Chapter 6 Exploring the origin of four allusions

Classical Chinese is quite different from modern Chinese. When everyone uses modern Chinese every day, speaking classical Chinese to others or reading classical Chinese by yourself will feel a lot of difficulty because of the unfamiliarity.One of the biggest difficulties is the frequent use of allusions in classical Chinese works (also known as "Yongshi" and "Lishi").There are thousands of sources of allusions. If you don't know the sources, you will not be able to understand or understand many of them accurately.Human knowledge is limited but allusions are boundless, so the difficulty of mastering allusions is more difficult to solve.Naturally, this article cannot provide any panacea. I just want to talk about some rough information about this issue, and I hope it can be helpful for beginners.

one First, let’s talk about what a dictionary is.In the form of definition, it is: using fewer words to cite specific ancient events or ancient sayings to express more modern meanings.See the example below: (1) (Zhao Mingcheng) took a pen to write a poem, and ended it with a pen, without any intention of sharing the incense and selling the shoes. (Li Qingzhao's "Golden Stone Record Post-Preface") (2) The younger brother is worried about talking a lot about not being there, as if he is walking on the road, he can do it. (Lin Zexu's "Answer to Gong Dingan's Book")

(3) Blowing the Yu has been excessive, and the Yu is not repaired. (Ma Duanlin's "Preface to the General Examination of Documents") Example (1), "Distributing incense and selling shoes" is an ancient matter quoted from Lu Ji's "Essay on Emperor Wu of Wei" citing the last order of Emperor Wu of Wei to express his concern for private affairs behind him.Example (2), "like walking on like walking on" is an old saying "like walking on thin ice" in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Xiaomin" to express that the environment is particularly difficult and dangerous.Example (3), "Blowing the Yu has been abused" refers to the ancient story of Nanguo Chushi blowing the Yu in "Han Feizi·Nei Chu Shuo 1" to express lack of talent and barely make up for it; The old saying "Those who are short can't learn deeply" expresses that the knowledge is shallow and it is difficult to take on a big responsibility.

From the above examples, we can know that the so-called allusion must meet three conditions: 1. quote the past to explain the present;According to the first condition, the original intention of historical narratives is to introduce ancient events, not to use allusions.What needs to be specially explained here is the second condition, which refers to ancient things or ancient sayings, because it involves the demarcation of allusions and non-alusions.This problem is difficult to deal with because there are no clear boundaries.As the saying goes, there are a lot of ancient articles copied, and when we speak and write articles, every single word is from the past. Isn’t this also using ancient times?The key is whether the so-called ancient refers specifically to it.For example, when we say "Nu Ma", we only think of "to be normal", which is not a specific reference, so it is not used as an allusion; Code.In this way, from a theoretical point of view, the boundary seems to be clear; but when it comes to specific sentences, it may not be without trouble.There are two common troubles: 1. Ancient events or ancient sayings are condensed into commonly used words (including idioms), such as luggage, betting on the host, and doing one's best. As far as the source is concerned, they are allusions, but almost no one who uses them will think of their hometown "Zuo "Biography", does this count as an allusion?Hard to say.2. The sentences are similar or identical, such as Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Collection Preface" "Knowing that death and life are false births, Qi Pengshang is a false creation", and Liu Kun's "Answer to Lu Chenshu" "Knowing Dan Zhou is a false birth, following Zongzhi is a fraudulent act" is similar in syntax, is it a quotation?It’s also hard to say; for example, Zheng Banqiao said in "The Fourth Book of Fan County Office Zhongji's Brother Mo Mo" that "I grew up as a farmer and never lived." What about Yun's "Book of Baosun Huizong" that "grow up to be a farmer and die"?Naturally, only by asking Zheng Banqiao will he know.In short, the boundary between allusions and non-allusions is not clear everywhere; for this kind of unclear boundary, I am afraid there is no good way except to settle for a deep understanding.

two Classical Chinese often use allusions, because literati like to use allusions.Love became a hobby, so when I picked up a pen, I wanted to play with the antiques in my stomach.As a result, allusions are not only filled in poetry, but also overflow beyond poetry.The use of allusions outside of poetry and prose is common, such as Liu Zhiji, who used "Book of Changes: Xici Xia" to "know how amazing it is"; ; Hu Sanxing, using "The Analects of Confucius Xueer" "I examine myself three times in a day".There are place names (including garden pavilions and studios, etc.), such as Taoyuan County, Tao Yuanming; Songjiang County's alias Yunjian, "Yunjian Lu Shilong" said by Lu Yun in "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Paidiao"; Humble Administrator's Garden, use Pan Yue "Xianju Fu" "This is also the clumsy person's politics"; Canglang Pavilion, use "Mencius Li Loushang" "The water in the Canglang is clear"; Suichu Hall, use Sun Chuo's "Suichu Fu"; lack of knowledge For fasting, use "Book of Rites·Xue Ji" to "learn the old things and then not know enough".There are book titles, such as "Chicken Ribs", using "Three Kingdoms·Wu Di Ji" to annotate the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an to quote Yang Xiu's words recorded in "Kyushu Spring and Autumn", "It is a pity that the husband and the chicken help to discard, and there is nothing to eat"; ", use "Mencius·Wanzhangshang" "the words of Qidong savages";Others can be analogized.

Why do you like using allusions so much?There are many reasons.The most important one is probably to show off learning, thinking that if you don't do this, you will not be elegant enough, and you will not be able to show your knowledge.This kind of mentality can be represented by Huang Shanshan, who admired Du's poems and Hanwen, so he said: "Old Du's poems, retired composition, there is no word without origin." But when I saw Su Dongpo's poems about snow, in which "Jade Tower" and "Yinhai" quoted Daoist scriptures, I was very impressed.Secondly, there are quite a few people who have solid foundations, are familiar with ancient books, express their ideas with a pen, and list ancient things and old sayings before them, so they pick them up casually and use allusions without paying attention.Secondly, once you get used to it, using allusions becomes easy and familiar, and it takes a lot of effort if you don't use them.Secondly, when the use of allusions becomes popular, some people will feel that it is more fun to write some poems with allusions than without allusions. That's the intention.In addition, there is another important reason. Sometimes allusions are used, and the expression effect can be better (this point will be discussed in detail in the next section).

One of the important reasons for liking to use allusions is to show off learning, which is harsh to say that you want to brag, and the result will naturally go wrong.One of the problems is that you can force it without using it, making it awkward.Predecessors have commented on this point for a long time. For example, Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Yuyin Conghua" volume 12 quotes "Hong Jufu's Poetry Talk": "The world calls brothers as "friends" and descendants as "Yijue". Zimei's poem said: "Mountains, birds, and mountains and flowers are all friends." Tuizhi's poem: "Who said that Yijue has no foundation." Han Du was not immune to the custom, why?" "Mi" said: "When talking about peaches, you should not directly refer to broken peaches, but use words such as Hongyu and Liu Lang; when chanting Liu, you should not directly refer to broken willows, but use words such as Zhangtai and Ba'an." If you are afraid that people will not use the characters. It is for work, but there are ancient and modern books, and how to use words? It should be ridiculed in the "Summary." The second disease is to compete with out-of-the-way allusions, and make people confused after reading.Some ancient books are common and some are rare; as far as the old days are concerned, there are some that are read by ordinary scholars, and some that are not read by ordinary scholars.Commonly read books, such as the classics, pre-Qin philosophers, and the first four histories, etc., the deeds and sentences in them are almost familiar to scholars, and it is easy to quote and read.In all fairness, ease of use is of course an advantage, but it is a disadvantage in the eyes of those who want to show off, because they cannot show that they stand out from the crowd.what to do?The way is to avoid familiarity and get raw, and to find materials in classics that ordinary people don't know or don't read, such as Buddhist books, Taoist books, miscellaneous histories, notes, novels, remote anthologies, etc.The rare goods found in such a search, ordinary people are inexplicable when they see them, but when the stranger who knows the treasure comes, the buyer and the seller will look at each other and smile.There are many records of this irreversible story in the notes of the past dynasties. To cite just one example, Zhou Mi's "Haoran Zhai Ya Tan" volume: "Yan Shu tasted the peony poems, and said: 'Buried in the prison of Miqing,' Miqing Many people don't know the word "Tokyo Fu": "The capital is secret and clear, and there is nothing but it." "I only know it." In exchange for the price.

three Allusions, even if they are not out-of-the-way allusions, are always similar to allegory or even riddles. People who don’t have many antiques in their stomachs will inevitably ask: “How do you say this?” Just to illustrate this situation, Volume 13 "Pengcheng Wang Yikang Biography" said that Yikang was shallow, and once asked Yuan Shu how old he was, and Yuan Shu said "the year Lu Ji entered Luo".Yikang was puzzled, and said: "If you don't read books, you can use your words to see what you want." You can speak straight and straight, and it takes people to ask questions. This should be said to be the fatal injury of using allusions.This kind of comment, the ancients would think that it is too much; it is good to say it to the people of today.People today don’t have many opportunities to come into contact with ancient books. When reading classical Chinese, the straightforward sentences still feel alienated. What’s more, when you see the sentences, you have to put them down for a while, first go to places you haven’t been to, and then come back to understand the meaning?Speaking and writing articles are for others to understand, and the result of using allusions is difficult to understand, which becomes a cocoon.A good way to free oneself is self-explanation. For example, in Gu Tinglin’s poems, the sources of allusions are often explained in the form of self-explanation.The ancients also felt the same about the disadvantages of using allusions that are difficult to understand.Because of the same feeling, thousands of people in the old era spent their whole lives on annotation work (the old annotations mainly cited the past to prove the present).Annotation is a hard job, and it needs to be studied; but no matter how you do it, it is inevitable that you will miss it, or you will find nowhere to find it; you will even make mistakes (Gu Tinglin Juan 27 points out a lot).This is the development of the disadvantages of allusion, which affects the fish in the pond.The disadvantages of using allusions are so great, so some people are against it.The lesser one is that the use of allusions may not be good. For example, Volume 7 of Lu You's Notes of Laoxue'an: "People nowadays interpret Du's poems, but when they find out the source, they don't know the meaning of Shaoling. It is not as good as it was at the beginning. ...... Such as "Xikun Chou Sing Collection" In Chinese poetry, has there ever been a word that has no provenance, and you think it’s okay to follow Shaoling?" Further, it is better to not use allusions. Only then can there be more. Meicun’s songs are non-official affairs. You can see the advantages and disadvantages of Bai Wu.” What’s more, it is ridiculed, such as the forty-eighth quotation of “Taoxi Yuyin Conghua” from “Leiyuan”: "Stuffing up the old facts, what used to be called a ghost book, is now called a pile of dead bodies."

The above said some bad things about allusions.But this is only one side, and we have to admit the advantages of the other side.This can be divided into five items. 1.Culture is continuous, and life must be inherited and passed on in any era.Ancient things and ancient sayings are part of culture, we should both inherit and pass on.It is not only natural, but also natural, or legal, to mention and use in inheritance and transmission.If we don't use it because it is classical, what about the modern ones?For example, Lu Xun's works and other classics, can we object to citing them?It is unreasonable to tolerate the recent but not the ancient. To put it positively, it is throwing away the cultural heritage, which is uneconomical.

2.From the point of view of the person who uses allusions, he has them in his stomach and picks them up at his fingertips, which happens to be able to complete the task of expressing meanings, which is convenient and economical.A passage from Zhou Mi can explain this situation. On the volume of "Haoran Zhai Ya Tan": "Dongpo's "Red Cliff Fu" mostly uses the language of "Historical Records", such as a mess of cups and plates, and returning to seek women, all of which are "Funny Biography"; "The Biography of the Japanese"; To catch the fish with the net, "The Biography of Gui Ce."

3.One of the great advantages of using allusions is that it can control complexity with simplicity.See the example below: (1) The affairs of the world are already known, and I am left behind! (Volume 105) (2) Gong swayed to respond to it, all of which are "Songs of Righteous Qi". (Jiang Chenying's Preface to Strange Zero Grass) (3) Let Jia Yi see Confucius, more than enough to be promoted. (Su Shi's "Letter of Thanking the Teachers") Example (1), "Zuo Ren" is a quote from "The Analects of Confucius·Xian Wen", "Wei Guan Zhong, I was sent Zuo Ren", to express the danger of subjugation of the country by a foreign race.Example (2), ""Song of Righteous Qi"" quotes Wen Tianxiang's deeds to express his steadfastness of never betraying the motherland.Example (3), "Shengtang" refers to the "Analects of Confucius Advanced", "you have been promoted to the hall, but you have not entered the room", to express that the attainment is quite high.We might as well give it a try, if we don't use allusions, it will cost more.Some allusions are condensed into idioms, such as cutting the feet to fit the shoes, waiting for the rabbit, and the shadow of a snake with a bow, etc., are more sufficient to illustrate this situation. 4.It can evoke associations, so that the meaning can be expressed richer, deeper and more vividly.This is the case with the above-mentioned "Songs of Righteous Qi". People who know the source will not only understand the meaning of not forgetting their homeland, but also think of Wen Tianxiang's evocative stories after reading it, so their feelings will be much deeper.Another example is He Zhu's "Sapphire Case", "Lingbo can't pass Hengtang Road". Those who know the source will think of "Lingbo microsteps, Luoshen dust" in Cao Zhi's "Luo Shen Fu", and they will also think of Luoshen. , so the image is more beautiful and vivid. 5.There is another kind of advantage, which is elegant and docile in the old saying, but euphemistic in the new saying.See the example below: (4) When carrying a boat and overturning a boat, it is advisable to be cautious. (Wei Zheng's "Admonishment to Emperor Taizong's Ten Thoughts") (5) The three provinces held hands and said to each other: "I would like to learn!" (6) Even those who do not know face, listen to the head-up. (Volume 12 of Yuan Mu's Suiyuan Shihua) Example (4), "carrying a boat and overturning a boat" quotes from "Xunzi·The System of Kings" that "the king is a boat, and the common people are water, and the water carries the boat, and the water capsizes the boat" to express that the monarch must not do anything wrong.Example (5), "willing to learn" quotes "The Analects of Confucius·Advanced" "It is not about being able to do it, but willing to learn" to express the courage to undertake the task.Example (6), "head-up view" quotes "Three Kingdoms · Liu Zhen Biography" and quotes the story in "Dian Lue" that Liu Zhen took a close look at Zhen's family and offended him, so as to express that he can look at women at will (this is against etiquette in the old days).In cases like this, if you don't use allusions, it's easy to speak too bluntly, which makes the listener unhappy. 6.It can express unspeakable concealment and express unspeakable feelings.Some things involve politics or the powerful, and if offended, they will lose their lives or suffer.But I want to say, what should I do?Using allusions is a good way, at least a feasible way.The situation in this aspect is too complicated, and there are many examples that can be cited. Here are just two prominent ones, each representing a type.One is Tao Yuanming's strange poem "Shujiu", which is as elegant as Huangshan Valley, and it is said that "there are many incomprehensible". It was not until Tang Han in the Southern Song Dynasty that it was annotated in detail.Just imagine, it was Liu Yu's world at that time. If he didn't use a lot of allusions and just said it, wouldn't he die?The other is a poem by Chen Zilong who is said to have ridiculed Qian Qianyi in the early Qing Dynasty. He ever used Cai Yong. In the past, I was lucky to have a wide and heavy white horse, but now I should be ashamed to sell Lulong. I am most pitiful for climbing Zhangtai willows, and the haggard west wind asks Anon." "Ji Zhuan" (going north to Luoyang to seek an official), secondly "Book of Jin·Zhang Han Zhuan" (resigned from office and returned to Jiangnan), and thirdly used "Du Fu's "Late Travel Slogan" "I am ashamed of Mr. The fashion in my homeland is not very old), four uses "Book of the Later Han·Cai Yong Biography" (Yong was imprisoned by Wang Yun, and the history cannot be revised), and five uses "New Tang Book·Pei Shu Biography" (Shu was killed in Baimayi by Zhu Quanzhong, Throwing corpses into the river), sixth use "Three Kingdoms·Tian Chou Biography" (Chou offered advice to Cao Cao, troops left Lulongsai, and invaded Chou's homeland), seventh and eighth use Han Yi in the Tang Dynasty novel Xu Yaozuo's "Liu Shi Biography" (should be As "翃") and Liu's gift poem (Zhang Tailiu, Zhangtai Liu, is Qingqing here in the past?...), to write that Qian Qianyi should not die before and after the death of the Ming Dynasty, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and went to Beijing. Back in the south of the Yangtze River, he was old, and after many years of wanting to write history, he finally failed, but when he left home, his wife Liu Rushi had other interests and various things.It would be too embarrassing to write something like this without a dictionary. Four The number of allusions used in various classical Chinese classics is also quite complicated.It can be viewed from three angles. 1.Varies from time to time.Generally speaking, less allusions are used in earlier times, and more allusions are used in later times.So in this way, there is an objective necessity and a subjective necessity.Classics are made by humans, and as time goes on, people are born all the time, and the number of classics is also constantly increasing.Although many classics have been lost through natural disasters, man-made disasters and natural elimination, the foundation is always getting stronger and the stock of allusions is increasing.The result of more and more inventory is naturally more and more allusions, which is an objective necessity.There is also a subjective necessity.Take Tang Poetry and Song Ci as an example. Compared with Wang Wei in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty, and Yan Shu in the Northern Song Dynasty and Wu Wenying in the Southern Song Dynasty, they all used more allusions from later times.This is because repeating the old tunes is difficult to win surprises, and it is difficult to show that one is talented and learned, so one of the methods (and the main one) is to use more allusions.In addition, there is another situation, which is between objective and subjective, or has both objective and subjective elements.This is like the king of Chu who likes to have a thin waist. Whether it is true beauty or fake beauty, the result is that the waist is always thinner and thinner. 2.It varies from person to person.Two contemporaries have different experiences, different knowledge, and different thoughts, so their writing styles may be very different.The difference in writing style is also reflected in the number of allusions used.Like a late Tang poet, Li Shangyin used more allusions than Du Mu; as a scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Qian Qianyi used more allusions than Gu Tinglin. 3.Varies by style.There are big differences in style, such as Zi Shu and Shi Shu, prose and poetry; there are small differences, such as historical theory and policy theory, ancient poetry and regulated poetry.There are too many tricks, and I can only give a few corners.In a nutshell, there are many allusions to the stylistic style of those who are more social and beautiful, and less allusions to the stylistic style of those who are more serious about the world.For example, compared with Zi, Shi and Jibu, the former uses less allusions, while the latter uses more allusions; compared with parallel prose (such as Wang Bo's "Tengwang Pavilion Preface") and prose (such as Han Yu's "Shi Shuo"), the former uses more allusions, and the latter uses more allusions. Use less allusions. (The same is true for the works of the same person, such as Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu", the preface is in parallel style, and allusions are used throughout the article; this article is in loose style, and almost no allusions are used.) The same is in loose style, such as Su Dongpo's articles, the discussion is compared with the booklet , the former uses less allusions, while the latter uses more allusions.Compared with poems, words, and songs, there are more dictionaries for poems than words, and more dictionaries for words than songs.For the same poems, there are more allusions in regulated poems than in ancient poems; in the same regulated poems, there are more allusions in seven rhythms than in five rhythms.In addition, some articles are playful, and they often like to use allusions, such as the verdict at the end of Ma Zhongxi's "The Legend of Zhongshan Wolf" and Pu Songling's "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio·Rouge". The three conditions of time, person, and style are complex and intricate. Sometimes this condition plays a leading role, and sometimes that condition plays a leading role. Therefore, how many allusions a certain person uses in a certain article is often beyond suspense. Fives Allusions can be divided into two categories in terms of obviousness: one is explicit use, and the other is hidden use.There is also a boundary problem between explicit use and hidden use, but fortunately, it has little to do with it and can be ignored. First explain the various situations used.See the example below: (1) "Poetry" says: "It's like cutting like learning, like cutting like grinding." ("The Analects of Confucius Xueer") (2) Doesn't it matter? "A good question will make you rich." (Liu Kai's "Questions") (3) Mencius said: "You must not be careless in technique." Believe in your husband! (Fang Bao's "Miscellaneous Notes in Prison") (4) Laozi is sick and false, so it is called "good words are not believed". (Liu Xie's "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons Emotions") For example (1), see "Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Qi Ao" for the quotation; for example (2), see "Shangshu·Zhong虺zhigao"; for example (3), see "Mencius·Gongsun Chou Shang"; for example (4), see "Laozi" Chapter 81.These are to point out the specific source. Although it is convenient for readers, it is relatively rare in the examples of allusions, especially in later generations. (5) The legend says: "Heaven does not stop its winter because of people's aversion to cold..." (Dongfang Shuo's "Answer to a Guest") (6) The ancients said: "Death and life are also great." ("Lanting Collection Preface") (7) The profit and loss of Yin Yinxia, ​​Zhou Yinyin, and Zhou Yin, can be known for a hundred generations, and the sage Gai has predicted it. ("Preface to General Examination of Documents") (8) Those who say that words are not written, and actions are not far away... (Wang Anshi's "Book of the Shangren") For example (5), see "Xunzi·Tianlun" for the citation, with different texts (the following situations are common, so we will not note them one by one); for example (6), see "Zhuangzi·Dechong Fu"; for example (7), see "The Analects of Confucius Weizheng"; example (8) see "Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong twenty-five years.These are general references to sources, and are relatively rare in the cases of later allusions. (9) The so-called poets make appointments when they are beautiful, and when they say goodbye to beautiful people, they make complicated sentences. ("The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons·Looking for Color") (10) The five sounds are deaf to the ears, and the five colors are blinding to the eyes. (Lu Kai's "Admonishment to Lord Wu Haoshu") (11) Such as Youmeng shaking his head and singing. (Huang Zongxi's "Liu Jingting Biography") For example (9), see Yang Xiong's "Fayan·My Son" for the quotation; for example (10), see Chapter 12 of "Laozi";Although there is no clear indication of the source of these, it can be seen from the tone of "so-called", "wen" and "ru". (12) Husbands, peaches and plums do not say anything, and there is real existence. ("The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons·Love") (13) Confucianism is important, especially in name and reality. (Wang Anshi's "Answer to Sima's Remonstrance") (14) People lose their bows, and people get them, so it's nonsense? ("Golden Stone Record Post-Preface") For example (12), see "Historical Records Biography of General Li" for the citation: "Peaches and plums do not say anything, and the world will form a trail." 14) See "Confucius Family Yu Haosheng": "People leave bows, people get them." These are more obscure than the previous category, but it can be inferred from the tone that nine out of ten are allusions. Let's talk about using it secretly.There are various situations in which allusions are used instead of allusions.See the example below: (15) The ghost is the return of words. ("Hanshu · Yang Wangsun Biography") (16) How is life?So far away! (Bai Juyi's "Book with Yuanwei") (17) Once you see the person, look ahead and look behind. ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Huang Xian") (18) Yangping Gongrong remonstrated: "Be content without being humiliated, knowing that you will not be perilous. ..." (Volume 104) These are all quotations as a whole: Example (15), see "Er Ya·Shi Xun"; Example (16), "Geometry of Life" see Cao Cao's "Duan Ge Xing"; Example (17), "Looking ahead, suddenly following "See "The Analects of Confucius Zihan"; for example (18), "Conscientiousness is not humiliated, and knowledge is not perilous." See "Laozi" Chapter 44. (19) The dead are like this, but there is no past. (Su Shi's "Red Cliff Fu") (20) Find a cattle field and build a five-acre house. (Yuan Haowen's "Send Qinzhong Zhu Ren Yin") (21) People are not born with knowledge, how can there be no confusion? ("Teacher's Talk") (22) The spring green under the bridge of sadness was once a shadow of Jinghong. (Lu You's "Shen Garden") These are all partial quotations: example (19) quotes "the dead are like gentlemen, never giving up day and night" in "The Analects of Confucius Zihan"; example (20) quotes "a house of five acres, The tree is made of mulberry"; example (21) is quoting "The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi" "those who are born to know, the best"; example (22) is quoting "Luo Shen Fu" "as light as a frightened bird, as graceful as a dragon". (23) It is almost said that the glory is hidden. ("Wen Xin Diao Long Qing Cai") (24) There is a second army general... named Tiger Crown. (Gao Qi's "Biography of Nangong Life") (25) Gai tasted the thoughts of the world. (Lu You's "Smoke Boat") (26) The room has only four walls. (Meng Chen's "Poetry of Intelligence Emotion") These are slightly modified quotations: example (23), "Zhuangzi·Qiwulun" as "words are hidden in glory"; example (24), "Historical Records·Biography of Cool Officials" as "his minions are crowned with tigers"; (25), Pan Yue's "Qiu Xing Fu" writes "Thinking of rivers, lakes and mountains"; example (26), "Hanshu · Sima Xiangru Biography" writes "Family disciples stand on all sides". (27) Zhijun Hou pushes his heart in the belly of the sages. (Li Bai's "Book of Jingzhou with Han") (28) Outsiders are quite ridiculed by Gongsun Bubei. (Sima Guang's "Exercising Thrift and Showing Health") (29) He is getting married day by day, and he is right with him. ("Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng") (30) Can it be called a bug? ("Reply to the Teachers of the People") These are random quotations: Example (27), "Hanshu·Guangwu Emperor Ji" as "Pushing Chixin into People's Belly"; Example (28), "Hanshu·Gongsun Hongzhuan" As "Hongwei is in the Sangong, he has a lot of (salary) salary, but it is a cloth quilt, which is fraudulent"; example (29), "The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi" wrote "Tasting independence, the carp tended to pass the court, saying:' Do you study poetry?'..."; Example (30), "Fayan My Son" wrote "Or ask: 'My son is few but good at Fu?' Said: 'Of course, the boy carves insects and seals.' Er said: 'A strong man does not For this’.” In terms of quantity, there are a lot of allusions in the pre-Qin period; the later the era, the greater the proportion of hidden use; among the hidden use, the proportion of partial quotations and random organization quotations is relatively large. All of the above are quoted properly.Occasionally (quite rarely) there are irregularities.Roughly speaking, there are three types: one is the reverse use, such as "Day Jintang" is the reverse use of "Han Shu Xiang Ji Biography" "Wealth and honor do not return to the hometown, such as traveling at night in brocade"; "Laijin Yuxuan" is the reverse use of Du Fu's " "Autumn Shu" "Ordinary guests of carriages and horses, the old rain came, but the rain will not come today."The second is to use it out of context, such as "the later come to the top", "Historical Records · Ji'an Biography" "Your Majesty uses a group of officials, such as accumulating salary, and the latecomers are on the top", which means that the latecomers should not be on the top, and now only "the latecomers are on the top" "A few words, the solution should be the top; "Yaner Xinhun", "The Book of Songs·Beifeng·Gufeng" "Yanerxinhun, use me to prevent the poor" is a female resentment that men like the new and dislike the old, now only take "Yanerxin The word "faint" is interpreted as the joy of newlyweds (Hong Mai's "Rongzhai Wubi" Volume 8 pointed out this matter, see the article "Chengxiyongjingyu Mistakes").The third is misuse. For example, Shen Kuo pointed out in the fourth volume of "Mengxi Bi Tan" that according to Yan Yannian's poem "One Hui is a guard", it is wrong to call the guard county "Jianhui", because "Hui" in the original poem is It refers to the Hui of Hui, not the Hui of Jinghui; another example is that the idiom "heart is like dead ashes" is derogatory, but in "Zhuangzi·Qiwulun", "the heart can be as solid as dead ashes" turns out to be commendatory. six The use of allusions, in terms of the difficulty of understanding, is also varied.The following is divided into five parts. 1.Many allusions are condensed into modern Chinese words or idioms because of common usage.Such as: The revolution originated from the "Tangwu Revolution" in "The Book of Changes Ge Gua". The explanation comes from "Zuo Zhuan" Zhuang Gong's eighth year "and the melon and replace". Chatting, based on the collection of "Historical Records Biography of Mencius and Xunqing" quoted Liu Xiang's "Bie Lu" to record the life of the people of Qi. There is no need for it, because of what Qin Hui said in "Song History·Yue Fei Biography" that "there is no need for it". Less seen, more strange, comes from "Mou Zi" "Seeing less, more strange". To protect one's life by being wise and wise comes from "The Book of Songs · Daya · Zhimin" "to protect one's body by being wise and wise". Going three and turning four, it comes from "Zhuangzi·Qiwulun" "turning three and turning four".Adding extra feet to the snake comes from the story in "Warring States Policy Qi Policy II" adding snakes to add feet to lose wine.This kind of words and idioms are commonly used by everyone, and everyone understands (the meaning may be different from the original source), of course, there is no need to search for the source; judging from the user's mood, it may not be counted as a classic. 2.Although it is allusive and easy to understand, we can call it "solvable".Such as: (1) Sadness and poverty! ("Heavenly Creation Preface") (2) It is possible to talk to those who know, but it is difficult to talk to ordinary people. ("Reply to the Civil Teacher") (3) How dare the common people refuse to eat the pot of pulp to welcome the general? ("Three Kingdoms: Biography of Zhuge Liang") (4) This is the only way to do deeds, and there is no shortage. (Liu Zhiji's "Stone Narrative") Example (1) is citing "Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong Xia"; Example (2) is citing Sima Qian's "Bao Ren An Shu"; Example (3), "Tanshi Hujiang" is citing "Mencius·Liang Hui Wang Shang" "箪Eat pots of pulp to welcome the master"; in example (4), "queru" is a quote from "The Analects of Confucius Zilu" "A gentleman knows nothing about him, and he is like a que".Like these, even if we don't know it's allusion, or doubt it's allusion and don't know the source, we can still understand it correctly. 3.Using allusions and the words are not very obscure, you can take the meaning from the text; but the meaning is not very clear, it is only "half-understood".Such as: (5) Don't you hear the Longshui and cover your tears, and sigh to Guanshan. (Yu Xin's "Sad Jiangnan Fu") (6) Once you climb the Dragon Gate, you will gain ten times your reputation. ("Book of Jingzhou with Han") (7) If it is, I will bury my blood, and it will be green for a thousand years, and it will be indestructible! (Quan Zuwang's "A Brief Story of Mr. Yangqu Fu") (8) Feel refreshed when you drink greedy springs, and feel happy when you are in a dry place. ("Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng") Example (5), "Wearing the Long River and covering up weeping" quotes the ancient poem "Longtou Song" "Longtou Flowing Water... tears and double fall"; Example (6), "Climbing the Dragon Gate" quotes "Book of Later Han "Li Ying Biography" "Scholars who are accepted by him are called Denglongmen"; Example (7), "Bury my blood, and it will be green for a thousand years" quotes "Zhuangzi · Foreign Objects" "Chang Hong died in Shu, and his Blood turns into blue in three years"; example (8), "juoqianquan" quotes "Book of Jin·Wu Yin's Biography" Yin Zhiyin's story of drinking greedy spring but not changing his heart, "place in dry rut" quotes "Zhuangzi·Waiwu "The story of a fish calling for help in a rut.Like these, we don't know the source, although we can get a sense of it, but we are always looking at it in the fog, and it is better to know the source to understand it accurately and profoundly. 4.Further, there are "difficult" ones.Such as: (9) The son of the Zang family. (Gao Qi's "Book Expo Chicken Story") (10) The number of blessings will come, and the cover will remain the same. ("Letter of Thanking the People and Teachers") (11) Love is in Junben, and he will be relieved of his post. (Tao Yuanming's "Return to Laici") (12) Those who know this will meet it. (Volume II of Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Poetry Talk") Example (9), "Zang's son" quotes "Mencius·Liang Hui Wangxia" "Zang's son can make me not meet"; Example (10), "Qinggai" quotes "Kong Congzi" "Confucius and Chengzi Encounter on the road, pouring over the cover and talking"; Example (11), "Junben" quotes "Junben Walking in the Temple" in "The Book of Songs·Zhou Song·Qing Temple"; Example (12), "The Knower Meets" quotes "Zhuangzi "Qiwu Lun" "After ten thousand generations, if one encounters a great sage and knows his solution, he will meet him at night."Like these, if you don't know the source, it is difficult to understand thoroughly. 5.In relatively few cases, not knowing the source can lead to "misunderstanding".Such as: (13) The heart of wishing is irresistible. (Cao Pi's "Book with Wu Zhi") (14) Otherwise, the minister went to the East China Sea and died. (Hu Quan's "Wuwu Shang Gaozong Feng Shi") Example (13), "Wishing Words" quotes "The Book of Songs·Beifeng·Two Sons Riding a Boat" "Wishing words to think about children, centering to raise them"; Example (14), "Going to the East China Sea to die" quotes "Warring States Policy·Zhao Ce III" " Even if you go to the East China Sea and die, I can't bear to be one of its people."Nuguo does not know the source of such sayings, and it is likely that he interpreted "wish words" as willing to meet and talk, and "go to the East China Sea to die" as meaning that he really wanted to commit suicide by throwing himself into the sea, which would be wrong. seven From the five situations analyzed in the previous section, we will naturally think: For allusions, sometimes it is not necessary to search for the source, but knowing is better than not knowing; more often, it is necessary to search for the source, because the source is not known. cannot be understood exactly.Searching for sources is troublesome, but using allusions is the freedom of the ancients, and they are already "free", whether we welcome it or not, since we want to read classical Chinese, we have to deal with this difficulty.How to do it? The initial and labor-saving method is to sail the boat with the wind. One type of "wind" is "annotation".Many of the classics of the old era, especially those considered important by tradition, have annotations.From today's perspective, annotations can be divided into two categories: one is made by people in the past, and the other is made by people today.The annotations made by the ancients are of various natures: some focus on exposition, such as the biography and annotations of the early classics and Zi; some focus on collecting historical materials for verification, such as the annotations of "Three Kingdoms" and The origin of words, such as many annotations of later times.The annotations made by people today are intended to explain the meaning of the original text, so it is necessary to take into account the interpretation, but also cannot neglect to explore the origin of the words.So today's annotations are easier to use than those of the past.In recent years, people today have done a lot of work in arranging ancient books and annotating (or annotating) ancient books, and have made considerable achievements.To learn classical Chinese, you can make more use of materials in this area (I can’t introduce them in detail here).Interpreting ancient books with reference to annotations can save the labor of searching at the time, and can accumulate capital familiar with classics in the long run, which can be said to kill two birds with one stone.If there are no classics annotated by today's people, you should also read those that have annotated by ancient people first (it will be difficult for beginners, because they are annotated in classical Chinese), and it is easier to take a heavy car than to walk. Another kind of "wind" is "reference book".If we read a lot of classical Chinese, we will always encounter those without annotations (most of them have no punctuation), so we have to check them by ourselves.The content of reference books is quite complicated, and there are no less than dozens of commonly used ones, which will be introduced in the appendix "Summary of Reference Books" at the end. Here I will only mention the most commonly used ones, which are "Ciyuan" and "Cihai" (both old and new versions) .As far as the requirement of searching for the sources of allusions is concerned, these two books are too brief; but most of the not very remote ones that were commonly used by literati in the old era can be found from them.To read classical Chinese classics, one must develop the habit of frequently flipping through dictionaries. This is like a fisherman who often wanders by the river and will inadvertently know the presence or absence of fish. Secondly, when remembering allusions and accumulating capital, you must also know the priority.As far as the classics of the old era are concerned, some are often cited by people, and some are rarely quoted by people.For books of the same nature, those earlier in time (such as "Historical Records") are more cited than those in later times (such as "History of Ming Dynasty").It is also like the classics, which are quoted more by others, but less in "Yili"; the same is Zi, more, but less in "Guanzi"; the same works of the Six Dynasties, more, but less in "Luoyang Jialan Ji".Pay more attention to what is often quoted, and remember it more.As far as the allusions are concerned, you should pay more attention to and memorize the ones you are used to, and you can relax a bit if they are too remote.The method of memorization can be flexible due to the different qualifications and habits of each person: it is of course good to write cards; the memory is strong, and it is not bad to keep it in the mind.The above is to be familiar with and accumulate by reading.There is also the familiarity and accumulation from investigation.查，牵涉到使用工具书的问题，留到后面介绍，这里只说说查寻时可能遇到因而应当注意的一些情况。 1.查寻，先要知道是不是用典，这在前面已经谈过一些。这里补充说一种情况，是在算不算的两可之间。For example: （1）故仆志在兼济，行在独善。（白居易《与元九书》） （2）地势极而南溟深。（《滕王阁序》） 例（1）是不是引用《孟子·尽心上》“穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下”呢？例（2）是不是引用《庄子·逍遥游》“海运则将徒于南冥”呢？像是若即若离，所以两种可能都有。遇到这种情况，我的想法，为了减少麻烦，不算用典也好。 2.有时候，看似用典却并非用典，查寻就会白费力。如《老学庵笔记》卷八记一个故事，苏东坡作论文，其中有这样的话：“皋陶为士，将杀人，皋陶曰杀之三，尧曰宥之三。”欧阳修看到，以为是用典，但不知出于何书，问苏东坡，苏说：“何须出处！”写文章，词句千变万化，自然难免个别地方太古奥，像是用典。幸而这样的时候不多；但我们也要警惕，以免上当。 3.有时候，查不到在所难免，不可要求有求必应。查不到的原因各式各样，常见的有三种。一是不管工具书内容如何详细，终归不能把古代典籍都装在里面，因而有些典故查不到是自然的。二是古代典籍陆续散失，前人见到的我们未必能见到，因而他们引用了我们却不能找到，如苏轼《石钟山记》曾引《水经》“彭蠡之口有石钟山焉”的话，可是今本《水经注》里没有这句话。三是典故的来源太偏僻，太曲折，也就难于唾手而得，如清代目录学家黄丕烈别号“廿止醒人”，如果他自己不解释，谁能想到是用陶渊明《止酒》诗中恰好有二十个“止”字呢？ 4.同一典故，出处可能不只一个。如“刍狗”，《老子》里都有。又如前引《庄子·至乐》的“绠短者不可以汲深”，又见《荀子·荣辱》：“短绠不可以汲深井之泉。”再如“士为知己者死，女为悦己者容”，既见《战国策·赵策一》，又见《史记·刺客列传》和《报任安书》（“死”作“用”）。 5.出处不只一个，有时有选用的问题。如“倾城”指美色，引《诗经·大雅·荡·瞻卬》“哲夫成城，哲妇倾城”，不如引《汉书·外戚传》李延年歌“北方有佳人……一顾倾人城”。又如吴梅村《圆圆曲》“家本姑苏浣花里”，陈寅恪曾指出，靳荣藩《吴诗集览》注为杜少陵之浣花里是错的，应注薛涛之浣花里。 （见《柳如是别传》第四章，上海古籍出版社七五○页） 6.所谓出处，自然指最早出现的，但古籍浩如烟海，有时颇难断定某出处是不是最早。如注“酒船”，一般是引《晋书·毕卓传》：“卓尝谓人曰：'得酒满数百斛船，四时甘味置两头，右手持酒杯，左手持蟹螯，拍浮酒船中，便足了一生矣。'”其实以前的《三国志》里已经有类似的说法，《孙权传》黄武元年注引《吴书》：“郑泉，字文渊，陈郡人。……而性嗜酒，其闲居每曰：'愿得美酒满五百斛船，以四时甘脆置两头，反复没饮之……不亦快乎！'”又如成语“杯水车薪”，一般认为出于《孟子·告子上》“犹以一杯水救一车薪之火也”，可是洪迈《容斋三笔》卷十五说：“予读《文子》，其书有云：'水之势胜火，一勺不能救一车之薪……'文子，周平王时人，孟氏之言盖本于此。”再如苏东坡曾写这样两句诗：“记取醉翁（按为欧阳修的别号）语，山色有无中。”《老学庵笔记》卷六说：“'水流天地外，山色有无中'，王维诗也。……欧阳公长短句云：'平山阑槛倚晴空，山色有无中。'……东坡先生乃云……则似谓欧阳公创为此句，何哉？”（钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》卷十八“古语多有本”条曾谈此情况。）此外还会遇到形形色色的问题，既难逆料，也就只好相机处理了。总之，读文言典籍，理解典故是个费时费力的事，不能要求一蹴而成。不过，只要我们能勤，又有耐心，多查多记，长时积累，困难总是可以逐渐减少的。 最后提一下，文言作品中用典，并不处处都合适。例如清朝赵翼《瓯北诗话》卷九曾评论吴梅村有时用典不当：“如《永和宫词》咏田贵妃事有云：'闻道群臣誉定陶，独将多病怜如意。'本谓田妃有子慈焕，因宠特钟爱，故以赵王如意为喻。然定陶，汉成帝从子，入继正统；崇祯帝自有太子，何必以定陶作衬？且太子久定，嫡庶间并无参商，何必以如意为比？……《杂感》，内'取兵辽海哥舒翰，得妇江南谢阿蛮'，本以降将哥舒翰比吴三桂，然翰无取兵辽海之事；以阿蛮比圆圆，然阿蛮本新丰人，非江南产。”世间人所做，任何事都有巧拙高下之分，就是高明如吴梅村，千虑也难免一失。千虑一失之外，还有明知故犯的误用，顾炎武卷二十一《诗人改古事》条：“李太白《行路难》诗'华亭鹤唳讵可闻，上蔡苍鹰安足道'，杜子美《诸将》诗'昨日玉鱼蒙葬地，早时金碗出人间'，改黄犬为苍鹰，改玉碗为金碗，亦同此病。”此外还会有种种用典不恰当的情况。不过我们这里是谈讲读文言，不是研讨怎样写，典用得不合适，自然不必引为殷鉴，所以也就不多说了。