Chapter 20 Zihan ninth-2

The water flows, the flowers fade, the two are ruthless Zi Zaichuan said: "The dead are like husbands!"Day and night. Here, in order to have a more intimate experience, let’s borrow the place of Bitan!Confucius went for an outing. He stood on the Bitan Suspension Bridge, saw the flowing water below and said: "The past is like the flowing water below, flowing day and night." These two sentences are very literary. The most philosophical meaning is these two sentences.From here, there are a few key points to learn. First, in terms of Taoism, Laozi, like Confucius, often uses water to represent philosophy of life.Lao Tzu teaches us to imitate water. There is an old saying in China that "man climbs to a high place, but water flows to a low place."All the waters in the world flow down to form the sea.The so-called indecent means to be humble and stand at the bottom, "I will take what people abandon." People must have capacity, and they are as inclusive as the sea.Laozi also taught us that "the highest kindness is like water", and the highest virtue is like water.Taoists describe water as wonderful. Water is absolutely clean. Dirty things that enter the water are washed away by the water.let us

The state of mind, as well as the cultivation of character, follow the example of water, which is pure and free from dust.Although it contains a lot of waste and dirt, it is still water. The nature of water has not changed, and it will always be self-improving. Second, Buddhism also said about water. When we see flowing water, it is always just a stream of flowing water.According to the analysis of Buddhism, human psychology is like flowing water. For example, "the rolling water of the Yangtze River flows eastward", and it is always flowing. Is it true?wrong.It is equivalent to seeing an electric light and saying that it is always on, which is also wrong.When we see a wave, in fact this wave has already passed, it is another new wave that follows, and when we see this new second wave, it has passed again.The same is true for lights. When we just turn on the switch, the light waves emitted have disappeared.Our thoughts, our feelings, our ages, our bodies, as I sat here an hour or a minute ago,

Sitting here, I don't know how many changes I have gone through.So "I am not what I am now", the current me is no longer the one I was a minute ago.It's all gone, like flowing water, constantly moving forward.The so-called "river flows eastward and never returns", history will never turn back, and time will never turn back.Life is always like a wave, passing wave after wave, and it is impossible to pull it back. These are the other side of the statement, and it can also be said to be a negative life. Many religious scholars and philosophers look at it from this side, and the flower will never bloom again.Everyone has seen Zhonglin Daiyu's burial of flowers.This young lady is very sick, and she has to take back the flowers when they fall, and has to bury them. The mood is very beautiful, and the article is also very well written. Do you know who it is?" This is Lin Daiyu!Why don't you get lung disease?Why not be so obsessed with death?You don't care whoever buries you, if you die, you die.Speaking of this, Gong Ding'an's poems are much more brilliant than Lin Daiyu's. His poems say: "Luohong is not a ruthless thing, it turns into spring mud to protect flowers." Someone asked me what elegiac couplet I would send after the death of the Mr. Give it to him, I said I'll make another pair.But the elegiac couplet given to him is best to be these two lines of poems, because although the man is dead, his unremitting loyalty is still moving. In the realm of literature, these two lines of poems are Gong Dingan's.All of the above are viewed from a pessimistic point of view.

But Confucius did not say this sentence with a pessimistic attitude, and many meanings are included, which is extremely brilliant.On the flip side, look at life from a positive perspective.Life is like flowing water, constantly flowing forward.So we have to understand that life is like this flowing water.That's why Confucius told his students, "Pay attention! Look at the water, everything that passes by is like this. Go forward! Go forward! And go forward day and night." The meaning of his words is that we There is a saying that I often see: "Heaven is moving vigorously, and a gentleman strives for self-improvement." This is the hexagram of Qian Gua.Qiang represents the sky, and in Chinese culture, Qiang represents the celestial body, and the current term is the universe.

"Book of Changes" is the thought of King Wen, which is what Confucius followed.King Wen explained that the universe is always rotating and moving, without stopping for a minute or a second. If it stops for a second, not only will the earth be over, there will be no human beings, and the entire universe will collapse, so the universe is dynamic.This is Chinese philosophy.We have two modern scholars who are very influential in the ideological world. Their comments on Chinese culture are static.I said to them, man, who told you that Chinese culture is static?When it comes to Chinese culture, the first book is that, it tells you "Heaven is in motion", the universe is not static, it is always in motion.Chinese culture does not advocate a static universe.The same is true in life, we must constantly strive for progress.Stillness is a slow movement, there is no real absolute stillness.For example, a person sitting on a chair seems to be very quiet, but in fact it is not quiet. The blood in the body is circulating non-stop every second, and all organs are also performing their duties. "Tianxingjian" is to run vigorously forever. "A gentleman strives for self-improvement" is to teach us to imitate the universe, that is, as Confucius said, "the dead are like this", we must imitate the water and keep moving forward, which is what Tang Zhipanming said in the book "University" Everyday new, every day new again".Thoughts and concepts in life must be constantly improved.To be satisfied with today's achievements is to fall behind.

Therefore, Confucius's "the dead are like a husband, never give up day and night." This sentence includes many meanings in various aspects. It can be said that the essence of Confucius' philosophy, especially the philosophy of life, is concentrated in these two sentences. Look at the positive and positive aspects, the universe, life, and everything.We should experience a lot of it ourselves, and we should understand a lot of things.The opinions provided here for everyone to study are just a little bit of them.In fact, many, many articles can be written based on these two sentences.History cannot stop, the times are moving forward, the universe is like this, and so is life.

Women are not necessarily disasters Here is another section. The Master said: I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as she loves sex. The color mentioned in this sentence includes three meanings of female sex, material desire, and hobby.However, according to the views of the past dynasties, it is only focused on the female sex, and it is believed that this is Confucius' lament to Wei Linggong.When Confucius traveled around the world, he paid more attention to the state of Wei, but the regime of the state of Wei had a great influence at that time. Nanzi, so this exclamation became a famous saying.In fact, not only Wei Linggong, from the point of view of human sophistication, people are more virtuous than lustful.If it is necessary to use the highest

Moral requirements, there are very few people in the world who meet the standards. For example, we have seen the famous historical story of Tang Minghuang and Yang Guifei. Tang Minghuang was indeed a good emperor. He was very good in his youth.In the past history, many people have blamed this crime on Concubine Chang, which is hard to say.It is also possible to say that a woman has such a great influence on politics.This is also the case in the West, where the so-called heroes conquer the world, and women conquer heroes.But it is not easy to see what kind of woman, the woman who can really conquer heroes.We saw that after the fall of Shu, Mrs. Huarui, the princess of Shu, was captured.Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin asked her,

There are hundreds of thousands of troops in your country, why did you come to me today.The concubine wrote a poem in reply to him, to the effect that I was a pampered woman in the deep palace and didn't know much about state affairs, but the conclusion of this poem scolded all men. , My concubine found out in the deep palace. 140,000 people are all disarmed, and none of them is a man.” This is also a story of the historical fate of women’s relationship in history.Secondly, everyone said that Tang Minghuang was in the hands of Concubine Yang by mistake, especially poets said so-most Chinese poets have rigorous criticisms of historical events-but there are also other views, such as Yuan Mei's poem : "Kong recalls the Shangmeng in the Palace of Eternal Life, and the love of the country is more important than the beautiful. Mutiny, the troops refused to leave.Everyone put forward a condition, demanding that Yang Guifei be killed.Tang Minghuang had no choice but to hang the imperial concubine to death.Therefore, later generations commented on history and believed that Tang Minghuang did not necessarily wrong the country for the sake of Concubine Yang, and this poem is exactly what it means.Tang Minghuang did the building of a hot spring pool for Concubine Yang Guifei to take a bath, and the one that made Concubine Yang Guifei commit suicide. Don’t push the sins of history onto a woman.

Similarly, Gong Ding'an of the Qing Dynasty also raised an anti-tune. One of his poems said: "The young man has already underestimated Tang Wu, not the Emperor Qin and the King of Han. Imagine the hero's twilight days, where can the gentleness live?" He said that a hero has arrived. There is nothing to do in his later years, if he is not allowed to live in Wenrou Township, what do you want him to do?Gong Dingan's theory is somewhat similar to modern psychology and Freud's sexual psychology.We must pay special attention to the fact that sexual psychology and Marx's theories have seriously influenced thought for nearly a hundred years.In addition to the influence of Marx today, Freud's sexual psychology has a greater influence on the historical and cultural changes in the past century.However, this aspect is not as important as political theory-if the basis

From a psychological point of view, if you have excessive energy, you will have an outstanding career.Therefore, heroes, heroes, talented scholars, and almost all misbehaviors are all the same as Confucius said, "I have never seen a person who loves virtue as much as she is lustful." However, the realm of a true saint required by Confucius is very difficult. In general psychological conditions, all great people are mostly energetic, so it is inevitable to take the path of female sex.This is how we view history on this point.To expand and expand, "lust" not only refers to things between men and women, but all material greed can be represented by the word "sex".Especially from the standpoint of Buddhism, it is even more obvious.According to Confucianism, a leader should not have any hobbies.But it is very difficult for a person to have no hobbies at all.For example, some people don't have any hobbies, even if they love to read, this becomes a hobby, so the people around them are all scholars. In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Liang and Yuan were stupefied with reading, and when the enemy soldiers approached, he asked all the civil and military officials in uniform to listen to his lectures.Finally, the country died.When he surrendered, he set a fire and burned the 140,000 volumes of books in his collection. He said, "The way of civil and military affairs will be exhausted tonight." Someone asked him why he burned the books. There is today, so burn it." It can be seen that reading is also very harmful, and you will become a fool. From then on, we understand that if there is a little preference at the top, the bottom will be biased. This is the principle of "things must gather what they like".If we want to look at antiques, we must go to the home of good antiques.Some people like rocks, some people like wood, and some people like banknotes.A certain man said that an old friend had to count the banknotes in his iron cabinet one by one before falling asleep every day before falling asleep.So what Confucius said is the highest goal.At the same time, we should raise our vigilance. Being a leader is not only lustful, but any kind of hobby will give people the opportunity to take advantage of it, thus affecting the failure of the cause.So the following quote from Confucius: The Master said: For example, if you are a mountain, if you don’t reach it, stop, and I will stop.For example, on flat ground, even if it is covered by a short distance, if you advance, I will go. This is the case for all moral studies.Not only academic success, moral success, and career success, the principle is the same: if you are not making progress, you must regress.If there is no progress, staying in the same place is also regressing.Especially for the requirements of one's own morality, it is even more difficult!I once said that a hero who conquers the world cannot conquer himself; a sage does not want to conquer the world, but can conquer himself.In fact, conquering yourself is more difficult than conquering the world.The so-called moral cultivation is to conquer oneself.The words of Confucius above express this truth.He said, for example, when we went to pick up soil to pile up a mountain, those who wanted to pick up a hundred loads of soil had already picked up ninety-nine loads, and in the end, "it was not finished", and a dustpan of soil was missing. "Stop", stop, so you can't reach the peak.Who made you stop?Our failure in one thing is often attributed to objective environmental and social factors, but Confucius said here that it is impossible, "I stop too", it is my mental fatigue and shrinkage, not objective factors.He also said, for example, if you fill up a piece of land and pour a dustpan of dirt on it, you will see a higher level. This progress is not due to external factors, but your own success. What he emphasizes here refers to all actions, other Success or failure depends on one's own self and should not be blamed on external factors.The reason why external factors are formed is also their own relationship. So far, the sighs made by Confucius standing on the river are over.The following is Confucius' educational experience, for personal comments. difficult to learn Confucius said: If you speak without being lazy, you will return with it! Confucius said that among his students, Yan Hui was the only one who could follow his teachings and not be lazy.This sentence seems very common, but if you have worked in teaching or leadership positions for a long time, you can realize that this is not a simple sentence. Now we often find some young people who tell them to do one thing, such as go to He has the heart to take care of an elderly person, but he does not have the enthusiasm. He will feel that the teacher told him to do it, but he does not feel that this is what he should do.When talking about theory, he said the same as everyone else, knowing that he should love others and devote himself to it, but doing it is another matter.me and my young classmates He said that many things that have been done in society, such as "Teacher Zhang" and "Lifeline", have already been done by others, so don't repeat them. You should do something that needs to be done but no one has done it.According to my information, some elderly people are very poor and their children are not around.You can mobilize young people to serve the elderly, never accept entertainment, and bring your own lunch.The young people are all very eloquent, but I told them that they must be able to withstand the difficulties in the future.Some old people have served him for a long time, and he will feel that he should.The first time there is a sense of gratitude, the next day he feels the same, the third time maybe you are late, he will curse, then the young man has to be ready to salute and apologize.From this we can see that doing a good job Things are also so difficult.Therefore, combining theory with facts, it is very difficult to "speak without being lazy", to do what you say, and to do it very diligently and persistently. As far as my personal experience is concerned, a person always has some acquaintances who have something to ask, and if they can do something, they agree to it. After the promise, sometimes they feel annoyed and leave it there for two or three days, and then the matter is "lazy".Sometimes we need to be vigilant and act quickly. After we do it, we don’t know if there will be any results.If you can't do it, tell people early.Otherwise, it is equivalent to a doctor seeing a doctor for a person. If the patient is not well treated, he will give the person some safety medicine.So what Confucius said about Yan Hui may seem ordinary on the surface, but when you really experience it, this kind of self-cultivation is really not easy. Next, I would like to praise Yan Hui again: The son called Yan Yuan and said, "What a pity!"I have seen it advance, but I have not seen it stop. This is not what he said to Yan Hui himself, but what he said to his students.Didn't Yan Hui die at the age of thirty-two?Confucius said it was a pity that I only saw his progress, not his achievements.If there is progress, there should be great achievements, but it is a pity that he died short-lived, so the achievements have not been seen.Therefore, Confucius has the following emotion towards people: The Master said: Those who are young but not beautiful have a husband!Those who are beautiful but not real have a husband! The so-called seedlings are root seedlings.For some plants, when the seeds are planted, the buds are very good and should have a bright future, but the result is that they do not grow large, and the branches and leaves are not luxuriant. This is "the seedlings are not beautiful".That is to say, there are many people who are confused when they are young.Especially in the education field, it can be seen that some young people are very good, and they are slowly changing until they become useless in the end.A further step is "beautiful but not real". Although the flowers and leaves are sparse, they do not bear fruit.If we turn these two sentences back and look at our own life, most of them can be said to be "showy but not real".In this extraordinary era, when I was young, I wanted to do whatever I wanted.As a result, now, I have come to a conclusion and know that I "can't get up".And this important point is what Confucius said above, "Stop, I stop. Advance, I go." Caring about yourself, not about others, especially in learning.We often see that young people write well, and many people have high hopes, but I don’t think so. From the perspective of the entire human cultural history, there are less than two or three hundred people in ancient and modern China and abroad.This is only in the field of articles, how many books can be handed down by people who have written many books?This is all "show but not reality". Therefore, whether it is literature or learning, no matter what aspect it is, it is not easy to be successful in history.This is what Confucius lamented about the characters.There are many people, smart and enterprising, promising, but in the end there is no conclusion.Many people's careers, morality, and knowledge fall within the scope of these two sentences. Don't take it lightly So Confucius told his students his impressions of young people: The Master said: The future generations are fearful, how do you know that the future ones are not like the present ones?Forty or fifty and no news, Si is not afraid of it. The phrase "Young people can be fearful" is a famous saying of Confucius. Don't underestimate the young people of the next generation.From ancient times to the present, great importance has been attached to the younger generation.Confucius said that the young people of the future are awesome, not because he is afraid of him, but because he is worthy of careful cultivation and attention. "How do you know that the future is not as good as the present?" Never underestimate the next generation, and don't think that the future is not as good as the present.Let's not wrong Confucius on this point. Our academic circles often describe Confucius as very old-fashioned and conservative.In fact, Confucius' thinking is the most advanced. He does not despise the next generation, let alone the later history, and believes that the future society will not be worse than the present.So he said how do you know that you will not be as good as us in the future?The same is true for humans.However, if a person reaches forty or fifty and has not accomplished anything, then forget it. There is nothing more to be desired. This is also a fact. As I said before, in my personal opinion, human culture is always young. Up to now, it has always been in an immature stage and has not yet matured. If it is truly mature, from the perspective of culture, human life will always be stable at this time. up.This theory is the most troublesome problem of historical philosophy, and we will not discuss it here.This paragraph is also Confucius encouraging young people to work hard. We used to have a saying: "If the young don't work hard, the old will be sad." This is the truth. Here is his encouragement to the students: The Master said: Is it impossible to speak French?Change it to expensive.Xun Yuzhi's words, there is nothing to say?Decipher it as expensive.If you say it without explaining it, so you don't change it, what should I do? This is of course his encouragement to the students, and it is also a place for us to emulate in our lives and actions. "French" is the "motto" we usually say now.The famous sayings of the ancients, also called "Fayan" in ancient times, have unshakable philosophical principles.I often tell foreigners who come to learn Chinese culture not to take the wrong path. The most straightforward way is to read the "three hundred thousand thousand" first, that is,,, "Thousand Characters" four books, work hard, three In just one month, I basically understood Chinese culture.In three words, it briefly introduces a piece of Chinese culture.History, politics, literature, being a person, doing things, etc. are all included.Especially "Thousand Characters", one thousand characters, after knowing these one thousand characters, you will have a basic concept of Chinese culture.China's truly great literati and scholars are great if they know 3,000 Chinese characters.If you test me and ask me to sit down and write 3,000 Chinese characters by heart, I will spend several days thinking about it slowly.Generally, those who memorize more than a thousand words in their minds are already remarkable.Some have to look through dictionaries, often using only a few hundred words.Therefore, the book "Thousand Characters" only has a thousand characters, and it covers the philosophy, politics, economy, etc. of Chinese culture, and there is no repetition of a single word.When this book was written by Emperor Wu of Liang, a minister named Zhou Xingsi was said to have made a mistake. Emperor Wu of Liang punished him by asking him to write a thousand different characters overnight, and Constitute an article, if you can't make it, you will be punished, if you can, you will let him go.As a result, he wrote "Thousand Characters" in one day and one night, and his hair turned white.That is to say, "the heaven and the earth are dark and yellow, the universe is prehistoric. The sun and the moon are full, and the celestial beings are listed..." The four-character rhyme, from the universe and astronomy, has been said, and when it comes to people and things, the so-called "cold comes and goes, autumn harvests and winter Tibet." Don't think that the Thousand-Character Classic is simple, and there are not many modern people who can immediately explain the "Thousand-Character Classic" very well.As for aphorisms, there is also a book "Zengguang Xianwen in the Past", which is a kind of folk aphorism.When I read old books in the past, it was like a kind of extracurricular reader, and I could read everything, including the principles of life and work.Of course, there are also some undesirable words in it, such as the role of "close the door and push out the moon before the window, and order plum blossoms to stand on their own".But there are many good things that have been collected.After arriving in Taiwan, I discovered that the "Words of the Past" published on the market also included some folk adages in Hokkien. When talking about Chinese culture, besides the Four Books and Five Classics, don't underestimate these small books, let alone those legendary novels.To tell the truth about the spread and influence of Chinese culture, these few small books and some novels have great power.The Four Books and Five Classics, except for the examination of fame and fame, are usually troublesome to study, so few people study them.And these books are simple and clear, expressing the essence of Chinese culture.This is the reason for the adage that comes from speaking of "French". Confucius said that the maxims of the past dynasties constitute the "words of French", "Can there be no way?" Can you say that you don't believe it?For example, when we see a good saying, we must recite it and keep it in our hearts. "Changing it is expensive", it is useless to just appreciate it, you have to treat it like a mirror, look at yourself, reflect on yourself, find your own faults, and then completely correct them, so that you can apply what you have learned by reading like this. "Xun Yuzhi's words" are words of obedience, words that follow your will.Someone made up a joke, saying that there was an overseas Chinese leader who was getting old, and he was invited to dinner in a luxurious restaurant and sat at the head.The old man often farted, and after the sound of the beads, he apologized and said, "I'm sorry!" Someone next to him said, "It's okay, it doesn't stink." The old man who farted said, "Really? That's bad." I’ve heard people say that if the farts of the elderly don’t stink, they won’t live long.” As soon as the words came out, the friend who said “not stink” was stunned, and the others were also very embarrassed. After less than a minute, Someone sniffed and said, "Well, there is a little smell now." This is Xun Yan's harsh description.Another friend told me that before he went abroad, he found a painting by Zhu Zhishan and gave it to a friend. The bridge dealer unfolded the painting, saw Zhu Zhishan’s name, and said: “Ah! He painted it, I know him, he Why didn't you write my name?" After hearing this, the friend was embarrassed to say that it was an ancient book from the Ming Dynasty, so he had to say "Xun Yuzhi's words": "I'm afraid he forgot, I'll ask him to add it for you when I go back." High hat keeps people low Although the jokes told by this friend were very harsh, he had a lot of experience and saw things very clearly.People with more experience can easily become bitter and mean.Now that I am old, I am qualified to say to the young students that they call us old people treacherous, I absolutely admit it, and I think it is a compliment.Old traitors are not big slippery, because the older you get, the more experience you have, you have to keep your speech a little bit, which is also a kind of self-cultivation.If you get older, have experienced too many human relationships, see through human affairs, and turn to your friends, be very kind, rather you are wrong, I will not ridicule you, I will not be mean to you, and I will still be sincere to you, this is morality, this is learning .Everyone should pay attention, if you are a leader, you will naturally have nice things to say.Confucius said, if you hear something that pleases your ears, will you not be happy?Complimenting two sentences is always more comfortable than cursing. I know that those two compliments are false, but it is always more comfortable.There is a famous story about Yuan Mei, a talented scholar in the Qing Dynasty. He became famous all over the world at the age of 20 or 30. He came out to be a county magistrate. Before he took office, he went to his teacher, Yin Wenduan, a famous official in Qianlong, to say goodbye. The teacher asked him to be a county magistrate at a young age. , what are some preparations?He said nothing, but prepared a hundred high hats.The teacher said how do young people do this?Yuan Mei said that everyone in the society likes to wear it, and there are a few people like teachers who don't want to wear it.The teacher also felt that what he said was reasonable.When Yuan Mei came out, the students asked him how he talked with the teacher?He said he had given away one.This is what Confucius said, "Can Xun Yu's words be unspeakable?" Who wouldn't listen to nice words? Therefore, we must pay attention to "interpretation is the most precious", and interpretation is deduction, which requires reflection, research, deliberation, and analysis. "Speak without explaining", just like nice words, without self-reflection and scrutiny. "So don't change", for a good maxim, just appreciate it, and don't correct your own problems according to the maxim. "I'm not like what I am," Confucius said. For this kind of person, I really have nothing to do with him.This also means that it is easy for intellectuals to talk about theory and tell others what to do, but it is very difficult to do it, and if it cannot be done, there is no way.Confucius' knowledge is about practical actions, and only those who can do it are true knowledge. The Master said: The Lord is loyal and trustworthy, if you have no friends who are not as good as yourself, don't be afraid to correct your mistakes. This sentence is repeated. It has been said before and will not be repeated.The focus is on "those who have no friends are not as good as themselves", don't follow the explanation of the ancients, thinking that to make friends, you must choose someone better than yourself, that's wrong.To respect everyone, that all friends, it is impossible to be inferior to their own. high spirits The following is the way of learning. In addition to knowledge, we must pay attention to the cultivation of integrity.Integrity is the center of personality. The Master said: The three armies can seize the commander, but the common man cannot seize the ambition. This refers to the development of a person's central thought.We have also discussed this issue. Both Buddhism and Confucianism advocate that a person should be selfless. This selflessness is for personal moral cultivation.To deal with things, you must have a self, and you must have a correct will. In modern terms, it is the central idea of ​​doctrine. "The three armies can win the commander." In ancient warfare, if the opponent's commander was captured, the three armies lost their leader, and the whole collapsed.As far as people are concerned, "every man can't take away his ambition". Anyone who has integrity and has set his ambition will not waver no matter what.We saw that during the Anti-Japanese War, many friends sacrificed for the country. Many people are worthy of admiration. Will is hard to conquer.Before World War II, Westerners did not know much about the seriousness of ideological and cultural aggression.After the Second World War, every country has understood this point. Strategically, it first invades the will of the other party, and first changes the enemy's ideology and will.In the war history of human culture, it was only in the past few decades that they really understood how to use this principle.Taking Chinese history as an example, our China has undergone several foreign invasions from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. Why has the Chinese nation always stood firm? Assimilation by assimilation is due to the great power of culture.A professor from Harvard University came to me and asked me, countries all over the world will perish if they die, and they will never stand up again. Only China has experienced several major subjugations, but it will never be defeated and will always stand up. What is the reason? ?I replied to him that the key lies in a very simple term "unity", the unity of culture, the unity of thought and writing.Modern Europe, like our Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, is not unified in transportation, economy, and language.Our Chinese language has not yet been unified. Cantonese and Hokkien have their dialects in various provinces and places.But after the unification of Qin and Han cultures, not only the whole of China, even the whole All of Asia, including Japan and Southeast Asian countries, are written in Chinese.Recently, Southeast Asia has tried to change it one after another, instead of using Chinese characters, but there is no way to change it.Vietnam is changing, and there is still no way to change it; Malaysia is also changing. Some students who came back from there told me that they changed the word "window" into "" and removed the two dots in the middle, but the students still wrote "window". The teacher said that it was the old window, and now the new ones don’t need the two dots in the middle, and the new ones don’t need the two screws, but the students said that there are still screws on the windows on the dictionary.It is said that there are many interesting things in this category, so a unified culture is very important.Therefore, culture cannot perish, nor can it dig its roots.Some of our countrymen do the work of digging out the roots of culture by themselves, which is a self-defeating thing. Therefore, Confucius talked about the personal ambition of "every man can't take away his ambition", which is manifested in the situation of daily life: The Master said: Clothes are worn out and gowns stand with those who wear foxes and raccoons, and those who are not ashamed have the same reasons! "If you don't ask for it, why don't you cherish it?" Zilu recited it all his life.Confucius said: This is the way, how can it be reduced? This is the Zilu outlined by Confucius.If you meet a person like Zilu now, it is very interesting; he is chivalrous, straight-talking, a bit like Zhang Fei in the movie, and Li Kui in the movie.Among the disciples of Confucius, Zilu is such a lovely person.Of course, Zilu is knowledgeable. He is not rude like Zhang Fei and Li Kui, but he has a bold personality, generosity and righteousness.Confucius said that he wore shabby robes, and those who wore fur robes with the rich and wealthy——the winter in the northern part of the mainland was very cold, so he had to wear fur robes, at least sheepskin, and high-end fox fur, mink, and squirrel, which were quite expensive. --stand together. "A person who is not ashamed", he has no sense of inferiority, and he does not feel that he is inferior to others. This kind of courage is not easy to develop.Usually wearing a crappy dress and going to a luxurious place will immediately feel flattened psychologically.This requires a truly learned bearing, even if you wear a shabby Hong Kong shirt, go to a gorgeous place, and stand with those people in well-fitting suits, you can truly be indifferent in your heart, and don’t feel that others are rich and you are poor. True self-cultivation.Confucius said that this kind of tolerance and cultivation can only be achieved by Zilu.As Mencius said, "If you talk about great people, you will despise them." When you see great people, you also see them as ordinary and ordinary.Confucius quotes two poems from "The Book of Songs · Beifeng · Xiongzhizhang" as follows: Zan Zilu said, "If you don't hate, don't ask for it, why don't you cherish it." It also tells us why Zilu can do it, with the four words "Don't hate, don't ask for it." "Don't ask", everyone knows, you have a big official, I don't want to be an official; you have a lot of money, I don't think money is a great thing, I don't think poverty is sad, I don't want anything from you!What is "not 忮"?Explained in modern terms, it means that your heart is normal and open-minded. You have a high status and money, but you are a human being, and I am also a human being. There is no distinction between fame, wealth, and poverty.He does not expect or place hope on others, and he is very calm and peaceful in his heart.Doing things like this, "why don't you use it?"Where is it not working?With this mentality, it is natural to have a high bearing.Therefore, the cultivation of temperament is not something that can be cultivated by clothing decoration. If you have this kind of cultivation in your heart, your demeanor and temperament will naturally come out.When Zilu heard the teacher reward him with these two sentences, he "recited them all his life".Confucius said to him again, if I say hello, you will be proud.I told you that you are right, this is just a process of learning, and learning is endless, so if you show it off everywhere, you are no longer good enough.Hence Confucius' conclusion: Confucius said: "The year is cold, and then you will be able to carve after you know the pines and cypresses." When the weather is cold, all the vegetation withers, only the pine and cypress trees are always green - this cannot be seen from Taiwan's climate, but the four seasons are distinct on the mainland, so you can see it clearly - this is Confucius' sigh.Life has to be concluded at the end, and a person can only see his personality in the midst of hardships and hardships, which cannot be seen normally.Take Wen Tianxiang as an example. When the country was in peace, he was a romantic and talented man. Who could see that he turned out to be such a loyal and upright person later on.That's why the ancients said, "The strong wind knows the strength of the grass, and the strong wind knows the loyal ministers." When the strong wind comes, all the grass falls down, and there is only a kind of grass on the top of the mountain, which can be used for medicine. It can also be seen in Taiwan, and it is called "duhuo". , at high altitude In places where no grass grows, only this kind of grass grows, so it is called "duhuo", which means strong grass that cannot be blown down by strong winds.When the turmoil of the times comes, the personality remains unshakable, unaffected by the material environment, and does not change due to different social times.国家一乱，就看到了忠臣，也就是孔子说的“岁寒，然后知松柏之后雕也。” 三达德的重心 下面孔子说到人格修养的三个重点 子曰：知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。 孔子告诉我们，一个人要达成完美的人格修养，重要的有三点，缺一不可。智慧，我们要注意，“知”在东方文化里并不是知识。书读得好，知识渊博，这是知识。智慧不是知识，也不是聪明。研究佛学，就看出来了。照梵文的音译，“般若”这两个字，中文来解释，相当于智慧。当时我们翻译佛学经典中的《金刚般若波罗蜜多经》，其中的“波罗蜜多”、“般若”都是梵文译音。“般若”的解释是智慧，为什么不译成《金刚智慧波罗蜜多经》呢？因为中国过去翻译有“五不翻”，外文有此意义而中文无此意义的不翻，为“五不翻”中的一种。现在对外国学生上课，就常有这种情形。譬如“境界”一词，外文里就没有这个字，勉强翻成“现象”，但并不完全是境界的意义。“现象”是科学上的名词，“境界”是文学上的名词。 譬如说有人常引宋代辛稼轩有名的词句：“蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处。”那就是境界，若隐若现。再说诗的境界，如“月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。”好境界！如改作“飞机轰轰对愁眠”那是噪音 不是诗了。李后主词的名句“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋。”若是“月如团，红烧鸭子一大盘。”那就没有境界了。这是讲文学的境界。如把境界翻成现象，就只有“月如团，红烧鸭子一大盘”，才是现象。又如中国文字的“气”如何翻译？西方文字不同，氧气、氢气、瓦斯气，究竟用哪一种起来代表？中国字就不同了，一个“电”字，就有许多的妙用。在外文就不得了，现在外文有十几万字，真正常用的几千字而已。外文系的学生可不得了，新字一年年增加，我看照这 种情形下去，七八十年以后，谁知道要增加到多少字，将来非毁弃不可。而中国只要一个“电”字就够了，发亮的是电灯，播音的是电唱机，可以烧饭的是电锅、电炉，还有电影、电视、电熨斗，只要两个一拼就成了，谁都懂。外文可不行，电灯是电灯的单字，电话是电话的单字，所以他们的物质越进步，文字越增加，增加到最后，人的脑子要爆炸的。所以现在中文翻外文，就是采音译的方法，然后加注解。我们过去的翻译，不像现在，尤其南北朝佛学进来的时候，政府组织几千个第一流 的学者，在一起讨论，一个句子原文念过以后，然后负责中文的人，翻译出来，经过几千人讨论，往往为了一个字，几个月还不能解决。古人对翻译就是那么慎重，所以佛法能变成中国文化的一部分。现在的人学了三年英文，就中翻英、英翻中，谁知道他翻的什么东西？所以翻来覆去，我们的文化，就是这样给他们搞翻了。当时“般若”为什么不翻成“智”？因为中国人解释“智”往往与“聪明”混在一起，所谓“聪明”是头脑好，耳聪目明，反应很快就是聪明，是后天的；而智慧是先天 的，不靠后天的反应，天分中本自具有的灵明，这就叫智慧。他们考虑梵文中这个字有五种意义，智慧不能完全代表出来，所以干脆不翻，音译过来成“般若”。这里孔子说的“知者不惑”的“知”，也等于佛学中智慧的“智”，而不是聪明。真正有智慧的人，什么事情一到手上，就清楚了，不会迷惑。“仁者不忧”，真正有仁心的人，不会受环境动摇，没有忧烦。“勇者不惧”，真正大勇的人，没有什么可怕的。但真正的仁和勇，都与大智慧并存的。 圣人之道与才 子曰：可与共学，未可与适道。可与适道，未可与立。可与立，未可与权。 这是作人做事最要注意的事。讲到这种人生的经验，孔子真是圣者，实在了不起。他说有些人可以同学，年轻做朋友蛮好，但没有办法和他同走一条道路，不一定能共事业。假如有一个事业，认为是好朋友，拉在一起做，往往后来朋友变成冤家，真不划算，如不共事业，还是好朋友，多圆满！朋友是难得，结果变成冤家，等于离婚一样，该多痛苦？所以汉光武找严子陵，而严子陵始终不干，始终和皇帝是好朋友，多舒服！如果他作了汉光武的官，最后历史的记载，两人有没有这光荣史迹，就不知道了。“可与适道，未可与立。”有些人可以共赴事业，但是没有办法共同建立一个东西，无法创业。我们经历了几十年的人生，再回过来看这节书，真感到孔子的了不起。明太祖朱元璋。最初尊孔子，反对孟子，把圣庙里孟子的牌位丢掉，说孟子没什么了不起。后来观念转变，翻开孟子一看，读到孟子说“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨”那一段，他又立即认为孟子真是圣人，恢复了孟子在圣庙的牌位。这就是说明要人生的经验多了，才体会得出圣贤之言的可贵。“可与立，未可与权。”有些人可以共同创业，但不能给他权力，无法和他共同权变。这在历史上很多故事中可以看到，有些人学问、道德都不错，作别人的高级干部，一人之下万人之上也不错，但权力一集中到他手里，他自己会害了自己，就坏了。譬如现代史中的袁世凯，和曹操差不多，是乱世奸雄，治世未必能。如果一个人大权在手，又有道德学问的修养，把权力看成非常平淡，那就高明了。 赞元禅师与王安石 再说，由“可与共学”到“未可与权”这三句话，我们可以借用宋代蒋山赞元禅师对王安石说的话，作为更进一层的了解。王安石与赞元禅师交情犹如兄弟，一个出家当了和尚，一个作了宰相，王安石每个月都要写信给赞元，而赞元始终不打开来看。有一天王安石问他能不能学道，赞元禅师说：“你只有一个条件可以学道。但有三个障碍永远去不了，只好再等一世，来生再说学道的事吧！”王安石听了很不痛快，要他说明。他便说，你“秉气刚大，世缘深。”你的气大，又热心于人世 的功名事业，成功与失败，没有绝对的把握，你心里永远不会平静，哪里能够学道呢？并且你脾气大，又容易发怒。作学问，重理解，对学道来说，是“所知障”，你有这三个大毛病，怎么可以学道？不过，不大重视名利，而且生活习惯很淡泊， 很像一个苦行僧，只有这一点比较近道而已。所以说你可以先研究修道的理论，等来生再说吧！我们看了这一段对话，再研究一下王安石的一生与宋神宗时代历史上的成败得失，便可以了解孔子所说的这三句话的份量了。 唐棣之华，偏其反而；岂不尔思，室是远而。子曰：未之思也，夫何远之有？ 孔子所引用这四句古诗，用得很妙。 “唐棣”是一种植物，像栗子一样，台湾也有栗子，五月间开白色的花。这诗上说到看见唐棣开的花朵，好像是反偏在一面的情形，因此引起一时的感想，了解任何一件事物，都有正反两面。有些事所以一时看不清楚，都是因为它太亲近，反而使自己受到蒙蔽，其实，道理就在你的面前，就像在你家里一样，只要多多精思，就可以知道是自家本有的。所谓“祸患常积于忽微，智勇多困于所溺”，便是此意。唐棣之花的四句诗，它包含有两个意思。No. 一是说前面有一朵花，真是好看，可惜偏向了一点。第二是映射偏差的过失，是由自己不注意去深思所致。作事业或作人，最容易出错的地方，就是不太注意最浅近之处和偏信最亲近的人。由人生的经验以至历史上的教训，我们便可知道，一个人的失败，整垮你的不是敌人，往往是你左右最亲信的人。也不是左右的人有意整垮你，而是他无意犯一个错误或太多的错误，结果却帮忙你拆垮了台。所以人最不容易看清楚的，是自己同室的人和最亲近的事。好像我们戴眼镜，可以看见外面的事， 往往忘记了自己的眼镜，把镜片撞破了，也把眼睛伤害了。四句话连起来就是说，我们有爱好，就有偏私，有了偏私，往往就看事情不清楚，越亲近的事物越看不清楚。这要特别注意。 “子曰：未之思也，夫何远之有？”这是孔子的结论，他说实际上都是自己不肯用心去深思，才看不清楚。其实，最高远的道理，就是最平凡、最浅近的。我们往往把摆在面前的事情看得漫不经心，不屑去考虑，才种下失败的种子。 一般把二十篇分成上下两部分，上面十篇为上论。上半部的最后一篇，也就是上论第十篇《乡党》，因为这一篇多半是记录孔子日常作人处世的态度，比较枯燥一点。事实上以现在的观点来说，也就是孔子日常生活的素描。本其中，可以看出他的思想和为人处世的一方面，等于研究孔子的一个结论，我们暂时把它保留。上论到此就告一段落。