Chapter 14 Yong Ye Sixth-2

Do saints have grumbles too? Next, let’s talk about Confucius’ laments about the times.We often criticize others and complain. In fact, this is also human nature.Although there are times in history where people complained and were punished, everyone has complaints. It’s better if you complain, and it’s worse if you don’t.It is not too much for Kong Yu to complain occasionally. The Master said: There is no sycophant who wishes to sway, but there is the beauty of the Song Dynasty, it is hard to escape the present world! Let me talk about Zhu Tiao first, Tiao is a person's name, Ziyu, eloquent, and he was a doctor of Weiguo at that time.Zhu was the official name at that time, the official who was in charge of the ancestral temple and the national sacrifice. His information is recorded in detail in "Zuo Zhuan" in the fourth year of Lu Dinggong's "Zhu Tiao Chang Wei Yu Ji". "Song Chao" is the son of the Song Dynasty, and the son is a hereditary official name. The so-called "son of the family", his name is Chao, and he looks very beautiful.Confucius said that if a person is not as eloquent as Zhu Tiao, even though he is as handsome as Song Gongzichao, he will still be unable to enjoy and work in this society.Therefore, characters in the changing times must not only be handsome, but also eloquent.In modern society this is not enough, there must be

fiscal.This is Confucius' emotion about the social turmoil of that time, we can also treat him as a complaint! We need to understand that Confucius lamented the society at that time. Was everything good before Confucius?No!It's the same.All kinds of troubles between people and between people and things are the same throughout the ages, not only in China, but also in foreign countries.So we should not think that ancient times were good, but modern times are bad.People of later generations look at us now and think we are better than them.This is the way of the world and the people's hearts, the same truth since ancient times.Therefore, when we read ancient books, we don't want to go back and be the people of ancient times. The main thing is to know how to be the people of today.

Seeing Confucius complaining from above, has he bowed to reality?He never bowed his head. The Master said: Who can leave the house?Why don't you say so! Although Confucius lamented so much about the times, he believed that it is better to follow the right path.A gentleman should not bow his head to the reality, the final victory and the final success belong to the right way.He gave an example, "Who can leave the house?" The door in the gate is the house.He said, who wants to go out, can go out without going through the gate?One has to walk on the right path only after leaving the door. People must walk on the right path. Walking in evil ways and walking in the wrong way will eventually be tortuous and difficult to produce results.

This passage also says that people must have standards for being human.Although many people are proud of not taking the right path, they still have problems in the end.But many people still only care about the present, regardless of their own consequences.Although we have seen many people commit many crimes and still enjoy life in peace, this account will eventually be settled in the afterlife. Useless is a scholar The Master said: "Quality wins over writing and then wildness, while writing wins over quality and then history."Gentle and polite, then a gentleman. "Quality" refers to the simple quality of literature; "wen" refers to the humanistic culture accumulated by many experiences and opinions added by human beings.But the main thing is human nature.Primitive man and civilized man are essentially the same.Eat when you are hungry, and dress when you are cold. This is not only the nature of human beings, but also the nature of all things.There is no difference in diet between men and women, humans and animals.But the essence must be supplemented with cultural cultivation, in order to leave the barbaric era and enter the track of a civilized society.

That's why Confucius put forward that "the quality wins the text and the barbarian" develops completely in accordance with the essence of primitive people. If the culture is shallow, it will become backward and barbaric. "Wen wins quality and history", if it is a culturally advanced society, cultural knowledge conceals the essence of people, is it good?Confucius did not think that this is good, and it is still wrong if it is deviated.Wenru is better than quality, without maintaining the essence of human beings, "the history".This "history", if viewed as the history of history, is too gentle and too sour.We have to use history to prove it: the history of China and foreign countries is the same. After a country has been peaceful for more than a hundred years, the national power must gradually weaken, but the art and culture are particularly developed.The era of particularly developed art and culture, that is,

When human society tends to decline.For example, during the heyday of Rome, architecture, art, singing and dancing, etc. gradually developed.That's why Confucius said: "Gentlemen are gentle, and then gentlemen." The two must develop in a balanced manner.The influence of acquired culture and the inherent honesty and primitive simplicity of human nature are balanced with each other, and that is a gentleman.This is true of the entire national culture, and it is true of us as individuals.So sometimes I don't like students who study too hard, which may be my fault.But I have seen many students with good homework, wearing deep myopia glasses, who are useless except for reading.As far as I have found, and what I know from decades of experience, as to whether it is true or not, I still dare not draw a conclusion.However, talented people, capable people, and people who will contribute to society in the future are not necessarily people who are well-educated in school.Therefore, students who do well in their homework do not necessarily have great achievements in doing things in the society in the future.The day before yesterday, I took the exam for a graduate student in the × university and got a master's degree. I am ashamed, and I am the instructor.Fortunately, it finally passed with a high score of 85 points.This kid is very good at reading, but I don't think he can do things well at all, he can't even call a car well.Can a good book be able to save the country?Those who can save the country and the world are not necessarily good at reading.Assuming that a person reads well, has good knowledge, has good ability, and has good moral character, then he is called gentle and gentle. "Then a gentleman" is considered a talent.So I often advise parents not to make their children nerds, nerds are synonymous with uselessness.Just look at how many of the number one champions have contributed to the country since the middle of the Qing Dynasty and after the cultural exchanges between China and the West?Check again to see how many first champions in history have made significant contributions to the country?There was a Wen Tianxiang in the Song Dynasty, and a Guo Ziyi who was born as a martial arts scholar in the Tang Dynasty.There are only one or two more famous ones.How many people have graduated from the first university in recent decades?Where is the contribution to society

inside?Where is the contribution to the country?Although a person's knowledge is high, his talent is not necessarily equal; and his talent is not necessarily equal to his moral character.Talent, knowledge, and morality are all three, which is what Confucius said, "Gentleman, then a gentleman." Not only school education, but also family education should pay more attention to this. fundamental questions of human nature With regard to the section of "Gentleness and Gentleness", if we go deeper, we must enter into the specific cultivation of the individual and the essence of human nature.Is human nature good or evil?This is a great question in philosophy.The basics of Chinese philosophy have been discussed for thousands of years, but no conclusion can be reached. Western philosophy also discusses this issue.According to Confucius and Mencius, we believe that the essence of human nature is originally kind.The most famous one quotes Confucius in the first sentence, "At the beginning of human beings, nature is good." Bad habits are bad habits that have been learned and broken.The so-called: "Nature is similar, but habits are far away." Mencius also gave an example to illustrate that human nature is basically good.He said that when we were walking on the road and saw a child fall into a well, our first thought and the first thing we did must be to save others. To save people, so it is said that everyone has a heart of compassion.There are benevolence and compassion in each.Secondly, when a person sees a miserable person, he must feel sorry for him.This shows that people's hearts are good.

On the contrary, such as Xunzi advocated that human nature is inherently evil.For example, if a mother gives birth to twins, when one of the babies wants to breastfeed, the other cries and fusses, grabs the milk and feeds itself, which shows that human nature is evil.Xunzi believed that people's goodness is slowly shaped by acquired education.In addition to Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, Gao Zi, who was at the same time as Mencius, believed that human nature is neither good nor bad.He said that human nature is like wood, which can be made into a circle when measured with a compass, and can be made into a square when measured with a square.Mozi also held the same view: He said that human nature is like white silk cloth, and what is dyed black is black, and what is dyed red is red.There is no good or evil in human nature, good and evil are all dyed later.The current concept of "plasticity" in education is similar to this.Therefore, whether human nature is good or evil, or neither good nor evil, has been debated in philosophy for thousands of years.This is true in China, and so is foreign countries.

However, these theories have not yet given human beings a generally accepted conclusion, at least in terms of academic thinking.So we often mention that human culture is very funny.The Chinese have a cultural history of 5,000 years, and the Westerners have thousands of years. They also brag that human beings are the greatest and the most amazing—boasting that they are the spirit of all things.But in the eyes of all things, pigs, cows, chickens, and ducks look at humans, and they may think that humans are the most abominable thing among all things, both cunning and cruel, because humans specialize in killing and eating them.However, we human beings, the spirit of all things, have thousands of years of culture, but we still have no definite answers to several basic questions.For example: Where does our life come from?Is human nature good or evil?Human beings think that the accumulated civilizations of philosophy, religion, science, etc. have conquered space, which is also bragging.Strictly speaking, the civilization of mankind today can only be said to have begun to march into space, and space has not been conquered by us.Even though we have entered space, the immediate problems of human beings are still unresolved as they have been for thousands of years.Why does science go to space?The main purpose is to pursue the source of life.Although the material civilization of science is developed today, the basic spirit of science is still investigating the root of this problem.However, the answer to this question has not been found out, but the technology of this discussion has been developed to material civilization.

Therefore, the trend of today's culture is formed. Let's not take the issue too far. We will discuss the metaphysical and physical issues of human nature later.The above so-called pros and cons are not sufficient reasons, and there are problems.Now let's go back to just discussing this "quality" of human nature.This question is also difficult to answer.However, the primitive nature of human beings—the quality—is relatively straightforward. When we look at the actions shown by a child, even if he breaks something or does something wrong, he looks cute like that, because he doesn’t add acquired Color is the essence of human nature.If people grow up, they will still be like this, okay?Let's take a look at one or two philosophical jokes that we circulated for your research reference.

Still a cute tiger There was an old monk who adopted a very young orphan and brought him to the mountain when he was only two or three years old.The door was closed to prevent him from contacting anyone outside, and he was not taught anything. When he was brought up, once the old monk went down the mountain, a friend came to visit and asked the young monk, where is the master?The child foolishly said that Master had gone down the mountain.The visitor asked strangely, you are his apprentice, why can't you do anything?The little monk said, what is "meeting"?The guest taught him how to greet someone, how to speak, and how to salute the master when the master came back.The guest taught all these things to the young monk, who is already in his twenties, and the more he learns, the better he will be.The guest left without waiting for his master to come back. When the master came back, the young monk went all the way outside the mountain gate to meet him and greet him.The master was very surprised when he saw it, and asked where he learned this set of behaviors.When the little monk told the story, the master was furious and went to find that friend to have a big fight.He said that for more than 20 years, I have not allowed him to be contaminated by any things that are right, wrong, good or evil, and kept the original innocence of human nature.As a result, if you do it, it will be ruined, and my painstaking efforts over the past twenty years have been in vain.We have heard this story, which contains many connotations, so we might as well understand it from all aspects. Everyone knows the second story. An old monk adopted a child in the same way.When I was in my twenties, I wanted to take him down the mountain, but I was very worried about him.Just tell him that you have never seen it in the human world, and now I will take you there.It is very lively in the city, with all kinds of things, but there is nothing to be afraid of, there is only one thing-tiger, you have to pay attention, it can eat people.The young monk asked what a tiger looked like, and the old monk told him what the woman looked like, saying that it was a tiger.The old monk took him for a walk, and when he returned to the mountain, he asked his apprentice, what do you like most when you are in the downtown area?The little monk thought everything was fine, and there was nothing particularly tempting.The old monk asked again what is the cutest thing?The little monk said that the cutest thing was the tiger. Both of these two stories involve human nature, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion on what is the essence of human beings. If the quality is better than the text, the lack of cultural accomplishment is not beautiful.If Wen Shengzhi is likely to become a nerd.People who are too knowledgeable can also be a headache.Talking about learning is straightforward, talking about being a person and doing things, everything is bad, and the subjectivity is particularly strong.Therefore, the two key points of text and quality must be balanced. In addition, he said another reason: The Master said: People's lives are straightforward, and the lives of others are also fortunately avoided.This is after talking about quality and culture, Confucius said that the nature of man is to walk straight and straightforward.Speaking of this is very wonderful, people like to be straightforward, from a psychological point of view, a friend who likes a bad person even though he is very honest, not only honest people like honest people, even bad people like honesty People, from here we can understand what kind of talent a person should be.Everyone likes others to be honest—honest, even if he himself is not honest, at least he likes honest people who are willing to fall for him.From the perspective of education, any kind of education is to teach children to be honest and not to lie, but have people done it?impossible. As far as I am concerned, more than ten years ago, when I had a child who was still young, every night, there were too many friends visiting, and there was no rest, and sometimes I felt very annoying, and one day I was really tired. When I would visit, I told my child: "I went to sleep upstairs, and someone came to visit and said I was not there." As a result, the guest came, and my child said: "My father told me that he was going to sleep, and if there was a guest, he said he was not in." !” Should I scold the child?No, we asked him to be honest, he was very honest, he was right, and it was us who were wrong, so should people be straightforward?Rigidly straight, blindly straight, will something go wrong?These are all problems.So it is indeed difficult to deal with the world in life. Sometimes after being a person for a lifetime, the more I do, the more confused I become.But according to Confucius, people are born very honest and straightforward.Let’s see that every child is very sincere. If you find a scheming child in kindergarten, then this child will have serious problems. Either he has physical and mental problems at the time, or he will become a problem person when he grows up. But most of the children are not. Will work hard.However, as people grow up and experience more and more gradually, they become "lost". What is the interpretation of the word "Wang"?Usually used to be confused, there is an extra vertical heart next to it.The meaning of the word "相" represents hypocrisy and emptiness. "Wang Zhisheng also", a person lives a life in a false way.Hypocritical people will not have good results. Even if there are some good fortunes sometimes, it is a fluke that avoids disasters, not necessarily.Definitely a bad ending.These two sentences mean that people are naturally straightforward, and the older they are, the more experience they have, the closer they are to innocence.It feels good to live in the world with hypocritical means, but the result will definitely not be good, even if it is good, it is "by luck".But "surviving" is a one in ten thousand thing. This kind of gambling behavior is too dangerous and not worthwhile. Downstairs Gold Upstairs Speaking of this, Confucius turned to another principle. He believed that it is not a painful thing to do well in learning. The Master said: Those who know are not as good as those who like them, and those who are good are not as good as those who enjoy themselves. This is a big problem in education. Who in the world doesn't want to be a good person and do good deeds?want to do it all.There are many people who know what to do and understand the principles, but it is not the case when doing it.I also mentioned earlier that many people "can see through, but can't bear it." For example: Forget it!Keep life simple!This is seen through, but when the time comes, I can't bear it.When you see ill-gotten gains, your first thought is not to want it; if you look at it more, your eyes will light up; if you look at it again, your eyes will turn red. There is a story in history about Guan Ning and Hua Xin during the Three Kingdoms period. Guan Ning was a famous scholar, but later he never went downstairs.At first, he studied with his classmate Hua Xin, and the two dug together.When Guan Ning dug up a piece of gold, he threw it away like dirt, without even looking at it.And Hua Xin went to take another look, so he didn't care about it anymore.In this way, Guan Ning broke up with Hua Xin. Some people may say that Guan Ning is too unkind.But the ancient history records are simple. In fact, the two of them were classmates and had such a good relationship. Guan Ning had observed Hua Xin for a long time.Sure enough, Hua Xin helped Cao Pi to usurp the Han Dynasty and became a thousand-year-old man. Although the ancient sinner's writing is very good, he has become a villain's literati, which is the aforementioned Confucian of the villain.So Guan Ning, when Hua Xin's status is high, he will never go downstairs, which means that although you have political power, I will not step on your land. This is the reason Hua Xin can see through and can't bear it. There is also "I want it, but I can't do it". There are many things we want to do, but when we do it, we just can't do it.That is to say, although you understand the knowledge and principles, you can't do it when you practice it.Therefore, those who know are not as good as those who are good.You must develop a habit of learning, and you can't live without it for a day.The first article "Xue Er" said, "Learning and practicing it from time to time, it's not easy to say!" The word "Xi" means "to learn well". "It's better to be happy than to be happy." I like it, even though I like it, I don't think it is a joy in life.Taking Taijiquan as the most popular form today, it is by no means as popular as mahjong.Because people who play mahjong regard this matter as a pleasure, sitting there is very happy, As for Tai Chi, if you know it is good for your body, you know it. If you practice it every day, you are a "good person".It is not easy to achieve the achievement of learning and enter the realm of "joy".We must pay attention to this point in the education of our subordinates or children, and cultivate them in whichever aspect they like.Even if you love to play mahjong, you can train him, of course not to train him to play mahjong, but to transfer his mahjong psychology to a similar development.This is the principle of teaching, not only for others, but also for self-cultivation. But Confucius said another sentence: Confucius said: If you are above average, you can speak well.Below the middle-aged, you can't speak well. This means that people's wisdom cannot be equal, so let's divide it into three levels: upper, middle, and lower.The qualifications above the average level can tell him advanced theories; as for the qualifications below the average level, in terms of education and teaching, don't make too high demands on them, you might as well set lower requirements.However, the achievements of people below the average person may not always be below the average person. As long as they work hard, their final achievements will be the same as those above the average person.This can be illustrated by many examples in history.Anyone who has been a teacher or a leader can understand that this passage of Confucius is absolutely correct.I misunderstood that the above words are all Confucius said from the words of "Quality prevails over literature, and history prevails." It is the principle of education and the principle of being a leader.When you are a leader, you must first get to know your subordinates.Seeing that his ability is below average, but entrusting him with higher tasks, it must be bad.The principle of education is the same. You should pay more attention to the education of your children. Don't "children are all for your own good." For your own children, you should also look at the situation. In terms of language." To educate the next generation, I just hope that he will work hard, live in peace, and be a good member of society. This is the most basic point, and we don't want him to be special.Like Su Dongpo, he is so famous, among literati and scholars, he is really lucky.There are people who are more knowledgeable than Su Dongpo, but Su Dongpo was famous all over the world in the Song Dynasty, and several emperors loved him.At that time, the envoys sent by Japan and Goryeo all knew it, and even people from the enemy countries knew that the first thing the envoys sent by the Jin people asked about was Su Dongpo and his works. His articles and poems were widely spread at home and abroad. .Later, he was hit hard on the political stage, so he wrote a poem with emotion: "Everyone says that being smart is good, but I was fooled by being smart all my life. I hope that I will give birth to a stupid and stupid son, and I will come to Gongqing without any disasters." We see life from this poem by Su Dongpo.His infinite pain and troubles.So if you are well-educated, famous, and have a high official position, is there no pain?More pain, this is the first thing we know from his poem.The second point is that Su Dongpo’s point of view is ridiculous from this poem. Try his first two sentences. Not only he feels this way, but everyone also feels this way; the third sentence is also quite good; He is so smart.How can there be such a thing in the world? !To give birth to a son is stupid, stupid, like a pig, and there will be no disasters or difficulties in his life, and he will go up to a high official and rich salary. This calculation is too good.This is "clever mistake me"?Or "I was mistaken for being smart"?From the point of view of philosophy of life, if you were Su Dongpo's teacher, the first three sentences of this poem could be circled, and the last sentence would not only be marked with three ××, but Su Dongpo would also be called to face-to-face reprimand: "You beat me again. Wishful thinking, so smart! How could you not mistake yourself?" In the middle section above, several sections are connected together to talk about the principles of life and learning, and then to discuss political issues. Politics and Religion Fan Chi asked.The Master said: The righteousness of serving the people, respecting ghosts and gods and keeping them at a distance, can be said to be known.Ask Jen.Said: The benevolent person first makes it difficult and then obtains it, which can be called benevolence. This "knowledge" reads "wisdom", which is the wisdom of wisdom, benevolence and courage. In ancient times, knowledge and wisdom are interlinked.Fan Chi, a student of Confucius, needs no introduction. He was the one who drove the car last time.One day he asked Confucius what true wisdom is. This knowledge includes science and philosophy, but here it is biased towards political philosophy.Confucius replied very well: "The righteousness of serving the people is to respect ghosts and gods and keep them far away. This can be said to be known." What is serving the people?It is a leader, and a person who is a political leader is serving the people, which means that the affairs he leads are for the common people. "Respect ghosts and gods and keep them at a distance", we Chinese all know this is the famous saying of Confucius.Did Confucius not believe in religion?He believes very much. He thinks that ghosts and gods exist, but they are different from people. two ways.The so-called "the way of heaven is far away, but the way of humanity is near." Ghosts and gods are a matter of the way of heaven and are far away from us.We are now living in a humane way—"humanity is near", politics, education, economy, military affairs, and society are all humane affairs, and ghosts and gods should not be the main thing.In the past, especially now, when it comes to religion, people say superstition. I am very opposed to this attitude. People who hold this attitude "do you understand religion?" Understand him?" This is a great superstition.why?Because you believe in yourself!Isn't it superstitious to just define something without knowing the content?superstitious, It is superstition to believe without knowing. Now you have this definition without knowing about religion, which is a big superstition.Confucius never believed in superstition, "respect ghosts and gods and keep them at a distance", this is knowledge. This is a big problem. In ancient Chinese history and in ancient Western history, there is almost no separation between politics and religion.In our history, Qin Shihuang, Han Gaozu, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing went all the way, and almost no emperor had no relationship with religion, whether he believed in it or opposed it.The same goes for foreign countries. Speaking of this, I can tell you a fact. Before the death of the late South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem, a priest accompanied a foreign priest who also taught to visit my home, saying that it was from the Holy See.When I heard this, I was quite dizzy.I declare that if I am regarded as representing a certain religion in China, I am unwilling to talk because I cannot represent any religion.He said that he wanted to visit me because I did not represent any religion and was aloof.I said I will tell you first, please tell them.I once gave a speech to religious people in Hong Kong. I mentioned that in the 21st century, the cloaks of all religions must be taken off, the doors of all religions must be opened, and all religions must unite. Only by working together to serve together and pursuing the true meaning of life and the universe can the civilization of the 21st century be built.I say it may be too early to say, but you can put it on the record, it will be so in the future.why?If we don't take off the cloak of religion, don't open the door of religion, or keep it closed, there will be a conclusion of eight characters for all religions-"closed door doctrine, suicide policy." Who is rejecting religion?It is not a struggle between religions, but a natural development, and scientific civilization is playing tricks on religion.Later he asked about South Vietnam, the issue between Catholicism and Buddhism in South Vietnam.I said now you can record my words, I am Chinese, from the standpoint of Chinese history and culture, Contribute your opinion, human culture in the world, look at politics from a religious point of view, it seems that the political power in each region is just a work made of religion; on the contrary, if you look at religion from a political standpoint, any religion is nothing but politics It's just a ring above.For those who are purely religious, it is best to look at religion from a political standpoint.Regardless of Western religion, in any era in Chinese history, if religion is involved in politics, it will definitely fail.At that time, I thought it was very down-to-earth and sincere to contribute their opinions.Now, more pertinently, that's true.In our Chinese history, following the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Yellow Turban Zhangjiao in the Three Kingdoms period, the White Lotus Cult in the Yuan Dynasty, and modern times such as the Red Lantern, the Boxers, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were all related to politics and religion.Anyone who plays politics with religious relations is bound to fail.The Western Crusades, such a big war, was started for religious concepts, was it successful?Failed, for one thing.Second, politics must rely on historical and cultural experience, and South Vietnam was too young at that time.I am embarrassed to say that this is a time when our country's own luck is not good, so I am unlucky, so let's not talk about it.Strictly speaking, South Vietnam is just a child. Politics, history and culture require long-term experience, and you should not act like a child. These examples illustrate the meaning of "respect ghosts and gods and keep them at a distance". If we talk about the history of religion, it was Emperor Taizong of Tang who promoted Xuanzang of Buddhism after he learned the scriptures and returned to China.At the same time, Emperor Taizong of Tang also praised Taoism.The real state religion in the Tang Dynasty was Taoism. When the imperial court was arranged, Taoism was the first, and Buddhism was the second, but they were treated equally.As for Confucianism, needless to say, it is also admired, and it also respects Islam. The old Christianity, Nestorianism, also came to China during the time of Tang Taizong. Tang Taizong also wrote an inscription for him, allowing him to build a temple in Guangzhou. - build churches.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty has such a great political style, he sees that every religion is good, and he "please sit down and make some tea." What religion does he believe in? He did not express.To be honest, it was later verified that he believed in Buddhism.But in terms of politics, he is absolutely fair. In the past, even though there was no constitution, he was fair to religion.Therefore, Confucius said that the relationship between the principles of leadership in politics and the affairs of ghosts and gods cannot be regarded as superstitious.Sometimes it's very helpful for work, for politics.But the word "respect" above is very important and should be very respectful.For example, Napoleon was not superstitious. After he became emperor, he once kicked away the crown, thinking that these emperor's hats were nothing.But when he went to an Islamic country and saw an Islamic church, he knelt down and prayed like others. It is also the highest level of wisdom and cannot be called superstition.Faith is a personal matter, and when it comes to major issues, one cannot be biased at will. Why cite so many examples to illustrate that "respect ghosts and gods and keep them at a distance" is "knowledge"?It should be noted that there is a sentence of Confucius above, "the righteousness of serving the people", which talks about the wisdom of a country's leaders. It is not an ordinary chat to discuss the philosophical issue of ghosts and gods. Then I asked Jin this question again.The benevolence here is not about the form of benevolence, but about the function of benevolence, the benevolence of being a person in the world.Confucius said that a person who leads others needs a heart of benevolence and love, and should not underestimate any issue. Not despising is the Confucian thought of "respecting one's work".Smart leaders, in particular, tend to underestimate world affairs and commit Su Dongpo's fault of "I was fooled by my cleverness all my life". Therefore, if you think about "difficulties" in advance, you can get good results later.Let’s start with the difficult aspects and the many aspects of the problem. After studying all of them, we finally come to a conclusion and get the result of the middle way. This is the use of benevolence.In this way, it is convenient for oneself, it is also convenient for others, and it is even more convenient for the common people. Over the past few decades, young friends have used the concepts of Western culture to deal with things-if you make a mistake, you are not afraid of making a mistake, just be afraid of not doing it;As a result, there are political advantages and disadvantages.Some people like to quote Napoleon's boldness, saying that there are no difficult words in his dictionary. This sentence is very enjoyable and very bold.But think about it, Napoleon did not succeed, he will not succeed, just like Xiang Yu in China.When it comes to Western culture, the United States has nothing real to see except science. You can only go to Europe to see it; in Europe, you can only see it in France, and in France you can only see Napoleon's Arc de Triomphe.Europeans all worship Napoleon, but there are so many people like Napoleon in Chinese history, and you can pick out more than a dozen. What's so great about it?A seasoned person who seeks the country should pay attention to this "difficulty", first make it difficult and then gain it. This is the way of using benevolence. not between mountains and rivers So what is true wisdom?What is true love? The Master said: Those who know are happy, water; those who are benevolent are happy, mountains.Those who know move; those who are benevolent are still.those who know are happy; those who are benevolent life. In these few sentences, ordinary people say, "The wise man enjoys water" means that wise people like water because of its flowing nature. "The benevolent Leshan" means that kind people like mountains.If explained in this way, the problem is big.To paraphrase Zhuangzi, "a wise man enjoys water", so eels, loaches, yellow croakers, and turtles all like water. Is it smart? "The benevolent Leshan", so monkeys, tigers, and lions are all benevolent?This interpretation is wrong.The correct explanation is "Water is the joy of the knower." The happiness of the knower is like water, leisurely and serene, and always lively. "The joy of the benevolent is the mountain." The joy of the benevolent is like a mountain, lofty, great, and peaceful.It's only natural, I did not mean to explain this. Why didn't I do it on purpose?Read the following and you will know that he said that the joy of the knower is dynamic, like water.The happiness of the benevolent is static, like a mountain.Isn't that very clear?It is wrong to take it out of context and say that "those who know enjoy water" are fond of water, and "those who are benevolent enjoy mountains" are fond of mountains. This is wrong.Some people's knowledge and cultivation are lively and lively, and most smart people are lively. The so-called "the willow bank, the dawn wind and the moon", "the rolling Yangtze River and the flowing water" are such a boldness, such a bearing.Most of the kind people are profound and as peaceful as a mountain.So the following conclusions: "The one who knows is happy", the one who knows is happy, the outlook on life and interests are multifaceted; Human beings are less likely to lose their temper or be impulsive. They look at things calmly, and first gain after difficulties. This kind of people also live longer.This is the meaning of the combination. Don't follow the ancients to explain indiscriminately: wise people must like water, and kind people must like mountains.That's a big problem. Transformed cultural samples In the next two sections, Confucius lamented the cultural issues at that time.It seems to be two idle articles, irrelevant words.When researching, it must be in line with the historical era of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Confucius said: Once Qi changes, it becomes Lu; when Lu changes, it becomes Dao.The Master said: Gou is not Gou, Gou is!Goblet! When it comes to the evolution of culture in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the two countries of Qi and Lu played a central role in both the Eastern and Western Zhou dynasties.Although the later Chu and Qin states controlled the Warring States Period with the momentum of a new culture, they were always able to influence the current situation because of their wealth and military strength.If we talk about the origin of culture, we still cannot leave Qilu.The state of Lu came after the Duke of Zhou, and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty unified the world.The descendants of Zhou Gong were enshrined in Lu, which preserved the spirit of Zhou culture.Jiang Taigong helped King Wu to unify the world, and his descendants were granted the title of Qi, and developed the spirit of Taoism in later generations.In other words, the culture left by Jiang Taigong in China can be said to represent the traditional Taoist culture; the culture of Lu State represents the system of Zhou Gong, which is the culture that formed the Confucianism of later generations; the culture of Chu is Lao and Zhuang. The southern cultural elements formed are more; Mozi represents the culture of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty is the descendant of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, so in Mozi's academic thought, there is a strong color of the Xia and Shang culture.When talking about the history of Chinese culture or philosophy, one should be clear about this concept. 春秋时期，当时的文字语言并没有完全统一，交通也不便利，各国诸侯的政治措施也有了各自为政的趋向，只是大体上还保持大同小异而已。到了孟子的先后时期，鲁国保留的周代文化，也只剩一线命脉。那时候较为兴盛的，还是道家传统所流衍的燕齐文化。而且齐国比较强，是经济最发达的国家，现在山东靠海这一带地方，本来资源缺乏，因为姜太公封到了齐国，他便发展资源经济，开始制盐，不但使齐国成了产盐区，并且渔盐之利大增，后来又经管仲的一番开展，齐国的经济更发达，到了战国时期，他的国际地位，等于我们当年在大陆时的上海、现在美国的纽约。所以当时孟子、荀子这些学者，都曾到齐国转一趟，好像现在的人们都要去美国混一下一样的。这是孔子以后的事。 在孔子当时，鲁国文化，还大有可观之处。孔子的思想中，认为要把中国传统文化保留起来，乃至于振兴起来，就要以齐国的文化为基础，再加上好的转变，就可以到达当年鲁国的情况；再把鲁国的文化，提高一点水准，就可以恢复中国传统文化的“道”。这是他的一个看法，一个感叹。 下面孔子又对觚发出一个感叹。觚依考据是一种四方有棱角的酒杯，到故宫博物院，应找得出这件东西。依古人的解释“觚不觚！觚哉！觚哉！”这句话，是孔子在感叹说，这个时代什么都变了。你看嘛，这只酒杯本来是有棱角的，现在酒杯的棱角也磨平了！这里记载孔子有这个感叹。但是酒杯没有棱角有什么稀奇？孔子如果看到我们现在用的茶杯还是玻璃做的，圆圆的，孔子一定要感叹，玻璃杯啊；玻璃杯啊！我们如果连接上文看，就知道这句话的意义了。孔子说我们的文化已经衰落了，要保持自己的传统文化，是件非常吃力的工作。除非像齐国那样，有雄厚的经济基础，能为后代文化努力，再加重整一番，可至于鲁。鲁国的文化有这样相当基础，能够把他再发扬光大一点，可以保持传统文化之“道”。可是他讲到这里，正在拿着杯子喝酒，于是就近举例说，试看看，酒杯的样子都变了！什么都在变，时代已经变了；酒杯啊！酒杯啊！他是感叹连这样一个用具、都跟着时代在演变了，人更是永远在演变，历史是拉不回来的。这是他假借酒杯对文化演变的感叹。我曾 和朋友们谈起，不要感叹，感叹是没有用的。历史无法拉回。我们死了，下一代照样活下去，照样又生下一代来。我们现在要尽到自己的任务，把我们所知道的，尽量交给后一代。他们去整理，他们去发扬，那是他们的事，不要担心。一定说“人心不古”、“今不如昔”、“世道衰微”也不见得。每个时代有每个时代的历史，每代历史有每代历史的精神。所以孔子说“觚不觚！觚哉！觚哉！”意思不单指这个酒杯。而是说变了，一切在变，就是这样一个感叹。 君子可欺以其方 正当孔子感叹，旁边有个学生提出了问题。 宰我问曰：仁者，虽告之曰：“井有仁焉。”其从之也？子曰：何 为其然也？君子可逝也，不可陷也。可欺也，不可罔也。 宰我就是孔子说他“朽木不可雕也”的台柱学生，我认为他是身体不太好，而聪明有余，德性不大够的一个人。他有一天和孔子半抬杠，也可以说是在怀疑一个问题。他问孔子说，你天天教我们要学仁，作人做事要讲道德仁义。假使有一个人，去骗一个有仁义修养的人说，水井里有仁义。难道为了修养仁，就听他的话往井里跳？宰予这个话问得没有错，并不调皮，很实在的。他的意思是，老师你天天教我们讲仁义道德，现在世界那么坏，坏人那么多，有人来骗我们井里有道德，道德又 值几毛钱一斤？要不要跳下去呢？和我们现在问：“这个社会这样坏，仁义有什么用？”是一样的。 孔子听了以后，终于笑了。他说你怎么这样想呢？一个作学问成为君子的人，并不是一个笨蛋，必须要晓得应变。孔子力赞《周易》，而《周易》的道理，便有“适变”、“随时”这两个要点。要懂得时代，适合于时代。但自己要站在中间，顺应这个变，有中心主张、中心思想。他在这里说一个君子之人“可逝也”，可以放弃自己的终身，但“不可陷也”，绝不受人家的包围、困扰，落入陷阱之中。比如说抛弃了一切，甚至抛弃了这个社会环境，抛弃了一生的功名富贵，绝不受困扰。 如果说没办法，受了环境的困扰，陷进去了，在无可奈何下而拿了功名富贵，然后自说清高，那对不住，这是没有骨气，不是君子。有骨气的作法是自我牺牲，不受困扰。“可欺也，不可罔也。”当面来欺骗可以，愿意接受这个欺骗，这是仁慈。但如果糊涂、将就，自己根本不知道，这是不可以的。所以孔子是说，你问的哪有这个道理？归纳起来的意思，人一定要仁义道德。这是孔子所标榜的，也就是他的学问中心，要有中心思想，中心路线。如果这个中心思想行不通，只要认为对了，乃至于被时代遗弃了都可以，可是如果被现实所陷没了，那是不应该的。 所以孔子在下面再加以引伸解释。 子曰：君子博学于文，约之以礼，亦可以弗畔矣夫！ 孔子说博学于文，这个文不仅是文学，而是代表了一切学术文化。以现代名词来说，包括了文法、文理和一切知识。所以说要博学于文。博就是渊博，样样要懂，才能成为通才。但是渊博的人，常是样样都懂，门门不通。所以先求渊博；后要求专精。要渊博而专精，并且还要约束自己，作人处事在在合礼。孔门的思想要讲礼，我们再三提过，礼并不是教我们行礼，而是《礼记》所包涵的文化精神。孔子说如果做到这样，大体上人生的道路，可以走得出来，不会离谱太远了。“弗畔”，就是没有离经叛道的意思。 冲冠一“路”为红颜 到这里引出一件事来了。 When Zi saw Nan Zi, Zi Lu didn't say anything.夫子矢之曰：予所否者，天厌之！God hates it! 这段很妙。南子是古代的一个美女，是卫国的人。孔子在这个国家相当久，因为卫国本来有意留孔子，把国政交给他，学生中有很多人怀疑孔子想取得在卫国的君权。当时卫国的诸侯卫灵公，宠爱一个漂亮的妃子，就是南子。春秋战国的时候，女子把持政权的有好几位，不过直到现在还没有看到这个问题的专书，我倒很希望有人，如果有功夫，对这种女人把持政治的风气，列举中外的历史事例写一本书。 中外历史上，与政治有关的女人太多，几乎任何一个政权都离不开女人。常在报纸上看到，英国的绯闻出来了，白宫的桃色新闻又出来了，全世界新闻界闹得那么凶，我看看觉得蛮好玩的。有的学生问，怎么觉得好玩而已？我说这有什么希奇呢？报纸上闹是另外一回事。古今中外任何一个政权，几乎没有不和女性发生关系的。不过有些是好的女性，有些是坏的女性。和历史的整个型态都有关系，可惜的是古代重男轻女，历史的记载没有朝此方向发挥而已。明末清初文学家李笠翁说的， 人生就是戏台，历史也不过是戏台，而且只有两个人唱戏，没有第三个人。Which two people? “一个男人，一个女人。” 这句话又引起另一则有名的故事：相传清朝的乾隆皇帝游江南，站在江苏的金山寺。看见长江上有许多船来来往往，他问一个老和尚：“老和尚，你在这里住了多少年？”老和尚当然不知道这个问话的人就是当今皇上，他说：“住了几十年。”问他：“几十年来看见每天来往的有多少船？”老和尚说：“只看到两只船。”乾隆惊奇地问：“这是什么意思？为何几十年来只看到两只船？”老和尚说：“人生只有两只船，一只为名，一只为利。”乾隆听了很高兴，认为这个老和尚很了不起。李笠翁说人生舞台上只有两位演员，一个男的，一个女的，这也是很自然的现象。 孔子当时到了卫国，南子这位宠妃正在把持政权，曾经找人告诉孔子，想见见孔子。这是古代，不比现代外交：除了阿拉伯伊斯兰教国家外，到了一个国家，见元首夫人，并没有什么了不起，而且还是一种习惯上的礼貌。但在古代不然，尤其是南子这个人，名声并不好，她要见孔子，孔子并没有答应，后来有人告诉孔子，要在卫国有所作为，非要走南子这条路线，孔子当然没有走这条路。但是孔子有一天的确见了南子，照历史上记载，孔子见南子，南子对他恭敬万分。历史的记载，男女相见，中间挂一幅珠帘，南子穿了国家的大礼服，在帘子里面向孔子跪拜，非常尊敬孔子，这也是事实。 现在中记载，孔子见了南子。这一下，学生当中脾气最大的子路不高兴了，出来在态度上大概给孔子很难堪，逼得孔子赌了咒：“你不要怀疑我啊！我假如做了对不起人的事，给天雷打死！给天雷打死！”古人对这节书，都作上面这样的解释。 如果这样解释是对的，试想想，我们民族文化所标榜的这位圣人，岂不太糟糕了？见南子就有不轨的行为吗？这是不可能的。南子虽然在社会上的名誉不太好，孔子也瞧不起她，到底她是这个国家国君的如夫人，她硬要见见，也理所当然。孔子特别讲礼，这又有什么失礼的？ 孔子见了南子出来，子路这个学生就摆脸色给他看，孔子这个“校长”也干不下去，要辞职了，太受学生的威胁了，还要逼得孔子当面赌咒，“天啊！给雷打死！给雷打死！”哪有这样的解释？这完全是后人塑造孔子的错误，所以孔家店被打倒是难怪的，都是这些店员乱搞！把自己老板塑得那个怪像。就是现在，也还有人把孔子像塑得那么呆板。孔子哪里是这样的，孔子态度本来非常活泼轻松。 孔子见南子，是事实；子路不大高兴也是事实，孔子也的确矢之。“矢之”是很严重，等于赌咒，赌什么咒呢？问题在下面这句：“予所否者”，孔子就告诉子路，你们的看法不对的。这里要千万注意，古人说：“万事谁能知究竟？人生最怕是流言。”又说：“众口铄金，积毁销骨。”这就是人言可畏。又“谁人背后无人说？哪个人前不说人？”人情世故要通达，凡事问心无愧，旁人背后怎么说不要管他，只问自己。所以孔子是说，你们看法和我看法不一样，我所否定的，我认为不可救药的人，一定是罪大恶极。不但人讨厌他，就是天也讨厌他，那么这种人便不需要与他来往。 我们再看南子，是不是那种“天厌之”的人呢？南子在历史上不像夏姬，后来的夏姬是不得了的，坏得很。我们查卫国的历史，南子没有什么大不了的错，不过长得漂亮，卫灵公非常迷她，如此而已！政治上当时比较起来，卫国还算好的。而且孔子周游列国，流落他方的时候，还是在卫国住得最久，卫君在卫护他，南子也在卫护他，卫国的大臣，蘧伯玉这班人也在卫护他。所以孔子说，你们不要听到人家胡说八道就相信了。“谣言止于智者”，有聪明有智慧的人，一听到就知道是真的或是假的。我所认为不对的，不像你们的看法，如果真有罪大恶极的人，天意都会厌弃他，何况人呢？你们对于南子，用不着这样不高兴。这节的意思，如此而已。我们绝不能照旧的解释，把孔子说成像孩子偷了嘴，怕大人打那样，哪有这种事，这是三家村学究们的见解。 接下来，孔子提到这件事了。所以我说是连成一起的，编得非常好。讲了南子这故事，马上就把孔子的一段话引进去了。 子曰：中庸之为德也，其至矣乎！民鲜久矣！ 在孔子的孙子子思著《中庸》的时候，第三章中，就引用这一句话。孔子是讲了这一句话，孔子就中庸太难了，中庸是什么呢？讲孔子的中庸也是很难解说的，如仁字一样，有体有用，我现在不讲中庸的体，将来有机会研究《中庸》时再讲，现在讲中庸的作用，有些学者写文章骂中国文化，他们也是中国人，现在中国人“骂”中国文化的太多了！真使人感慨万千，我们这个国家在五代那八九十年中，也是最乱的，是当时认为的外族侵略进来的时代，有许多中国人变成什么样子呢？很难看，也很坏，他们帮助外族侵略自己中国人，所以唐末司空图有一首感慨的诗：“一自萧关起战尘，河湟隔断异乡音。汉人学得胡儿语，却向城头咒汉人。”将来百把年以后，写我们现代的历史，可能有人也会这样写。现在骂中国文化的，不是外国人，而是我们自己中国人。自己对自己没有搞清楚。 现在也有很知名的学人写了文章，说中庸就是马马虎虎的意思。他曲解说，张三说对，李四说不对，而王五说对与不对没有关系，就中庸吧！这位学者竟如此解释中庸，他们这些人对于中庸是什么，自己都没有好好的研究。 我们现在说中庸，就是能够中和的中庸之作用。我们中国文化中的道理，是说天下的事物，天下的人物，随时随地在变，每秒钟都在变，没有不变的事。如何能适应这个变，如何能领导这个变，这是学问的中心。同时告诉我们，变是对立的变，任何一件事都是相对立的，有正面必有反面，有好必有坏，你说对的，同时也就产生了不对的。一切都是相对的，在这个相对的中间，有一个中和的道理。所以“中庸”便提到中和的作用，孔子是说两方面有不同的意见，如果有最高的领导德业的人，使它能够中和，各保留其对的一面，各舍弃其不对的一面，那就对了。那才是“中庸之为德也，其至矣乎！”孔子同时感叹说：“民鲜久矣。”一般的人，很少能够善于运用中和之道，大家走的多半都是偏锋。 把这节放在孔子见南子后面，正说明了我们刚才所说的道理。一般人对人事的批评，要多方面注意人情世故。将来各位出去外面做事情，你的部下，你的朋友，甚至你的敌人，对你也是一样。当骂你坏的时候，什么都是坏的，没有好的；当捧你的时候，什么都是好的，没有坏的。但是不管捧与骂，都是有问题的。我们不要忘记了自己的本分，自己要很清楚自己，不要为这些毁誉所动摇，要问自己真正的作为。所以孔子在这里所讲的道理，说明了孔子见南子的真相。 此事古难全 下面等于为本篇作结论了。 子贡曰：如有博施于民，而能济众，何如？可谓仁乎？子曰：何事于仁，必也圣乎！尧舜其犹病诸！夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。 子贡问的问题，都是中肯扼要，而且碰到孔子中心思想的要点之处。他说假使一个人广泛地博施济众，要为整个人类谋福利事业，照现代话来说，团体、社会、政府做的公益事业就叫社会福利。中国古代有没有社会福利思想？假使有研究社会问题的，这个问题要注意，在中国历史文化里，好像找不出社会福利问题的记载，事实上有没有呢？Have!社会思想早有了，社会福利思想也早有了，过去都偏重在个人做，以个人立场，做社会福利事情，这是中国人的道德修养，告诉人，有钱做做好事，修桥铺路，再不然夏天在路上摆一些茶缸。我很小的时候就看到过。每到夏季，家里忙得很，天天都要烧茶，大锅大锅的烧，多少里一桶，放在那里，不要钱的凉茶，大家尽管喝。很多人家都这样做的，这些都是社会福利。中国过去的社会当然是以农业经济为基础，由个人做社会工作，做社会福利，认为这是一种道德，所谓阴功积德。 现代的思想，社会的福利工作，已经由政府、由社团做。时代不同，工业时代与农业时代，是两个时代，思想也不一样。子贡讲的博施，就是讲社会福利。广博，无条件的把东西送给人家，救济大家，让大家都得到帮助。在孔子学生中，只有子贡敢讲这句话，因为这位老哥子很有豪气，有时不大肯作书呆子，孔子也没有骂他，认为他很对，可是也没有鼓励他。他一边是讲仁义，一边不同意装穷，不像颜回一样，三天吃一个便当，还是馊的，喝一口水下饱。他要做生意，他的钱很多，所以他敢吹这个牛，假如我博施、济众，老师，怎么样？可以算得是你所标傍的仁慈吧？孔子对子贡这个问题的答复很妙，他说，你说的这件事，太伟大了，岂止是对仁来说，实在是永远做不到，做不尽的大事业，我也做不到，就是古代圣帝明王如尧舜一样当权的人，也做不到。问题是在于一个人想做好事，绝对大公，很难很难，是做不到的。所以中国的字，“公”是化“私”，这是儒家的思想。由道家演变而来的杨朱思想，“拔一毛以利天下而不为也”，绝对讲个人主义，我不拔你的毛，你也不要拔我的毛，一毛都不拔。墨子则讲“摩顶放踵以利天下”，尽量的为公。儒家认为都不对。儒家是讲保留适度的自私，慢慢扩充到为公。我们大家要注意，三民主义的思想，就是从儒家这个思想来的。儒家的推己及人，我有饭吃，才想到你需要饭吃，分点给你，我们两个有饭吃才分给他，我们三个有饭吃，再分点给大家吃。一步一步扩充。如全体都要一下子做到，不但我们做不到，尧舜也做不到。所以孔子说子贡的理想太高了，像柏拉图的理想国一样，陈义太高了。孔子告诉他， 真正仁的人，是要自己站起来，但是要顾虑到别人的利益，使别人也站起来。 学问道德也是如此，我要作一个人，不要忘记了他也要作一个人，我想将来通达有前途，不要忘记了他也要有前途，尤其是将来诸位如果出去做一个领导人，要多爱部下，像待自己的子女兄弟一样替他们着想。我要利益，他们也要利益，我太累了，同样地他们也累了。从最浅近、最平凡的当中去了解他。做到了这种地步，就可以说找到了仁的方向，为仁找到一条可走的路了。 本篇讲到这里，结束了《雍也》一篇的连贯性，也等于对第一篇《学而》这些道理，作一个陪衬。拿事实来证明、讨论。孔门学问中仁的应用，是推己及人，想自己利益的时候，也替别人的利益着想；扩而充之，想到天下人的利益。仁的路就是这样开始走的。 现在第六篇《雍也》讲完了。这六篇连起来，等于是全部中孔子师生之间学问问答的纲要。