Chapter 8 Part VII Zi Gong

Duanmuci, named Zigong, was born in Weiguo, and Confucius was thirty years old.The surname Duanmu is the surname of the Shang Dynasty, so it is judged that this family has been in business for generations.Therefore, Zi Gong is a family of merchants, or rich N generation.Zigong was the second batch of students of Confucius, enrolled in the state of Wei.It is said that in the first year of school, Zigong thought that the teacher was inferior to him; in the second year, he thought the teacher was like this, and he was similar to himself; in the third year, he admitted that the teacher was more knowledgeable than himself.Zigong has the disadvantages of a kid from a rich family, but he also has the advantages of a kid from a rich family.Zigong is very clever, but sometimes he likes to play tricks.However, once he admires the teacher, he will care for the teacher in every possible way.Confucius' attitude towards Zigong also went through a process of change. At first, he looked down on Zigong and often attacked him satirically. The master and apprentice had many wonderful conversations against each other.Later, I felt that Zi Gong's character was not bad, so I tried my best to change him and help him correct his shortcomings.In the end, it is the love for Zigong, and in his later years, it is the dependence on Zigong.Even before Confucius passed away, he had to wait for Zi Gong to come and explain his funeral.

Zigong helped Confucius the most among the students, and he did his best while taking care of Confucius' self-esteem and face.Confucius was able to return home and received additional subsidies from Jisun's family, all thanks to Zi Gong and Ran You, and Zi Gong was the promoter. And Zi Gong has been sparing no effort to promote the theory of Confucius, respected Confucius as a saint.It can be said that Zi Gong contributed a lot to Confucius being respected by later generations.It is fair to say that Zigong has contributed most to Confucius and his teachings. However, in terms of academics, Zigong is very mediocre. He abandoned his studies and official business, which happened to run counter to Confucius' expectations.I don't know if this is a satire on Confucius' doctrine.

The Master said: "Crazy but not straightforward, Dong but unwilling, and Li Cun but not trustworthy, I don't know." Confucius said: "Arrogant but not honest, ignorant but not prudent, superficially sincere but not keeping promises, I really don't know why some people are like this." This passage is basically talking about Zigong. When Zigong first entered school, he had this virtue. You can imagine what Zigong looked like when he was in school. A kid from a rich family was sent to study reluctantly. When he saw a bunch of poor students and a poor teacher, he didn't look down on them at all.But there is no way, I can only stay here, what should I do?Mix it up.Zi Gong is a person who can't keep his mouth shut, so he doesn't pay attention to the lectures all day long, just bragging and chatting about the sea and the sky, and talking nonsense when he speaks smoothly.All of these made Confucius come to the above conclusion.

In fact, this is not a big surprise, many young people come here like this.Judging from the character of Confucius, some people would say that about him when he was young.This entire passage is equivalent to the old professor seeing a man and woman kissing on the bus, and the old professor sighed: young people nowadays, alas. A native of Zigong.The Master said: "Is it worthy to give it? I have no time for my husband." Zigong likes to comment on other people's shortcomings.Confucius said sarcastically, "Zigong looks very capable. I don't have time to criticize others."

Although Confucius was a teacher, he didn't like to point out other people's shortcomings.He looked down upon Zi Gong's habit. Zigong is from Weiguo, his family is rich, he is also very smart, and he has many shortcomings of the rich second generation.The time when Zigong entered school happened to be the first time Confucius came to Weiguo.At first, Zigong was very conceited and looked down on Confucius at all, thinking that he knew more than his teacher.Usually, I like to show off, and I like to sarcasm others.Confucius hated Zigong very much during this period, probably because of some relationship, but he could not be expelled.Therefore, Confucius did not have any good things to say about Zi Gong during this period. He was either sarcastic or sarcastic.

Having said that, isn't Confucius also exposing Zigong's shortcomings when he said this?The person from Zigong Fang, Confucius Fang Zigong, shows that Confucius still has leisure time. Regarding the question of "Fang people", in fact, Confucius also received education in the past. That was when he visited Lao Tzu in Luoyi. Lao Tzu found that Confucius' cynical tendencies were somewhat dangerous, so he gave Confucius advice when he parted: "Smart and wise but very dangerous. A person who is a good man is because he likes to talk about other people's right and wrong; a man who is well-read and eloquent but gets into trouble is because he always exposes other people's faults." Those who like to talk about others are also those who make extensive debates and endanger their lives, and those who make others evil.)

For a thorny student like Zigong, who is rich and powerful, the teacher is really difficult to deal with, and it's fine to say a few sarcastic remarks.Even Confucius is like this, what else can today's teachers do? In addition, don't expose other people's shortcomings if you have nothing to do, otherwise others will also expose your shortcomings. The Master said: "A gentleman is ashamed of his words and outstripped his deeds." Confucius said: "A gentleman thinks it is shameful to say too much and do little." What Confucius likes is to talk less and do more, that is, to be slow in words and quick in action.

This sentence is referring to Zi Gong. Maybe Confucius talked about a gentleman, so he satirized Zi Gong by the way. Maybe Zi Gong asked what a gentleman is, and Confucius said this.Zigong was a talker at the time, and he talked more than he did. Regardless of whether he is a gentleman or not, in short, he must act in everything he does, not relying on words. The Master said: "It's hard to live in groups all day long, and it's hard to talk about righteousness and practice small wisdom!" Confucius said: "It's hard to teach people who gather together all day long and talk about nonsense. They just like to play tricks."

These are the behaviors that Confucius hates the most. This is still talking about Zigong. Zigong doesn't like to study. He has nothing to do all day long. He pulls his classmates to talk about things, but he doesn't talk about learning.Play some cleverness, show off some little wisdom.But Zigong is eloquent, knowledgeable, and often has some snacks for everyone to eat, so many students are willing to listen to him, and Teacher Kong is very unhappy. It's not bad, but today, a group of men live in groups all day long, so it's strange if they don't have homosexuality. Zigong said: "It is not as good as Zhou's evil. Because the gentleman is evil and lives in the lowly, all the evil in the world belongs to him."

Zi Gong said: "King Zhou's evil is not as serious as the legend says. Therefore, a gentleman hates being in a low place, and all the bad reputation in the world will be attributed to him." Downstream is the downstream of the water, and all the dirty things from the upstream flow to the downstream. Often ridiculed by Confucius, Zigong is not a fuel-efficient lamp, and often takes the initiative to attack or fight back.Apparently, when Confucius was talking about history and criticizing King Zhou of Shang, Zigong deliberately made such remarks to embarrass the teacher.Only Zi Gong could do such a thing of blatantly contradicting the teacher.One can imagine how annoyed Confucius was at that time.

Zigong is very independent thinking and quite rebellious.Therefore, when the teacher said that King Zhou of Shang did all kinds of evil, he complained for King Zhou of Shang.The grievances for King Shang Zhou are actually grievances for myself, saying that you have a bad impression of me, teacher, you have prejudices against me, envy and hate me, so you don’t like what I do, and you think of me first when there are bad people or bad things . Zigong's words are right?Of course.So once a person has a bad reputation, things will be troublesome, and any bad things may be blamed on you, which may eventually drive you to a dead end. Don't talk about others, let's talk about Teacher Kong.He has also been a sage, and so has Confucius.When holding it up, it goes to heaven, not only a saint, but even a king; when it is smashed, it hits the eighteenth floor of hell, and every word he says is a lie.In fact, Teacher Kong is also a teacher in a migrant labor school, a teacher with a bit of an angry youth complex, and a teacher who makes the students a little admired.If you live in the present, you will definitely not be an official or a first-level professor. You can only occasionally write and comment on Weibo or something, and at most have a little ambiguity with female graduate students. Zigong asked: "Does a gentleman have evil?" The Master said: "There is evil: those who call others evil, those who live in low places and stalk the superiors, those who are brave and impolite, and those who are bold and suffocating." Said: "Is there also evil in giving?" "Those who are evil are regarded as wise, those who are evil are regarded as brave, and those who are evil are regarded as upright." Zigong asked: "Is there anything a gentleman hates?" Confucius said: "There are things to hate. I hate people who preach the bad things of others, hate people who are inferior and slander those who are superior, and hate people who are brave and do not understand etiquette. I hate people who are stubborn and unreasonable." Confucius said again: "Ci, do you also hate things?" Zigong said: "I hate people who copy others' achievements and use them as their own knowledge, and I hate people who take immodestness as courage. People who hate to attack the shortcomings of others and think they are straightforward." Zigong felt that his knowledge was not inferior to that of Confucius, but Confucius always satirized himself, so he decided to take the initiative to make things difficult for Confucius, and let Confucius know that he was better than him. This is a face-to-face confrontation, a confrontation when the conflict between master and apprentice reaches its peak, it can be said to be tit for tat.Zigong took the lead in raising this question.Confucius found out that Zi Gong was not kind, so all he answered was Zi Gong’s shortcomings in his eyes. He satirized Zi Gong who likes to expose other people’s faults, but as a student, he did not respect his teacher, spoke recklessly and did not understand etiquette, and was stubborn but refused to admit his mistakes. .Zigong retorted, mocking Confucius for copying the ancients, mocking Confucius for always looking like he knew everything, and mocking Confucius for always making things out of his students' shortcomings. There is another story recorded in "Shuo Yuan", which is very interesting.One day, Zi Gong came to ask Confucius, "Is there consciousness after death?" Confucius knew at that time that the person who came was not good. If I said I was unconscious, I was afraid that unworthy descendants would throw me into a mass grave to feed dogs. Therefore, I cannot answer this question for you. If you really want to know, after you die, slowly Go and experience it." ("Shuo Yuan". Zigong asked Confucius: "Do the dead know but do not know?" Confucius said: "I want to say that the dead have knowledge, but I am afraid that my filial sons and grandchildren will hinder life and die; if I want to speak ignorance, I am afraid Unfilial sons and grandchildren will not be buried. If you want to know that the dead have knowledge, will they be ignorant? It is not too late to know when you die!") Zigong was frustrated in this confrontation. As the saying goes: If you don't fight, you can't make a deal.During the verbal confrontation between Zigong and Teacher Kong, Zigong gradually discovered that the teacher was very knowledgeable, and with his own eloquence, he could not get cheap in front of the teacher.And Confucius grew from hating Zigong to relying on him. Once Zigong stopped looking for trouble, Confucius felt that there was something missing.After realizing this, Confucius gradually began to like Zi Gong, because this guy is really talented. Everyone has their own dislikes or habits, but this is not important. What is important is to understand what others dislike and see if you have these habits. Zigong asked the gentleman.The Master said: "Do what you say first and then follow it." Zigong asked how to be a gentleman.Confucius said: "For what you want to say, first practice it, and then say it." This sentence has the same meaning as "A gentleman is ashamed of his words and outlives his deeds", but the tone is completely different, and the words are completely different. From sarcasm to earnest instruction, why? After one year in school, Zigong's evaluation of Confucius has changed a lot. Gradually, he felt that this old man really has two talents, and his character is also good. Maybe he can really learn something from him.Therefore, Zi Gong gradually respected the teacher's attitude, and sometimes he was able to study seriously.And Confucius saw the changes in Zigong. Although Zigong still has many shortcomings, he is very smart, eloquent, and kind-hearted.Therefore, Confucius gradually liked him a little bit.At this point, Confucius stopped being sarcastic to Zigong, but sincerely pointed out his shortcomings, occasionally "teasing him".Therefore, the same meaning, the expression now is much gentler and kinder. Confucius first went to the state of Wei for two years, and then returned to the state of Lu for a year. Zigong followed Confucius back to the state of Lu, and followed Confucius to see the welcoming ceremony held by Duke Ding of Lu for Duke Yin of Lu. According to From the behavior of the two of them, it was concluded that Duke Lu Ding would not live long.Not long after, Duke Ding of Lu died of a serious illness.Zigong thought he had a clever plan, so he proudly showed it off everywhere, for fear that others would not know.Confucius hurriedly sent someone to stop Zigong, so as not to cause trouble to his upper body.Confucius said: "Unfortunately, this guy is right in his words, which proves that he is a talkative person." It turns out that Zigong is very smart, but his show off personality has not changed.Although Confucius hated his character very much, his tone was much gentler. Unfortunately, this common phrase comes from here. Actions are more convincing than words. People who repeat the same words all day long, full of reason, but don't do practical things at all, should be despised. Zigong asked friends.The Master said: "Advice should be done well, if you can't do it, stop it, don't humiliate yourself." Zigong asked how to get along with friends.Confucius said: "Advise frankly and express it appropriately. If you don't listen, it's fine. Don't bring shame on yourself." At this time, Zigong was already very humble, and he took the initiative to ask the teacher for advice.Confucius' words are also very sincere, telling Zi Gong that everything should be done in moderation, and don't try to impose your own ideas on others, otherwise you will lose friends.What Confucius said was aimed at Zigong’s weakness. Zigong likes to impose his views on others. If others disagree, he will chatter and talk non-stop. After a long time, it will be annoying. When dealing with people, you must fully consider each person's different personality, situation and other factors. Even if you are a good friend, don't impose your own ideas on the other party.Sometimes you are kind, but the other party can't feel it; your method is good, but the other party can't appreciate it.On the contrary, if you talk too much, the other party will suspect that you have any intentions.Therefore, even if you are a friend, you must have a good sense of proportion. The same is true among countries. Powerful and advanced countries always want to transplant their own culture and models to backward countries, but they are too urgent and too strong, and they are often resisted and suspected. This is the principle of making friends. In fact, friends also need to be measured when speaking. Many friends split not because of any interest relationship, but because one party wants to impose its own ideas on the other.This is most likely to happen when the parties are not too close in social status, wealth, etc. Zi Gong asked, "How about a gift?" The Master said, "Female, it's a vessel." He said, "What kind of vessel?" He said, "Hulian." Zi Gong asked Confucius, "What about me?" Confucius said, "You are like a utensil." Zi Gong asked again, "What kind of utensil is it?" Confucius said, "It's Hulian." The relationship with the teacher eased, Zigong felt that he had performed well and wanted to be praised by the teacher, so he came to ask the teacher what he thought of him.Confucius said that he was Hulian, and Hulian was a jade vessel used for sacrifices, which was very valuable.Seeing that the teacher compared himself to Hulian, Zigong thought that the teacher valued him very much, and was very proud.However, Zigong got complacent too early, and Confucius' praise was not so easy to get. Therefore, praise cannot be sought, and the praise that is sought is often sour, or simply ironic. Don't ask for praise. Asking for praise is mostly equivalent to asking for scolding.Of course, what is worse than asking for praise is to praise yourself, praise yourself, affirm yourself, and say that others can't do without you. Confucius said: "A gentleman is not a weapon." Confucius said: "A gentleman is not like a utensil (which has only one purpose)." This sentence follows the previous sentence. Just after saying that Zigong is a weapon, he immediately said that a gentleman is not a weapon.It's not only making fun of Zigong, but also telling him to study hard and master a few more knowledge. It seems that Confucius is still satirizing Zigong, but he is actually making fun of him, full of goodwill.Why didn't Confucius just say that Zigong still needed to learn, but adopted this method?Firstly, Confucius thought Zigong was very cute and couldn't help making a joke; secondly, Confucius thought Zigong was still very proud, so he should be hit moderately. In the same way, Confucius also used it on Zilu, and Confucius' sense of humor can be seen.In this way, the students will be very impressed, it can be said to be thought-provoking. People have specialists to be generalists, so a gentleman can be useful but not useful. In reality, specialists are better. Therefore, the old master's words have no practical significance. The Master said: "A gentleman does not compare himself to one another, and a villain does not compare himself to one another." Confucius said: "A gentleman forms a group but does not form a party, and a villain forms a party and does not form a party." A gentleman is friendly to everyone, but sticks to principles and does not compare himself to others; a villain is entangled with others because of interests, but alienates everyone. This sentence has a similar meaning to "Living in groups all day long, words are not righteous, and it is difficult to practice small wisdom." It looks stricter, but in fact it is more formal. It should be Confucius' face-to-face admonition to Zigong. Although the words are heavy, they are very important. sincere. Villains form cliques, so a gentleman cannot beat a villain. The Master said: "Attacking heresy is nothing but harm." Confucius said: "Study crooked things all day long, and you are doing yourself a disservice." The interpretation of this sentence has never been unified. "Gong" is understood to mean specialization and attack.In the latter meaning, this sentence is understood as two opposite meanings, one is: "Attack heresies with different opinions, and the evil will be eliminated." The other is: "Attack people with different opinions. Heresy, that is the most harmful." Different interpretations reflect Confucius' different attitudes towards other schools of thought. In fact, this sentence cannot be interpreted as "attacking heresy". First of all, there is no heresy at this time, and no one jumps out to fight Confucianism with their own theories. Who are you attacking?Second, did Confucius have any students who attacked heresy?No.Therefore, this sentence is still used to admonish Zigong.Weiguo is located between several big countries, so the people of Weiguo have a geographical advantage.At the same time, the Wei people are the mixed descendants of Shang and Zhou nobles, who are talented in business and very smart.Therefore, people in Weiguo became popular in doing business.Zigong’s family is a businessman. Zigong’s ideal is to become a rich businessman. He has no interest in Confucius’ Confucianism. He studies all day long on how to make money in business, and he talks about such things to his classmates.But Confucius believed that doing business was not the right way and belonged to heresy.Therefore, Confucius advised Zigong to study more Zhou rituals and less study his business ways, so he said this sentence. Modern society needs more tolerance, and it is impossible to make progress by accusing others of crooked ways at every turn.Therefore, Confucius' words are completely inapplicable to modern society. The Master said: "If a gentleman is not serious, he will not be powerful, and if he learns, he will not be solid. If the Lord is loyal and trustworthy, if he has no friends who are not as good as himself, don't be afraid to correct his mistakes." Confucius said: "Gentlemen, if you are not dignified, you will not have dignity; learning can make people unobstructed; you must be loyal and trustworthy, and do not make friends with people who are not as good as yourself; if you make mistakes, don't be afraid to correct them." This is to teach Zigong how to win respect among his classmates, establish an image, and improve his abilities. Confucius’ words were aimed at Zi Gong’s problem. Zi Gong liked to show off in front of those ignorant classmates, appearing frivolous and superficial.These words had a great impact on Zigong, so he repented and became close friends with Ran You, a high-level classmate.But until Confucius passed away, Confucius was still talking about Zi Gong. Why?Because Zigong has always been unwilling to intervene in politics, he deliberately kept a distance from the dignitaries of various countries. Those who have no friends are not as good as themselves, don't be afraid to change their mistakes.This is the secret of many successful people.And the so-called "rather the head of a chicken than the tail of a phoenix" is vain and short-sighted. What Confucius said is right. To make friends, you must make friends who are better than yourself, so that you can make progress.The same is true in international affairs. A country can only progress if it stays with countries that are more advanced than itself.If one's friends are all abandoned by the mainstream society, then one will also be abandoned by the mainstream society. Zigong said to Zi Gong, "Which one will heal a woman or Hui?" Confrontation: "How dare you look back? Hui also hears one and knows ten, and Ci also hears one and knows two." And daughter, Fruya." Confucius said to Zigong, "Who is better between you and Yan Hui?" Zigong replied, "How dare I compare with Yan Hui? Yan Hui can infer from one thing he hears. Ten things; I know one thing, but I can only deduce two things." Confucius said, "It's not as good as him, you and I are not as good as him." Confucius admired Yan Hui's learning attitude very much, and Yan Hui was more determined and dedicated than himself.Therefore, Confucius thought that even he was not as good as Yan Hui.Confucius thought he was inferior to Yan Hui, and he said it on different occasions. Zigong looked down on Yan Hui at first, thinking he was just a bookworm.But after a long time, I discovered the advantages of Yan Hui, so I began to agree with and admire Yan Hui.In terms of study, I think that I really can't compare with Yan Hui.In terms of character, I also think that Yan Hui has no flaws. When Confucius traveled around the world, he left Chu State and came to Chen State. It happened that Wu State invaded Chen State.Zigong finally brought back some food, and Confucius asked Yan to go back and cook.After a while Gong went to look, only to find that Yan Hui was stealing food.Zigong was very angry and came back to report to Confucius. "Ci, I have been observing Yan Hui for a long time. Although you say so, I still don't doubt him. I think there must be a reason. So, don't talk anymore, I'll ask him." Confucius thought for a while I want to say that it was beyond Zi Gong's expectation. So Confucius asked other disciples to call Yan Hui. "Hey, I dreamed about my ancestors a few days ago. Could it be that the ancestors are enlightening and protecting me? You prepare the food and bring it in. I want to present it to the ancestors." Confucius didn't ask directly, but He lied and said that he wanted to sacrifice to the ancestors, so he tricked Yan Hui from the side. "Teacher, this rice can no longer be used to worship ancestors." Yan Hui replied. "Why?" Both Confucius and Zigong were a little surprised. "It's like this. When I was cooking just now, some soot fell into the rice. Leave it alone, the rice will be dirty; throw it away, it's a pity, so I ate the dirty rice. When the meal is shared, it will be deducted from my share." Yan Hui explained with a natural expression. If a portion of rice is eaten first, it cannot be used to worship the ancestors. "You are right. If it were me, I would eat the dirty rice." Confucius said, smiled, and asked Yan Hui to continue cooking. When Yan Hui left, Confucius said to Zigong, "My trust in Yan Hui did not start today." Zigong felt ashamed and his face turned red. Rengui has self-knowledge. Zigong's later progress lies in the fact that he gradually realized his own shortcomings and saw the advantages of others. Zigong said: "Poor without flattery, rich without arrogance. How about it?" Zi said: "Yes; it is not like being poor but happy, rich but courteous." Zigong said: "The poem says, It's like learning, like cutting like grinding', what do you mean by giving?" The Master said: "Give it, and you can talk about poetry with it. Tell everyone who has gone and knows what will come." Zigong said: "How about being poor but not being obsequious, and being rich but not being arrogant?" Confucius said, "That's all right. But it's not as good as being poor but loving the way, being rich but being polite." "Zigong said: "The "Poetry" says, 'Like bones, horns, ivory, and jade, we should learn from them and ponder them'. Is this what they mean?" Confucius said: "Give me, can you Understand what I have not said from what I have said, draw inferences from one instance, and I can talk about "Poetry" with you." Zi Gong was very strong and determined to compare himself with Yan Hui. After making some progress, he felt that he was no worse than Yan Hui, but Confucius threw cold water on him.However, Confucius praised him in time. Why do you say that Zigong is comparing himself with Yan Hui?Because being poor without flattery refers to Yan Hui, and being rich without arrogance refers to oneself.Of course Confucius saw Zi Gong's meaning at a glance, so he said that Yan Hui is not only poor but not flattering, he has reached the state of being poor but happy. It is not enough for you to be rich and have no arrogance, but you also need to be rich and polite. .Zigong was not discouraged either, he showed off a few lines of poetry, and Confucius took the opportunity to praise him and affirmed his progress. "It's as good as learning, and it's like grinding." The two words of learning and pondering come from here, which means to continuously improve, strive for excellence, and never be satisfied.When Zigong said this, he meant that the teacher was right, and I still have to keep improving. A good teacher should curb the pride of the students in time, but also praise the progress of the students in time.Just like Confucius and Zigong, they are really a good pair of mentors and apprentices. Life is endless. After reaching a goal, there will be a higher goal. Zigong said: "I don't want others to impose on me, and I also want nothing to impose on others." Zigong said: "Gifts are beyond your reach." Zigong said: "I don't want other people's will to be imposed on me, and I don't want my own will to be imposed on others." Confucius said: "Ci, this is beyond what you can do." Zigong's words reflected the characteristics of a businessman, but Confucius did not understand. After traveling around the country and hitting a wall, Confucius returned to Weiguo.After that, Confucius began to think about the future of his disciples, so he strongly recommended his outstanding disciples to become officials, that is, to become officials. Therefore, Zilu, Gao Chai and others became officials in Weiguo.Zigong himself is very good, and his family has a background in Weiguo, so Confucius very much hoped that he would become an official.But Zigong had no interest in officialdom, so he repeatedly evaded.This time, what Zigong wanted to tell Confucius was: I don’t want to be controlled by others, and I don’t want to control others.I don't want to be an official, I want to go into business.And what Confucius meant was: In this world, it is very difficult for you to achieve this idea. Of course, Zigong's lack of interest in being an official may also have a close relationship with a period of history.According to "Zuo Zhuan", at the beginning of the founding of Zheng Guo, the king of Zheng Guo reached an agreement with the merchants. The merchants paid taxes according to the law and would not betray Zheng Guo, while the state provided them with protection and could not buy or sell by force. The original words were called " If you don’t betray me, I won’t be strong.” Everyone divides the work and cooperates to achieve common prosperity.In the state of Wei, there may be the same covenant. The nobles of the Zhou Dynasty were in charge of the regime and the army to protect the country. The merchants earned money and paid taxes, and each got what he deserved.Therefore, the merchants of Weiguo have been doing business for generations, and never want to get involved in politics.In Zigong's core, he believed that he was born a businessman, and that he could not and did not want to be an official. The whole world is integrated, and anyone's life is closely related to the whole society. No one's will can be imposed on others, but everyone must succumb to the will of the whole society.If you can't change the world, you have to integrate into the world. Zigong said: "There are beautiful jades here, and they are hidden in the arbor? Ask good merchants and sell them?" Zigong said: "Sell it! Sell it! I will treat the merchant." Zi Gong said: "Here is a piece of beautiful jade. Should I keep it in a cabinet? Or should I find a merchant who knows the goods and sell it?" Confucius said: "Sell it, sell it! I am waiting for someone who knows the goods .” Zi Gong meant that he wanted to do business, but Confucius thought that Zi Gong wanted to be an official, but he was wrong. After Ran You returned to the State of Lu, Zigong's best friend was not around, so he had the idea of ​​leaving his teacher to start a business.However, at this time, the relationship between the master and the apprentice was very good, and Confucius also relied heavily on Zigong, so it was really difficult for Zigong to ask to leave.So, use this method to hint implicitly.Confucius thought that Zigong had figured it out and was going to be an official, so he supported him very much. Confucius also hoped that Zigong would have a good future. Criticism of Confucius in the past all described this dialogue as Confucius trying to sell himself, which is pure nonsense. Of course it is right to sell, but you must find someone who knows the goods, and don't look for the so-called "treasure experts" who have a false name.The characteristics of pseudo-experts are: sell cheap goods expensively, and sell expensive goods cheaply.Beautiful women are like beautiful jade, the first class is sold to wealthy families, and the second class is sold to godfathers. Zigong said: "If there is something that can be given to the people and help the people, how can it be called benevolence?" The son said: "What is the matter of benevolence, it must also be holy! Yao and Shun are still sick! A benevolent person wants to establish himself and establishes others If you want to achieve yourself, you can achieve others. Being able to draw an analogy is the way of benevolence.” Zigong said: "If there is a person who can benefit the people a lot and help the people, how about it? Can he be regarded as a benevolent person?" Confucius said: "This is not only benevolence, but also sage. Yao and Shun want to do this. It is very difficult. What is benevolence? It is to help others survive for the sake of one’s own survival, and to help others succeed for one’s own success. Being able to extend oneself to others in reality is the way to realize benevolence.” A benevolent man establishes others if he wants to be established, and achieves others if he wants to achieve himself.This sentence is actually very important, reflecting the philosophy of life advocated by Confucius.The so-called "benevolent to the people, but able to benefit the people", in today's terms, means being selfless, putting others before oneself, sacrificing oneself for others, etc. It means disregarding one's own interests to achieve the interests of others, the starting point is for others, and life is for others.Confucius believed that this is difficult even for a sage, and it is not the benevolence of ordinary people.In the previous conversation with Zilu, he also said the same thing. So what about ordinary people?Ordinary people’s goals are all for themselves, but in the process of serving themselves, they can also serve others and help others in order to achieve their own goals. This is benevolence.In other words, you want to make a fortune, but realize that one person cannot make a lot of money, and everyone needs to help each other, so you encourage everyone to make a fortune together. This is benevolence.To be more specific, if you want to make a fortune, you set up a company that solves the employment of some people and treats everyone well. This is benevolence. Therefore, Confucius did not advocate self-sacrifice for others, why?Because self-denial is contrary to human nature.If you fail to learn martial arts, you will often become a hooligan; if you fail to learn Confucianism, you will easily become a hypocrite. Zi Gong asked questions for a specific purpose. Why did he ask this question?Although Zigong was not interested in being an official, Confucius still wished to seek an official position for him-Xinyang Zai.Zigong didn't know how to be an official, so he came to ask Confucius two questions.The first question is this, which is a question of direction.As a result, Confucius told him: Don't set your goals so high. Never let your behavior go beyond the scope of human nature, so that you will not live too tired and too hypocritical.If helping others is helping oneself, such helping is joyful.If helping others is harming oneself, such helping will sooner or later cause problems. Zigong asked about politics.Zi said: "If there is enough food and enough soldiers, the people will believe in it." Zi Gong said: "If you have to go, what should you do first?" He said: "Go to the soldiers." Zi Gong said: "If you have to go, then What came first between the two?" Said: "Go eat. Since ancient times, there has been death, and the people will not stand without faith." Zigong asked about the method of governing. Confucius said: "The food reserves must be sufficient, the military equipment must be maintained, and the people should have credibility." Zigong then asked: "If you have to get rid of one item, which one should be got rid of?" Confucius said: "Then then Get rid of the army and food. Who has never died since ancient times? However, without credibility, the country cannot survive.” What Confucius valued most was credibility. When a regime completely ignores credibility, it is not far from perishing.Confucius was a person who opposed war, but he still put soldiers in a very important position, even before food. This was the second question Zigong asked before he took office. After Confucius gave the answer, Zigong immediately asked the teacher a multiple-choice question, which made the teacher hesitate a lot.Many people have different opinions on Confucius' answer.In the long run, though, credibility may really be the most important thing when it comes to governing a country. Here is an example. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang led his army to the north. Before the war, the rotation of soldiers happened to be due. The soldiers on the front line should go home, but the replacement soldiers did not arrive because of the road. What should we do?Zhuge Liang decided to let the frontline soldiers go home on schedule.As a result, Zhuge Liang's credit moved the soldiers, and everyone voluntarily stayed to fight the battle before leaving.Due to the high morale, the Shu army won a big victory. Changing orders from day to day, not following the law, making decisions on the back of one's head, talking big and empty words, all these are dishonest to the people. Zi Gong asked: "All the villagers like it, why?" The Master said: "It is not possible." "The villagers all hate it, so what?" The Master said: "It is not possible; it is not as good as the good people of the villagers. , those who are not good will be evil." Zigong asked Confucius, "The whole town loves and praises him. How about this man?" Confucius said, "It's not certain." How is the man?" Confucius said: "This is also uncertain. The best man is the one who is liked by the good people in the whole town and hated by the bad people in the whole town." In fact, the meaning of this passage may not refer to people, but to things.Confucius' answer is of course correct, that is to ask Zigong to listen to more opinions and not to listen to one side or believe one side.However, it is more difficult to implement, because how to divide the good guys from the bad guys?Moreover, the opinions between good people and good people, and between bad people and bad people are not necessarily the same. According to Confucius, it is impossible for good people to support bad people, and it is impossible for bad people to support good people.According to Confucius, if good people support something, bad people will oppose it; if bad people support it, good people will oppose it.Therefore, when both good people and bad people say good things about a person or a thing, one of them is always coerced, which means that the person must not be a good person or the matter must not be a good thing. 这是子贡在做信阳宰之前或者期间，来向孔子请教。大致孔子的这个回答让子贡觉得当个官真的很难，整天还要去判断好人坏人。后来，子贡没有当多久的官，就辞职不干了。最终，他还是去经商了，并且成为一名富甲天下的大富商。 一个人或者一件事“全体通过”、“一致赞成”，往往不是好事。 子曰：“众恶之，必察焉；众好之，必察焉。” 孔子说：“大家都厌恶的，必须要明察；大家都喜欢的，必须要明察。” 这句和上一句是一个意思，大家意见太统一的时候，往往背后暗藏着什么。胁迫、诱惑，或者其他什么，所以一定要小心地考察分析。 大家意见太一致的时候，要么过于乐观，要么大家漠然。这个时候，尤其要冷静。 子贡问曰：“孔文子何以谓之'文'也？”子曰：“敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之'文'也。” 子贡问道：“为什么给孔文子一个'文'的谥号呢？”孔子说：“他聪敏勤勉而好学，不以向他地位卑下的人请教为耻，所以给他谥号叫'文'。” 这是一个简单问答，子贡向老师请教谥法，并没有特殊的意义。 敏而好学，不耻下问。这两个成语来自这里。 孔圉是卫国的卿，也就是卫国的头号权臣，孔子在卫国的时候，孔圉对孔子很关照。后来孔圉去世，家族为他谥号文，因此孔圉又被称为孔文子。周朝时候，贵族死后都会获得谥号，而获得什么样的谥号取决于后人对他的评价。文是个很好的谥号，孔子就解释为什么孔文子能够获得这样的谥号。 谥号是春秋时期一个非常好的传统，是一个人死后得到的评价，而且这种评价往往是很公正的，即便是国君也是如此。 任何人的是非功过都应该是由后人评价的。 子贡问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“行己有耻，使于四方，不辱君命，可谓士矣。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“言必信，行必果，硁硁然小人哉！——抑亦可以为次矣。”曰：“今之从政者何如？”子曰：“噫！斗筲之人，何足算也？” 子贡问道：“怎样才可以叫做士？”孔子说：“做事的时候有尊严，出使外国，能够完成君主交付的使命，可以叫做士。”子贡说：“请问次一等的呢？”孔子说：“宗族中的人称赞他孝顺父母，乡党们称他尊敬兄长。”子贡又问：“请问再次一等的呢？”孔子说：“说到一定做到，做事一定坚持到底，看上去固执己见，乍一看像是个小人，大概可以说是再次一等的士了。”子贡说：“现在的执政者，您看怎么样？”孔子说：“唉！这些器量狭小的人，哪里能数得上呢？” 这是孔子回到鲁国之后的事情了，这时候子贡已经经商有成，并且经常被鲁国临时聘为特使出使各国，特别是出使吴国。孔子很以子贡为骄傲，而子贡也常常来看望老师。 耻者，羞耻心也，也就是自尊自爱。师徒二人闲谈，子贡问起来什么是士，孔子的回答就是：“你这样的就是士啊。”为什么这样说？因为子贡代表鲁国出使过几次，都是圆满完成任务，可以说不辱君命。所以孔子的回答没有点名，却是在表扬子贡。子贡有些得意，于是问起下一等，孔子则说是曾参这孩子这样的，人人都称赞他孝顺，能力可能不行，品行是没得说的。子贡接着问再下一等，孔子就说是高柴、樊迟这样的，很固执很不开窍，但是有原则并且心地不错。子贡没法再问了，于是岔开话题，问当政者，孔子气不打一处来，对当政者完全不屑一顾。 孔子是个老愤青，提起当权者总是很不屑。 有出息的学生总是被老师喜欢，即使这个学生原本被老师说成是不务正业。 在学校的时候，听话的学生得到老师表扬。毕业之后，有成就的学生得到老师赞扬。 The Master said: "Give it to me, do you want me to be a woman who has learned a lot and knows it?" Confrontation: "Yes, no?" Said: "No, I will be consistent." 孔子说：“赐啊！你以为我的知识是学习得多了才记住的吗？”子贡答道：“是啊，难道不是这样吗？”孔子说：“不是的。我是用一个根本的东西把它们贯穿在一起的。” 一贯这个词，就来自一以贯之，这个一是什么？历来说法不一。其实，一就是某种原理，或者思维方式，或者逻辑方式。掌握了这个“一”，就能一通百通，无师自通。很多人擅长于自学，就是掌握了这个“一”。譬如学力学，这个一就是“作用力和反作用力相等”；譬如学物理，这个一就是“能量守恒”。 人老了，回顾过去的时间就多了，就自恋得厉害。孔子老了也一样，他想把自己学习的经验告诉别人。 掌握了原理，就能以一贯之，这一点，在物理学中尤其明显。 子曰：“予欲无言。”子贡曰：“子如不言，则小子何述焉？”子曰：“天何言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？” 孔子说：“我想不说话了。”子贡说：“你如果不说话，那么我们这些学生还传述什么呢？”孔子说：“天何尝说话呢？四季照常运行，百物照样生长。天说了什么话呢？” 老了，孔子到了老年，性格也变得比较怪癖，说话做事也比较极端。回顾人生，孔子大概觉得自己很失败吧。觉得自己很失败，觉得自己的学说很失败。这个时候他相信天道，相信自己这辈子的失败是上天注定的。既然一切都是天注定的，那么说什么都是没有意义的了。所以，他什么都不想再说了。 不过，孔子在这里说的理由是强词夺理了。 “天何言哉。四时行焉，百物生焉。天何言哉！”这句话后来常常被引用，用来比喻某些默默工作、不计较名利的人。 当一个人觉得说什么都毫无意义了，他往往会选择沉默。后来鲁迅说：“沉默啊沉默，不在沉默中灭亡，就在沉默中爆发。”不过，鲁迅所说的沉默，与孔子的“予欲无言”不同，孔子是自愿的，而鲁迅所说的沉默是被迫的。 子贡曰：“夫子之文章，可得而闻也；夫子之言性与天道，不可得而闻也。” 子贡说：“老师讲授的礼、乐、诗、书的知识，我是看到了；老师谈论人性和天道，我就没有机会听到了。” 孔子直到老年临终之前的几年，才开始研究人性和天道，从前他是绝对不提这些的。这时，子贡这一辈的学生早已经离开老师，就无缘听到老师关于人性和天道的解说了。 孔子一直不谈论怪力鬼神，因为他基本是个无神论者。可是到了老年，孔子无法解释自己的完美主张为什么总是碰壁，因此这个时候他相信命了，他全力研究周易了。所以，临死前的几年他喜欢讲人性和天道了。 子贡说这话的时候，应该是孔子去世之后。 年轻的时候，人相信自己的能力；中年之后，人相信自己的经验；到了老年，人就会发现自己没有什么可以依赖的了，于是只能相信天道、相信命运了。 子贡曰：“君子之过也，如日月之食焉：过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之。” 子贡说：“君子的过错好比日月蚀。他犯过错，人们都看得见；他改正过错，人们都仰望着他。” 子贡所说的君子，就是指孔子。 孔子去世之后，有些人质疑孔子的学问和人品，子贡则竭力为孔子辩解。从这段话里可以看出，孔子应该是有一些错误被别人抓住的，因此拿这些把柄诋毁孔子。子贡为老师辩解，说是君子也会犯错啊，人人都会犯错，不过君子犯错也是美丽的错误，君子犯错从来不掩饰，并且知错就改。所以，尽管老师也会犯错，这不能成为贬低他的理由。 子贡用了日月来来比喻孔子，说老师就像日月一样高明高尚，高高地挂在天上，因此他的过错就像日食月食一样摆在大家的面前。而他改变自己的错误的时候，就像大家仰望日食月食的消退一样，用一种用仰望的崇敬的目光。 应该说，子贡的说法是有道理的。 有的人总是吹嘘自己的功劳，却掩饰自己的过失，这是很愚蠢的。每个人都会犯错，但是如果能够勇于承认错误并且改正错误，人们会更尊敬他。 卫公孙朝问于子贡曰：“仲尼焉学？”子贡曰：“文武之道，未坠于地，在人。贤者识其大者，不贤者识其小者。莫不有文武之道焉，夫子焉不学，而亦何常师之有？” 卫国的公孙朝问子贡说：“仲尼的学问是从哪里学来的？”子贡说：“周文王武王的道，并没有失传，还留在人们中间。贤能的人可以了解它的根本，不贤的人只了解它的末节，没有什么地方无文王武王之道。我们老师何处不学，又何必要有固定的老师呢？” 对孔子质疑的一个方面，就是孔子学问的来路不正，因此很多是异端邪说。子贡予以反驳。孔子一生，确实没有一个固定的老师，孔子的学问主要来自自学和钻研，以及向大量的人请教，走到哪里学到哪里。 后来韩愈写《师说》：“圣人无常师。孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。”根据记载或者传说，孔子曾经向这四个人请教关于礼和乐的学问。但是，孔子和他们并没有师徒的名分，只是请教过学问而已，而没有记载的恐怕还有很多。孔子说“三人行必有我师”，学习的态度是不耻下问的。 子贡是个大富商，常年来往于齐鲁卫宋之间，所到之处都宣扬孔子的学说，吹捧孔子的为人。因此后世司马迁认为，孔子的名望，很大一部分归功于子贡的宣扬。也正是因为如此，人们的质疑通常也对子贡表达。 学界常有门派之争，师承之争，看重出身，看重导师，却不看重学问和成就。殊不知祖师爷就没门没派，祖师爷就没有师承。至于那些出钱买文凭的，到国外野鸡大学买学历的，与孔子相比，都只能说是无耻之徒。 叔孙武叔语大夫于朝曰：“子贡贤于仲尼。”子服景伯以告子贡，子贡曰：“譬之宫墙，赐之墙也及肩，窥见室家之好。夫子之墙数仞，不得其门而入，不见宗庙之美，百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。夫子之云，不亦宜乎？” 叔孙武叔在朝廷上对大夫们说：“子贡比仲尼更贤能。”子服景伯把这一番话告诉了子贡。子贡说：“拿围墙来作比喻，我家的围墙只有齐肩高，老师家的围墙却有几仞高，如果找不到门进去，你就看不见里面宗庙的富丽堂皇，和房屋的绚丽多彩。能够找到门进去的人并不多。叔孙武叔那么讲，不也是很自然吗？” 叔孙武叔为什么认为子贡比孔子贤能呢？这是有原因的。 鲁国三桓季孙、孟孙、叔孙，其中冉有等人在季孙家掌握实权，因此季孙对孔子一直很客气，孟孙家与孔子是亲戚关系，因此对孔子一向也很客气，只有叔孙家跟孔子没什么关系，所以叔孙武叔可以没有顾忌地瞧不起孔子。 子贡尽管在鲁国没有官职，但是地位崇高。根据《史记》记载：“子贡结驷连骑，束帛之币以聘享诸侯，所至，国君无不分庭与之抗礼。”子贡代表鲁国出使，所到之处都享受国君的接待水平。一来，子贡有钱而且口才好；二来，子贡跟吴国太宰（后为越国太宰）伯嚭关系很铁，没人敢惹。某种程度上，鲁国的存亡都是由子贡来决定的。 由于这两层原因，叔孙武叔就竭力吹捧子贡贬低孔子。事实上，叔孙武叔的看法在当时是一种比较流行的看法。 可惜的是，子贡丝毫不领叔孙武叔的情，反而讽刺他没见识，井底之蛙。叔孙武叔被子贡讽刺挖苦，一点脾气也没有，因为子贡在鲁国的地位接近于保护神。 对于子贡来说，越是不敢将自己与老师相提并论，其实也就越是抬高了自己。 子贡说得对，你以为不好的，很可能是你自己不得其门而入。所以，自己不喜欢的不要轻易否定，自己不明白的不等于就是不对的。 叔孙武叔毁仲尼，子贡曰：“无以为也！仲尼不可毁也。他人之贤者，丘陵也，犹可逾也；仲尼，日月也，无得而逾焉。人虽欲自绝，其何伤于日月乎？多见其不知量也。” 叔孙武叔诽谤仲尼。子贡说：“（这样做）是没有用的！仲尼是毁谤不了的。别人的贤德好比丘陵，还可超越过去，仲尼的贤德好比太阳和月亮，是无法超越的。虽然有人要自绝于日月，对日月又有什么损害呢？只是表明他不自量力而已。” 不知道为什么，叔孙武叔就是死活要跟孔子过不去。子贡毫不客气，对叔孙武叔的用词也是越来越不给面子，连不自量力都说出来了。 正是由于子贡对于孔子的推崇维护和世界各地的宣扬，孔子的名声才越来越大，孔子学生们的日子才越来越好过。所以，《史记》这样写道：夫使孔子名布扬于天下者，子贡先后之也。此所谓得势而益彰者乎？ 后来孔子成了圣人之后，不知道叔孙武叔是不是受到了批判。再后来批判孔老二的时候，也不知道叔孙武叔是不是受到了追捧。 陈子禽谓子贡曰：“子为恭也？仲尼岂贤与子乎？”子贡曰：“君子一言以为知，一言以为不知，言不可不慎也！夫子之不可及也，犹天之不可阶而升也。夫子之得邦家者，所谓立之斯立，道之斯行，绥之斯来，动之斯和。其生也荣，其死也哀。如之何其可及也？” 陈子禽对子贡说：“你是谦恭了，仲尼怎么能比你更贤良呢？”子贡说：“君子的一句话就可以表现他的智识，一句话也可以表现他的不智，所以说话不可以不慎重。夫子的高不可及，正像天是不能够顺着梯子爬上去一样。夫子如果得国而为诸侯或得到采邑而为卿大夫，那就会像人们说的那样，教百姓立于礼，百姓就会立于礼，要引导百姓，百姓就会跟着走；安抚百姓，百姓就会归顺；动员百姓，百姓就会齐心协力。（夫子）活着是十分荣耀的，（夫子）死了是极其可惜的。我怎么能赶得上他呢？” 子贡在表示自己与孔子不能相提并论的同时，批评陈子禽说话不动脑子。 陈子禽，也就是陈亢，陈国人，孔子后期的弟子。因为孔子后期已经很少亲自上课，陈子禽得到孔子的教诲很少，对孔子了解不多并且有些怀疑孔子的人品和学识。对于陈子禽的质疑，子贡非常不高兴，因此当面教训他。 子贡尽管没有按照孔子的意愿去做，却非常信奉孔子的学说，这似乎让人无法理解。只能说，子贡的志向并不在那里。 生子当如孙仲谋，收徒要收端木赐。 子禽问于子贡曰：“夫子至于是邦也，必闻其政。求之与？抑与之与？”子贡曰：“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也，其诸异乎人之求之与？” 子禽问子贡说：“老师到了一个国家，总是设法了解这个国家的政事。是他想得到什么呢？还是想为这个国家做什么呢？”子贡说：“老师以温良恭俭让的方式来了解这个国家的政事。老师当然是想得到什么，这跟大家有什么区别吗？”（旧译：老师的追求，与一般人是完全不同的。） 陈亢对孔子的质疑真不少，大致当时对孔子质疑的人也不少。 对于这一段的解说，历来也是五花八门，关键在于最后一句。过往的说法，其实就是要千方百计将孔子也有所求这一点掩饰掉，把孔子说成无所求。其实不然，孔子是有所求的，求地位求富贵，这一点孔子从不掩饰。否则，周游列国干什么去了？子贡的口才回答这个问题绝对不用模糊，而且，按照子贡的风格，也决不会否认事实。所以，子贡承认孔子有所求，但是同时说明孔子通过什么样的方式去求取。最后，子贡反问：孔子所求的，难道不是大家所求的吗？ 春秋时期的人比后来的人要直率很多，没有后来这么多伪君子，分明是为了一个寻常的目的，却一定要把自己说得很超然很高尚。就像这句话，子贡原本是大大方方承认的，后人偏要怪几个弯，把孔子说成不食人间烟火的人。 每个人都是有所求的，都是有自己的目的的。有所求是正常的也是合理的，只是实现所求的手段反映一个人的品德。 棘子成曰：“君子质而已矣，何以文为？”子贡曰：“惜乎，夫子之说君子也。驷不及舌。文犹质也，质犹文也。虎豹之椁犹犬羊之鞟。” 棘子成说：“君子只要具有好的品质就行了，要那些表面的仪式干什么呢？”子贡说：“真遗憾，夫子您这样谈论君子。一言既出，驷马难追。本质就像文采，文采就像本质，都是同等重要的。去掉了毛的虎、豹皮，就如同去掉了毛的犬、羊皮一样。” 棘子成是谁？have no idea.不过既然子贡称他为夫子，此人的地位应该是很高的，或者学问应该是很高的。棘子成来说这段话的目的是什么？也是质疑孔子。孔子曾经说过“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子”，提倡文与质相得益彰，君子要二者俱备。子贡的回答很巧妙，比喻很恰当。假如孔子在世来回答这个问题，大致也就是这样。此时回顾，子贡在与孔子的斗智斗嘴过程中学到了很多。原先，子贡固然口才不错，可是言不及义，多半是富二代那种油嘴滑舌以及商人的花言巧语，通过在孔子这里的学习，子贡的口才上了档次，逻辑能力和比喻借代的水平有了质的提升。因此，子贡是最深刻感受到老师学识的人，这也就难怪子贡竭力吹捧孔子了。 从叔孙武叔到陈亢到棘子成，基本上反映了这样一个事实。在孔子去世之后，从当权贵族到孔子的门徒到其他的学者，对孔子的质疑是连绵不断的。而捍卫孔子最得力的就是子贡，子贡凭借自己的地位、学识、口才和对老师的崇拜，对所有的质疑者予以毫不客气的反击。孔学能够延续，能够发扬光大，子贡可以说居功至伟。子贡就像一把保护伞，保护着曾参、子夏等人去传播孔子的学说。 人靠衣裳马靠鞍，实在不行去整容。一盒月饼几百块，卖的实际是包装。 子贡是一个具有传奇色彩的人物，对于孔子，对于孔学，子贡都是不可缺少的人物。 子贡与孔子的关系是学生与老师的关系，他们从