Chapter 10 Part IX Zi Xia

Zixia, whose surname was Bu and whose name was Shang, was a native of Wei. Confucius was forty-five years old, and he was a disciple of Confucius when he went to Wei for the second time.Zixia's family is relatively poor, and his personality is relatively stingy.At the same time, Zixia is smart and arrogant.Therefore, the relationship between Zixia and the same group of fellow apprentices is not very good.Confucius liked Zixia's intelligence and assertiveness, and cared for him very much, and Zixia did have unique insights in learning. Confucius edited "Spring and Autumn" with Zixia as his chief assistant, and passed these two works to Zixia after his death.There are various indications that the author of "Zuo Zhuan" is Zi Xia.

Zixia was the one with the highest academic achievement among the disciples of Confucianism. Later, he was invited by Wei Wenhou to give lectures at Xihe School in Wei State, and cultivated a large number of talents for Wei State and the whole China at that time.In terms of influence on Chinese history, Zixia is second to none among Confucians. However, the previous rulers did not like Zixia, so Zixia did not get the historical status commensurate with his achievements.In fact, Zixia's achievements are no less than Confucius's, both academically and in terms of cultivating talents. Zixia asked: "What do you mean by 'smiling beautifully, looking forward to your beautiful eyes, and always thinking that you are gorgeous'?" Zixia said: "After the event is done." Said: "After the ceremony?" Zi said: "The one who gives Shang also, can only talk about poetry."

Zixia asked Confucius: "'You have a beautiful smile, your beautiful eyes are so bright, and the white background makes the colors vivid.' What do these words mean?" Confucius said: "It means that there are Make a white background and draw a picture." Zixia asked again: "So, for a gentleman, ritual is the background, right?" Confucius was pleasantly surprised: "Shang, you have inspired me, and now I can discuss "Poetry" with you. (Old translation: "Lihouhu" is translated as "Is ritual and music produced after benevolence and righteousness?" It is purely conjectural and just the opposite.)

"Smiling beautifully, looking forward to beautiful eyes" see "The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Shuo Ren".There are two explanations for the word hope, one is that the eyes turn, and the other is that the eyes are black and white.No matter how it is explained, here it means beautiful and moving.If you smile cleverly, you will show your teeth, with red and white lips and teeth; beautiful eyes look forward, and black and white eyeballs.Therefore, the red lips and black eyes are vivid because they are set off by white.Confucius said that painting should be based on whiteness (the latter is also the base). Zixia said that after rituals, he meant that rituals should be the base, and doing things on the basis of rituals will be appreciated by people.The comparison of etiquette to the white ground shows that Zixia's realm of reading poetry is already unusual, so Confucius is very happy.

In this passage, the key word is "after". In 488 BC, Confucius was sixty-four years old, and he was still in Weiguo at this time.In the era of Confucius, there are more than 3,000 recorded poems from various dynasties.However, these more than 3,000 poems are mixed with fish and dragons, of varying quality, and are too complicated for ordinary people.Therefore, Confucius decided to revise it.Therefore, Confucius wanted to select an assistant from among the students. Among the first batch of students, there was no suitable candidate. Among the second batch of students, only Yan Hui was good in academics, but Yan Hui lacked independent opinions.There were a few good students in the third batch of students, but Zixia was the one with the most active thinking and insight.Therefore, this dialogue is a discussion between master and apprentice on poetry, Zixia's insights inspired Confucius, and he decided to edit it with Zixia as his chief assistant.Therefore, "Shang, who started giving, can only write poems." It can also be said as "It is Zixia who pushed me, and now I can edit it."

In fact, etiquette is similar to law.Many legalists emerged from Zixia's students, which is based on Zixia's understanding. Nowadays, when eating, most of them have to tell a few jokes to add to the fun, which makes sense.Looking at the dialogue between Confucius and Zixia back then, it first started with a poem, then talked about painting, and then extended to Zhou Li.Therefore, the purpose of telling jokes is to use imagination and induce thinking. From jokes to work, it is lively and easy to understand. Many major decisions may be born in jokes. Zi said to Zixia: "Women are Confucians for gentlemen, and Confucians for innocence!"

Confucius said to Zixia: "You must be a Confucian gentleman, not a Confucian man." Confucius likes to talk about the gentleman and the villain. The difference between the gentleman and the villain here is: a gentleman has ideals, while a villain only seeks to earn a living. Zixia's family is relatively poor, and he cares more about small things, and he values ​​small profits more, so he is not generous enough.Therefore, Confucius warned him in this way, hoping that he could improve his realm of life.Confucius saw clearly the deficiencies of each student and reminded them at any time.

It doesn't matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice, it is a good cat. Zixia was the governor of Jufu and asked about politics.The Master said: "If you don't want to haste, you don't see small gains. If you want to haste, you will not achieve it; if you see small gains, you will fail to achieve great things." Zi Xia, who was the chief steward of Ju's father, asked Confucius how to conduct government affairs.Confucius said: "Don't ask for quickness, and don't be greedy for small profits. If you seek quickness, you will not achieve your goal, and if you are greedy for small profits, you will not be able to accomplish great things."

Haste makes waste, this idiom comes from here. This is after Confucius returned to the state of Lu, Zixia once served as the governor of Jufu for a short period of time.The advice Confucius gave him before leaving was aimed at Zixia's character weakness, because Zixia has always been greedy for quick and small profits.Later, Zixia ceased to be an official. I don't know if he was fired because of these two weaknesses.Of course, Zixia's personality is aloof, so the possibility of resignation is the greatest. One of the most cited cases of haste makes waste is the story of Qi Jinggong.That day, Duke Jing of Qi was traveling abroad, and suddenly news came that Yan Ying, the Prime Minister of the State, was critically ill.When Qi Jinggong heard the bad news, he was very anxious and ordered to visit Yan Ying immediately.Because of his eagerness, Qi Jinggong thought the carriage was too slow, so he simply jumped out of the carriage and ran.Who knew that after jumping off, he found that the carriage was still fast, so he got on the carriage again; after a while, he thought the carriage was slow, and jumped off the carriage again... So much tossing along the way, but in the end it took a lot of time, and in the end, he couldn't meet Yan Ying last side.

Haste makes waste, not to say to be slow, but not to go against the law to seek speed.Greed for petty gains and suffer big losses, this is what we often say.Liars are rampant now because many people are greedy for petty gains. China's enterprises generally have the problem of haste and small profits. Enterprises want to go public before they do well. They are greedy for small gains and defraud consumers. Zigong asked: "Who is better, the teacher or the merchant?" The master said: "The teacher is too late, but the merchant is not as good." Said: "But the teacher is better?" The son said: "It is not as good as it is."

Zigong asked Confucius, "Which one is more capable, Zizhang or Zixia?" Confucius replied, "Zizhang is on the tip of his horns, while Zixia is not hardworking enough." Zigong said, "Then Zizhang is better?" Confucius said: "Being on the edge of a dead end is the same as not working hard." Too much is too late, this idiom comes from here.Zi Zhang (Master Zhuan Sun) studies very hard and is rather pedantic, a bit like Yan Hui; Zi Xia is smarter, often tricks, does not study hard enough, and is not serious enough in small things. Zixia and Zizhang are the most outstanding disciples of the third generation of Confucius, so there is a competitive relationship between them, intrigues, open and secret struggles.Zigong often chats with the teacher, and both Zigong and Zixia are from Weiguo, and they usually have a good relationship.When Zigong asked this question, what he was most concerned about was Confucius' evaluation of Zixia.Of course Confucius knew the relationship between Zigong and Zixia, so he emphasized that "too much is not enough". Judging from his later achievements, Zixia is far superior to Zizhang. From a physical point of view, the efficiency is the highest at the rated voltage, and the efficiency will decrease if the voltage is too high or too low.If you study too hard, if you get into it, you will only see the trees but not the forest, and your vision will be limited; if you study too hard, your understanding of things will be rough.Therefore, moderation is the best. The so-called child prodigies in the China University of Science and Technology prodigy class were actually children like Zi Zhang who studied too hard. It was too much. None of them achieved any career, and they all eventually became mediocre. The same goes for weight loss and dieting. If you eat too much, you can’t lose weight; but if you eat too little, how can you still have the strength to lose weight?Just right. Zixia said: "A virtuous person is easy to look at; when you serve your parents, you can do your best; when you serve your ruler, you can do your best; when you make friends, you can keep your word. Even if you say you haven't learned it, I must say you have learned it." Zixia said: "Praise virtue and despise women, serve parents with all their strength, serve the ruler with all their hearts and minds, communicate with friends, speak honestly and abide by their promises. Such a person, even though he himself says he has not learned, I must say that he has Learned." Keep your word, this idiom comes from here.To Qishen, the old translation means to give one's life, but in fact it is not. With Zixia's personality, absolutely not.Therefore, it means full body and mind. "Although it is said that I have not learned, I must call it learned." This sentence actually reflects a point of view of Zixia, that is, learning does not mean studying hard.The purpose of reading is to understand the truth, but understanding the truth does not necessarily depend on reading.With such an idea, it is no wonder that Confucius said that he was not hardworking enough. After the death of Confucius, under the auspices of Zigong, the Confucian private school continued teaching activities.At this time, Zixia returned to school as a teacher, which is what he taught his students.This remark implied irony towards Zizhang. This is very true. A high degree of education does not mean high quality, and being knowledgeable does not mean being cultivated. Zixia said: "The sun knows what he is dying, and the moon never forgets what he can do. It can be said that he is eager to learn." Zixia said: "Learn something you didn't know every day, and don't forget what you have learned every month. This can be called studious." This is Zixia's version of "reviewing the past to learn the new", and this is also the learning method that Teacher Zixia is talking about.It can be seen that Zixia does not emphasize "reviewing the old", but emphasizes learning the new.Learn new knowledge every day, just review it once a month. Zixia's learning method is to teach students how to think, while the rest are memorizing by rote.The so-called quality education is what Zixia is like. Zixia said: "Learn eruditely and be determined, ask earnestly and think deeply, and benevolence is in it." Zixia said: "Learn extensively, have a firm ambition, ask others about your own affairs, and think about practical problems, and benevolence is in it." Most likely lack of proper understanding.) This is Zixia's learning mode, and the pragmatism is very obvious.To be erudite and dedicated means to be firm in your ambition, but you must study extensively, not limited to what Master Confucius said, and not limited to various rites, but whatever is useful, regardless of whether it is heresy or not, you can learn it later.To ask and think deeply means to care about and study the reality and things that are closely related to one's own interests, and find out the answers.After doing this, we will naturally adapt to the society and the times. Zixia, Zizhang, Ziyou and other brothers and sisters were all teaching at the same time, and they looked at each other and were dissatisfied with each other.Zixia taught the students in this way, but at the same time, he was belittling Ziyouzizhang for their lack of vision and always discussing rituals and music of various dynasties that have nothing to do with themselves and reality. Zixia's teaching method is better than Confucius', so Zixia's disciples are much more promising than Confucius' disciples. Erudite and dedicated, earnest question and close thinking.This teaching thought influenced the entire Warring States period, so during the Warring States period, thinking was active, and various practical theories and methods came out one after another.Regrettably, after the Warring States period, Chinese teaching methods returned to the old way of learning and learning from time to time. They are always benevolent, righteous and moral, and have lofty ideals. , so the thought has been imprisoned for more than two thousand years, stagnating or even regressing. Some people always put great ideals on their lips. In fact, the most important thing is to study today's affairs well. Zixia said: "Hundred craftsmen live in places to accomplish their work, and a gentleman learns his way." Zixia said: "Artisans of all walks of life complete their work in the workshop, and a gentleman acquires knowledge through learning." Zixia is good at metaphors. He compares learning to the workshop of craftsmen, and tells students that to achieve something, they need the correct method. Only when there is a trip and a market can things be done. Zixia said: "A gentleman has three changes: look at it like a man, even if he is warm, and listen to his words, he is tough." Zixia said: "A gentleman has three changes: he looks majestic and terrifying from a distance, approaching him is gentle and amiable, and listening to his speech is strict and strict." Zixia is actually describing his teacher, writing: Zixia is gentle and strict, mighty but not fierce, respectful and peaceful.Zixia is still teaching the students, and trying her best to make her image closer to the teacher. Liu Yong, a famous brothel poet in the Song Dynasty, was originally named Liu Sanbian. I don't know if this name came from here.However, Liu Sanbian's three changes are not these three changes, but: become a poet during the day, a lover at night, and a man at night. A gentleman has three changes, Liu Yong also has three changes, everyone has his own three changes.The mayor of a certain city also has three changes in his policy goals: small changes in one year, medium changes in three years, and major changes in five years.As a result, I was arrested for corruption and bribery in four years. Everyone said regretfully: I left before there was a big change. Zixia said: "If you are a good official, you will learn; if you are good at learning, you will be an official." Zixia said: "If you are an official, you should study; if you study well, you should be an official." Teacher Zixia is very smart, and these two sentences have their own profound meanings.For officials, this is an admissions advertisement: you come to study, which means that you are doing well as an official; for students, it is inspirational: study hard, and you can become an official if you learn well.In fact, many of Zixia's students became high officials. What is the purpose of learning?Teacher Kong has always been secretive and shy, either for the righteousness of the world or for the benevolence of the world, and never dared to speak out.Zixia is different. He directly tells the students that the purpose of studying is to become an official, to become a civil servant.Only with a clear purpose can there be a practical method. If you become a big official, you can get a diploma; if you become famous in learning, you can do the whole job. Zixia said: "A gentleman believes and then works for his people. If he does not believe, he thinks he is harsh on himself; if he believes, he then reprimands him. If he does not believe, he thinks he is slandering himself." Zixia said: "A gentleman must gain public trust before serving the people, otherwise the people will think that he is abusing them. He must first gain trust before admonishing, otherwise the monarch will think you are slandering him." This is talking about the knowledge of being an official. The key to managing the people and serving the monarch is to win their trust.This point is in line with the philosophy of Confucius.Zixia has many outstanding students, including many famous legalists, who are inseparable from Zixia's emphasis on trust. Zixia's words are more practical than Confucius' words. Sometimes, the government's actions are good and well-intentioned, but the common people don't buy it and doubt the government's motives. Why?Because the government has lost its credibility.In the same way, if the subordinates are not trusted by the superiors, they should not give opinions and suggestions, otherwise good intentions will become donkey liver and lungs. Zixia said: "Great virtues do not go beyond leisure, but small virtues can come and go." Zixia said: "In the big section, you can't go beyond the limit, but in the small section, it's okay to have some discrepancies." This is Zixia's way of dealing with the world.You can imagine what kind of person Zixia is. He doesn't stick to small details, disdains small things, doesn't pay too much attention to details, and is very self-independent, doesn't care much about the opinions of the outside world, and does his own way.Aloof but not conceited.Those who like him will like it very much, and those who don't like him will dislike it very much.There are not many wine and meat friends, but all friends are good friends. What is Dade?The nature of things; what is Xiaode?the form of things.Specifically speaking of etiquette, the great virtue is the etiquette system, and the small virtue is the etiquette.Therefore, Zixia doesn't care much about the form of rituals.On this point, it can be said that Zixia is very different from Teacher Kong.But in his later years, Confucius more and more agreed with Zixia. With Zixia's character, it's not suitable to be an official, but it's best to be a teacher.Therefore, Zixia later became the teacher of Wei Wenhou, but refused to be an official in Wei State. I feel that Zixia should be very popular with young people. Ziyou said: "Young man of Zixia's disciples, it's okay to sweep and sweep to deal with advancing and retreating, but it's okay to suppress the end. The original is nothing, so what?" Zixia heard about it and said, "Hey! Words go too far! A gentleman's Who is the first to pass on the Tao? Who is the last to be tired? How can we compare the grass and trees to distinguish them? How can the gentleman’s way be falsely accused? There is only a sage who has a beginning and a soldier!" Ziyou said: "The little bastards taught by Zixia are allowed to do some things such as cleaning and welcoming guests, but these are just trivial things, and they haven't learned the basics. How can this work?" Hearing this, he said: "Cut, the words are too much. Who should the teacher first teach the way of a gentleman to be a man and learn? Who can stick to it? Just like grass and trees, there is a difference between people. A gentleman is a man. In order to learn the way, how can you talk nonsense casually? Is it only the sage who can respect the teacher's teaching from beginning to end?" Which one, which one to teach later, is like grass and wood, which are classified and differentiated. How can the gentleman’s way be distorted at will to deceive students? I’m afraid only a sage can teach students in order from beginning to end!”) This is basically a quarrel. Ziyou's evaluation of Zixia's students was very rude and even vicious. Calling Ziyou a rhetoric, the tone is already very serious.When Ziyou attacked Zixia's teaching, Zixia of course would not use a defensive posture to explain it, but instead attacked Ziyou's character, which is in line with Zixia's character.Zixia is one year older than Ziyou, and generally received his education earlier, so he mentioned the difference in priority, which means that I am also your senior brother, so you shouldn't be so rude.Roughly speaking, when Confucius was alive, he once asked Zixia, Ziyou and others not to attack each other, and they also agreed face to face. Now that Ziyou has started a war, Zixia has the saying that a gentleman should have a beginning and an end. The conflict between Zixia and Ziyou existed very early. When they were in Weiguo, they were still young, and they both served Confucius by his side.Once, Confucius was about to go out, and the sky seemed to be raining. When Confucius was hesitating whether to take an umbrella, Ziyou said: "Teacher, Zixia has a good umbrella. Ask him to use it." There is an umbrella, which was given to him by Zigong.The reason why Ziyou suggested using Zixia's umbrella is not only out of jealousy, but also to make Zixia feel uncomfortable, because Zixia is rather stingy and never lends things to others. "Don't come up with such a bad idea." Of course Confucius knew what Ziyou was planning, and of course he would not be fooled. "Zixia is not a very generous person, but it's okay. Tell you, when dating a person, try to share his strengths and don't touch his weaknesses, so that you can have a long-term relationship." This matter can be seen in "Shuo Yuan".Confucius was about to go, but he had no cover. His disciples said: "Zi Xia has a cover, so he can do it." Confucius said: "The businessman is also very short of wealth! I heard that those who make friends with others push their elders, and those who violate their short, So it lasts a long time." After Confucius died, Zixia returned to school as a teacher, and Ziyou may have returned to school, or he may still be an official.But Ziyou has always been dissatisfied with Zixia, and in his heart he is somewhat resentful that Confucius and "Spring and Autumn" were passed on to Zixia, so he came to find fault with Zixia, sarcasm, and vent his dissatisfaction.But with Zigong, Ran You and other big brothers around, Ziyou didn't dare to go too far. There are always people who make sarcastic remarks, and the envy, jealousy and hatred between the brothers and sisters can be regarded as throughout history.Do your own thing and let others do the talking. Zixia's disciples asked and handed over to Zizhang.Zi Zhang said: "What do you think of Zi Xia?" Confrontation: "Zi Xia said: "Give it to those who are willing, and refuse it to those who are not." It is not good to be good but reserved. How can I be tolerated by others if I am a great virtuous person? If I am not a virtuous person, people will reject me, so how can I reject others?" Zixia's student asked Zizhang how to make friends.Zi Zhang said: "What did Zi Xia say?" He replied: "Zi Xia said: 'If you can make friends, make friends with him, and if you can't make friends, don't talk to him.'" Zi Zhang said: "What I heard What I have learned is different from these: a gentleman can respect the virtuous and tolerate others; he can praise the good and sympathize with the incompetent. If I am a very virtuous person, then what can I not tolerate? If I If I am not virtuous, people will reject me, so how can I reject others?" Another classmate who is dissatisfied with Zixia, Zizhang retaliates with virtue, and Zixia retaliates with righteousness.In comparison, Zixia's statement is closer to Teacher Confucius.However, whether Zizhang or Zixia, what they say is in line with their respective personalities.Zixia is aloof and looks down on many people, including seniors like Zizhang Ziyou, so he refuses to associate with them; Zizhang loves to talk about the big truth, and what he says is idealized. Zizhang also disagrees with Zixia, but compared to Ziyou, Zizhang is more bookish and purer.Therefore, it is possible for Zixia's disciples to ask him for advice.For Zi Zhang's criticism, Zi Xia remained silent, disdain to fight back. What Zizhang means is that I am a gentleman and can tolerate anyone, so I have many friends.And you Zixia is not a virtuous person, so you can't tolerate others.Ironically, although Zixia doesn't have many friends, she seems to have more friends than Zizhang. It sounds like Zizhang's statement is of course much nobler.But in practice, Zixia's approach is still feasible.Therefore, if you fail to learn from a gentleman, you will easily become a hypocrite; if you fail to learn from a villain, you will at best be a real villain. Zixia said: "The faults of villains must also be written." Zixia said: "When a villain makes a mistake, he must cover it up." This article is the article that makes mistakes.This sentence Zixia may be teaching students, but even if he is teaching students, he is talking about Ziyou.In short, this sentence should be aimed at Ziyou. The method of covering up faults is changing with the times, and the temporary labor method is more popular at present.Any mistakes are made by temporary workers. Zixia said: "Although the way is small, there must be something to be seen; if you go far and fear mud, it is because a gentleman does not do it." Zixia said: "Even the minor details have their merits. But if you put too much effort into the minor details, you will get stuck on them. Therefore, a gentleman will not do this." (Old translation. Zi Xia said: "Although they are all small skills, there must be merits. But using it to achieve lofty goals will not work.")" This is Zixia's character, focusing on the big picture without sticking to the small details.This passage is Zixia teaching the students. On the surface, it is not mentioned, but the subtext is "Don't be like Mr. Zizhang, who just sneaks in when you see a corner." Zixia is a person with active thinking and citing extensively. He encourages students to boldly learn things that seem unimportant. Encourage students to think openly and not memorize by rote, so as to cultivate creative students.Today's exam-oriented education has largely destroyed the imagination and creativity of Chinese children.On the issue of education, Zixia is better than Confucius. The Master said: "Smart words, courteous looks, and respectful feet, Zuo Qiu is ashamed of them, and Qiu is also ashamed of them. Hide resentment and make friends with others, Zuo Qiu is ashamed of them, and Qiu is also ashamed of them." Confucius said: "Speak sweet words, put on a good-looking face, put on a flattering posture, and be overly respectful. Zuo Qiuming thinks this kind of person is shameful, and I think it's shameful. Put resentment in your heart, but pretend to be friendly on the surface Zuo Qiuming thinks this kind of person is shameful, and I think it's shameful too." Zuoqiu Ming is Zixia. Confucius' appreciation for Zixia has reached an indescribable level. On the one hand, Zixia's aloofness and aloofness are too much like himself; on the other hand, Confucius seems to have believed that this disciple can surpass himself.Therefore, in this passage, Confucius put his disciples ahead of himself, and he himself became a follower. Zi Xia said earlier: "Give what is acceptable, and reject what is not." Therefore, it can be said that in the academic dispute between Zixia and Zizhang, Confucius in his later years was more on Zixia's side. How could people like Confucius and Zixia survive in the officialdom? Who is the author of "Zuo Zhuan"?According to Kong Anguo, Zuo Qiuming was the Taishi of the State of Lu.However, there are various indications that Zuo Qiuming is Zixia. First of all, let's start with "Zuo Shi". During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Wei State owned a place named "Zuoyi", also known as "Zuoqiu" and "Zuoshi". Zixia's disciple Wu Qi was "a member of Weizuoshi", and Zixia was probably also from the Zuoshi or Zuoqiu. .Zixia lost his sight in his later years, and Sima Qian wrote "Zuoqiu lost his sight, but he practiced Mandarin", referring to Zixia. Therefore, there is a very high possibility that Zuo Qiuming is Zixia. Because he is blind, he calls himself Zuo Qiuming.The ancients used places as names in many cases. For example, Zhan Qin was called Liu Xiahui after his death.Therefore, Zixia may be called Zuoqiu Ming by his disciples after his death, wishing him to see the light in another world. As for Zuo Qiuming above, he might be the Taishi of the Lu Kingdom, but he is more likely to be Zixia. It was originally the speeches of Confucius' master and disciple compiled by his disciples several years after Confucius' death. Therefore, it is possible that Zixia was recorded under Zuo Qiuming's name.And the two passages about Zuo Qiuming are exactly Zixia's aloof character, which is probably not a coincidence.Thinking about it again, it seems a little inappropriate for Confucius to discuss such issues with the Taishi of Lu. Also, based on the cultural traditions of the State of Lu, the Taishi of the State of Lu should take Taishi as his surname. Next, let's look at more convincing evidence. To write "Zuoshi Chunqiu", many necessary conditions are required, and only Zixia has these conditions. First, this person must have a lot of first-hand materials. The most used historical materials in "Zuo Zhuan" come from the states of Lu and Jin, and the historical materials of "Spring and Autumn" mainly come from the state of Lu. As Confucius' first assistant, Zixia has these historical materials; but where does the historical material of Jin come from?Wei Wenhou treated Zixia as a teacher and invited him to give lectures in Wei State. Wei State occupied the former capital of Jin State, so it has the historical materials of Jin State.Even if the State of Wei did not possess these historical materials, the relationship between the Three Jin Dynasties was exceptionally good at that time, and it was easy for Zixia to borrow these historical materials from South Korea or the State of Zhao.On the contrary, if it is the Taishi of the Lu State, how can he get the historical materials of the Jin State? Second, this person must be very good, yes, not "Poetry".Because Confucius revised it, it is impossible for anyone who is not a disciple of Confucius to understand it. The poems in "Zuo Zhuan" are widely used, and they are all very appropriate without exceeding the content.The author is not only skilled, but must also be a disciple of Confucianism.And Zixia happened to be the number one expert among Confucius students.If it is Lu Guotai Shi, even if he is proficient in "Poems", he cannot control the use of poems in "Zuo Zhuan" to a certain extent. Third, the relationship between this person and Confucius is extraordinary, and it is not just as simple as ordinary disciples. A large number of Confucius' comments are quoted in "Zuo Zhuan", which proves that the author followed Confucius to edit "Spring and Autumn".And Zixia happened to be the number one assistant of Confucius in the revision of "Spring and Autumn". If he was the Taishi of Lu State, how would he know how Confucius evaluated various historical events? Fourth, "Zuo Zhuan" is full of talent, which shows that the author's talent is very outstanding.In fact, Zixia's talent is the most outstanding among Confucius' disciples. Fifth, Zixia's thought is not exactly the same as that of Confucius. Confucius compiled "Spring and Autumn" for the purpose of "great righteousness" and Zhou Li as the criterion.Zixia is different, based on the principle of close questioning and close thinking, talking about cases, methods and practicality, more inclined to the application of tactics and tactics, the essence of human nature, and a rational summary of historical events. In "Zuo Zhuan", we can clearly see that Zixia's thought runs through the whole text.And Zixia's disciples and grandchildren happened to be a group of legalists, Li Ke, Shang Yang and others were all his direct students, Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu and others were great sages for a while. For example, Confucius believed that Duke Wen of Jin was cunning but not upright, and Duke Huan of Qi was just but not cunning.In "Zuo Zhuan", it is not written in this way. (Press. Zi said: "Jin Wengong is deceitful but not upright, Qi Huan is just but not deceitful.") Sixth, there are a lot of records about Confucius and Confucius' disciples in "Zuo Zhuan", not only Zi Gong, but also Fan Chi and You Ruo, who are not outstanding disciples.It's just that Zixia has a good relationship with them, and if it was the Taishi of Lu, would he record those unknown disciples of Confucius? Seventh, the rapid spread of "Zuo Zhuan" shows that the author is a master figure. Zi Xia was the greatest master at the time when he was lecturing in Xihe, and he had many disciples, so the work was quickly spread.And if the author is Lu Guotai Shi, his works will have problems in the circulation first, because he does not have any channels. Eighth, both Gongyang Gao and Gu Liangchi, the authors of "Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan" and "Spring and Autumn Guliang Biography", were Zixia's students. All the evidence and signs above point to one conclusion: Zixia is the author of "Zuo Zhuan", that is, Zuo Qiuming.