Chapter 12 Gongye Chang fifth-2

A model of famous officials Confucius criticized another person, who was the famous prime minister of Zheng State in the Spring and Autumn Period, a little earlier than Confucius, who made great contributions to Zheng State. His name was Zichan. A child is called a child, and there are four ways of a gentleman: he is respectful in his conduct, respectful in his affairs, and respectful in his support of the people. Benefit, it makes the people righteous. Zichan was a well-known good prime minister and statesman in history. Confucius admired him very much, saying that he has four points of the way of a gentleman, which are not comparable to common sense, morality, self-cultivation and so on.Therefore, Confucius commented on his four strengths in terms of historical value.He said that Zichan himself is very serious, and he manages himself very respectfully and not sloppily, which is rare.A person is the easiest to relax with himself, often thinks that the fault is always someone else's, and seldom reflects on his own mistakes, and it is really rare for Zichan to be able to "be respectful to himself".At the same time, he was also "respectful in matters". Zichan, as the prime minister, was very respectful to the Lord.Respect is the sincerity in one's heart, and respect is the rigorous attitude towards people and things.In other words: on

When accepting orders, not just obey, but also to fight when you have good opinions.Execute orders with all your heart, not just perfunctory.The most fearful thing is neither being able to order nor not being ordered; you ask him to suggest a method, he expresses no objection, and you teach him to implement it, but he stays there again.And Zichan respects both superiors and subordinates. "It also benefits the people." He can promote economic prosperity. For the people in the society, everyone can be supported by them, live a stable life, contribute to the society, and benefit the people. Therefore, the people are grateful to him. When he issues orders, All obey.But "it makes the people righteous", he is very reasonable, timely, and legal, and people are willing to listen to him, which is indeed the style of a great statesman.Therefore, the state of Zheng was able to prosper only when he had sons, because he had four principles of a gentleman.Politicians should not only have these four strengths, but we don’t need them if we are not politicians. There is no such thing.If we use these four points to conduct ourselves in the world, we will be half successful. The so-called way of a gentleman will be very promising.

Confucius talked about another person, Yan Pingzhong.A native of Qi, a former prime minister, was a little older than Confucius, but at the same time as Confucius.The reason why Confucius went to Qi State was unsuccessful, because the little dwarf refused to let him go. Qi Guo originally wanted to invite Confucius, but the little dwarf told the king of Qi, "Can you invite him if you have the capacity?" Knowing it well, he dared not invite Confucius.But Confucius admired Yan Zi very much.The Master said: Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others, and respects them after a long time.

He said that this person is great as a friend, and there is a special book about him in history-"Yanshi Chunqiu".Yanzi is a great statesman, and he can be said to be the predecessor of Confucius. Although he is about the same age, he made his debut earlier than Confucius.There is an article, compiled from "Historical Records: Biography of Guan Yan", which mentioned that when Yanzi's coachman came home one day, his wife asked for a divorce.The coachman asked why, and his wife said, I saw you driving Yanzi through the door today through the crack of the door.But you are eight feet tall, and you are just his servant, but you look high-spirited and self-sufficient.You are so hopeless and unprogressive

people, so I want a divorce.After Yanzi's coachman heard these words, he immediately corrected himself and became humble. He changed his driving the next day.Seeing his sudden change of appearance, Yanzi found it strange. After asking the reason, Yanzi trained him.From this story, it can be seen that Yanzi has his greatness, and Confucius especially admires his attitude towards making friends.It is not easy for him to make friends with people, and if he makes a friend, it is all about the beginning and the end.We all have friends, but very few of them are complete from beginning to end, so the ancients said: "Acquaintance is everywhere, how many people can know each other well?" Nodding everywhere is friends, but it is irrelevant.Yanzi can treat friends from start to finish, "respect for a long time", the longer the friendship, the more respectful and polite he is to others, and the more respect others will have for him; the most important way to make friends is these four words - "long and long Respect."We have seen that many friends have trouble with each other because of the long-term and disrespectful relationship; the first friendship is very polite, after three glasses of wine, everything comes, and finally they become enemies.

Speaking of this, we think of the Chinese way of couples - "respect each other as guests" - a guest is a guest, no matter how polite you are to the guests, if the family is quarreling and a guest comes suddenly, you must temporarily cease the war and entertain the guests first. Perhaps the anger on his face has not been completely removed, but he must be polite to the guests.Between the couple, when they first fell in love, they waited for two hours at the entrance of the Ximending Cinema, feeling angry in their stomachs. When the other party came, they still greeted them with a smile, and said that it would be okay to wait another two hours.If you are married and wait like this for another two hours, it would be strange if you don't scold me!Because they are a couple!Therefore, between husband and wife, always maintain the attitude when they are in love - respect each other as guests, and the relationship must be good.Not only couples, but also friends.Expanded and expanded, the same is true for the chief to his subordinates, and the subordinates to the chief.

What is the function of this "respect"?It's like the eight-character safety sign on the back of the bus: "Keep a distance for safety." It's better to touch less. Ordinary people make friends, just the opposite of Yan Pingzhong. After a long time, good friends become enemies.Especially the young people of our generation, who don't trust anyone very much, friendship has fundamentally become a problem.It must be corrected urgently.In order to maintain the "long-term respect" principle of making friends. playthings Next, we talked about Zang Wenzhong.

The Master said: Zang Wenzhong lives in Cai, and the mountain is full of algae, how can he know it? The first thing we need to understand is that Zang Wenzhong was a doctor of Lu State, the state of Confucius' parents, named Zangsun, named Chen. The word "ju" here has the same meaning as the word "ju" in the idiom "hoarding and living in strange". "Cai" is a big tortoise, which is a tortoiseshell that can be bought in specialty shops on the street.Speaking of tortoises and dogs, in ancient Chinese culture, they were both very important things.When I meet friends from Guangdong, I often talk about eating dog meat.Why do friends in Guangdong like to eat dog meat?Because Guangdong and Fujian have preserved a lot of culture before the Tang Dynasty until now.At the same time, in terms of Chinese pronunciation, the language families of Guangdong and Fujian still retain the Zhongzhou pronunciation of the Tang Dynasty in many places.we study

Study poetry, read ancient prose, and talk about mediocrity.If we use the current Mandarin pronunciation, sometimes there will be great confusion; if we use Mandarin to recite ancient poems, we will often mispronounce them.For example, the four tones of ping, shang, go, and ru in a word are changed to the first, second, third, and fourth tones in modern times.But the fourth tone (in) is often no different from the peace tone, so the original four tones are equal to only three tones.In the past, the three tones of going up, going, and entering were all humming tones, but now I hear someone recite poems in Mandarin, and the characters for entering tones are pronounced in flat tones. fault.

The pronunciation of our Chinese characters not only has the four tones of ping, shang, go, and ru, but in fact, it is based on the sounds of the Central Plains. sound. (There are seven scales on the flute score: He, Si, Yi, Shang, Chi, Gong, and Fan.) The so-called Central Plains is ancient Nanyang, and the current Henan and Northern Hubei areas are the center of the Central Plains.The yellowish yellow in Beijing opera refers to the Huangpi and Huanggang areas in Hubei. For example, the noun "big king" is pronounced as "daiwang" in Beijing opera, and "big brother" in Cantonese is also pronounced as "dailo". This is the ancient sound.Therefore, if you want to study Chinese literature and culture now, you must know Cantonese, and even Hokkien (including Taiwanese).Because Cantonese and Hokkien have seven tones, especially the eight tones in Hokkien, it has a lot of nasal sounds, some of which are not found in Mandarin.

Why do we say that the Cantonese eat dog meat also comes from ancient culture?Dogs have been used as sacrifices in my country since ancient times.Since the three generations, almost until the Shang and Zhou dynasties, dogs were removed from the sacrifices, and cattle, pigs, sheep, etc. were used as sacrifices.Lao Tzu has a saying: "The world is not benevolent, and everything is a humble dog" - most people criticize Lao Tzu's words as insidious, mean, and see things too thoroughly.Because they interpret this sentence to mean that heaven and earth don't care about benevolence or benevolence. All things are born, and all things are played with like dogs.This is a misunderstanding of Lao Tzu's thoughts, or a deliberate misinterpretation for humorous purposes.Laozi's original meaning of "straw dog" is a dog made of grass.Dogs were originally used as sacrificial sacrifices in ancient times. In ceremonies such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and heaven and earth, such as cold pigs' heads, cattle, and sheep.Later, due to the evolution of social atmosphere, real dogs were no longer used, but a dog shape made of grass was used instead.It is equivalent to replacing the real pig's head with a pig's head made of noodles when later generations pay their respects.After the hound dog is ready, everyone attaches great importance to it before it is used for sacrifice, and they dare not touch it casually; after the sacrifice is held, they throw it into the garbage dump. Confucians often say that heaven and earth have benevolence, which breeds all things; when they are old, they say that heaven and earth do not care about benevolence, nor do they care about being unkind.Heaven and earth gave birth to all things, and did not want to get any rewards.When people help others, they often attach conditions, hoping to get something in return.So Laozi said that people should imitate the heaven and the earth.Heaven and earth gave birth to all things, and he did not take credit for them; heaven and earth gave life to all things, and he did not claim glory; heaven and earth did good deeds to keep all things alive.Anything that can be done is done, there are no conditions.Therefore, to truly become a saint, one must imitate the spirit of heaven and earth and develop such a mind.Therefore, the real meaning of Laozi's "the world is not benevolent, and everything is a humble dog" is: the world looks at everything and the lost one. Like grass dogs, they are not particularly good to people, but especially bad to other things.The reason why people are bad at everything is because of human subjectivity and selfish concept; this is Lao Tzu's original intention. In short, this shows that the ancient times regarded dog meat as very important, and at the same time turtles were also regarded as very important.As I said just now, to study ancient cultures, one should start with the characters, languages, customs, and habits of Guangdong and Fujian provinces.The ancestors of the compatriots in this province are all from Fujian and Guangdong. When they sacrificed, they made many turtles with rice.But in other provinces in the mainland, turtles are very taboo.In fact, the tortoise was a good symbol before the Tang Dynasty.It is believed that it has a long life span and represents kindness and wealth, so this province still retains this custom. Now when we talk about "Cai", it refers to the big tortoise—the tortoise shell, which is a particularly good type of tortoise.During the Warring States Period, big turtles were regarded as very precious.If someone writes a doctoral dissertation on this topic now, he will definitely be able to get a degree.Sima Qian mentioned tortoises in "Historical Records" in "Biography of the Japanese" and "Biography of Guice".The so-called "Japanese" in ancient times included astronomers, meteorologists, divination, fortune-telling, etc.In the past, things like science, philosophy, and metaphysics were all under the control of "Tai Shigong".So at that time, the official Taishi was in charge of history and these things.In Sima Qian's "Historical Records", there is often "Taishi Gong said", because he is the master of all generations. When he inherited Taishi, he praised his father: "My father said it." Later, Sima Qian inherited his father's position and became Taishigong.When he himself wanted to scold someone, he felt embarrassed to scold directly, so he said "Tai Shi Gong said" - "what my father said back then", this is where Sima Qian wrote naughty articles. Sima Qian wrote about the use of turtles for divination in "Ri Zhe" and "Biography of Gui Ce".In ancient times, tortoises were believed to have gods, and tortoise shells were used for divination.How do divination people find such a good turtle shell?I don't know the situation in ancient times. According to what we have seen, it is very cruel.Clamp the tortoise up and down, and then burn it with fire behind the tortoise. The tortoise was burned and painful, and tried desperately to escape, but the shell was clamped again, and finally rushed forward, the turtle meat flew out, and the shell remained This is the case with the so-called "shelled turtle".This kind of tortoise shell is considered to have gods and is used for divination. Because Sima Qian has studied such things for generations, he is good at astronomy, meteorology, divination, etc., so he wrote about this matter very well in "Biography of Gui Ce".He said that the tortoise is so spiritual and so godlike.Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when encountering major national affairs, even the ministers could not make up their minds, they used divination to decide.He also cited many examples to prove how the tortoise is effective, but at the end of the writing, it is wonderful!He wrote: "People in the Jianghuai area often eat livestock and turtles, thinking that it can induce Qi." The last sentence means: According to my boy, I have traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers, read thousands of books, traveled thousands of miles, and arrived in the south. Look, people from the Jianghuai area, south of the Yangtze River, people from Hunan and Guangdong, They also eat turtle meat!That's all for this article.You say he is superstitious or not?I don't know, maybe this is his philosophy of history.It is said above that the tortoise is very effective. Since it is very effective, but you can't keep it by yourself, the people in Jianghuai still eat turtle meat, which shows that it is not effective.If it doesn't work, why bother to be superstitious?But it must be said to be superstition, and there are many effective facts mentioned above.From this we know that the ancients wrote articles, unlike modern people who have no roots in writing articles.The ancients wrote articles not only well-founded, but also not easy to draw conclusions, very objective. Now back to this article.As mentioned above, because the ancients attached great importance to tortoises, Zang Wenzhong, a doctor of Lu State, lived in Cai and hid a tortoiseshell.There was no museum back then, and Zang Wenzhong was a doctor. He built a house in his home to house the tortoise shell.This tortoiseshell house is very beautiful. "Shanjiezao" is an ancient wooden building with landscapes carved on the beams and columns. "Algae" is a seaweed-shaped pattern relief. "棁" is the place to pick up.In order to provide for a tortoise, a special building was built at home, and it was built so beautifully, gorgeously, and extravagantly.Most people think that Zang Wenzhong is very wise and knowledgeable.Confucius said: "How can one know?"—this "knowledge" reads "wisdom"—why do people say that he is very wise when he does such things?Confucius thought that Zang Wenzhong was too ignorant to do this, almost close to ignorance.He believes that when a person reaches a certain status, his words and deeds, every action, and every word will affect the social atmosphere.In modern society, it would be too much for a powerful family to raise a puppy and build a small bungalow for it.When a society is suffering, it is wrong to do so, and it cannot be regarded as wisdom. between advance and retreat Here I criticize another person in history at that time——Ling Yin Ziwen: Zi Zhang asked: "Ling Yin and Ziwen are three officials who are Ling Yin, and they are not happy."The three have been, without resentment.The politics of the old Lingyin must be reported to the new Lingyin.how?The Master said: Loyalty.Said: "Is it benevolent?"Said: I don't know, how can I get benevolence? Ling Yin Ziwen was a famous prime minister of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.His surname is Dou, and his first name is Gu Yutu.Chu State was an emerging country in the south at that time.If we study the history and culture of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, we know that the north is probably more traditional and conservative; in the south, Chu State is a latecomer country, and the weather is different, and the culture and thought are emerging.At the same time he is also a good politician. Ling Yin Ziwen, Ling Yin is an official name, which is equal to the so-called prime minister and prime minister in later generations.Ziwen is a title.He was well-cultivated in morality and learning, and his international reputation at that time was roughly equivalent to Ito Hirobumi, the famous minister of the Meiji Restoration in modern Japan. "The third official is Ling Yin, and there is no joy." He came to power three times as prime minister, and he didn't think it was a big deal, nor was he happy at all. "The three have been, and there is no embarrassment." He was not sad when he stepped down from office three times.Between coming to power and stepping down, although people are well-cultivated, not many people can really be indifferent.Once a good position is announced, look at his air, it will be different immediately.Of course, "people are in good spirits on happy occasions", this is also human nature, and it is difficult waived.If you are on stage, you are still your true colors, and you are not happy about it. This is indeed a rare accomplishment.When he stepped off the stage, his friend comforted him: "It's good, you can take a rest." He replied in his mouth: "Yes! I wish for it!" But this is not necessarily the truth.In fact, it is not easy for an ordinary person to be content with stepping down.That's why the poems of the Tang people said: "Everyone says it's good to retire from the official position, but I've never seen anyone in the forest!" This is a description of the situation of being an official in the court at that time.Not only China, but foreign countries as well. "Don't like not to be stunned", this is a very important self-cultivation.This one. Secondly, there is a time when you step up and step down.Friends who climb mountains know that it is difficult to climb up, but it is even more dangerous when going down.Because climbing up is very laborious and painful, you must be careful.When it goes downhill, it doesn't care, but it often goes wrong at this time.We can experience life from climbing mountains.People "go on stage and finally go off stage", and if you always stand on stage, it is meaningless to perform forever.As soon as I get in touch with people in the film and TV industry, I know that no matter how good a star is, after ten years of acting, he will no longer be popular.People get bored with the faces they are used to, and they have to change to new faces.So sometimes come down and change faces, it's nice!The same person, it's good to stand in another place!There is also a philosophy of life in it.This second. Between power, fame and fortune, everyone says that they don't care about wealth and fame, but someone asked me what I like?I must say like money.Ask me if I have money?I honestly answer that there is no money.Of course, I won’t take money that I shouldn’t want, and I dare not take money that is dangerous, so I will have no money for the rest of my life.But money is everyone's favorite, so be honest.Is it true to say "I will never ask for money"?It's hard to say.In the same way, it is hard to say whether "I will never be an official" is true.I like wealth and fame very much, but I will never act recklessly, and it will never be unfortunate.These are frank and conscientious words, and I like them, but being honest and not acting recklessly is already remarkable and a very good accomplishment.It would be a lie to say that I absolutely dislike it.People need to be sincere.Therefore, to be an official, you must learn from Yin Ziwen, who came to power three times without being happy, and stepped down three times without being angry.When we read books, we often take this kind of place easily. Only when we experience it for ourselves can we realize that he is really amazing.When you go on stage, you should do it, you leave it to me, as long as I can do it, I will do my best; when I go off stage, it is best, I rest and do it for others, and I am indifferent.This is not too difficult, the most difficult thing is: "The old Ling Yin's government must be sued to the new Ling Yin." What you do, you must tell the successor what to do in detail.Ordinary handover, just say: "I have done half of this matter, and you will start to take over tomorrow." That's it, Ling Yin Ziwen told the newcomer who came to accept the seal all the difficulties and secrets of the matter.Most people have experience, and the handover of the old and the new is always unpleasant when handing over the seal, and most of them are unwilling to tell the new person about the difficulties.Even if the two parties are good friends, the same is true.It even turned out that two good friends, one on stage was critically ill, and the other was visiting in the hospital. What they cared about was the day when they could receive his seal, not when his condition would improve.After seeing the human feelings for decades, I hate that my eyes are still bright, not too presbyopic, and my ears are quite bright. This is really not a happy thing! This is to say that Yin Ziwen is responsible for his loyalty to the country.For those who come to take over, they are regarded as the successors of the work.His attitude looks easy on the surface, but it is difficult to do.Those who work outside must keep these things in mind. This is to be loyal to the country and do their duty to themselves.If you are in a group, you should be loyal to the group, not personal matters.So when Zizhang asked about Ling Yin Ziwen, Confucius said: "Loyalty." "Said: Is it benevolence?" Zizhang asked again, if Ling Yin Ziwen's practice has reached the state of "benevolence" in his knowledge and cultivation? "Say: I don't know, how can I get benevolence?" Confucius said, he doesn't know what "benevolence" is, so how can he be called "benevolence"?He is just a loyal minister, benevolence is not enough. As for the benevolence mentioned by Confucius, we mentioned it in the chapter "Li Ren", so I won't repeat it here. How can the waves be clear when you wash your feet Cui Zi killed his lord, Chen Wenzi had ten horses, abandoned them and violated them.As for other countries, it is said: Cui Zi, the doctor of Juwu.Violate it.One of the state.He also said: Cui Ziye, my doctor.Violate it.how?Confucius said: "It's clear."Said: "Is it benevolent?"Said: I don't know, how can I get benevolence? This is a famous thing in history.The state of Qi was a neighbor of the state of Lu. At that time, a minister Cui Zhu rebelled and killed the king of Qi, Duke Zhuang.Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn" with subtle words and great meanings. As mentioned earlier, he often used one or two words to mark it, and to weigh right and wrong.The word "kill" here is the subtle words of the righteousness of "Spring and Autumn".Anyone who rebels kills the above is called "killing", so when you see killing in history, you know that it was a rebellion that killed the above, and the crime of rebellion will always be left in history.This is the spirit of Chinese philosophy of history, as well as the moral view of history.No matter how successful you are, if you do something wrong, you will be charged with this historical morality forever, killing is killing, and killing is killing.against the enemy When a person wins a battle, he means restraint, and if he is not an enemy, he cannot use restraint.This is certain and rigid, so Cui Zi's rebellion and killing of Qi Jun is murder. Chen Wenzi is also a doctor of Qi State, and he is a colleague of Cui Zi, and their status is equal.In the ancient means of transportation, one car is one passenger, driven by four horses.There are ten horses, that is, there are ten carriages, a total of forty horses.As of now, there are more than ten cars, and there are a few helicopters, not to mention him. "Abandon it and go against it", couldn't stand Cui Zi's rebellion, threw away all his huge property, and fled Qi State. "For other countries", and wandered to other countries.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, every country was in chaos. When I went to other countries, I said, "Zhe said: Cui Zi, the doctor of Juwu." Same, not a good thing. "Violation", so he left again.Travel around the world, go everywhere. "One state" came to another country, "then said again: Cui Zi, the doctor of Juwu." Another sigh!The whole world is the same, all in chaos, the ministers are all like Cui Zi, there is no good thing! "Violation", and left.This Chen Wenzi later went to Switzerland or some African country (laughs).Zizhang asked Confucius, "Teacher, a person like Chen Wenzi, look, is he amazing?" "The Master said: It is clear." Confucius said, good!Very noble.High-spirited people are often more selfish and only care about themselves, so they cannot be regarded as loyal ministers.Otherwise, why would our own country be in trouble, abandoning it without saving it, and wandering around?I can't get used to it here, and I can't get used to it there. Could it be that the country is peaceful, so you have to come and live? The highest achievement of the vast majority of incorruptible people is only this point.They are clear, very clear.What they criticize is very profound, pertinent, and very reasonable.But let him do it, and it sucks.Noble people talk about world affairs, and they talk clearly and logically.However, if the affairs of the world were left to them, it would probably be over in a few months.The affairs of the country and the world must be learned from life experience.If you don't have any experience, you haven't even tasted the power experience of "Yihubainuo", so it's out of the question.Otherwise, stand on the top and call out: "Bring tea!" Longjing, Oolong, Xiangpian, Tieguanyin, all of them are here below. , and it will be cleaned up after a while.Have you tried this flavor?If you haven't tasted it, you will have to pass out when the time comes.Dizziness, high blood pressure, and heart disease, where can I do things?One must have experienced riches, fame and fame, and still be able to maintain a plain character. This is the case when you are the most amazing, and it is still the same when you are not up to the mark; I am still me, so I am qualified to talk about the affairs of the country and the world.Otherwise, go and read.As for criticism, despite criticism, because intellectuals criticize very deeply, but the most remarkable thing in itself can only be lofty.Strictly speaking, being ordinary and lofty is nothing more than the development of selfishness, and it is impossible to "accept orders in the face of danger" or "be brave in seeing justice".That's why the ancients' poems said: "Everyone who is righteous is a generation who slaughters dogs, and most of them are scholars who are ungrateful." This is also learned from life experience, and it is true for the most part.Dog butchers are poor practitioners who slaughtered pigs and dogs in ancient times. They sometimes have a chivalrous spirit.People like Jing Ke and Gao Jianli in history are all dog slaughterers.Although they are people without knowledge, sometimes these people show loyalty, say a word, and really do it; and people with higher knowledge, criticism is criticism, and they are very good at singing high-pitched songs. When you really have difficulties, you can’t go to him. Speaking of this, I think of a friend from Hunan who was imprisoned several years ago.After three months, he came out. When we met, I asked him how he felt.He said that he had been in prison for three months and had one poem.It is a special type of poem on hanging feet, with seven characters and one sentence, followed by three characters of annotations.His poem is: "The state of the world is as thin as a veil-it's not bad, I fell and climbed myself-Mojiala; I made many good friends-smoke, wine and tea, once I have something to go to him-not at home." Hearing repeated praises.This is the same as "mostly a scholar with a heartless heart", he is an extension of the negative effect of the word "Qing"; this is the truth in terms of its effect on society.Therefore, Confucius treated Chen Wenzi like People's comments only give him a "clear".In short, "If the water is too clear, there will be no fish, and if the people are too clear, there will be no happiness." This statement is very reasonable.Zizhang asked Chen Wenzi again if he was "benevolent" enough?Confucius said that he didn't even have the concept of benevolence, so how could he achieve the cultivation of "benevolence"? think too much The above lists the examples of "loyalty" and "cleanness", and then explains a truth. Ji Wenzi thought twice before acting.The son heard it and said: "Furthermore, it's okay!" Ji Wenzi, surnamed Jisun, named Xingfu, posthumously named Wen, was a senior official in Lu.Do things too carefully, too carefully. "Think twice before acting", one thing, think and think, think and think again is called "think twice".Confucius heard his attitude in doing things, and said: "Again, it's OK!" Not enough, Confucius said, 'It's too late!' You have to think about it again!" This kind of explanation is wrong.In fact, Confucius thought he was thinking too much.It is true that one must be careful in being a person and doing things, but "think twice before acting" is indeed too much consideration.If you have learned logic, you will know it, and if you have learned it, you will understand it better.Anything in the world, right and wrong, interests, good and evil are "relative", there is no "absolute".But it’s annoying to think twice, because relatives are always contradictory, and thinking twice is the unity of contradictions, and after unification, there will be contradictions again, so it can never be finished, and no conclusion can be drawn.So when you get something, think about it, think about it again, and you're done.If you think about it for the third time, you will probably hesitate and never do it again.So being cautious means being cautious, and being overly cautious becomes petty.We all have decades of experience in life, friends who are overly cautious, often commit this small problem, and the result of small things is more problems.So Confucius advocated that there is no need to think twice before acting, just think again. Rarely confused The master said: Ning Wuzi, if the state has the way, it will know, but if the state does not have the way, it will be stupid.Its knowledge is within reach, its stupidity is beyond reach. Ning Wuzi was a well-known doctor in the state of Wei in the Spring and Autumn Period. His surname was Ning, his first name was Yu, and Wu was his posthumous title.After two generations of changes in the state of Wei, from Duke Wen of Wei to Duke Cheng of Wei, the two dynasties were completely different, but Ning Wuzi was the elder of the two dynasties of the state of Wei safely. "If a state has its own way, it will know." This state is another name for the ancient state. When the country's politics is on the right track, its wisdom, ability, and talent are brought into play. It's amazing!But later, when Wei Chenggong came, everything in politics and society was very chaotic, and the situation was dangerous. He was still in power and participated in this politics, but when he was in "Bang Wu Dao", he behaved stupidly and bluntly, as if Everything is ignorant.But it can be seen from history that he was not stupid. He was trying to save the regime and society at that time, invisible and invisible to outsiders.On the surface, it seems that he is incompetent and has no performance, but he has really done something for the country and society.So Confucius gave him an assertion: "It's easy to know, but it's too stupid." He said that Ning Wuzi's performance of intelligence and wisdom can be achieved by some people, but that kind of stupid performance in troubled times is not enough. Difficult to learn. When people's social history changes, especially when the ancient emperor's regime is in turmoil, it is easy to be jealous of those who have fully demonstrated their political talents in the hands of the previous king.This is an unwavering rule in politics through the ages.Why?It's a bit inexplicable, maybe it's a common problem of human psychology, and some people will be jealous if they are capable.Why jealousy?It can only be said that it is the inherent inferiority of human beings, and we must kill it with knowledge and morality.This kind of jealousy, when it comes to career or interests, is jealous of others.Therefore, the way of learning is to understand one's own psychology, and to wear down and transform these evil psychology, that is the "benevolence" of the real "benevolence".So when Confucius mentioned Ning Wuzi, at the beginning he was so talented that he should be envied by others; Impossible.When a person is proud, it is easy to show off his intelligence and wisdom; "knowledge is within reach", and everyone can do this.But in fact, it is difficult to be unpretentious, honest and plain, stupid and incompetent, "too stupid". Here we think of Zheng Banqiao, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, who said a few great words: "It is difficult to be smart, but it is also difficult to be foolish. It is even more difficult to turn from being smart to being foolish. Put it aside, take a step back, and feel at ease now. It is not for the sake of good fortune later. "Extremely intelligent people don't pretend to be confused on purpose, but restrain their cleverness and turn into confusion, which is even more difficult.The next sentence says to treat people with kindness, take a step back when things happen, and give up all the interests and rights to others. I feel very comfortable. I don't want others to repay you afterwards, as long as I feel comfortable at the time.This is another extension of what Confucius said about Ning Wuzi's "knowledge is within reach, but his stupidity is beyond reach". better go home Here's what it says: Zizai Chen said: Return!Return!The boy of our party is crazy and concise, and he is brilliant. I don’t know why. Of. The word "and" in attributed is an exclamation word.This section is equivalent to a biography of Confucius.This is the confession of Confucius traveling around the world and wanting to come back to give lectures in his later years.Here is the way of learning.What we need to understand in particular is that Confucius traveled around the world during this period, and he was very clear about the major affairs of the country and the world.There are many, many people who have gained power Opportunity, but he didn't want it. He believed that the stability of the country must be based on education and culture, so he decided to return to his country to give lectures.At this time, he sighed and said: Go back!Let's go back! "My Party's Kid, Mad Jane" - the kid is a young man.The party refers to the ancient township party, that is, the students of Lu Guo who followed him. "Crazy Jane" is two typical.Heroic and generous, the personality and style that most young people like is "crazy".Easy, sloppy, and careless about the affairs of the country and the world, that is "Jane".We know Lu Fangweng, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty. (At the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, more writers liked to praise Lu Fangweng and call him a patriotic poet.) One of his famous poems: .The building and boat crossed Guazhou in the night snow, and the iron horses scattered in the autumn wind. The Great Wall was empty, and the temples were already stained in the mirror. A teacher with a real name, who will be with his brothers for thousands of years." This is his self-report at the time.When he was a teenager, he hoped to lead troops to fight and drive out the golden people. The imaginary spirit is very cute and commendable; the last four sentences talk about the feeling of getting old, graying hair, and achieving nothing.Now quoting his poem "You know the world is difficult at an early age", it shows that although young people are full of drive, they are prone to frivolous problems and are too impulsive. This is the madness of "Crazy Jane".The second type of typical "Jane" sees the world's affairs too easily, as if he can do it when he thinks about it. Young people are also prone to this problem. "My party's boy Kuang Jian" means that with my group of young people, they are quite proud, and it is too easy to see things in the world.Although the literary talent is good, there is a lot of discussion about "brilliant", after all, it has not yet been accomplished.Like many books and periodicals produced by young people in modern times, they talk about the affairs of the country and the world, and they are straightforward, but articles are articles, and affairs of the world are affairs of the world, these are completely different things.If you want to achieve the unity of things and reason, you will not understand it unless you have decades of personal and difficult experience.Therefore, Confucius believes that it is necessary to return to China to educate the next generation, and he is determined to put his energy on education and cultivate the foundation of the country. The phrase "I don't know why to cut it" means that young people have enough arrogance, and everything is too easy and simple.Of course there are opinions in the article, but they don't know about arbitration or selection.How should it be?How is it possible?None considered.In the way of learning, the most difficult thing is how to arbitrate impartially.Like a technician who makes clothes, it is not an easy knowledge to cut a piece of cloth into a well-fitting and generous dress.所以他一心要回到鲁国，献身于文教的千秋事业。 这一段，在时间上说，很可能是孔子晚年回国讲学的情况。为了整篇的行文，特地安排在这一篇。也很可能是孔子在陈蔡之间，遭遇困难以后，决心要回国讲学了，于是发出了这个“宣言”说明他回国讲学，对一些人或事，所采取的态度。 子曰：伯夷、叔齐，不念旧恶，怨是用希。 孔子对于伯夷、叔齐、吴泰伯三个人是非常佩服的。关于吴泰伯，在下面还有专篇。中国历史上这三个人，都是薄帝王而不为的人，他们本该当君主的，可是他们都谦让了，自己不要。伯夷是老大，叔齐是老三。老大让位给老三，老三也不干，结果两人都逃掉了，只好由老二勉强担当政权。伯夷、叔齐这样让国，吴泰伯也是这样的人。孔子到处提到他们，非常尊敬他们、崇拜他们。在这里又提到伯夷、叔齐有不念旧恶的美德。过去有人对不起他的，过了就算了，不怀恨在心。这有什么 好处呢？Have! “怨是用希”，能够不怀恨别人，宽恕了别人，所以和别人之间的仇怨就没有了，而坏人渐渐也会被他们所感化。 为什么编到这里，把这句插进去呢？因为孔子在鲁国做过一任司寇，至少也有现在电视上《包青天》节目中，包公的那种政风。上了台就把少正卯杀掉了，雷厉风行的作法，不免在政治上有些恩恩怨怨。不过他走的是正路，所以大家也拿他没办法。既然要回国讲学，政治上的恩怨可以抛诸脑后了。过去有人对我不起的，不要放在心上，随他去。我们回去教学吧！虽然如此，他又讲了一件事。 子曰：孰谓微生高直？或乞醯焉，乞诸其邻而与之。 微生高，姓微生，名高，是一个鲁国人，人家说微生高这个人很直爽、坦率，但是孔子认为大家的话说过分了，他并没有符合这种修养。“或乞醯焉”，有人向他要一杯醋浆。他没有，自己便到别一家去要一杯醋来，再转给这个要醋的朋友。孔子认为这样的行为固然很好，很讲义气，但不算是直道。直道的人，有就是有，没有就是没有，不必转这个弯。微生高转了这个弯，就不能算是直。 这一点值得我们研究了。我们要注意，孔子的思想——在下面还会讲到——是“以直报怨”，这也就是后世儒家思想的争论点。什么是“以直报怨”呢？你打我一记耳光，我不打你一拳，但吐你一口唾沫，不过分吧！总可以吧？因为你打我，我实在生气。至少，你骂了我，我可以不恨你，但我不理你，这总可以吧？这就是“以直报怨”的道理。孔子一直是这个主张。“以德报怨”是老子的思想，后世也把它代表了道家的思想。就是说，你对我不起，我不恨你，不报复你，反而对你好， 乃至把你感化了。孔子“以直报怨”的思想，在中国文化中，和墨子思想以及侠义思想，有相同看法，都主张“直”。所以中国侠义的思想和墨子的思想，普遍流传于民间，所谓“睚眦必报”，所谓“路见不平，拔刀相助。”就是由这种精神演变而来。那么孔子这个思想对或不对呢？我们不管他圣人不圣人，“吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。”先把圣人这头衔供到上面去，问题则要讨论。 拿中国传统的侠义思想或道家的思想来说，对于一个有困难，有急用而来借钱的朋友，正好自己没有钱，于是转向他人借来，给这困难的朋友，这是义所当为的事。但孔子在这里却并不以为然，他认为这不是直道的行为。 就我们现在研究的方法，是整篇连贯的，不能一节一节拆开来看。而且二十篇，也可说是全部连贯的一篇大文章。那么在这一个基本观点上，来看这一句话的含义。正如我刚才所讲的，孔子晚年周游列国后，要回国讲学了。他发表“宣言”，首先提出来“不念旧恶”，过去的都过去了，所有恩恩怨怨，大家都不必去说他。现在应该回去，为自己国家、为天下人，打一点文化的基础，来教育后代。第二点他也说明，虽然过去不问，但好的还是好，坏的还是坏。并不因为既往不咎，坏的就一下子变好了。这里不过借用这个“直”字来作说明而已。如果一定要说这一点，是孔子解释直道行为的要点，那么，后世的儒家就发生问题了。汉、唐、宋、元、明、清以来，所有读书称儒家的人，都变成胸襟狭窄，结果就成为刚才所例举过古人的诗说：“仗义每从屠狗辈，负心多是读书人”了。难道说读书人多半不管别人，不能具有这种侠义的精神？这是误解了孔子这句话的意思。就我的观点，连贯全篇的思想看起来，孔子是故意向当时鲁国一些因政治上恩怨而怕他回国的人，透露了一个消息——虽然对于你们，在我心里并不同意，但是各走各的路，你们不要害怕，我要回来了。 何以见得是这样的呢？下面孔子还有一句话。 子曰：巧言、令色、足恭，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。匿怨而友其人，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。 这个丘是孔子的名字。我们过去老式的念书，念到这里不称丘，不敢念，念了犯忌讳，要挨揍的。于是另外拿一个字来替代，而念成“某亦耻之”。现在时代的忌讳不同了，无所谓。这里孔子又说，一个人讲一些虚妄的、好听的话；脸上表现出好看的、讨人喜欢的面孔；看起来对人很恭敬的样子，但不是真心的。左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。（左丘明就是写《春秋左传》的左丘明，古人认为左丘明是当时的闻人。古代所谓的闻人，就是名气非常大，可并不是官，也不是一个固定型的人，所以称闻人。后世对帮会领袖称作闻人，这个观念，古今是有出入的。）孔子这句话是说，左丘明讨厌这种说假话做假事的人，我也和左丘明一样，讨厌这种人。 “匿怨而友其人”，明明对人有仇怨，可是不把仇怨表示出来，暗暗放在心里，还去和所怨恨的人故意周旋，像这样的人，他的行径就太不对，用心也太奸险了。左丘明作人的态度不屑于这样，我也不屑于这样。 把孔子这两句话，和对微生高的话连在一起，再把上面“归与……归与……”连贯起来，如我刚才所说的，是孔子归国办教育前的“宣言”。等于是对鲁国政治上这班怨恨他、怕他回来的人说，我对你们是不同意的，但没有仇恨，我要回来了。一连串贯通起来，便成了这个意思。但非定论，我只是作如此说而已。对与不对，另俟高明。 下面接着孔子回到鲁国了，我们把它连起来，就像是孔子的一段传记历史。也可当一部小说，也可当一部电影看。 一乐也的对话 颜渊、季路侍。子曰：盍各言尔志。子路曰：愿车马，衣轻裘，与朋友共，敝之而无憾。颜渊曰：愿无伐善，无施劳。子路曰：愿闻子之志！子曰：老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之。 有一天，颜渊和子路站在孔子旁边闲谈，孔子就说：“盍各言尔志”。“盍”是一个虚字，中国古文里经常有“盍”“夫”这类虚字，等于我们现在的“嗯”、“那么”。他说，：你们年轻的一代，把你们的愿望、志向讲出来听听看。在这里，我们等于在看话剧，台词中表现了孔子学生的个性，也烘托出孔子的教育手法。 子路曰：“愿车马，衣轻裘，与朋友共，敝之而无憾。”这完全代表了子路的个性。子路是很有侠气的一个人，胸襟很开阔。他说，我要发大财，家里有几百部小轿车，冬天有好的皮袍、大衣穿，还有其他很多富贵豪华的享受。但不是为自己一个人，希望所有认识我的人，没有钱，问我要；没饭吃，我请客；没房子，我给他住。气魄大！唐代诗人杜甫也有两句名诗说：“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。”就是子路这个志愿的翻版。他说修了千万栋宽敞的国民住宅，所有天下的穷读书人都来找我，这是杜甫文人的感叹。而子路的是侠义思想，气魄很大，凡是我的朋友，衣、食、住、行都给予上等的供应。“与朋友共”的道义思想，绝不是个人享受。“敝之而无憾”，用完了，拉倒！ 颜渊却是另一面的人物，他的道德修养非常高，与季路完全两个典型。他说，我希望有最好的道德行为、最好的道德成就，对于社会虽有善行贡献，却不骄傲。“伐善”的伐，就是夸耀。“无伐善”，有了好的表现，可是并不宣传。“无施劳”，自己认为劳苦的事情，不交给别人。“施劳”的意思，我主张这样解释。在上面也提到过，圣贤与英雄的分野：英雄能够征服天下，不能克服自己；圣贤不想征服天下，只想征服自己。所以圣贤比英雄还要难。换句话说，英雄可以施劳，把自己的理想，建筑在别人的烦恼、痛苦上。圣贤则不想把自己的烦恼、痛苦放在别人的肩膀上，而想担起天下人的烦恼与痛苦。所以颜渊讲“无施劳”，就是说不要把自己的烦恼痛苦放在别人身上，这是颜渊的所谓“仁者之言”。 一文一武这两学生的理想志愿完全不同，都报告完了。孔子听了以后，还没说话，我们这位子路同学，可忍不住，发问了，老师！你先问我们，你的呢？也说说看。孔子说了：“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之。”这就是《礼运篇》中大同思想的实现，这是最难做到的了。这三点一看就与众不同。孔子之所以为圣人，成为了不起的教育家、哲学家……总之什么家都被他“家”上了，了不起就是了不起。“老者安之”，社会上所有老年的人，无论在精神或物质方面，都有安顿。“朋友信之”，社会朋友之间，能够互相信任，人与人之间，没有仇恨，没有怀疑。“少者怀之”，年轻人永远有伟大的怀抱，使他的精神，永远有美好的理想、美丽的盼望。也可以说永远要爱护他们，永远关爱年轻的一代。我们仔细研究，如果这三点都能做到，真是了不起的人。这样的人，如果要为他加一个头衔，就是圣人，或者神仙，或者如来。因为这三点，对上一代，自己这一代，以及下一代都有交代。此即所谓圣人境界，是很难做到的一件事。 讲到这里，这篇对于学问之道实际的讨论，引用孔子的话，作个结论。 子曰：已矣乎！吾未见能见其过，而内自讼者也。 这就是学问之道的点题。主要的要与第一篇《学而》连起来。孔子这几句话，用白话文翻译过来是：算了吧！我从来没有看到过一个人，能随时检讨自己的过错，而且在检讨过错以后，还能在内心自我审判。怎样受审判呢？就是自己内在打天理与人欲之争的官司，就是如何善用理智平衡冲动的感情。这是学问的基本；也是中国文化儒家情操的中心；也是我们每一个人，随时会碰到，而无法避免的事。例如吸烟的人，戒烟非常难，看见了烟，理智告诉自己要戒，然而手下意识地会伸出去 取烟。其实人生随时随地都是如此，每个人都有理智，都很清醒，有的事不愿做，但欲望一起，就压不下去，理智始终克服不了情欲。所以孔子儒家的学问重点，在于内讼和自省，自己在肚子里审察一番。孔子在这里就讲到，他从来没有看过一个人，可以随时自己反省、随时检讨自己、责备自己的。这是特别提出孔子讲作学问的重点所在。 在下面还补充一句。 子曰：十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。 根据孔子上面所说，以他活到六七十岁的年纪，周游世界各国，竟然没有看到过一个随时反省的人，顶多只有一个，是他的学生颜回。似乎抹煞了天下人，但是孔子并没有那么偏激的思想。十室之邑——等于我们说在三家村里。（古代的“邑”，等于现代的邻或里。汉唐以后，“邑”的观念又不同了，相当于现代的县。如果把汉唐以后的“邑”的观念，拿来看春秋战国时的“邑”，那就错了，这是研究学识上要小心的地方。）所以他接着补充说，就是在十户人家的三家村里，也一定有讲学问道德的人。对事的忠、对人的信，都像我一样，只是不像我一样肯努力去多方学习而已。孔子认为许多人有天才，但没有加上学识的培养，因此不能成就。就道德心理而言，问题也是一样。任何人都有道德的基本因素，只是因为没有学养，不知道把这种道德心理的基本因素培养出来。要使这种心理上善良的本质见之于行为，就必须加上学问的陶冶。