Chapter 25 Zilu Thirteenth-1

Now let’s talk about the chapter "Zilu No. 13". From a coherent point of view, this article is a development of the previous chapter on "Weizheng".That is to say, the internal cultivation and external application of a person's knowledge, of course, includes the so-called official education in the past, and even the principles of being a person and doing things. worry about the world Zilu asked about politics.Confucius said: first, then labor.Please benefit.Said: No tiredness. The text of this section is very simple.Zilu asked about the principles of politics, and Confucius told him two concepts: one is "priority" and the other is "labor".These two concepts play a lot.

The so-called "first" means to be a leader on the principle of "government", and everything must come first.Regarding the first, everyone has read the Song Confucian Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower", in which there is a famous saying: "Worry about the world's worries first, and enjoy the world's joy later." The concept of "first" comes from here.Chinese political philosophy interprets the word "first" mostly in the words of Lao Tzu, "external to the body and then to the body."Those who are in charge of politics, especially those who lead troops in combat, are like this: I stand in the front, and I take the lead in taking on the hardships and hardships; in terms of interests, I also let others first, and I don’t want them. , but in fact the final success is still oneself, this is the principle of "first" of leadership.

"Work hard" is also the principle of leadership.In Zuo Qiuming's "Guoyu", there is an article on respecting Jiang and discussing labor and rest, which describes the lessons Jing Jiang, the mother of Dr. Lu's father-in-law Wen Bo, taught her son, and her political thinking is very high.She said that people must accept the tempering of hard work: "When you work, you think, and when you think, you have a good heart; if you are lazy, you will forget the good, and if you forget the good, you will be disgusted." A person with a good environment and everything is comfortable, and he is very easy to degenerate. .The same is true of nations and countries.The so-called "prosperity through sorrow" means that a nation in hardship can often stand up.Therefore, many people who knew how to govern in ancient times were good at using the principle of "working hard", so that officials and common people had no chance to indulge in leisure and pleasure. "labor"

It includes many meanings of hard work, labor, and sports.The so-called "gentlemen work hard, villains work hard." When people are working hard and suffering, they have more experience of life, and it is easy to show their kindness.But that's a bright side view.On the other hand, there are also those who reverse this principle.So the same knowledge, how to use the pros and cons depends on personal morality.This "labor" also includes oneself.In personal cultivation, a leader would rather come first when there are difficulties, and do the hard things first; he must never sit and enjoy himself, and let others go when there are difficulties.This will never lead people well, especially when leading troops, and it will be more obvious when it comes to war.

Confucius said these two points, Zilu asked for help, and asked the teacher to tell him more.Confucius also said "no tiredness". On the surface of the text, these two words mean that you are not tired, and you have to work harder in everything; in modern language, it means that the concept of responsibility should be increased, and you don't feel like you are "too lazy to do it". ; Strictly understand from history, to be a politically successful leader is indeed very bitter.If you abide by this principle, even the work of reading official documents will be very painful.Because when you really take responsibility, you often have no private life, and it is inevitable that you will get bored sometimes.As mentioned earlier, in history, he was as busy and hardworking as Duke Zhou, the story of "one bath, three hair grips, one meal, three spit feedings".The regime of the Zhou Dynasty lasted for 800 years when it survived and died, which can be attributed to the system established by the Duke of Zhou.Moreover, the centralized arrangement of our country's culture into a system also started with the Duke of Zhou.At that time, the identity and status of the Duke of Zhou could not be described as "below one person and above ten thousand people".In fact, he and King Wu are brothers and the uncle of King Cheng.But he is so humble to people, so responsible, so hardworking and tireless, this kind of cultivation is really rare.It is more intimate for a person to experience it when he bears such a heavy responsibility and reaches that position.

The above are the three principles that Confucius told Zilu.Why did Confucius answer Zilu in this way?This requires us to think about it with our brains.If Zigong and Zixia asked about politics, Confucius might not have answered them in this way.We know that Zilu's personality is very chivalrous, and when he gets angry, he will often "forget it!" or "Done it!" This kind of personality is easy to get into debt.Some people have a slow personality, and they are easy to make mistakes.So Confucius strictly told him these three principles.However, each of us should reflect on ourselves, is there such an element in our personality?The principles of learning and cultivation can be experienced in these three key points.

It's hard Zhonggong is the governor of Ji's family and asks about politics.The Master said: First of all, there is a division, pardon minor faults, and promote virtuous talents.Said: How do you know the talents and promote them?Said: Give what you know, what you don't know, let others leave it alone! Zhong Gong went out to be the steward of Ji's family, a powerful minister in the state of Lu, and came to ask about the principles of politics.Confucius told him the principle of leading politics in administration: "First, there is a division."Confucius said that first of all, everyone's power should be taken into account, and it should be institutionalized and not mess around.In the era of ancient autocratic politics, especially in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, a leader, an emperor, was itself the rule of law.Although China used to emphasize the spirit of the rule of law, under the system of autocratic monarchy, there is often a situation where "the words follow the law". His words are the law, and what he wants to do is the law.So Confucius told him not to make this mistake, first to clearly distinguish powers and responsibilities, and establish a system.

Second, leaders should "forgive minor faults" to others.Everyone will inevitably make mistakes, especially as a leader, you must be able to forgive others.A leader is not only a supervisor, but also a teacher. The so-called "a king who is a leader, a teacher who is a leader, and a relative who is a leader." A leader is also a teacher, and at the same time a father and brother. For minor mistakes of subordinates, he will let him go. At best, shout into the room to warn him.Famous ministers seen in history, when their subordinates made mistakes, did not speak out in public, but were summoned to the room and closed the door to reprimand them.After leaving the room to be a supervisor, he recited it himself, claiming that it was his own fault, and it had nothing to do with that subordinate.Many ministers in ancient times had this kind of tolerance, not by means, but a kind of cultivation,

This is lover. Third, to be able to "raise talents", that is, to promote talented people.A problem occurred here. Zhong Gong asked, he said that there are so many subordinates, how do you know which one is a talent?The selection of talents is not easy. In history, it is often seen that some people are "selected from among the crowd".This sentence means that there are many talents, when they have no chance to show off, they will be buried forever in obscurity.For example, if you lead a division of troops, there must be talents in this division, but there is no way to find them.Once there is a discovery, it is among the crowd—promote him among many people, give him opportunities, and cultivate him at any time.In history, many seniors promoted juniors, and this is the case.

But virtuous talents are rare, so Zhong Gong said, there is no way to know who is virtuous, how to distinguish them?Confucius said, you can choose based on what you see and what you know.If you don't know it, it means that he has no chance to show it and has to wait for others to discover it.The so-called: "Give generously to help the people, Yao and Shun are still sick!" What name did Confucius want to rectify? Zilu said: "The king of Wei treats his son and governs, and the son general Xi Xian?"Confucius said: "It must also be named."Zilu said: "Is it true?"Son's move also.Xi Qizheng?The son said: Wild!By also.What a gentleman doesn't know is what he doesn't know.If the name is not right, the words will not be right; if the words are not right, the affairs will not be accomplished; if the affairs are not accomplished, the rites and music will not be prosperous; What can be said must be said, and what is said must be done.A gentleman has nothing to do with his words!

One day, Zilu and Confucius were discussing a matter of government.Confucius was very frustrated when he traveled around the world. The better ones were those years in Wei, and Duke Ling of Wei really attached great importance to him.Therefore, looking at the biography of Confucius, many people doubted it at that time. Some people thought that Confucius might be the prime minister in Weiguo; some suspected that Confucius wanted to take over the entire political power of Weiguo.The background of this discussion can reflect the situation at that time.Zilu asked one day, seeing Duke Ling of Wei, he attaches great importance to the teacher, if he wants you to come out of politics and intends to hand over the power to you, "Zijiang Xixian?" (We must pay attention to the word "General", which means of course It will not become a fact, and the tone is hypothetical.) Teacher, what is the first step in the way of politics?What is the first priority to start with?Confucius said, if there is such a thing, the first thing is to rectify the name.Zilu said, "Is it true?" This was a very suspicious tone, meaning, is rectification of names so important?Because name rectification is a very abstract thing, Zilu doesn't believe it.And said, teacher, people say you are a pedantic teacher, you are so pedantic!What does it matter if the name is upright or not? Now let's pay attention to discuss this "name" first.What are past names in Chinese culture?We all know that later generations have a science called "Ming Xue", which is the study of logic and thought.Strictly speaking, rectification of names refers to the definition of ideas.In modern vocabulary, "the center of cultural thought" is the focus of name rectification.It can also be said that a clear distinction in logic and thinking is called name rectification. Now that the meaning of "rectification of names" is understood, let's talk about this article.Confucius said that if you want to talk about politics, you must first have a clear understanding of ideological leadership.It is very important to correctly guide the line of culture and thought.When Zilu heard it, he thought that cultural thinking was empty, so why bother with it?Confucius scolded him and said, you guy is really barbaric and nonsense.A truly learned gentleman, if he doesn't understand something, don't make random judgments.What you know is what you know, what you don’t know is what you don’t know, you know what you know, don’t force yourself to say you know what you don’t understand, just tell others that you don’t understand, this is the demeanor and cultivation of a gentleman. "Gai Que Ru Ye", I would rather keep this defect, and tell people that I don't understand this subject, and I haven't studied it.After Confucius taught Zilu the principle of being a human being, he continued to tell him the principle of "must also rectify his name", explaining the importance of the central idea in one go. The focus of politics, "If the name is not correct, the words will not be right." Words include words and theories.Things that cannot be justified in theory are unreasonable things, and they will definitely not succeed.Sometimes when we read history and watch political evolution, we cannot do without the principle of "righteousness and integrity". "If things are not done, rituals and music will not be prosperous." Without a cultural regime, there will be no cultural society. Then the legislative system will not be well established, the rule of law will not have a good foundation, and ordinary people will not know what to do.Therefore, the focus of leadership is ideological leadership and cultural leadership.This may not seem to matter on the surface, but in fact it has a profound impact. Speaking of this, if we talk about ideological issues, the entire history of mankind can be said to be a history of ideological warfare.Up to this stage today, from a philosophical standpoint, the thoughts of human culture all over the world are falling into a state of paralysis, emptiness and poverty.To put it nicely, material civilization is developing; to put it bluntly, material desires are expanding, blinding human wisdom.Maybe you can't feel it now, but you can feel it in ten or twenty years.Therefore, for our own cultural renaissance, we must do the work of inheriting the past and integrating the East and the West. This is an urgent and important mission.Those engaged in cultural work must be aware of their sacred and arduous responsibility.Who gave the responsibility? You have to choose it yourself, and only by invoking the heavy responsibility of carrying forward the past and opening up the future can you engage in thinking.If we look at the real environment, people who engage in thinking often spend their lives in poverty and remain unknown.But the evolution of every history is influenced by the thoughts of this down-and-out person.After his own death, he led the human race in the world.In terms of personal real life, what is the use of a poor life of thinking and culture to him?But the value of his spiritual life is so great and long-term!It depends on the individual's understanding, and which path he chooses to take. Now to extend the importance of the "rectification of names" mentioned by Confucius and the importance of ideology and culture, if it comes to a situation where "the people are at a loss", ordinary people are at a loss and don't know which way to go, then there will be a big problem.Let's not ignore this issue.Some things seem irrelevant, but the consequences of the impact are very large, which is called cultural thinking.Cultural thought seems irrelevant, but it forms the trend of the times and has a great impact on the destiny of the country.We can even say that cultural thought influences history, so we should pay more attention to it from the point of view of political philosophy.A political leader is irrelevant to many seemingly irrelevant things, such as throwing a cigarette butt on the road, but You lose one, he loses one, everyone loses one, and urban pollution is formed, and irrelevant things become big problems over time.As Confucius said, if the name is not correct, the thinking will not be pure, and "the people will be at a loss."In this day and age, common people don't know which idea is right. Therefore, Confucius concluded: "Therefore, a gentleman's name must be spoken." This "name" includes the connotation of ideology and culture.At the same time, it can be seen that the importance of ideology and culture in political philosophy.And our true traditional thinking, everything can be said to others.In theory, it is absolutely tenable logically, it is not an empty theory, and it can definitely be done.The current trend of thinking is all about "applied" thinking, not basic philosophical thinking.As a result, people's hearts became more chaotic and people's morals deteriorated. The reason why Confucius said that governing politics is first of all a matter of ideology and culture.The principles of ideology, culture and speech behavior in our traditional culture are practical, and if you can say it, you can do it, and it is easy to actually do it.This is the highest principle of Chinese political philosophy; don't talk about empty and profound theories, but be practical.In short, Confucius told us that thought is the most important thing, and this thought is attributed to the connotation of "rectification of names", narrowing the scope is the importance of names and concepts.Therefore, those of us who usually use a slogan or a subtitle in publicity must carefully study it. If we make a mistake, it can also be said to be a deviation from "rectification of the name". Ask She Qiutian Here's what it means to be a human being: Fan Chi asked to learn from Jia, and the Master said: I am not as good as an old farmer.Please learn to be a nursery, saying: I am not as good as the old nursery.Fan Chi leaves.Confucius said: "You villain!"Fan Xu also.If you offer good manners, the people will not dare to be disrespectful; if you offer good righteousness, then the people will not dare to be disobedient; if you have good faith, then the people will not dare not be sympathetic.If the husband is like this, the people of the four directions will come here bearing their sons.How to use Jia! Fan Chi once asked Confucius about agricultural technology, how to grow rice well.Confucius said, then don't ask me, it is better to ask an old farmer with farming experience.Fan Chi then asked how to grow vegetables and flowers.Confucius said, if you ask me about these things, I don't understand, but I only know a little bit. It's better to ask experienced vegetable and flower growers.After Fan Chi withdrew, Confucius said humorously to the students, Fan Chi, a kid, actually came to ask me these agricultural technology questions.In fact, I only teach you the general principles of being a human being and doing things, and I don't teach the techniques of growing vegetables.If you are in a high position, as a leader, you are polite and respectful, then you will naturally be dedicated and entertaining.We should pay attention to this point. In any place, the intention of the leaders is a little bit biased towards a certain side, and soon the whole atmosphere will be biased towards a certain side.Not only will bad tendencies cause problems, but good tendencies will also cause problems if they are not properly guided.Therefore, both Taoism and Confucianism talk about governance by doing nothing. From this, we know that we must pay great attention to the education of leaders.Confucius is now talking about the good side. He said that the people above are always polite and pay attention to cultural thinking, and the people below are sincere and serious, which has become a trend; if the people above love others, sacrifice themselves, and help others, then the people below will , influenced by the above, of course everyone obeys you.Especially the soldiers, the so-called "the first, the laborer", in the face of hardships, first find a way for the people below, there is only one meal to eat, let everyone eat first, and eat what is left, otherwise you will starve.Of course, you can't do this just for the sake of means. If you want to do it sincerely, then the people will not be convinced. The letter of "good faith" not only refers to having credibility and honoring what you say, but also includes trusting others and yourself, so that you should not doubt others and employ people without doubting them.Then there is no one who does not show true affection to you.If people can do this, the hearts of the people will turn to you, talents will gather, the people will appreciate you, bring your family and relatives, and come to attach yourself. Are you afraid that no one will come to farm for you? But having said that, later generations of Confucian intellectuals are unwilling to make a living on their own, and only want to be leaders—the poison of being an official is also due to this kind of ideological abuse.It is actually caused by misunderstanding the purpose of Confucius' teaching students. Therefore, the following is about politics and personal cultivation: The Master said: "Recite three hundred poems and teach them to govern, but they will not achieve success; if they are sent to the four directions, they cannot be specially corrected; even though there are many, do you think it?" Confucius said that the foundation of learning is to read poetry first.It does not mean that a politician should become a poet, because the cultural thoughts above the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, until Confucius deleted poems and books and established rituals and music, can be said to be a generalist study that includes all knowledge. The so-called names of insects, fish, birds and beasts, and The knowledge of human conditions and customs can be understood from the connotation of poems.To cultivate a political talent, one must first make him have sufficient knowledge, become a generalist, and be able to do everything.In the scope of ancient knowledge, it is simpler than it is now.Reading poetry well and being knowledgeable does not necessarily mean doing things well.Therefore, after reading poetry, it is necessary to teach it politics and give it experience. If what you have learned cannot be coordinated with the administration, if you cannot be handy, and if you cannot be reasonable, then you must spread it out and send it to the Quartet to gain more experience and experience.This is the same as what Sima Qian later said about "reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles". If you don't have enough experience, you will be sent to the Quartet to increase your life experience, and then come back to inspect him. Then it's useless to cultivate and train them again.This kind of talent can only become a nerd. Since the Tang Dynasty, most of them have entered the Imperial Academy.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, many Jinshi were born in the Hanlin Academy. After entering the Imperial Academy, they entered the research institute to study and study. They had a high reputation and high salary, but It is rare to be released as an official.In the past, many people stayed in the Imperial Academy all their lives. If those who were born in the Imperial Academy were able to engage in local administration again, we can see from the historical facts of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years that most of them became double officials, even if they could not become national greats. A capable minister, at least not too bad.Take a look at the system of the Imperial Academy in the Qing Dynasty, it is very wonderful, as long as someone who reads well, he has no choice but to punish him in this forest.That's why Confucius said that a person who has read the book does not have enough experience in politics, so he was sent outside to experience more of the world.If you can't go deep after you come back, you are not a great talent in politics, and no matter how much you read, it is useless.This shows that a person's talent and knowledge may not be able to fully cooperate. The Master said: His body is upright, and he does not follow orders.His body is not upright, although he refuses to obey orders. When Confucius talked about the principles of government, he always believed that personal cultivation is very important, and any system is still man-made.The leaders themselves are upright. (Zhengzi includes many meanings, such as the purity of thought, the uprightness of behavior, etc.) It is the beginning of a good politics, and there is no need for strict laws and regulations, and the social atmosphere will naturally return to correctness as it transforms.If you are not righteous, it is useless to ask others only by issuing orders. The Master said: Lu and Wei are governed by brothers. This is Confucius' criticism of the historical culture at that time.He grew up in the State of Lu and inherited the culture of the State of Lu. The culture of the State of Lu must preserve the culture of the Zhou Dynasty and the spirit of Duke Zhou's legacy.Later, most of Confucius lived in Weiguo, and lived in Weiguo for a long time.After returning from the state of Wei, he officially engaged in writing, deleting poems and books, and setting rituals and music.He believes that the culture and politics of the Wei state are basically good, and it can always preserve the spirit of the "state of brothers" in the feudal period of the Zhou Dynasty.Confucius' words are both an exclamation and a compliment.In short, the implication is a lot of emotion! Battle of fighting houses The son is called Jing, the son of Wei, who is good at living in the house.At the beginning, he said: "Going together."Rarely, he said: Gou is over.Wealthy, said: Gou Mei. Confucius saw a son of a noble family in the state of Wei, not the so-called son or brother in modern language.In ancient times, sons were hereditary, and generally inherited by the eldest son.Unless the family committed a crime, it was passed down from generation to generation.For example, Lord Mengchang, Lord Xinling, Lord Pingyuan, etc., these are all sons.He saw a nobleman named Jing in Weiguo. This person's attitude towards life, including his ideology and self-cultivation, were all worthy of respect.For example, when it comes to house repairs, when there is a little room to live in at the beginning, he said that he will be able to live in it soon, so don't ask too much!It’s like having a rationed house, although it’s a bit small, the population can’t accommodate it, so a small room will be added in front of the corridor, just so-so enough.Later, it was enlarged and repaired a little, and he said that it was quite complete and much better than before, so there is no need to expect extravagantly!It is equivalent to the original house with only twelve tatami mats, but now it has been changed to the first phase of national housing, which is a little better.He said yes, it has been very useful.Later, he expanded it a bit, and he said, enough!enough!Great. Confucius talked about this matter, at first glance, it is not a big deal.Not only Mr. Wei can do it, we all can do it.So sometimes when I read it, I feel that including all these words is like a sage's classics, and it is nothing special.This means that reading should cooperate with life experience and age growth.We have to know that it was not that simple for a son of a family in ancient times.As far as I know, some friends are very particular about food and clothing because of their different family backgrounds.There is a friend who is quite old and of high reputation and position.He entrusted someone to buy a sweatshirt. Because it was an old brand, he searched all over Hong Kong and the UK. Later, he bought it in an old shop in Hong Kong, and the price was very expensive.The person who bought it also bought one, and it is really comfortable to wear.This gentleman is so particular about daily life.He also has his theory: if you don't have money, you would rather not buy it, if you want to buy it, you have to buy it.Take leather shoes for example. A good pair of leather shoes is comfortable, beautiful, and durable, and can be worn for two or three years.Buying a pair of ordinary leather shoes for two hundred yuan, and changing a pair in a few months, after calculation, the money spent is the same, which is uncomfortable and not good-looking.This is true for leather shoes, and the same for others.From this, we know that the habits of the princes of the family are indeed different, and from this we also understand the so-called "from frugality to extravagance is easy, from extravagance to frugality is difficult." A poor boy from a small background, gradually getting better, will naturally be extravagant It is easy to develop this habit once you get used to it; once you are poor, it will be difficult to save money. Therefore, it is very reasonable for Confucius to put forward the concept of Wei Gongzi Jing.Teaching young people to read our Four Books and Five Classics is a painful thing for them, and it is really difficult to understand. These must be understood in conjunction with life experience.If these books are taught in schools and only explained in words, students will naturally be disgusted when they hear them.It is no wonder that students have to blame "life". Secondly, when it comes to building a house, let me tell you a few stories: The first one talked about Guo Ziyi: During the reign of Tang Minghuang, An Lushan rebelled, and the regime of the Tang Dynasty was about to collapse. It was equal to him fighting back alone.In history, only Guo Ziyi was the only general in the Tang Dynasty who could test his wealth and longevity.After he retired, the emperor gave him a Fenyang Palace.When construction was underway, he had nothing to do, and went to the construction site to supervise the work with a cane.He told one of the masons who were laying the wall that the foundation of the wall should be strong.The mason said to Guo Ziyi, please rest assured, the three generations of my grandparents in Chang'an have all been masons. I don't know how many mansions they have built, but they have only seen houses change owners, and have never seen a house collapse.After hearing what he said, Guo Ziyi left with a stick and never went to supervise the work again.What the plasterer said was the actual experience of three generations of his grandparents, and after listening to Guo Ziyi, he figured out a truth in life, not depression, but more understanding. The second story is that at the end of the Tang Dynasty, when Yang Bing was serving as a minister and was about to retire, some of his old real estate in his hometown was occupied by his neighbors.So his family members went to file a lawsuit and showed him the drafted indictment.Yang Bing saw it, and commented later: "The neighbors invaded me and I Cong Yi. After all, I have to think about it. Try to look at the base of Hanyuan Hall, and the autumn wind and autumn grass are leaving." His family members stopped complaining after seeing it. . The third story, which is similar to Yang Bing's, is said (to be tested) to come from Zhang Tingyu, a Tongcheng native between Kangxi and Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty.He is a Han Chinese whose father and son joined the cabinet to pay homage to the prime minister after entering the customs in the Qing Dynasty.According to friends in Tongcheng, there is an alley in Tongcheng called "Six Foot Alley".When Zhang Tingyu was building the prime minister's mansion in his hometown, the neighbors competed with his family for three feet of land, and the lawsuit was brought to the county government. The head of the Zhang family immediately wrote a letter to Beijing to report the matter to the prime minister, hoping to write a letter to the county magistrate. Take care.After Zhang Tingyu read it, he wrote a poem on the original letter and sent it back. The poem said: "Seeking books from a thousand miles away is a wall of Taoism. It doesn't matter if you let him be three feet. The Great Wall is still there today. Who saw Qin Shihuang back then." The steward then immediately ordered to let the three feet out, and the neighbor saw that the Zhang family had backed down by three feet, so he also let out the three feet, leaving a six-foot open space, which became a laneway for everyone to pass through. From these few stories, we can understand the reason why Confucius talked about the life of a son of an aristocratic family. It is really rare to be able to cultivate to "satisfaction and happiness" and only ask for food and clothing.People with such cultivation, if they enter politics, will not be tempted by the external environment. Just mentioned Guo Ziyi's starting to build the Fenyang Palace, let's look at two poems written by Tang people: The old mountains and rivers are not changed in front of the gate, and the broken captives once lightly ride on the waves; Today alone through the singing and dancing place, the ancient locust trees are sparsely cold and the sunset is many. ——Zhao Gujing's poems on the old house in Fenyang The old house in Fenyang is now a temple, and there is still a song and dance building; In the past forty years, the horses and horses have been scattered, and the cicadas are worried at dusk in the deep alleys of ancient locust trees. ——Zhang Ji's Poem on the East Tower of Faxiong Temple The words and sentences in the above two poems are very simple, but the meaning of tolerance is thought-provoking; how about "the Great Wall is still there today, but Qin Shihuang is not seen." Political, economic and cultural Zi Shiwei, Ran Youserve.The son said: "It's so common!"Ran You said: "Since it is common, how can it be added?"Said: rich.Said: "If you are rich, how can you add it?"Said: Teach it. Once Confucius went to Weiguo again, and his student Ran You followed him to serve. When he arrived in Weiguo, he saw that the politics were clear and the society had progressed and prospered.So Confucius said, good!So prosperous!Ran You asked, what should we do if we are prosperous like this?Confucius said that making society prosperous is the principle of government.Prosperity is not enough, but the foundation of the national economy must be solid and everyone rich.Ran You asked again, the society has prospered and the national income has also increased, so what should we do further?Confucius said, that is culture and education.It is only prosperity, if there is no cultural education, this society, this country and nation will degenerate and perish, which is very serious.Prosperity, wealth, culture and education are the three stages of political development. Confucius said: If anyone is useful to me, it is only a month, and it will be successful in three years. This is the usual sigh of Confucius.He lamented that his political ideals could not be implemented.Confucius said here, assuming that someone really believes in me, "it's just a matter of months", and the term is almost the same.If my political ideals are followed, within three years, this country will achieve great results and become a prosperous and happy country. The Master said: "A good person has been in the state for a hundred years, and he can overcome the disabled and kill him." It is true! Reading this section of the book, you must first understand that Confucius is quoting the words of the ancients.Among them, "The good man has been in the state for a hundred years, and he can overcome the disabled and kill him." These two sentences were said by the ancients before Confucius. Only the following sentence "Sincerity is words!" is Confucius' own words, that is, Confucius told the ancients The impressions and comments of those two sentences.To explain it in the current words, Confucius said, these two sentences are indeed good, and they really make sense! This section of the book connects the above three stages of political development: prosperity, prosperity, and the revitalization of culture and education.When we talk about prosperity and prosperity, we think of the modern situation, as the whole world is talking about the development of tourism, and tourism is the prelude to social prosperity.As it is now, so it has been in the past.The so-called tourism inevitably involves many things that are not good for the social atmosphere. This is true in China, and it is also true in other countries around the world. Let me give you an example: when Zeng Guofan defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and regained Nanjing, of course, after the war in Nanjing, the economy declined very much and the people were very miserable.The first step of Zeng Guofan's work was to restore the entertainment industry on the Qinhuai River, including singing and dancing pavilions, and all kinds of special businesses.Once these are restored, economic revival will come.The principle of economics is like an American saying, the greatest skill in the world is to put the money in your pocket into my pocket.After studying economics for several years, it is not as real, practical and reasonable as this sentence.It is human nature to love leisure and dislike work. To make rich people spend money in Nanjing, of course the best way is to develop entertainment.Zeng Guofan not only resumed the entertainment business of the Qinhuai River in the first step, but also a serious person like him, in order to prosper the place and listen to the suggestions of his subordinates, he himself went to the Qinhuai River to show his advocacy.Zeng Guofan also met several famous prostitutes, and one of them died. Zeng Guofan sent a pair of curtains with the inscription "There is love".According to legend, there was a prostitute among them, whose stage name was Shaoru, who was also quite talented in literature, and asked Zeng Guofan to send him a pair.Mr. Zeng intends to use his stage name "Shao Ru" to embed in the couplet, first write the first couplet: "When you have to live less and live less", it means that you can take a break here for a while.Because he wanted to test the girl's literary talents, he asked him to read the second line by himself. Unexpectedly, the girl was very naughty, and she made a big joke of Zeng Guofan, and wrote: "You can deal with it as you want."This is just a story handed down and not entirely reliable.However, in order to revive the local economy in Nanjing, Zeng Guofan first restored the prosperity of the Qinhuai River. This is a historical fact. Then there is Guanzi's political truth: "If the warehouse is real, you will know etiquette, and if you have enough food and clothing, you will know honor and disgrace." Finally, there is cultural education, real cultural education.Ancient Chinese politics was the moral politics of the kingly way; later, the talk about meritorious deeds came from the domineering thinking, not the kingly way.The representative of kingly politics, below the three generations is the Zhou Dynasty.After hundreds of years and the hard work of generations of grandparents and grandchildren, his cultural atmosphere was cultivated.Therefore, the regime of the Zhou Dynasty has such a long history in Chinese history that it has even become the origin of Chinese culture.This is the so-called "good people for a hundred years", and rapid progress is not acceptable.It is not easy for an ideal political atmosphere to become a cultural force in the end.But this kind of futile To win, put morality first, then you can win and stop killing, and resolve people's psychology of fighting, hating, and killing each other.But for a society or a country to reach this level, it must have a hundred years of education and a hundred years of culture, which cannot be completed in a short period of time, and it takes three or four lifetimes (30 years for one lifetime).After Confucius got older, he gained a wealth of experience, so these two sentences are very practical.In other words, the achievements of cultural history cannot be achieved all at once. It will take at least a hundred years and several generations to achieve.Therefore, seeking success in a hurry often leads to no good results.So next say: Benevolence must be accumulated The Master said: If there is a king, he will be benevolent after the world. Concerning the implementation of kingly and benevolent government, Confucius made another principled conclusion here.He said that it is difficult to practice kingly benevolent government and see success with his own eyes.It must be cultivated over time, and efforts must be made from one generation to another; with a stable social foundation and a deep-rooted cultural education, only then can "benevolence be born after the world".When we look at history, regardless of the kingly way or not, the real stability of each dynasty depends on the foundation of hundreds of years since the founding of the country.From the perspective of modern history, look at the Qing Dynasty. Orphans and widows led three million people into the customs and ruled over forty million people. After a hundred years of hard work by the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties, they began to have real stability. . Like "the world is full of spring and the universe is full of blessings", it is really hard-won to describe the stability of the country and society at that time.But at the end of Qianlong's period, things began to change again, and immediately went downhill again.Going back and looking at the Ming Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and even the Han Dynasty, this is the case.From the beginning of each dynasty, it generally takes a hundred years for the society to truly live a stable life and get on track after the great turmoil.Of course, recovery is easy, but long-term stability is more difficult.So that year when I went to Japan to hold a Sino-Japanese Cultural Conference, I told their members of Congress, university presidents, and professors that when I arrived in Japan and saw the prosperity of Tokyo, my Japanese friends asked me how I felt.I said, "This is nothing unusual, a country Home, a society, settle down, anyone can do it in twenty years.But you Japanese must know that the prosperity of Japan today is the result of the blood and sweat of 30 million Chinese soldiers and civilians.I said that two things are the scariest in the world: one is a knife and the other is money.In the past, you militarists sharpened your knives and wanted to rule the world. You already know the consequences.Now that you have money and want to bribe the world, the consequences of this kind of thinking in the future are just as terrible..." Let’s stop gossip and come back to the main topic. We must pay attention to the saying “benevolent after a lifetime”. Only after one life can we practice the principle of benevolent government.例如一个家庭，为了培养一个孩子，希望后代优秀，也要“必世而后仁”。培养自己的孩子，希望自己的儿女有所成，还不大可靠；儿女如果照你的教育，再教育下去，到孙子这一代，才有希望。相反的“世而后败”，试看社会上富豪之家，也几乎没有超过三代的殊荣。做父母的很辛苦，白手成家；第二代做儿子的虽然不太过分，总比老子会花钱；到孙子一代出手可大了，完全是纨绔子弟的作风，甚至有些马上败掉了；因此又轮到第四代曾孙在闹穷。穷了又再俭省成家，如此循环往复，永远像一个轮子在转。 这里又顺便讲一个故事。陶朱公的次子在楚国犯了死罪。因为楚王有信任的大臣庄生与陶朱公很有交情，于是陶朱公的太太要丈夫写信给他，把儿子救出来。陶朱公打算叫第三个儿子带黄金千斤，连同信件去见庄生，相信不会有问题。可是长子不肯，因为宗法社会的长子，有特别的地位，有责任与权力，所以争着要去。但陶朱公不答应，他说如果长子去送这封信，一定是把老二的尸体运回来，不是把人救回来。可是长子硬吵着要去，太太不懂事，帮长子说话。陶朱公被吵得没办法，于是就让长子去了。不过同时吩咐太太准备好次子的丧葬事宜。长子到了楚国见到了庄生，交上了书信和黄金。庄生因为是陶朱公的事情，不能不办。适逢这年楚国有灾，古代相信天象，每逢天灾。国家要做好事以求化解。于是庄生去见楚王，建议大赦，楚王接受了他这项建议。但这个消息泄漏出来了，被陶朱公的长子听到，他就后悔老二的事用不着托庄生，大赦一定会放出来的，千斤黄金白送了，心里舍不得。殊不知这次大赦，正是庄生为了救他的弟弟想出来的办法。所以又去看庄生，提起大赦的事。庄生当然很聪明，立即知道了他的心理，就写了一封回信，将千斤黄金退回。对他说你弟弟的事刚好遇到大赦，用不着我帮忙，我可以不管了。然后庄生连夜进宫再见楚王，请求慢一点发布大赦令。他报告楚王，在大赦令的范围中，有一个死犯是陶朱公的儿子，如果不把他先正法，别人还误会我庄生贪污，误会你楚王不公平。于是楚王下令把陶朱公的次子杀了，翌日颁大赦令。陶朱公的长子只有把弟弟的尸首运回，家里却已布置好了灵堂。陶朱公的家人问，为什么事先会知道这样的结果？陶朱公说，我们白手成家，大儿子跟着吃苦出身，对钱看得太重，岂肯轻易花用。而这位老友最清贫，绝对不会受贿赂，我送给他钱是私人感情，他才肯受用。而我们的三子，出生时家里就很有钱，他花钱花惯，送了千斤黄金，绝不会心痛，也绝不会再去问的。我所以断定，老大去了一定是把兄弟的尸首运回来。这则故事的内涵，可以从多方面去体会，涉及到个人心理学、社会心理学、政治心理学、家庭教育心理学等等。 所以说我们这一代的儿女，再好也有问题存在；主要的，他们在此时此地长大，安安定定，由小学读到大学，父兄尽管穷，他们的学费和零用钱总有得用的，他们哪里真能晓得世事艰难？所以说要在痛苦的环境中施予教育，必要置之死地而后生，他才能真正知道人生、社会、国家、民族的重要，将来也许他会有远大的成就。由此理扩而充之，讲到国家天下，使它合于王道仁政的原则，“必世而后仁”，这是不易的定论。 正己而后正人 子曰：苟正其身矣，于从政乎何有？不能正其身，如正人何？ 这是中国政治思想重点所在，也是孔子所说名言——“政者正也”的引伸。主要是要求于领导人的。我们都知道中国文化中有一句“《春秋》责备贤者”的惯用语。这是说明孔子作《春秋》的主要宗旨，是为了时代的衰颓，社会风气的败坏，尽他对于历史的责任。他并不苛责一般人，因一般人大都是盲从的，听命的；他责备的是领导者，当权者，或者有道德学问而负这种责任的贤者。倘使这些人搞错了方向，会导致历史的重大罪过，因此《春秋》以中正责备贤者。中这里的观念也是如此，解释为政的道理在于先求自正，后来曾子《大学》的正心诚意等一系列思想，也是孔子这一观念的引伸、演绎。到了唐代，真德秀著《大学衍义》、（儒家的心经）、《政经》等书，就是强调这个重心给帝王和领导者看的，所以唐代以后，用《大学》、《中庸》的正心诚意思想，作为领导人必然的修养，也是根据孔子这里的思想。 这里在文字上的解释很简单，政就是正，“苟正其身矣，于从政乎何有？”这句话译成现在的白话文就是：假如本身公正，去从政，不必讲，当然是好的。“不能正其身，如正人何？”政者正也，要正己才能正人。假使自己不能端正作榜样，那怎么可以辅正别人呢？