Chapter 39 Yao said the 20th-1

For the article "Yao Yue", we will use another point of view to study it.In this book, some disciples of Confucius recorded the words and deeds of Confucius, and the later chapters are records of disciples of Confucius—that is, the records passed on by disciples. , Zixia and the others.As for the article "Yaoyue", Confucius' words are only in the last bit, and the rest are completely about the spirit of Chinese history and culture.It should be said that this chapter is a historical book, or it is attached to the "Shangshu", one of the Five Classics, which is about the history between Yao and Shun.As for whether it was said by Confucius at the time, or there are such old materials that Confucius used to teach students at that time, it is not yet known.

Think about it, but what it talks about is the Zen throne of the three generations of Yao, Shun, and Yu, who abdicated when they "communicated the world". Why put this book here?Strictly studied, it is indeed a big problem, and it is also the true spirit of Chinese culture.First, why did you arrange it, and put the materials of ancient history such as "Shangshu" here?Where is its spirit?What does it represent?Second, the content of the succession between Yao and Shun discussed in this article is similar to the "Dian Yao" and "Dian Shun" in "Shang Shu", but it is described in more detail.Third, what is it looking for here?The above starts with "Zi said: learn and learn from time to time" and continues to this point. Why put such a big thing in it?It is completely different from the dialogue record one by one above, why is this?

If you do a doctoral dissertation, study it carefully and in-depth, and drill into the corner of your head, you will find something, which has its reason.In Chinese culture, a Confucian or an intellectual is not an article, but a person and a person.It is not enough to be successful in being a person and doing things, but also to use one's own knowledge to build people up, which is beneficial to the country, society, and the world. Since it is beneficial to the country and the world, one must pay attention to the spirit of leaders, that is, the ancients talked about imperial politics.So where is the real spirit of imperial politics?Fourth, I have repeatedly mentioned the "Biography of Boyi Shuqi" in Sima Qian's "Historical Records". Everyone agrees that this article is good, but it is not easy to read the article. manage

Ma Qian wrote down the entire historical spirit, and we can also emphasize that the spirit of Sima Qian is based on this.Now we roughly know these points.If you really write a doctoral dissertation, there is still a lot to dig out, and there are many things worth playing.Here is the record below: The center of gravity of history and culture - the public world Yao said: Consultation!Er Shun!The calendar of the sky is here, and you are allowed to hold it!The world is poor and poor, and Tianlu will die forever. According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records", according to the earliest historical data of our Chinese culture - "Shang Shu", the first "Yao Dian". ("Shangshu" was sorted out by Confucius, who edited "Shangshu" as the first book in Chinese history. After Confucius edited "Shangshu", he wrote "Spring and Autumn").Why does "Shangshu" start with Yao?There was a long history before Yao, such as the Yellow Emperor, even earlier. From the point of view of historical materials, Confucius believed that the materials before Yao were too few and too chaotic to be sorted out and adopted, so he started from the time of Yao.Now that we are researching, Confucius still has problems, and this teacher has kept it from us.In my opinion, although the information he collected was the most complete when he was Yao, there is one point, why did he start with Yao?We want to point it out.Because the three generations of Yao, Shun, and Yu ruled the world, and Confucius thought that "the world is the world", but he was in the age of emperors in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, and he had no way to express this. At the beginning, everyone must pay attention to this point.I didn't say this by accident.What's more, if we study the ideological spirit of Confucius' words and deeds, we will find that Mr. Kong still lied to us.Of course, he didn't do it on purpose, which is equivalent to the moral of "Historical Records", reading must have your own vision. (When Chinese people make Bodhisattvas, a raised eye is built on the top door, which symbolizes the eye of wisdom.

There is an eye on the door, which can see the truth in the book.We understand this truth, and he quoted the words in "Yao Dian", that's it. ) This article is very well written, the beginning and the end of the narrative are not connected, but a paragraph is suddenly taken out in the middle, and the strange peaks protrude, which is equivalent to some foreign movies. , judge, draw conclusions.Some people say that this method of foreign countries is good, but I say that China has already had it.This piece of "Yao Yue" is the genre of modern drama. It doesn't talk about the beginning and the end, but only the middle section.

We are now doing research and adding a head and a tail to it.We know that Yao is old and wants to pass the throne to Shun. On the day of handover, this is a very solemn ceremony in ancient times. It is as grand as a religious ceremony. A fire will be lit on Mount Tai, and the throne will be handed over in front of the people of the whole country. He told Shun: "Zi!" The word "Zi" was commonly used in the edicts of the emperors of all dynasties. In fact, I think the ancients were really bad and ugly in this kind of place. Why must they use old-fashioned articles!To be honest, the word "贾" is just a meaningless particle of "呣! This..." when we speak on stage, before we get to the point.Since the ancients, since the Han Dynasty, sinologists engaged in exegesis,

It's really annoying to write an article of more than 100,000 words for these words!In fact, Yao came to power, and Shun was still standing below. Yao said: "Hey! Shun comes up, and I tell you, the calendar of heaven is here." "Calendar", let's explain the text first, this "calendar" has a lot of content.) God's will, when the weather is up, it's your turn to carry this burden. It's not my personal meaning, but the meaning of God, the trend of the times, this The burden must be carried by you.The first sentence is to let Shun inherit the throne.But when it comes to the words "heavenly calendar", it is troublesome enough.The first is the question of "heaven". Chinese culture talks about "heaven and man are one", so what exactly is "heaven"?It's very troublesome to discuss.

The number of the unity of nature and man The second is the issue of "calendarity".The spirit of Chinese history and culture is all about "calendar", and "calendar" was called calendar in ancient times, that is, the solar calendar, lunar calendar, etc. we use now, this is the calendar.Chinese calendar and astronomical knowledge are the earliest developed, and the lunar calendar, Ganzhi, etc. used in China represent a very profound cultural spirit.Like in the past, when the Ming Dynasty died and the Qing Dynasty came in, how many people never surrendered. The Qing Dynasty ruled China for 300 years, but the intellectuals of the Han nationality have not surrendered for 300 years. Many people "do not follow Zhengshuo". (Zheng is the first month. Shuo is the beginning of the month. It represents the calendar.) Looking at Pu Ru, a painter who just passed away a few years ago, everyone knows that he is from the Qing royal family.

In all the paintings, characters and poems he has painted in his life, he has never used the Zhengshuo of our Republic of China. This is why he said that he is the royal family of the Qing Dynasty and does not honor the Zhengshuo of our Republic of China.Of course, the number of years in the Western calendar will not be used, so we have to use the ancient method of Ganzhi, such as "Jiayin March" and "Yimao May".This means that he does not respect Zhengshuo in his heart, so the question of using the year name is really interesting. Now we ourselves are desperately trying to revive Chinese culture, but we don't know where the spirit of culture is.This is a feeling caused by "calendar".

And "number" is a big problem. The Chinese talk about the fate of history, and this set of knowledge is very large, and there is also the art of fortune-telling.For example, in the last paragraph of Confucius' words, there is "There is a man who knows his fate, but he does not think he is a gentleman." Talk about "fate".Once, I had dinner with a fortune-teller and talked about the principles of fortune-telling. He said that Chinese people must know fortune-telling when they study. .After I heard it, I was embarrassed to say that Confucius' words did not mean that every scholar should be able to tell fortunes.But is there any relationship between the word "number" and the word "fate"?Still relevant.History has a great destiny.For example, in the principle of "number" in historical destiny, when it reaches the sixth, it is not the seventh, and when it reaches the ninth, it is not the eighth. It is equal to the orbit of the earth, and it will be like this when it comes here. Pull back, something is going wrong.Therefore, the four words "calendar of heaven" are difficult to say in Chinese cultural thought. One or two words contain too much content.These four words cannot be fully explained in a day or two, so I won't use them here.

When Yao passed on the throne, he told Shun that this was the destiny, not Yao's personal intention.Let us look at the inner meaning of this sentence. Yao handed over the throne to Shun, neither his relatives nor friends, nor his descendants. This is the ancient "public world".After decades and many experiments, he cultivated a person, and when he was really old (according to historical records, the ancients lived longer than us.) He was a hundred years old, so he abdicated, expressing that it was not a personal opinion.The spirit of history is here. There is also a problem with the phrase "allow to stick to it".There are four sentences in the scriptures: "The human heart is only dangerous, the Taoist heart is only subtle, and the essence is the only one, and you are allowed to stick to it." Here we only quote one sentence, we talk about Chinese thought, Confucianism, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong, and Confucius all used these four sentences.It can also be said that the center of human cultural cultivation and education in Chinese culture are all here, or you can just say one word "zhong". "The human heart is only in danger", the human mind is very dangerous, and this danger is not necessarily the danger of killing people.All people have desires, and desire is a general term, such as "competitiveness", "honor", "hopeful" and "meaningful life" in modern times. These are all good things, but in summary they are all desires, and the rush of desires will make people's hearts very dangerous.Being able to destroy oneself and destroy the world is a matter of desire. Here we tell a story in Arabic culture.Everyone in the Middle East believes in Islam. There is an old Islamic imam who has retired and practiced Taoism in the mountains.One day, a king in the Middle East took a group of people to hunt. The king shot an elk, which was wounded by an arrow. It ran away desperately, and fled behind the imam. The imam turned around and saw the elk was injured. Knowing that there was a hunter chasing after him, he covered the injured elk with a wide robe. Soon one of the king's subordinates chased the imam first, but when the elk disappeared, he asked the imam if he saw it. His eyes are practicing Taoism, but he doesn't care about it; the general asked the same thing several times, and he said he wanted to kill the imam. The imam opened his eyes and asked who the general was?The general reported the king's name, and the imam said, "Your king is my slave's slave. This general is furious and wants to kill the imam."At this time, the king arrived just in time, and after asking the reason, he asked the imam if he knew he had committed a crime.The imam said that in fact you are my slave's slave.The king said: Who is your slave?If you can tell, you can be innocent.The imam said, don't be angry, sit down and listen slowly.I used to be a slave to desire. Now that I have practiced Taoism and understood it, I will no longer listen to desire. I can command desire, so desire has become my slave.But even though you are a king, you are full of desires, and you will not let go of even an elk. It can be seen that you still obey the command of desires and become a slave of desires, so you are my slaves' slaves.When the king heard this, he suddenly understood, and immediately worshiped the old imam as his teacher, and followed him to learn the Tao.This is a story spread in Islam, and this is an example of a person who is in danger. The ideological leader is right when he is right, and the leader is bad when he is bad. We now say that thought forms a concept, like wearing colored glasses to see things, and we see everything differently. When we suspect that there are ghosts, the hairs stand on end.It is said in the Buddhist scriptures that you don’t have to stand on the cliff. You just sit and close your eyes, thinking that if you fall down the cliff, you will die and your feet will become sore and limp. This is the fact.This shows the terrible desire in the heart.If you want to calm this desire and turn it into a Dao heart, it is too difficult, it is very subtle, and it is incredible.What is Dao Xin?Our Chinese culture has talked about it for thousands of years. The Four Books talked about the heart of the Tao, and the Neo-Confucians of the Song and Ming Dynasties also talked about the heart of the Tao. Buddhism, Taoism, Laozi, and Zhuangzi all talked about the heart of the Tao. To achieve this realm of Dao Xin?To be "refined", to be "one", and finally "to be in the middle" is this sentence. Distinguish between the middle and the side What is "middle"?If we do knowledge research, there will be a lot. For example, "the golden mean" refers to the middle way. In the physical world, the center point of a teacup is assumed.If a person stands in the middle of a house, if he is said to be the center, he is referring to the surroundings; in fact, he is still the side, because he is the center when viewed from one side, and whether he is standing on the left or right, or in front or behind when viewed from the other side. , so it is still an edge.There is no absolute.This is the physical middle, and the ideological middle is even more difficult to determine.What you can think in your own mind, stay in the middle, where is this middle?When the strength is balanced, it is the center. For a chopstick, don’t think that the center point between the two ends of the chopstick is the center. The thickness and weight of the two ends of the chopsticks are different. Balanced, the contact point between the chopsticks and fingers is the center.Therefore, only those who can be balanced in thought are considered moderate.So in is an abstract name.It can also be said to be a practical thing. For example, every movement in Taijiquan has a center. This is the principle of circle, which is also the principle of Taijiquan.It is not as slippery as the interpretation of the mean in later generations, but to understand the central point of balance.This knowledge is too difficult to study, and it involves the cultivation of personality, so we must be fair in our lives and conduct. "No If there is no peace, there will be chaos. The principle of government is balance, but it is difficult to find peace, so the Chinese pay attention to peace in the world, and it is really hard to find peace. "Ping" is the principle of "middle". , The same is true of life and life. The principle of "middle" is here for the time being, and it has been developed a lot, and it can be talked about in the first half of the year. Yao told Shun to "allow to hold on to it", and the word "allow" has two meanings, one is trust and the other is peace.It is to tell Shun to adhere to the principle of fairness, without partiality, and unshakable. If this principle is not grasped, the world, the country, and the four seas, whether it is people or things, will collapse.In the era of Yao, the state of the Chinese nation had not yet been established, and there were still floods. After Dayu controlled the floods, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River were undeveloped, and the whole country was suffering from floods. It was the most difficult era. If it cannot be balanced, the whole country will be ruined. If it is not done well, it will "end forever".These four words can be interpreted in two ways. If you do bad things, you will die badly. If you do well in the position given to you by God, you will always have good results.The beauty of ancient prose is here, and the distasteful and difficult things are also here. The four characters "Tianlu Yongde" are volleyed in the sky, and they are perfect from every angle.Therefore, a good ancient prose is finished as soon as it is explained in vernacular, and the aesthetic feeling is destroyed. It is equal to a good picture, and there is no way to add or subtract. This is a reference to the time when Yao and Shun abdicated, and Yao explained the center of Chinese cultural and political thought.When Shun was also old, Yu succeeded in controlling the floods.Seriously speaking in the history of Chinese culture, Yao and Shun are the most credited for the creation of culture; as for the foundation of the country's construction, Dayu's contribution is the greatest. Since then, although he has become a family in politics, but his personal achievements, It's been forever, and he established the foundation of building a country based on agriculture. Yu points to Kyushu Yu divided Kyushu, so: Shun also ordered Yu, saying: "I will give shoes to the boy, dare to use Xuan Mu, dare to tell the emperor and empress, if you are guilty, you will not be pardoned, and the emperor and his ministers will not conceal it. Simplicity is in the heart of the emperor. I am guilty, and there is nothing to do; Fang is guilty, and I am guilty. When Shun handed over his throne to Dayu, he also told King Yu the traditional spirit of this culture, and what Shun said here is not found anywhere else, and he only saw it in Li.Here Shun emphasizes the tone, and the reason why we emphasize it from another point of view is because the times are different and the culture is more and more developed. Shun is very simple, but the transmission of Shun to Yu is a little more complicated.When Shun handed over the throne to Yu, he also performed great rituals, offering sacrifices to heaven and earth. Shun prayed to the sky, "Give me the boy's footwear." I, the boy—Xiangtian dare not call himself emperor—meaning that I'm learning the way of my predecessors. "Dare to use Xuan Mu" to dare to use black bulls as sacrifices, "dare to declare to the emperor and empress", on behalf of the people of the whole country, to the vast, majestic, deep and unknowable emperors and queens above. "Guilty dare not be forgiven", I have been in power for many years, I am afraid that I have many faults, I dare not hope that God will forgive me, if I am guilty, you still punish me, don't forgive me, don't forgive me. "Emperor and ministers are not concealed, simplicity is in the emperor's heart." This sentence tells Yu to learn.The emperor is the leader above, and the ministers are the subordinates. To the sky, the emperor is the emperor of heaven, and he himself is the minister.This is the political thought of China in the past, and it is connected with the religious spirit.In addition, the emperor is called the son of heaven, and he is the people of heaven.The human world is the emperor, and the underworld is the king of Yama. Therefore, the emperors in the past were worshiped by thousands of people but not people. However, when offering sacrifices to heaven, the emperor had to kneel down. To kneel.He said here that "the emperor's ministers are not concealed", which means that you, a minister of the Emperor of Heaven, I, Shun, am old and not energetic enough to be the guardian of the world. "Jane is in the emperor's heart", now I choose someone who can inherit my position, and the person I choose, the emperor of heaven will agree, because his contribution is too great and his contribution to the people of the country is too great . "I am guilty, and there is no way to do it." This is the most important political virtue of a leader. As a leader, don't shirk responsibility for your own personal mistakes, and don't blame your subordinates or ordinary people.This is the spirit of Chinese cultural and political philosophy, and it is also the major principle of Chinese political leadership philosophy, which is too difficult to achieve.I myself have committed a crime, and I will bear all the punishments. It has nothing to do with my subordinates and ordinary people. "Wanfang is guilty, and I am guilty." I am responsible for the mistakes of the common people or subordinates, and I will provoke them. After reading this passage, we felt very serious and admired it, and we couldn't help but be in awe of it.Chinese culture talks about Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and Zhou Gong, just like Buddhism talks about Bodhisattvas, and Taoism talks about gods and heaven.Even if there are benefits, there is absolutely no selfishness at all. They should belong to everyone, and the benefits belong to everyone, not your own.The so-called generosity in Buddhism, even one's own life can be handed over to others. How difficult is this spirit!So after reading this period of historical materials, I can understand China's political thought.Comparing the democratic spirit from the West today, no matter how democratic the Western thought is, it has not reached our "I am guilty, there is no way; Wanfang is guilty, and I am guilty. It is not easy for such a religious self-sacrificing monarch. To narrow it down, if you are the supervisor of a unit and your political and moral cultivation can reach this point, you are the most successful person. Of course, for yourself It will be very painful, but a successful person must bear the pain of all people. His own pain will never be placed on the shoulders of others, and the pain of his subordinates will be borne by himself. Zhou Zhong Jiuding Zhou Youda Lai, good people are rich.Although there are relatives, it is not as good as a benevolent person.The common people have had it, but give it to one person. The previous section talks about the culture, political thought and principles of life of the three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu.The heyday of our culture was accomplished by the Zhou Dynasty in less than three generations, and the thought of Confucius and Mencius inherited the thought of Duke Zhou.There is a well-known document in the Zhou Dynasty called "Dalai", which was an important thought (ism) when the Zhou Dynasty began to establish a country. The center of his thought is "a good man is rich".What is real wealth and strength, including family prosperity and personal wealth and strength, all are good people, all are good people, all are good people, and there are no bad people. These good people are not honest and good people, but good people with pure thoughts, correct behavior, and everything is good. "May heaven always produce good people, and may people always do good deeds." This is Dafu.As for "Although there are Zhou relatives", This "week" represents perfection, and the surrounding is full of meaning.That is to say, a person has a lot of people, and many "blind" people follow you. "It's not as good as a benevolent person." It's better to have one or two people with vision, people with benevolence, righteousness and morality.It is easy for people to make a mistake. They like to be a tall person among dwarfs, but they don’t like to be short among tall people. When they are among tall people, everything is wrong. They can only be obedient all day long. Seeing that everyone is better than themselves, this taste is very uncomfortable. .But from the experience in life, it is not surprising that there are thousands of "blind people" walking with you, as long as a discerning person tells you: "You are going wrong!" That's the end.There are many people in history, everyone praised him at that time, it was really amazing, but later a discerning person wrote a sentence or two in history, and he was brushed off.So when you are on stage, you have to be careful, what you hear, what you see, and what you say is right and correct, and you must not get carried away at this time. "The common people have faults, and I owe it to one person." The Zhou Dynasty also had the spirit of the three generations, from which we can see the difficulty of being an emperor.I often discuss democracy and imperial politics with American friends, saying that their democratic politics is fake, while our Chinese imperial political thought in the past is true democracy.This also has its roots. ancient political economy A true learning to achieve external application, in the ancients is mostly used in politics.What we are talking about now are all the principles of political philosophy in Chinese history, and now we are talking about the nine words of politics in ancient times: Careful about the amount of power, judging the law, revising and abolishing officials, the four directions of government. This is when it was written, citing ancient documents. There are two concepts of "respect for power and measure". We see a sentence in "Shun Dian" in "Shang Shu", "Measures and measures with the same law".Our characters become more troublesome as they get older. This is also the fundamental difference between Chinese characters and foreign characters. Chinese characters come from the law of the six books. Each character represents a concept, and sometimes a character includes four or five concepts; Foreign characters need several letters to put together to express a concept.This is one of the key differences between Chinese and Western cultures, which we must understand.Our young people in later generations will find it troublesome to read ancient Chinese, because their education did not start with the study of Chinese characters, especially now. Like here, it means that the "law" of the whole country was unified from the time of Yao and Shun.This "law" includes two aspects. On the one hand, it is the laws of astronomy and physics, which are now called scientific "laws", including calendars, astronomical laws, etc. These are the earliest and oldest laws in China. , is also the most glorious.In countries all over the world, we are the earliest in the development of astronomy, thousands of years earlier than others.On the other hand, the various bureaucratic laws of the political system, although there have been changes in the past dynasties, are still consistent in principle. "Degree" can be said separately, one is the degree of geography, which is equal to the latitude and longitude of the earth in Western culture.The other is length, which is the numerical unit of zhang, chi, inch, cent, etc. used in economics.This is for the sake of economic use in ancient times, seeking fairness, reasonableness and unity. "Quantity" is the general term for combined, liter, bucket and other capacities. "Heng" means weighing, which is the general term for weighing things such as catties, liang, and money. That is, in the era of Yao and Shun, it was discovered that each patriarchal society was governed by itself, and laws, measures, quantities, and measures were not unified, so he wanted to unify them.We need to study the economy and social development, just look at the Twenty-Five History.Until now, these things have not been completely unified. We know that there are table rulers and table kilograms, which are different from what we used in mainland China. Now there are meters, kilograms, etc., which are based on Western culture. of.As far as the world is concerned, there are very few places that have been unified, and only a small part of them have been unified. For example, the tonnage of shipments is considered unified, but the tonnage used in each country's society is still not unified.From this, we also understand that human beings have worked hard for thousands of years, and they claim to have progressed in civilization. In fact, in these places, we are still at the stage thousands of years ago, and the unified work has not yet been achieved. This is from a philosophical point of view. The so-called evolution of history is an irony. It is also said here that we must "respect the power and judge the law." This law is the so-called system now, and all kinds of systems for handling affairs must be strictly paid attention to. This is the first level of meaning.Its second level of meaning, if we do not follow the tradition recorded in "Shangshu", the power of "respecting the amount of power" means contingency. In our Chinese culture, especially Confucianism likes to pay attention to two words, the so-called "classic" The way of "right", the scriptures are the regular scriptures, the principle remains the same, and will never change. For example, people's clothing and diet are scriptures, but eating white rice or bread, wearing a suit or a Chinese tunic suit can be optional, and it is a contingency. "Right" has such a meaning.The major principle of governing in China is to "respect the amount of power". You must be very cautious when distinguishing political power. Personally, if you are leading a unit, you must use according to your ability to the extent to which a colleague should use power. .Be very cautious, this is also about personnel. "Trial law" refers to the system.Although it is said that politics depends on people, but the functioning of the system is very important.