Chapter 12 1957 "Red Flag Spectrum"

Genre: Novel Author: Liang Bin First publication: China Youth Publishing House Published: November 1957 "There is a thunder on the flat ground!" This is the first sentence of the opening chapter of "Red Flag Spectrum". In November 1957, as soon as Liang Bin's "Red Flag Spectrum" was published, it set off a sensational effect like this sentence across the country: "Literary News" published a large number of articles about "Red Flag Spectrum" Commentary articles, and in 1958 edited and published "The Genealogy of Revolutionary Heroes-"Red Flag Spectrum" Commentary Collection"; Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Lu Dingyi and other central leadership comrades, as well as Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Zhou Yang, Tian Han, Lao She and other literary and art circles Celebrities all spoke highly of the book; Liang Bin's administrative rank was raised by two levels, and he enjoyed provincial and ministerial treatment; 1958 can be called the "Year of Red Flag" in Chinese literary circles.

In 1959, Hebei Provincial Drama Theater adapted it into a drama of the same name; in 1960, it was adapted into Peking Opera, Pingju, Hebei Bangzi, and movies; the images in the works, such as Zhu Laozhong, Jiang Tao, Jia Xiangnong, Chunlan, etc., became He is a household name; it has also been translated into English, Russian, Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, Spanish and other languages; in the past half a century, it has been reprinted more than 20 times, with a cumulative circulation of five. More than one million copies.All kinds of literary history and textbooks also have a very high evaluation and positioning of it, calling it "the historical picture scroll and magnificent epic of the Chinese Communist Party and the peasant revolutionary movement led by the Communist Party of China"; The leading works of the novel "Three Reds and One Creation" ("Red Flag Spectrum", "Red Rock", "Red Sun", "The History of Entrepreneurship") in the period of "1999" period... In the history of contemporary Chinese literature, it is an honor to be honored in the literary world. It is rare to find writers and works with such wide and profound influence on the world.

Liang Bin (1914-1996), originally named Liang Weizhou, was born in March 1914 in a relatively wealthy family in Liangjiazhuang, Lixian County, Hebei Province. At the age of 11, he left his hometown to study in the county high school and joined the Communist Youth League. At the age of 15, he was admitted to the Second Division of Baoding.He once joined the Anti-imperialist League and the Left-Wing Writers League.Former editor of "Morning News", president of Jizhong New Century Drama Club, deputy secretary of Lixian County Committee of the Communist Party of China, deputy secretary of Wuqiang County Committee of the Communist Party of China, propaganda minister of Xiangyang Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, president of "Xiangyang Daily" and "Wuhan Daily", and in Hebei The chairman of the Provincial Federation of Literary and Art Circles, the chairman of the Hebei Branch of the Chinese Writers Association, and the honorary chairman of the Tianjin Federation of Literary and Art Circles.

The novel "Red Flag Spectrum" is Liang Bin's representative work. The two main historical events described in the book: the struggle against the "beheading tax" and the "Second Teacher Student Movement" are the author's personal experience: On the eve of the Spring Festival in January 1931, a public tax resistance struggle took place in Lixian County, Hebei Province. 16-year-old Liang Bin participated in this struggle. Later, Liang Bin said in "My Self-Report": "This grand mass movement is the first time I have seen the world." The "head tax" incident is basically a true portrayal of real life, and many plots in the novel can correspond to historical facts.

In the spring of 1932, under the background of the national anti-Japanese national salvation movement in full swing, the anti-Japanese propaganda activities of young students of the Second Division of Baoding, Hebei Province became increasingly active. On July 6, the Kuomintang authorities sent troops into the school and shot at the students. 12 party members and one league member were brutally killed, and 40 students were arrested.This incident is known in history as the "July 6th" tragedy.Many plots in the novel are almost "actual records", and many characters written in the novel use their real names, such as Liu Guangzong, director of propaganda of the Nursing School Committee, Cao Jinyue, director of organization, Yang Hesheng, director of inspection, and other martyrs; in addition, martyr Jia Liangtu In the novel, only one word was changed and it was written as "Jia Yingtu"; the martyrs Wang Muheng and Jiao Zhensheng took the surnames Xiao Wang and Xiao Jiao respectively in the novel... Liang Bin once said: "Since joining the League, the '412' counter-revolutionary coup was a The first thorn in my heart. The "July Six" tragedy of the Second Division was the second thorn in my heart. The "Gaoli Riot" was the third thorn in my heart. Since then , I made up my mind to swing the pen as a knife and gun, and fight the enemy!"

It can be said that the writing impulse of "Red Flag Spectrum" comes from the writer's most original "inner calling".He once said: "In this era, a series of events moved me. Since then, I have determined to preserve their characters, images, and their heroism in the field of literature. To the next generation. I think this is my responsibility. The book "Red Flag Spectrum" has developed from a short story to a novella, and from a novella to a full-length novel. Some of the characters in it have lived in my mind for no less than twenty years." In addition, Liang Bin is also a writer who pays great attention to life accumulation and collection of writing materials. In 1947, when Liang Bin went south with the army, he went from Shulu to Hengshui, Shijiazhuang, Handan and other places to participate in and lead the suppression of bandits and hegemony, reduction of rent and interest, and land reform.Liang Bin carried a small notebook with him to record what he saw and heard along the way at any time. In 1953, at the beginning of the creation of "Red Flag Spectrum", he also visited villages and households in Gaoyang and Lixian County, interviewing old comrades who participated in the revolutionary struggle and collecting materials; in addition, in order to write "Red Flag Spectrum", Liang Bin also once "Three resignations": the first time was to resign from the post of president of the new "Wuhan Daily"; the second time was to resign from the post of branch secretary of the Central Institute of Literature; the third time was to resign from the post of deputy mayor of Tianjin. ("Liang Bin and "Red Flag Spectrum"" by Zhou Runjian and Qiu Feng)

Liang Bin started brewing "Red Flag Spectrum" in 1935.In the first ten years, he wrote a large number of articles. Many characters and plots in "Red Flag Spectrum" took shape in these works. In his short story "Fathers of Three Bolsheviks", the image of Zhu Laozhong began to take shape; in 1943, he wrote this short story into a 50,000-word novella, with the character still Zhu Laozhong, but the subject matter has been extended and enriched . In June 1953, Liang Bin officially started writing "Red Flag Spectrum", and completed the first draft of "Red Flag Spectrum" one year later.

"Red Flag Spectrum" is very long and consists of three volumes: "Red Flag Spectrum" (first published by China Youth Publishing House in November 1957), "Broadcasting Fire" (first published by Writers Publishing House and Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House in December 1963), " Beacon Smoke Picture" (the first edition of China Youth Publishing House in May 1983), with a total of 1.1 million words. "Red Flag Spectrum" uses a narrative method of binary opposition to construct a story of sharp conflicts and family revenge in the early 20th century between three generations of two farmers and two generations of a landlord.The time of the work spans several decades, and the space spans rural areas and cities. From the perspective of class struggle, by describing the two central events of anti-"cutting head tax" and "second division student movement", it shows the magnificent revolutionary movement and The scene of struggle has a majestic and epic character.

The first part of "Red Flag Spectrum" begins with a story about a certain autumn in Suojing Town, Jizhong in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. The big landlord Feng Lanchi wanted to smash an ancient clock in order to destroy it as a certificate for the villagers of 48 villages to raise funds to buy land and seize the peasants' land.Zhu Laogong, the first generation farmer of the Zhu family, and Yan Laoxiang, the first generation farmer of the Yan family, fought against Feng Lanchi with a blade and an axe.Feng Lanchi couldn't play the game clearly, so he came secretly-invited the landlord Yan Laoshang to divert the tiger away from the mountain, tricked Zhu and Yan away, and smashed the big clock.Zhu Laogong was so angry that he vomited blood and passed away with hatred.Feng Lanchi killed Zhu Laogong's daughter and forced his youngest son, Xiao Hu'er, to leave the Kanto in order to eradicate the grass.Since then, the two have feuded. Twenty-five years later, Zhu Laozhong, the second-generation farmer of the Zhu family, namely Xiaohuer, grew up and returned home with his wife and children with a strong desire for revenge. On the way, Zhu Laozhong met the second-generation farmer of the Yan family. Yan Zhihe.At this time, the waves of the Great Revolution were surging, and the work described how the second and third generations of Zhu and Yan's farmers fought against the Feng family's two generations of landlords under the leadership of the party.Zhu Laozhong gradually grew up in the revolutionary movements and struggles against "cutting head tax" and "protecting the second teacher's student movement", his thinking matured and his will became firmer.At the end of the story, Zhu Laozhong looked at the changing sky, looking forward to the bright future and future of the revolution.

"Broadcasting Fire" is the second part of "Red Flag Spectrum". The story follows the "July 6th" tragedy, depicting the life of farmers in Suojing Town and their struggle with landlords. "Beacon and Smoke Picture" is the third part of "Red Flag Spectrum". After the "July 7th Incident", Japanese imperialism drove straight from the mouth of the Great Wall and quickly occupied the Pingjinbao area. The national crisis was unprecedentedly serious. National United Front.The book is based on this historical period, and describes the appearance of the era when the war of resistance against Japan began.

After its publication, "Red Flag Spectrum" has been deeply loved by readers and highly praised by the literary and art circles. It is considered to be a masterpiece of the author's two-way accumulation of life and art while engaging in revolutionary struggle for a long time.For example, Feng Jiannan gave "Red Flag Spectrum" a high evaluation in the sense of a major breakthrough in describing the peasant problem.He believes that ""Red Flag Spectrum" describes the magnificent picture scroll of Chinese farmers' class struggle under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It shows the heroism of the Chinese people" ("On "Red Flag Spectrum"", No. 8, 1959).Yan Gang also pointed out that the work "depicts the class friendship and the traditional virtue of solidarity in the peasant resistance struggle with full affection, and it is reflected so profoundly and full of the human touch of the peasant class, thus convincingly showing The powerful vitality of the revolutionary peasantry and the historical future of final victory" ("Bone-Bone Hatred, Resilient Battle", "Xingang" No. 3, 1964). "Red Flag Spectrum" has successfully shaped the heroic images of three generations of farmers, among which Zhu Laozhong is the most praised.Regarding Zhu Laozhong's views, people generally think that he is a typical example of a new peasant hero who has concentrated national, contemporary, and revolutionary characteristics.Feng Mu and others believed that: "Zhu Laozhong is not only a typical example of an ordinary poor farmer, but more importantly, he is a typical example of a heroic figure with national, contemporary and revolutionary characteristics." ("New A Picture Scroll of Life in the Times—A Brief Talk on the Harvest of Novels in the Past Ten Years", Feng Mu and Huang Zhaoyan, "Literary News", Issue 19-20, 1959) The novel also portrays the image of Yan Zhihe as an "authentic farmer".This is a complex character with dual personalities. As a foil to Zhu Laozhong, he has received a complementary artistic effect.In addition to these two typical images of the second-generation farmers, Zhu Laogong and Yan Laoxiang, who are the images of the first-generation farmers, and Yun Tao, Jiang Tao, Dagui, Chunlan, etc., who are the characters of the third generation, are also endowed with distinctive characters. Personality makes people unforgettable.These heroic images of farmers created by Liang Bin are all rooted in the vast land of central Hebei, and they all inherit the national traditional spirit of "Yanzhao has many generous and tragic people", shining the character of our nation. "Red Flag Spectrum" is therefore considered to be an epic work reflecting the peasant revolutionary movement in the north. In addition to its outstanding achievements in character creation, "Red Flag Spectrum" is often talked about by critics for its national artistic description: in terms of writing people, it inherits the traditional techniques of classical novels, and is good at using the actions of characters and dialogue to characterize the characters.For example, when Zhu Laozhong met Yan Zhihe in the Baoding inn and visited Chunlan after he settled down in his hometown, the actions and dialogues of the characters vividly showed their different personalities; The traditional method of "Three Birds" portrays the characters in an all-round way.For example, the shock wave formed by the "preserved red bird incident" has affected characters at all levels; the work also adopts the structural method of "separate or combined, alternating between dense and dense, seemingly disconnected and solidly connected", and radiates the whole book with two big stories. , the three main characters run through the beginning and end, forming a complete artistic unity, reflecting the overall beauty of the macro.At the same time, from a microscopic point of view, some chapters can be independent and form their own patterns, which are in the same strain as some classical novels; in addition, the language of novels also fuses the essence of classical literature and new literary language in one furnace, from character dialogue to narrative description. , are popular and concise, smooth and natural, revealing a strong local flavor. When Liang Bin wrote "Red Flag Spectrum", as Chen Sihe said in his book, the writer consciously resonated with the times, and the meaning of writing came from "making literary works reflect a strong political purpose".When Liang Bin talked about his creation of "Red Flag Spectrum", he also declared: "When I wrote this book, I made it clear from the beginning that the main idea was class struggle, so the previous wedge should also summarize the whole book with class struggle." Although "Red Flag Spectrum" The theme of the book embodies a strong political nature, but its narrative mechanism has not been influenced by political discourse.Cheng Guangwei believes in "Reconstructing the Narrative of China--The Creation Strategy of "Red Flag Spectrum", "Red Sun" and "Red Rock": "The "Red Flag Spectrum" has changed from a story of revenge spread among the people to leading the peasants to victory in the revolution. The narrative works are not only political factors, but also the narrative conventions of some non-political folk art forms. The history of contemporary Chinese literature is the history of exchanges and frictions between mainstream culture and literary texts, and between different discourses. For this reason, "Red Flag Spectrum" as a revolutionary literary work is largely the result of the author's personal friction and interaction with the grand narrative. The theme of "Red Flag Spectrum" has nothing to do with the historical party line struggles, but because the material it uses, such as the "Bao Er Division student movement", is a concrete practice of Wang Ming's left-leaning line (the author in In fact, he had already thought of this problem when he was writing. He once said: "There have been repeated discussions on policy issues, and at the beginning, I also wanted to positively criticize the idea of ​​'leftist blindness'. Later, I thought that the people written in the book were all executives at the time. Of course, they also have responsibilities, but when we write about them today in literary works, we mainly write about their heroism in the class struggle, so that it will be easier for the next generation to learn, and leave the responsibility of criticism to our party historians!") So , when the "Cultural Revolution" was raging, "Red Flag Spectrum" was criticized as a "big poisonous weed" (the logic held by the critics is: all works that describe the struggle and life during the rule of the wrong line within the party are all works that praise the wrong line List), the crimes are "praising Wang Ming's line", "distorting historical facts", "building a monument for the wrong line" and so on.Ji Hongwen's "Reactionary Works "Red Flag Spectrum" and "Spreading Fire" rated as Wang Ming's Line Evocation of the Soul" became the first shot in the general attack on the first two "Red Flag Spectrum".The "Hebei Daily" also published a commentator's article on the same day, criticizing the two works for "distorting historical facts, not showing the correct line, and writing about the wrong line."The article claimed that Liang Bin was one of the go-getters who used novels to carry out anti-Party activities. He wrote about Wang Ming's wrong line in the 1930s, praised Wang Ming's traitor group, viciously attacked Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line, and violently opposed the great Mao Zedong Thought, for Liu Shaoqi to usurp the party, usurp the government, and restore capitalism to rebel against the revolutionary public opinion.The novel borrows Jia Xiangnong's corpse to return Wang Ming's soul.He also pointed out that the so-called "Red Flag Spectrum" "coded" the black flag of the wrong line of the traitor Wang Ming;Call for thorough criticism of the reactionary novels "Red Flag Spectrum" and "Spreading Fire" that were praised by the traitor Wang Ming and set up monuments.After that, "Hebei Daily" organized and published a large number of articles criticizing "Red Flag Spectrum".The novel was ordered not to be republished, to be sold, and not to be borrowed.Liang Bin was labeled as a "black writer", fought in turn, and locked in a bullpen.However, he was steadfast and never said anything against his will. When the rebels asked him whether the "Red Flag Spectrum" was a poisonous weed or the line of "Wang Ming's left leaning", Liang Bin firmly replied: "No!" A rebel asked him to stand on a high stool, kicked the stool down, and threw him heavily on the concrete floor. Asked him if he would admit it, Liang Bin got up and still firmly replied: "No!" Chen Sihe said in the book: "If it weren't for the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s, many writers might have devoted their entire lives to completing a long volume of revolutionary history praising the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. The brutal persecution suffered by writers during the Cultural Revolution and the Cultural Revolution resulted in the failure of many novels to be completed. Even though some writers struggled until the end of the Cultural Revolution and continued to complete their creative plans, due to the severe damage to their energy and physical strength, they were unable to continue writing. Re-reflection and understanding of history in the experience and lessons of reality, so that the original creation breaks through the shackles of the common name of the time, in pursuit of a new level of understanding. Therefore, the artistic achievements of the last few multi-volume novels are often It is not as good as the first one." The third part of "Red Flag Spectrum" published by Liang Bin after the "Cultural Revolution" lacked artistic and ideological highlights. In addition, the other two works he planned were also delayed due to the lack of physical strength of the writer. stranded. The critics' research on "Red Flag Spectrum" has lasted for more than half a century.Since its publication in 1957, there have been three research climaxes: the first climax was concentrated from publication to the end of 1959, and the comments during this period mainly focused on the background, theme, characters, and ideological significance of "Red Flag Spectrum". Relatively superficial discussion; the second climax occurred from the end of the "Cultural Revolution" to the mid-1980s, and the research during this period paid more attention to the artistic style of the works; some people specifically studied its version; the third time The climax was marked by the publication of "Liang Bin's New Theory", and the research in this period changed from the interpretation of a single text to the multi-directional and in-depth interdisciplinary research.Some people study it from the perspective of narratology, for example, Cheng Wenchao analyzes the narrative mode and narrator of "Red Classics" from the perspective of narrative.He believes that from the perspective of text analysis, "Red Flag Spectrum" is a typical peasant revenge story, and the writer is caught in the embarrassment that it is difficult to "combine" the two narrative routines of political discourse and folk discourse; some people also study it from the narrative perspective of family novels "Red Flag Spectrum" believes that in the history of contemporary Chinese novels, "Red Flag Spectrum" has always been regarded as an epic work reflecting the peasant revolution, but if it is viewed from multiple aspects such as its dual themes of class struggle and family hatred, "it is also in To a certain extent, it has inherited the tradition of modern family novels and has become a typical family narrative in the seventeen-year period." In addition, other commentators also viewed the work from the perspectives of comparative literature, culture, aesthetics, economics, and even social historians. with research.As a typical text of an era, "Red Flag Spectrum" will also be a research topic that contemporary literary historians will not be able to avoid in the future. The research and discussion on "Red Classic" "Red Flag Spectrum" will also continue to evolve over time. (Written by Yang Peng) Edited by the editorial department of "Literature and Art Newspaper": "The Genealogy of Revolutionary Heroes - A Collection of Comments on "Red Flag Spectrum", 1958 Edition Liang Bin: "On the Creation of "Red Flag Spectrum"", "People's Literature", No. 6, 1959 Fang Ming: "The Magnificent Historical Picture of the Peasant Revolution——Reading the Novel "Red Flag Spectrum"", "Literary News", No. 5, 1958 Li Xifan: "On the Image Creation of Zhu Laozhong in "Red Flag Spectrum", People's Daily, August 18, 1959 Ji Hongwen: "Reactionary Works "Red Flag Spectrum" and "Broadcasting Fire" Evaluated as Wang Ming's Line Evoking Souls", Hebei Daily, January 21, 1970 Tian Yingxuan: "Analysis and Prospects of Research Hotspots of "Red Flag Spectrum", "Journal of Lanzhou University" (Social Science Edition), Volume 36, Issue 4, July 2008