that it is the reign name of Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty.When reading ancient books, you must have a shelf of time in your mind. If you are vague or unclear for a while, you can look up this book. 29． "Chinese and Foreign History Chronology" - edited by Jian Bozan, published by Joint Publishing, reprinted by Zhonghua Bookstore This is a book in chronological order, from 4500 BC to 1918 AD, which introduces the major historical events in China and foreign countries in each year (ancient antiquity is a period). It was compiled in 1958.The genre is based on the chronology of the AD, and the following historical events are first Chinese and then foreign.To describe China, first write the Ganzhi and the emperor's year, and then describe the major events of the year (mostly marked in a certain month).Describe foreign countries, from east to west, and finally the countries of America.The material is rich and the narrative is concise.It is very convenient to look up this book when reading ancient books and want to know the global historical situation in a certain year.But you should pay attention when using: 1. A major event in history often lasts for many years. Due to the limitation of the genre, this book has to be described separately; According to the AD, many major events may be in January of the following year. 30． "Twenty History Shuoyun Table" - Chen Yuan, published by Peking University Institute of Chinese Studies, revised and reprinted by Ancient Books Publishing House Reading ancient books requires time to figure out the historical facts.However, the Chinese and Western calendars are different, the ancient and modern calendars are different, and the calendars of different countries may also be different in the same period.This book is written to solve this difficulty.The author is a rigorous historian, who spent many years of effort writing this table, which can be said to be the most important reference book for historians.The era is from the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty to the third year of Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty (later added to the twenty-ninth year of the Republic of China [1940]).In the first year, from top to bottom, write the Ganzhi (of that year) and the calendar of a certain emperor.It is further divided into twelve grids, representing twelve months, and the first grid indicates the stems and branches, indicating that the first day of this month is the stems and branches.There is another grid under the twelve grids, which indicates a certain year and a certain month.According to this table, we can find out what day is in a certain year, a certain month, and a certain branch.For example, in the record of the Anlushan Rebellion, Tang Minghuang fled from Chang'an until the end of June in Deyuan Zai. Write "Guiwei" in one grid, which means that the first day of this month is Guiwei, and counting downwards, the second day is Jiashen, the third day is Yiyou, ... the thirteenth day is Yiwei, you can know that Tang Minghuang is Tianbao for fifteen years ( According to the note in the next column, it is known that the year name was changed to Zhide in July this year) and escaped on June 13th.From the first year of the first year of Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty (the first year of AD), the Western calendar was indicated on the table. After that, we can use this table to find out which day is in the Western calendar.For example, in the year when Tang Minghuang fled, there was one frame in June, and "Seven" was marked on the left side of "Guiwei", which means that the day "June 1st" is "July 2nd" in the Western calendar, "June 13th". "Naturally it is "July Fourteen".From the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu Wude of Tang Dynasty (622), the Hijri calendar was also marked. When reading ancient books, when encountering the Hijri calendar, you can use this table to find out the correspondence with the Chinese and Western calendars. 31． "Comparative Table of Chinese and Western Calendars in Two Thousand Years"—co-edited by Xue Zhongsan and Ouyang Yi, published by Sanlian Publishing Co., Ltd. The purpose is the same as "Twenty History Shuoyun Table", which was compiled in 1955.Compared with the "Twenty History Shuoyun Table", there are three differences in content: 1. The corresponding situation of the year, month and day in the yin and yang calendar, and the way of expression on the table is different; In the year 2000; 3. No Hijri calendar attached.There are 18 tables in the appendix, including "Table of Shuo and Intercalary Numbers in Various Dynasties", "Index of Strokes of Year Numbers in Past Dynasties", and "Sixty Sixty Years Ordinal Number Table".If you want to know the Ganzhi of a certain year, month, and day in the lunar calendar, and the year, month, and day in AD (or vice versa), and the day of the week, as long as it is within 2000 years, it is very convenient to check this book.As for the method of investigation, the "Introduction" in the front of the book gives four situations as examples, and it is very clear. When using it, you must read the "Introduction" first. 32． "Chronology of Life Rates of Celebrities in Past Dynasties"—Edited by Liang Tingcan, published by The Commercial Press To verify historical facts, it is very important to determine the age of the person concerned.Based on materials such as Qian Daxin's Suspicious Years, this book collected nearly 5,000 historical figures, and marked their birth and death years in tabular form (a few are not known). It was compiled in 1927.From Confucius, Qin and Shang, arranged in order of birth year, to Zhu Xuezeng, Luo Fuchang.The table is divided into eight grids from top to bottom, respectively write name, font size, place of origin, year of birth (Chinese and Western calendar), year of death (Chinese and Western calendar), and age.Emperors, ladies, and eminent monks are listed separately.书前有按四角号码和笔画编排（同姓的仍按时代先后排）的两种索引，查寻很方便。 33．《历代名人年里碑传总表》——姜亮夫编，商务印书馆出版 性质与《历代名人生卒年表》相同，表格形式也大致相同，1937年编成。收入较多，超过一万二千；表内所注较详，生卒年并注明在民国纪元前若干年，最后备考栏注明材料来源。闺秀不另列表，也不注明系女性。帝王、高僧也另列表。书后有按笔画多少编排的《名人姓氏笔画索引》，“姓”后注四角号码和页码，可据此再到按四角号码编排的《历代名人年里碑传总表索引》里去找某人。只是这部书编纂比较粗糙，错漏在所难免，使用时要多考核。 34．《中国历史人物生年年表》——吴海林、李延沛编，黑龙江人民出版社出版 性质与上二书相同，1979年编成。收入六千多人。因为编纂较晚，兼收昔日不为士大夫所重的一些人，如李自成和曹雪芹；所收近年人比上二书多些，如最后收到余叔岩和溥仪。 五、类书 类书是我国一种性质比较特别的典籍，绝大多数象是百科知识（古籍上的）的辑要本。起初是为了帝王的方便编的，如最早的一部名《皇览》，是供魏文帝曹丕读的，以后还有《修文御览》《太平御览》，也是这种性质。因为古籍多而杂，从其中择要归类（或以内容性质为线索，或以字的形、音为线索），对于时间少而想了解全面的人确是有很多方便。因为方便，编纂渐多，性质渐变，有很多成为搜寻文料、查寻典故的库藏，也就是辞书。例如某人想作一篇赋或一首诗，是关于七夕的，而腹内空空，就可以求救于类书，翻到“岁时”部“七夕”那里，挑选合用的辞藻（大多出于古典），放到自己的笔下。又如读书碰到什么语句，不知有何来历，也可以就其性质到类书里去查。用处这样大，所以历代官修私纂，产量很大；读书人视力之所及，多少要购置一些放在案头。我们现在只是学习文言，当然不再从其中搜寻文料；但是作为旧时代的辞书，适当地利用一下还是必要的。类书很多，这里只介绍大家常用的清代官修的几种。 35．《渊鉴类函》——张英等奉康熙皇帝命令编这是根据旧有许多种类书《唐类函》《艺文类聚》《北堂书钞》等编的，四百五十卷，总目四卷，康熙四十九年（1710）编成。内容分“天”“岁时”“地”到“兽”“鳞介”“虫豸”共四十五部。部之下再分小类，如“天部”之下分“天”“日”“月”“星”“天汉”“云”“风”“雨”等小类。每类之下先述说“释名”“总论”“沿革”“缘起”等，然后举“典故”“对偶”“摘句”“诗文”，都详注出处。因为是集以前类书之大要，所以内容丰富。我们读文言典籍，有些语句，《辞源》《辞海》上查不到，可以翻这部书试试。 36．《骈字类编》——张廷玉等奉康熙皇帝命令编这部书比《渊鉴类函》性质单纯，只收二字合成的词语，二百四十卷，到雍正四年（1726）才编成。内容分“天地”“时令”“山水”等十二门，加补遗“人事”，共十三门。每门下以单字为纲（共收1604个），收由此字起头的双音词语（按字义分先后），以下引书以经史子集为序，出处皆注明书篇名。例如卷一开头《天地门》第一个字是“天”，以下收双音词“天地”“天日”“天月”“天风”等；“天地”条下先引《易经·乾卦》“夫大人者与天地合其德”，以下引书数十种。查古籍中某双音词语的使用情况，可以利用这部书。 37．《古今图书集成》——陈梦雷等奉康熙皇帝命令编，蒋廷锡等奉雍正皇帝命令重编 这是我国最大的一部类书，一万卷，总目四十卷，雍正四年（1726）才最后完成。内容繁富，等于古籍的分类总汇。内容先总分为“历象”“方舆”“明伦”“博物”“理学”“经济”六汇编；每一汇编下分为若干典，如《历象汇编》分为“乾象”“岁功”“历法”“庶征”四典，共32典；每一典又分为若干部，更细，如《历象汇编·乾象典》分为“天地”“天”“阴阳”等21部，《博物汇编·草木典》分为“草木”“草”“木”等700部，共9190部。每部下又分为“汇考”“总论”“艺文”“选句”“纪事”“杂录”几部分，详列古籍中有关材料。读文言典籍，想知道某事物的文献情况，可以查阅这部书。 38．《佩文韵府》——张玉书等奉康熙皇帝命令编《韵府拾遗》——张廷玉等奉康熙皇帝命令编 这是我国按韵编排集辞藻性的词语并注明出处的最大的一部类书。《佩文韵府》由康熙四十三年（1704）开始编，五十年（1711）编成。刊印以后，觉得还有缺漏，从康熙五十五年（1716）起编《韵府拾遗》，五十九年（1720）编成。都是依韵分卷，平水韵106韵，全书分106卷（《佩文韵府》有的韵字多，分上下卷）。每一韵的字，大致按常用、少用排先后，如“一东”韵第一个字是“东”，最后一个字是“oe ”。单字之下先注反切和意义，然后排列由这个字收尾的词语（按出处的时代先后排列），字数少的在前，如“东”下先是“南东”“自东”“在东”等，然后“涧瀍东”“首阳东”等，又“宿西食东”等。两书内容略有分别。《佩文韵府》一单字之下有《韵藻》（收上举的词语）、《对语》（如“渭北”对“江东”，“北山北”对“东谷东”等）、《摘句》（收“东”字收尾的五七言诗句，如“力障百川东”“翠华拂天来向东”等）三项；只《韵藻》部分的词语下注出处。《韵府拾遗》一单字之下只《补藻》（补充《韵藻》条目）、《补注》两项。这两部书共收单字一万上下，词语一百几十万，因而一般辞书查不到的，利用这部书常常可以查到。缺点是注出处嫌简略，如注书名而不注篇名（如《汉书》），注人名而不注篇题（如“王维诗”），找起来还要费力。这两部书内容太多，查寻时要利用商务印书馆编的按四角号码排列的《佩文韵府索引》（商务版《佩文韵府》的最后一册，即第七册，1937年出版）。例如我们忽然想起一句诗，“家家扶得醉人归”，忘记是谁作的，就可以先看索引，（假定不会四角号码）书最后《笔画索引》31页十五画由上向下第四栏“酉”部有“醉”字（索引按词语首一字排），下注“一○六四，八”“六九·五”，这是说“醉”字的四角号码是“一○六四，八”，在69页由上向下第五栏，然后翻看前面，找到一○六四，八，并看69页第五栏，果然有“醉”字条。其下由它起头的词语很多，可以查第二字“人”号码的前两个字，查得是“八○”，于是翻到70页第一栏，“八○”之下有“醉人归”，下注“四二九九，一”，这是表示此语在4299页第一栏。然后拿第六册，建到该页，看第一栏，有“醉人归”，下注：王驾诗：桑柘影斜春社散，家家扶得醉人归。（如果想知道全诗而对王驾也生疏，可以先查《中国人名大辞典》，知道他是唐朝人，然后查《全唐诗》王驾诗那部分。） 六、目录 目录是典籍的档案，博览的导师。我们只是学习文言，当然用不着追求过多、过深。下面只举几种常常需要参考的。39．《中国古典文学名著题解》——中国青年出版社编辑出版 这是一部介绍我国重要文学家和重要文学作品（包括选辑的）的书，1980年编成。上起先秦，下至近代，共介绍作品二百五十多部，也收戏曲和小说（不完全是文言）。编排以时代先后为序，一个时代里再按文体分类，如汉魏六朝分为“诗·赋”“文”“小说”。介绍先作家后作品，分析比较细。作品末尾并举可用的版本，很便于初学。 40．《书目答问补正》——范希曾编，有中华书局影印本《书目答问》是张之洞于同治末年任四川学政时编的，光绪二年（1876）刊印。原是为指导生童如何选读古籍而作。收书两千多种，大致按经史子集四部分类，每部之下又分小类，不完全依《四库全书》。四部后并收“丛书”和初学各种读本。每部内之书大致按时间先后排列。书名之下注明作者及可用版本。因为多缺漏，所以范希曾为它作了补正，除改正错误以外，又补充了不少新材料，到1929年编成。这部书所举古籍，在旧时代可说是简约而得当，所以对今天学习文言还有不小的参考价值。 41．《四库全书总目提要》——永瑢等奉乾隆皇帝命令编乾隆三十七年（1772）开始纂辑《四库全书》，用了十年功失，收书万种以上，内正式入库的三千多种，入存目的六千多种。每种前都写了提要，述说该书的版本、作者、内容、流传等情况以及长短得失，按经史子集四部（每部再分若干小类）编排，成书二百卷，到乾隆四十六年（1781）编成，名《四库全书总目提要》。提要定稿出于纪昀之手，考证评介多精到之处。读古籍，想较深入地了解某一部书的情况，可以把这部书当作书名辞典使用。商务印书馆印本最后附有按四角号码编排的《四库全书总目提要书名及著者索引》，查寻时可以利用。 42．《中国丛书综录》——上海图书馆编，中华书局出版读文言典籍，需要了解丛书的情况，因为：一、丛书把各种性质的书集在一起，能与读者以方便；二，有的书现在只见于丛书，其他处所不能战到。了解丛书，需要知道：一、有哪些重要的丛书，每种丛书中收哪些书；二、某一书是否收入丛书以及收入哪些丛书；三、某一作者有哪些书收入哪些丛书。丛书几千种，所收之书若干万，了解以上三项实在不易，因而需要有一部查丛书情况的大辞典。这部《中国丛书综录》就是一部解决这个困难的辞典，1959年编成。全书分三册。第一册是《总目分类目录》，总括全国四十一个著名图书馆的丛书2797种，分为“汇编”（包括“杂纂”“辑佚”等五小类）“类编”（包括经史子集四小类）两类。各小类下举属于这种性质的丛书及其包括的子目。想知道有何丛书（借助书后的丛书书名索引），各丛书收书情况，可以查这一册。第二册是《子目分类目录》，书名按经史子集次序排列。这一册有两种用途：一、可以查知某种性质的书（如工艺讲陶瓷的，游艺讲谜语的，等等）都有哪些；二、可以查知某一种书入不入丛书，入哪种丛书，是何人所著（借助第三册《子目书名索引》）。第三册是索引，包括《子目书名索引》和《子目著者索引》（查某一作者有哪些著作入哪种丛书），都按四角号码次序编排。根据索引按图索骥，无论想查什么都很方便（如果还有疑问，可看各册前的《编例》）。 七、政书 政书是讲典章制度的书，读文言典籍，想全面而深入地了解历史名物的底细，常常要参考它。常用的政书有“通典”三种，“通志”三种，“通考”四种，简称《十通》。 43． 《通典》二百卷——唐杜佑编 44． 《通志》二百卷——宋郑樵编 45． 《文献通考》三百四十八卷——元马端临编46． 《续通典》一百五十卷——稀璜等奉乾隆皇帝命令编47． 《续通志》六百四十卷——同上 48．《续文献通考》二百五十卷——同上49．《清朝通典》（原名《钦定皇朝通典》）一百卷——同上 50．《清朝通志》（原名《钦定皇朝通志》）一百二十六卷——同上 51．《清朝文献通考》（原名《钦定皇朝文献通考》）三百卷——同上 52．《清朝续文献通考》（原名《皇朝续文献通考》）四百卷——清末刘锦藻编 《十通》量太大，内容过繁，不容易介绍，也不必详细介绍，因为我们用它作查历史名物的辞书，要知道的只是知何去查。最好用商务印书馆三十年代排印本，精装二十册，后附《十通索引》一册。索引开头有《说明》，先列表介绍《十通》的内容及编纂情况，简明扼要。然后介绍两种索引——《十通四角号码索引》和《十通分类索引》的用途、编排体例和使用方法（并举例说明）。熟悉索引的用法，想了解某一名物的情况而不满足于一般辞书的简略介绍，可以参考这部大书。