Chapter 4 The third part

Zilu, named Zhongyou, styled Zilu, was born in Bian, nine years younger than Confucius.Zilu's family background is usually said to be a savage, and he certainly appears to be a savage.In modern terms, he is a homeless man without identity and identity card, and he may not even have a name.What is Zilu's last name?Surname Zhong?I'm afraid not, Zhong means the second child, and you are the name.But Zilu is also called Jilu, and Ji means the youngest in the ranking.After all, Zilu didn't know what his surname was, and he didn't even know who he was.Coming from a humble background, this description of Zilu should be accurate.

Zilu, who came from a humble background, is very smart and a bit stubborn, he likes to go straight to the dark.Fortunately, he stumbled into the Confucian private school, which was enrolling students, to watch the excitement. Confucius was worried that he could not recruit people, and he didn’t pay attention to the quality of the students. It didn’t matter to the homeless. He fooled Zilu into his school .As for the collection of tuition fees, it is really hard to say. Zilu is studious and motivated, and he is full of longing for the noble life.But his foundation was not good, and Confucius often laughed at him.But Zilu has too many advantages, for example, he is very loyal, able to endure hardships, very straightforward and very brave. Confucius feels safe and secure when he is with him.Therefore, Zilu later became the most trusted student around Confucius. They cared for each other, and it became a relationship of teacher, student, friend and relative.To some extent, Zilu is Confucius' Li Kui.But Zilu is much better than Li Kui, because he is studious and motivated.

Because Zilu was loyal and brave, no one dared to humiliate Confucius since Zilu entered school, and the hooligans around him did not dare to harass him again, so Confucius said: "I am free, and evil words are not heard." For Confucius' theory, Zilu firmly believed, even more firmly than Confucius himself.On this point, only Yan Hui can compare with Zilu.However, Zilu is more straightforward, he doesn't care about face, and he dares to pursue fame and fortune boldly. Naive, straightforward, and sometimes reckless, this is Zilu, a likable historical figure. From the dialogue between Confucius and Zilu, we can see how Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude, and how he transformed Zilu, a homeless man, into a gentleman with knowledge, ideals and abilities step by step, and felt Confucius' outstanding educational ability.

The Master said: "Yu! Tell you what you know! Know what you know, know what you don't know, and know what you don't know." Confucius said: "You, if I teach you how to do it, do you understand it? If you understand it, you understand it. If you don't understand it, you don't understand it. This is the attitude of understanding." Confucius meant one sentence: Don't pretend to understand. Zilu was one of the earliest students of Confucius. At that time, if it was not for the purpose of recruiting more students, Confucius would not have accepted students like Zilu at all.Zilu belongs to the savages. Now it is said that he has no household registration and no fixed occupation, and he doesn't know what to do with a sword all day long.When Confucius was enrolling students, Zilu probably came to Confucius’ school to watch the excitement. Confucius was like an insurance seller, who wanted to sell him a copy when he saw anyone, so he wanted to recruit him when he saw Zilu.So, there was a debate between the two. Zilu said that he was tall and strong in martial arts, so he didn't need to learn knowledge. Confucius said that you are now a tiger, and after learning knowledge, you will be even more powerful.Zilukou was not as good as Confucius, so he signed up as a student of Confucius.Zilu believed in death, since he became a student of Confucius, he did everything according to what Confucius said.But the foundation is too poor, I study hard, my grades are bad, and I am always afraid of being laughed at at the beginning, afraid that others will say "I don't even understand this", so sometimes I have to pretend to understand.Therefore, Confucius taught Zilu in this way.

It was the early days of Zilu's schooling. Confucius looked down on him and was not polite to him. These are a few famous words, which can be used at any time to teach those who don't know how to pretend to know.Sometimes, it is also used as a tongue twister to practice. The master said: "The clothes are worn out and the clothes are worn, and those who wear foxes and raccoons stand together, and those who are not ashamed, what is the reason?"Confucius said: "It is the way, why should it be cherished?" Confucius said: "Wearing old linen robes and standing with people wearing fox and raccoon fur robes without shame, probably Zhong You is the only one." ?'" After hearing this, Zilu recited this line of poetry repeatedly.Confucius said again: "How can you say that it is good enough if you only do this?"

Confucius seemed to be praising Zilu at the beginning, but when Zilu was happy, he faced another basin of cold water.Thinking about that scene, it should be very funny. Zilu was born as a savage, poor and in rags, Confucius always worried that he was too inferior.Who knows that Zilu is not inferior at all, he is quite natural, so Confucius praised him.But seeing Zilu's complacent look, Confucius wondered if this guy had no ideals and pursuits, so he said the following paragraph. Confucius taught students, of course, is to let students have a good future in the future.Most of Confucius' students came from humble backgrounds. On the one hand, Confucius hoped that they would not feel inferior, and on the other hand, they would not have false self-esteem.Therefore, on the one hand, Confucius wants to tell the students that those nobles are nothing special, they are full of idiots; on the other hand, Confucius wants to tell the students, you have to work hard to become nobles.

In general, the meaning of this passage is: don't be ashamed of the status quo, but if you are satisfied with the status quo, you will be really ashamed. You don't think you are poor, that's great.However, you have to understand that others think you are poor.You don't think you are ugly, but others are afraid that you will affect the appearance of the city.It’s okay if your clothes are not as good as others, but you must find a way to wear better clothes. It is not shameful to be a migrant worker; however, we must work hard to prevent our children from being migrant workers.

In short, people have to pursue. Sometimes you hate him because you want to be him. Zi said: "The way is not right, take a boat and float in the sea, whoever follows me, what is the reason?" Zilu was delighted when he heard about it.The Master said: "You can be braver than me, and there is nothing to draw." Confucius said: "If my idea does not work, I will take a raft and go overseas. The only one who can follow me is probably Zhongyou!" Zilu was very happy to hear this.Confucius said: "Zhong You, your courage surpasses me. There are no other talents to be desired."

Confucius often made fun of Zilu, this is one of them.This should be the words of Confucius in the early days. At this time, Yanhui Zigong and others had not yet entered school, and among Confucius' students, Zilu was relatively close.Confucius’ words actually have two meanings. The first is that Zilu is very loyal to himself, and he can be taken with him wherever he goes; If not, let’s take a Zilu who knows nothing but strength. From another perspective, Confucius is using irony to motivate Zilu. At that time, only those who "did the right way" emigrated overseas, but now it is different, only those who "have the right way" can immigrate overseas.

Zi said to Yan Yuan, "Use it to do it, and let it go to hide it. I am the only one with you!" Zilu said, "Who will take it with you when you go to the three armies?" Those who regret, I will not be with you. You must also be afraid of the situation, and those who are willing to plan to succeed." Confucius said to Yan Hui: "If you use me, I will do it; if you don't need me, I will live in seclusion. Only you and I can do this!" Zilu asked Confucius: "Teacher, if you command the three armies, then you and you Who will work with you?" Confucius said: "Wrestle with tigers with bare hands, cross rivers on foot, and die without regrets. I will not work with him. What I am looking for must be met A person who is cautious, good at planning and able to complete tasks."

Confucius didn't like to solve problems by force, so he was very dissatisfied with Zilu who always thought he was brave, and satirized him and beat him from time to time.But later, Confucius beat Zilu out of love rather than ridicule, because the relationship between the two was already very good.Regrettably, although Confucius kept reminding Zilu not to rely on his own force, in the end Zilu died by the force he was most proud of.Therefore, the country is easy to change, but the nature is hard to change. At this time, Yan Hui had already entered school, and Confucius liked him very much. Yan Hui's wisdom and Zilu's recklessness formed a sharp contrast.Logically speaking, Yan Hui belonged to the next generation, and Zilu should be given some face in front of Yan Hui, but Confucius was used to teasing him, so he still talked about him face to face.That is to say, Zilu is simple and honest. If it were someone else, he might not be able to bear it. Confucius was right, you don't know how deep the water is, and you don't know the background of the other party. If you do it easily, the other party's background will become bigger, and you will suffer in the end. Zilu said: "Does a gentleman still value courage?" Zi said: "A gentleman regards righteousness as the most important thing. A gentleman who has courage but has no righteousness leads to chaos, and a villain who has courage but has no righteousness leads to robbery." Zilu asked: "Does a gentleman respect bravery?" Confucius replied: "A gentleman regards righteousness as the most noble virtue. A gentleman will rebel if he is brave but without righteousness, and a villain will steal if he is brave but without righteousness." Around Yong, the master and apprentice continued to bicker.Zilu is always showing off his strength, no wonder, who wouldn't want to show off his strengths?But Confucius always attacked him and belittled the role of Yong. The dialogue style of this passage is different from the above few sentences. It is very formal and serious. Therefore, it can be concluded that this is a question raised by Zilu after thinking about it, and Confucius answered it very seriously.At this stage, Zilu has made great progress. It seems that being brave and unrighteous is more harmful than being brave and reckless. Zilu has heard about it, but if he can't do it, he is afraid of hearing about it. When Zilu heard a truth but failed to practice it himself, he was afraid of hearing a new truth. Zilu is definitely not the smartest or most learned student, but he can be said to be the most diligent student who admires his teacher the most.Zilu is a very straightforward person. If the knowledge taught by the teacher is correct, he will do it; if he thinks it is wrong, he will argue with the teacher; of. Zilu is an actor, which is good. If he lived in today's knowledge explosion, Zilu would go crazy if he wasn't exhausted. Zilu asked, "How can you be called a scholar?" The Master said, "You can be regarded as a scholar if you are as good as you are. Friends are as good as you are, and brothers are as happy as you are." Zilu asked Confucius, "How can one be called a scholar?" Confucius said, "If you encourage each other and live in harmony, you can be considered a scholar. Friends encourage and encourage each other, and brothers live in harmony." At this stage, Zilu already had an ideal, and his first ideal was to become a scholar, just like the first ideal of migrant workers today is to obtain an urban hukou. Confucius' answer was aimed at Zilu's character. Zilu was irritable and didn't get along well with his classmates, so Confucius asked him to understand tolerance and friendship.At this time, Zilu had already been liked by the teacher, so Confucius no longer satirized him, but focused on teaching him earnestly.And Zilu's question is already more reliable, and it will not make Confucius feel very nonsensical. However, this standard is too low.But having said that, at this stage, even if the standard is high, Zilu can't do it.Regarding the standard of scholars, everyone asked, and Confucius answered differently; when asked at different times, Confucius answered differently.Confucius' answers are always aimed at the characteristics and abilities of the questioner, so that the questioner can neither do it easily, but can do it after hard work, and guide the questioner to improve himself step by step.This is the so-called persuasion. Therefore, reading should not be done to death. Confucius has different requirements for each student. Readers must not put themselves on top of it. To gain a foothold in society, the first thing to do is to have a good relationship with friends and brothers.A good man has three gangs, one more friend and one more road, without friends there is no road. Zilu asked an adult.The Master said: "If Zang Wuzhong knows well, if he doesn't want to be courteous, if Bian Zhuangzi's courage, Ran Qiu's art, and his writing is based on ritual and music, then he can become an adult." Said: "Why is it necessary to be an adult today? See Lisi Righteousness, seeing danger and giving orders, if you don't forget your life's words for a long time, you can be an adult." Zilu asked how to be a perfect person.Confucius said: "If you have the wisdom of Zang Wuzhong, the restraint of Meng Gongchuo, the bravery of Bian Zhuangzi, and the versatility of Ran Qiu, and decorate with ritual and music, you can be regarded as a perfect man." Confucius said: "Now A perfect person does not necessarily have to be like this. Seeing profit and thinking of righteousness, being able to sacrifice one’s life in times of crisis, being in poverty for a long time without forgetting one’s daily ideals, one can also become a perfect person.” Asking about being a scholar before, and now asking about an adult, Zilu's pursuit and progress can be said to be one step at a time.Confucius was very happy and answered seriously and in detail. In the state of Lu, the Zang family has always been known for their cleverness. Zang Wuzhong is a descendant of Zang Wenzhong, named Zang He, who is very smart.He was short in stature, and the people of Lu called him a dwarf.Zang He inherited the Si Kou of the State of Lu, and his status was second only to San Huan.One year, Shuqi, the son of the king of Zhu, fled to Lu with Qidi and Luqiu. Ji Wuzi married Lu Xianggong's aunt to him as his wife, and rewarded his attendants.At that time, there were many thieves in the state of Lu.Ji Wuzi said to Zang Wuzhong: "Why don't you ban thieves? Our country has four borders, which are used to prohibit thieves. As a commander, you should be engaged in prohibiting thieves. Why not?" Wu Zhong said: "You call the thieves outside. How can you stop the thieves in the country if you give them great courtesy? Your concubine stole a city in Zhu and came here, but you generously rewarded him. The same is true. If you welcome thieves, thieves will naturally come in droves. How can I stop them? " Ji Wuzi wanted to make his younger son his successor, but he was afraid that his elder son would be unhappy, so Zang Wuzhong helped him to do it.However, in this way, Ji Wuzi's eldest son was offended.Later, Ji Wuzi's eldest son colluded with Mengsun's family and drove Zang He away.Zang He was very clever, but he was also confused.In addition to not being in charge of Jisun's family affairs, he also made a mistake.After being expelled from the state of Lu, Zang He fled to the state of Qi. Duke Zhuang of Qi liked him and planned to give him a city, so he went to see Duke Zhuang of Qi.Qi Zhuang just wanted to take advantage of the chaos in Jin to attack the state of Jin, so he talked about it with Zang He. Zang He said: "I think you are like a mouse. You hide in places with few people all day long, come out at night and hide during the day. When they are in civil turmoil, you send troops to beat them, and when the civil turmoil is over, you should go to make an apology and pay tribute. Isn’t this a mouse? What is it?” Qi Zhuanggong was very angry, so he canceled the idea of ​​granting him a fief.In this regard, Confucius once said: "It is very difficult to be truly smart. A smart person like Zang He can't get along in Lu State because his actions are not in accordance with human feelings." Zang He is indeed a very smart person, he has foreseen such things as being driven away, and has ways to avoid them, but he still can't help showing off his cleverness.The same is true in Qi State. Although Zang He's words were harsh, the subsequent development of the situation was the same as what he said.He is indeed very smart and far-sighted, but he can't control his smartness, and always uses his smartness to fight against the way of the world, and there is no good result in the end. Therefore, if a person does not know how to use his intelligence, then intelligence becomes a bad thing.Do something and not do something, be straightforward when you should be straightforward, and don't object when you should flatter. Such people are truly smart people.This is what Confucius meant. Therefore, Confucius said that being as smart as Zang Wuzhong, followed by restraint like Meng Gongchuo, not abusing one's own intelligence, is perfect intelligence. Bian Zhuangzi was mentioned above, and by the way, let me tell you the story of Bian Zhuangzi.According to the "Historical Records", once Bian Zhuangzi encountered two tigers eating a cow on the road, Bian Zhuangzi was going to kill the two tigers.Since people advised him to wait, the two tigers will definitely fight after they finish eating. When the time comes, the little one will die and the big one will be injured. Isn't it easy to kill them?After listening to the advice, Bian Zhuangzi killed two tigers as expected. Sitting on the mountain and watching the tiger fight, this idiom comes from here.When two tigers fight, one will be injured.This idiom also comes from here. Therefore, the courage of Bian Zhuangzi is courage with courage and strategy, not courage without strategy. This is precisely the problem with Zilu, and it is also the reason why Confucius asked Zilu to learn from Bian Zhuangzi. Ran Qiu is Ran You, Zilu's younger brother, known for his talent. In this passage, the four people mentioned by Confucius are all aimed at Zilu’s personality characteristics, and they are by no means casual words. Confucius taught students according to their aptitude here. The first standard of a perfect person is too perfect. Confucius knew that it was impossible for Zilu to achieve it, so he gave the second practical standard-seeing profit and thinking, seeing danger and giving orders, and never forgetting the words of life , can also be an adult.This kind of standard is basically tailor-made for Zilu, as long as you work hard, you can achieve it.The bad thing is that Zilu really did it, so why call it bad?Because Zilu really saw danger and was ordered (see "The Death of Zilu" at the end of this article). Be smart, but don't show off; have foresight, but pretend you don't see it; no matter how brave you are, take advantage of the enemy's weaknesses.The above practices are collectively referred to as "keeping a low profile".As for the perfect man, forget it and let it be a legend. Nowadays, there are not many people who think of righteousness when they see benefits, and there are not many people who accept orders when they see danger, but there are more people who forget their orders when they see benefits. Zilu asked about the matter.The Master said: "Don't cheat, but commit a crime." Zilu asked how to serve the ruler.Confucius said: "You can't deceive him, but you can offend Yan Zhizhi." Before asking about being a scholar, later asking about an adult, and now asking about a gentleman, Zilu has really grown rapidly. This is what Zilu asked his teacher about after he became an official, and Confucius replied.In a word, it is: don't tell lies, tell the truth.And, dare to tell the truth, not say nothing.As long as you tell the truth, don't be afraid of the monarch's displeasure. In contrast, it is not to tell the truth, but to say what the monarch wants to hear, and never to offend the monarch. In fact, in Chinese history, very few people can do this.In any case, the monarch in the Spring and Autumn Period was quite tolerant. As long as you don't deceive him, even if he doesn't like to listen, he won't do anything to you.Later generations are different. Telling lies is more favored, but telling the truth is in danger of beheading. Basically, this is also the principle of Confucius serving the monarch.However, this is not the only principle. When Confucius traveled around the world, he did not say so. In a sense, this passage reflects Confucius' naivety in politics, which destined him not to be an official for a long time. I remember a story where a new editor-in-chief of a certain media took office and asked the old editor-in-chief about the principles of running a newspaper. The old editor-in-chief asked the new editor-in-chief how he planned to run the newspaper. ", the new editor-in-chief said "don't tell lies", the old editor-in-chief asked "what if you must tell lies", and the new editor-in-chief said "don't tell lies creatively".The words of the old editor-in-chief boil down to: don’t offend (superior), but bully (people).As long as you do not deceive the common people creatively, you are worthy of your conscience. The Master said: "If a few words can break the prison, what is the reason?" Zilu Wusu promises. Confucius said: "Zhong You is the only one who can judge a case after only listening to one-sided confession." Zilu did what he said, and he never denied delay. A short statement is a one-sided confession.The case can be settled after listening to one-sided words. Is it praise or criticism?It's really hard to say.If it is a compliment, it means that Zilu's logical analysis ability is super strong, and he can judge right from wrong with simple statements; In fact, Zilu had never been a judge, so this passage should be said by Confucius when he discussed the case with Zilu when he was a chief criminal officer, and said it in response to Zilu's performance.It's hard to say whether it's ridicule or praise. However, considering the situation at that time, Confucius was actively promoting his disciples at this time, so this is likely to be praising Zilu. For example, this may be Confucius recommending Zilu to Jisun. At this time, Jisun’s family is short of a housekeeper.On the recommendation of Confucius, Zilu was appointed. The sentence "Zilu Wusunuo" was obviously not said by Confucius, but the narration of the recorder.Therefore, some people think that these two passages should be recorded separately. "Su Nuo" was interpreted as "the promised thing will not stay overnight" in the past, which is not accurate.Su means to put it on hold. Su Nuo is similar to the "pocket veto" of the modern U.S. Congress.Wusu Nuo means that what is promised will definitely be done, and it has nothing to do with whether it will be overnight or not. These two passages are all about Zilu's character. The commentaries of the past dynasties praised Zilu's wisdom and decisiveness when they talked about Zilu's breaking the prison, which is really too much flattery.Even if you are wise and decisive, it is wrong to break the prison with a few words, because it violates procedural justice. The Master said: "Yu, those who know virtue are rare." Confucius said: "You! There are too few people who understand virtue." What is virtue?Virtue is self-discipline, virtue is to lead by example, virtue is to want others to do, and to do to oneself first.Confucius discovered that people always hope that others will be Lei Feng and call on others to give selflessly, while they themselves only ask for and demand.Therefore, there are very few people who understand virtue, and very few people practice virtue.There are not many gentlemen, but hypocrites are everywhere. After being in the officialdom for a while, Confucius was very disappointed. He found that everyone in power was full of benevolence, justice and morality, but in fact they were all greedy and shameless, so he sighed to Zilu. Those who know virtue are rare. Zilu said: "The king of Wei treats his son to govern, and the son will be the first?" Zilu said: "It must also be corrected!" Zilu said: "Yes, it is true, son's detour! Do you want to be correct?" Zi said: "Yezai If the name is not correct, then the speech will not go smoothly; if the speech is not smooth, the affairs will fail; In the middle, the people have nothing, and they are at a loss. Therefore, the name of a gentleman must be able to speak, and what he says must be done. A gentleman has nothing to do with his words." Zilu (to Confucius) said: "The ruler of the state of Wei wants you to govern the country. What do you plan to do first?" Confucius said: "First of all, you must correct your name." Zilu said: "Has anyone done this? Do you want to How is this name correct?" Confucius said: "Zhong You, you are so rude. A gentleman always adopts a suspicious attitude towards things he does not know. If his name is not correct, his speech will not be smooth and reasonable. If the words are not smooth and reasonable, things will not be done. If things are not done, the rituals and music will not be used. If the rituals and music are not used, the execution of punishments will not be appropriate. If the punishments are not appropriate, the people will not know how to deal with them. Therefore, the gentleman must To set a name, you must be able to speak clearly, and it will definitely work when you say it. A gentleman never treats his words and deeds carelessly." Confucius said it rightly, things are intertwined, and if the name is not right, the words are not right. This is the truth. Speaking of this passage, Confucius is actually very shameless.Originally, the important reason why Confucius decided to leave Lu State for Wei State was that Zilu’s brother-in-law Yan Zhuozou had a good time in Wei State, and had a good relationship with Mi Zixia, the favorite minister of the King of Wei State. Mi Zixia secretly guaranteed that Confucius would be reused in the Wei State Council.Therefore, Confucius left without saying goodbye in the state of Lu, thinking that he would be able to take charge of the state affairs in the state of Wei.Against such a background, Confucius and Zilu talked eloquently and looked forward to a bright future on the way to Weiguo. It can be said that they are full of ambition.But after arriving in Weiguo, it was discovered that this was not the case. The monarch of Weiguo had no interest in Confucius' ideas, and Confucius didn't even get an official position.It is conceivable how lost and depressed Confucius was, and how shameless he was.And such things as being right and proper can only stay in writing, and there is no chance of practice. Rectification of names is a very important matter, so farmers who have always rebelled must arrange for themselves a legitimate identity, such as the illegitimate son of the late emperor.The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period focused on bringing the emperor to order the princes; later, at the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao took the emperor to order the princes. It can be seen that rectification of names is very important. When Zi saw Nan Zi, Zi Lu didn't say anything.The Master pointed at him and said: "For those who are denied, the sky will hate it! The sky will hate it!" Confucius went to see Nanzi, but Zilu was not happy.Confucius swore: "If I do anything wrong, let Heaven condemn me! Let Heaven condemn me!" Regarding what Confucius did, other students would not say it even if they thought it was wrong.And Zilu is different, as long as he thinks something is wrong, he has to say it.This made Confucius feel awkward sometimes, but he also felt that Zilu could be trusted. Confucius couldn't get along in the officialdom of the state of Lu, so he came to the state of Wei. The king of the state of Wei, Lord Wei Ling, basically ignored state affairs and obeyed Nanzi, the young wife married by the state of Song.All those who want to be an official in Weiguo must first interview with Nanzi.Confucius was eager to become an official in the state of Wei, so he asked someone to go his own way and got a chance to meet Nanzi.All the disciples objected, because Nanzi had a bad reputation and was a famous slut.The objections of the students did not shake Confucius' determination, so he took Zilu and Ran You to go.As a result, I met Nanzi in the harem, and chatted a few words through the curtain, but Nanzi had no interest in him, so he came out in such a disheartened manner.Confucius was very depressed, and Zilu was very dissatisfied.Facing Zilu's dissatisfaction, Confucius was also very annoyed, so he swore the above poisonous oath. In fact, every student was dissatisfied with Confucius going to see Nanzi, because this in itself violated Confucius' principles of life.But Zilu was the only one who mentioned it clearly. Firstly, Zilu's personality was the reason for this, and secondly, Zilu was a big brother, and he was very popular among his classmates.In fact, Confucius also knew that what he did was wrong. He was afraid that Zilu would leave in a fit of anger, so he swore in haste. Historical facts have proved that whatever Zilu objected to was exactly what Confucius should not have done.Confucius was really lucky to have Zilu as a student. There is no point in swearing, modern people don't swear anymore. Zi Lu is sick, please pray.The Master said, "Are there any?" Zi Lu said to him, "There are. The disciple said, 'Pray to the upper and lower gods.'" The Master said, "Qiu has been praying for a long time." When Confucius was sick, Zilu asked to pray to ghosts and gods.Confucius said: "Is there such a thing?" Zilu said: "Yes. The text of "Xue" said: "Pray to the gods of heaven and earth for you." Confucius said: "I have been praying for a long time." What Confucius and Zilu prayed for is not the same thing at all, and all previous explanations have ignored this point. Needless to say, Zilu's feelings for the teacher, he loves the teacher as his own father.Therefore, when Confucius fell ill, Zilu wished to pray to the gods for protection.Confucius was a little troubled by this, because he had been praying for a long time, not for illness, of course, but for being able to be an official.However, praying for so long has no effect, which proves that prayer is basically useless.Therefore, the last sentence of Confucius is full of helplessness and self-deprecation. There is no point in swearing, and there is no point in praying. Zi said: "You made Sexi the gate of Yuqiu?" The disciples disrespected Zilu.The Master said: "You have been promoted to the hall, but you have not yet entered the room." Confucius said: "Zhongyou's Se, why are you at my door?" The disciples thought that Zilu was disrespectful to the teacher.Confucius said, "Zhong You, he just came to the living room, not the room." This sentence has always been misunderstood. The traditional explanation is this: Confucius said: "Zhong You played the zither, why did you play it here?" Confucius' students therefore did not respect Zilu.Confucius said: "Zhong You, he has reached the level of being promoted in his studies, but he has not yet entered the house." According to this explanation, the logic is chaotic, and the lips of the donkey and the mouth of the donkey are not right. If Confucius said it to his students, how could he call himself "Qiu"?Only when facing people or guests who are more distinguished than oneself, will they call themselves by their names.Looking through the whole book, there are about ten places where Confucius called Qiu, and some of them were said in front of his disciples, but they were all used in special situations. Let’s talk about Shengtang and Entering the House. Before Confucius, these two words had never been used as metaphors for learning. If Confucius used these two words as metaphors, he should explain them instead of using them directly.Moreover, how did the later translators decide that this was referring to learning? In terms of reason, although Confucius often made jokes about Zilu, he would not be so direct and disrespectful, let alone in front of many people; in addition, Zilu was the first batch of disciples of Confucius, that is, the senior brother and concurrently the disciples of Confucius. Half a teacher, older than everyone, is very upright and has a bad temper. Everyone is in awe of him.As far as I know, I have never seen anyone disrespect Zilu.Therefore, saying that the disciples disrespected Zilu was because the students disrespected Zilu because of this, which cannot be justified rationally. This passage actually has nothing to do with learning, why do you say that?Let's imagine the scene, Confucius saw Zilu's Ser at his door, so there is a question, how did Confucius see it?There are two possibilities, one is to go out, the other is to go home.Judging from the whole passage, it should be going home.So, why is Zilu's se placed at Confucius' door instead of in the living room?Where is Zilu at this time?So, we can do a reasonable on-site restoration. Zilu took his se to ask Confucius for advice, but the disciple who guarded the gate said that the teacher has gone out and you will come back later.Zilu became upset, saying that my relationship with the teacher is so strong, no, I will go in and wait.The doorkeeper was afraid of Zilu, so he had to agree, but he put forward a condition: put your si at the door, and you can't take it in.Zilu went in by himself.When Confucius came back, he saw Zilu's Se, and said to himself, "From the Se, you are the gate of Yuqiu?" Why do you say you are talking to yourself?Because Confucius could not call himself "Qiu" in front of his students.Afterwards, the gatekeeper hurried over to tell the story, and complained to Zilu that he insisted on going in. What if he lost something?Confucius' disciples thought Zilu was disrespectful to his teacher.Confucius saw Zilu in the living room, so he said to his disciples: "Actually, it's nothing. Zilu is just staying in the living room, and he didn't enter the room." This passage actually illustrates a problem, that is, the relationship between Confucius and Zilu is very close, just like family members, even if Confucius is not at home, he can let Zilu in.If someone else had changed, they would have to go back or wait at the door. It was impossible to wait in the living room. Disrespect for Zilu by the disciples actually means that "the disciples regard Zilu as disrespectful". "Going into the classroom and entering the room" later became an idiom for metaphorical learning. "Getting into the room" can also be used as a metaphor for the level of bribery.When offering bribes, you are generally not asked to wait at the door, as that is too conspicuous, and you are usually waited in the living room, which is "admission".If you are allowed to enter the bedroom, it is sexual bribery, which is "break-in". The master said: "Yuye! Is it true that women have heard six words and six words and six words?" Confrontation: "Not yet." "House! I talk to women. If you like benevolence and don't learn, you will be fooled; if you like knowledge but don't learn, you will be deceived. If you like to be trustworthy but don't learn, your concealment will be a thief; if you are straight but don't learn, your concealment will twist; if you are brave but don't learn, your concealment will become chaotic; if you are just but not learned, your concealment will become crazy." Confucius said, "You, have you heard of the six virtues and the six diseases?" Zilu replied, "No." If you love wisdom but don’t love learning, your vice is dissolute behavior; if you love honesty and don’t love learning, your vice is harming your loved ones; if you love frankness but don’t love learning, your vice is sharp speech; To be brave but not fond of learning, its defect is to commit disorder; to be strong but not fond of learning, its defect is arrogance." It seems that Confucius is talking about the importance of learning.In fact, what Confucius wants to emphasize is that all strengths, if you don't know how to adapt, will become weaknesses that hurt you. This is the advice Confucius gave Zilu before he set off as Pudi governor in Weiguo.Usually, Confucius taught the students to be benevolent, moral and honest, etc., and Zilu firmly believed in it.But when Zilu wanted to become an official on his own, Confucius knew that if Zilu insisted on being benevolent and honest, he would definitely end badly.Just like a mother usually teaches her children to be polite and humble at home, not to beat and scold others, and to tell the mother when she is beaten, once the child goes to school, the mother will say don’t suffer, others beat you, you can beat them Just hit it, if you can't beat it, tell the teacher and so on.After all, morality is certainly a good thing, but in this complicated world, if you insist on morality, you will be the one who suffers in the end.This is Confucius' advice to Zilu.Therefore, Confucius was a very practical person. Someone commented on the Cantonese: the advantage of the Cantonese is that they are pragmatic, but the disadvantage is that they are too pragmatic.Use the same sentence pattern: The advantage of modern people is that they are flexible, but the disadvantage is that they are too flexible. Zilu asked about politics.Master said: "First do the work." Please benefit.Said: "No tiredness." Zilu asked how to manage government affairs.Confucius said, "Be ahead of the common people, so that they will work for you." Zilu begged for more.Confucius said, "Don't be lazy." To put it simply, it means "governing the country by virtue", and take the lead in doing what you want the people to do. This is when Zilu asked Confucius for advice before he became the governor of Pudi, and Confucius said that it is good to govern the country with virtue.Zilu asked again, and Confucius said that it is enough if you persist in this way and don't slack off. This can probably be said to be a simple definition of "ruling the country with virtue". Zilu asked the gentleman.Confucius said: "Cultivate yourself to respect." Said: "Is that all?" Said: "Cultivate yourself to comfort others." Said: "Is this all?" Said: "Cultivate yourself to comfort the people.安百姓，尧、舜其犹病诸？” 子路问什么叫君子。孔子说：“修养自己，保持严肃恭敬的态度。”子路说：“这样就够了吗？”孔子说：“修养自己，使周围的人们安乐。”子路说：“这样就够了吗？”孔子说：“修养自己，使所有百姓都安乐。修养自己使所有百姓都安乐，尧舜还怕难于做到呢？” 这段话紧接着上面一段，子路要去蒲地当官，向孔子求教，上一段孔子就说了先之劳之，子路觉得不够用，于是换个提法来请教。孔子连用三个修己，其实跟先之劳之的意思完全一样，还是以德治国的路数。但是三个“修己”的结果是不一样的，第一个是做好自己就行，第二个是做好自己带动旁人，跟先之劳之完全相同。可是子路还不满足，孔子就说了，“做好自己还能让百姓都好，那是尧舜都难做到的，你就别想了”。 其实孔子的意思很明白：做好自己就行了，如果能带动周围的人，那就很好了，至于更高的层次，你做不到，也不要想了。一个人的目标不要太高，对于你来说，先之劳之就够了，别再瞎操心别的了。 孔子说话，分寸拿捏得都恰到好处，条理也很清晰，针对性也非常强，真是一个了不起的老师。 大凡把自己说得完美无比的人，都不要轻易信他的。 子疾病，子路使门人为臣。病闲，曰：“久矣哉，由之行诈也！无臣而为有臣。吾谁欺？欺天乎？且予与其死于臣之手也，无宁死于二三子之手乎！且予纵不得大葬，予死于道路乎？” 孔子患了重病，子路派了属下去作孔子的家臣伺候。后来，孔子的病好了一些，他说：“仲由很久以来就干这种弄虚作假的事情。我明明没有家臣，却偏偏要装作有家臣，我骗谁呢？我骗上天吧？与其在家臣的侍候下死去，我宁可在你们这些学生的侍候下死去，这样不是更好吗？而且即使我不能以大夫之礼来安葬，难道就会被丢在路边没人埋吗？” 孔子生病，在蒲地做官的子路派手下来伺候孔子，行的是家臣的礼，孔子很受用。可是病好之后，孔子怕学生们暗中笑话他，于是说了这样一番话，意思是这都是子路搞的鬼，跟我没关系。孔子此时不过是借住于别人家的私立学校校长，是没有资格拥有家臣的。因此，使用家臣会被看作不恰当的攀比，同时也不符合周礼。所以，孔子的这番话是说给大家听的，表面上埋怨子路，心里想的是另一回事。 孔子，是一个非常要面子的人，特别是在学生们的面前。 按照级别，待遇不同。待遇超标了怎么办？没人说就装不知道，有人问就推到别人头上。 蒲地（今河南省长垣县）是卫国上卿孔圉的封地，这个地方民风比较彪悍，是卫国的主要兵源地，比较难治理。因此孔子向孔圉推荐子路去做蒲地宰，孔圉接受了这个推荐。 子路在蒲地严格按照孔子的“先之劳之”和“修己以安民”的教诲去做，深得民心，加上自身的威严，当地勇士们对他也很敬佩。因此，蒲地治理得不错。 一年农闲，子路征集当地百姓兴修水利。对于百姓来说，这就是役，是有义务必须参加的，而且按照当时的规定，必须自带口粮。可是上一年的收成不好，百姓普遍比较困难，于是子路自掏腰包，每天免费给大家一顿饭。这样，大家就不用自己带干粮了。一时间，子路名声大噪，百姓们纷纷赞扬他。 听起来，这样做好事的事情应该得到孔子的表扬，这样舍己为民的好官应该是孔子眼中的典范。可是事实恰好相反，孔子听说后，急忙派子贡去阻止子路。 子贡对子路转达孔子的说法：“你以为自己做了好事，实际上不是。你这样做，等于让大家向你感恩，而忘记了孔圉和国君，你这样是很危险的。正确的做法是按照规矩来，该怎样就怎样。如果你确实觉得百姓太苦，应该向孔圉请示，由孔圉或者国君来出这个钱。” 孔子的说法，显然考虑得更全面，更有道理。 到子路六十二岁的时候，卫国发生了政变。当时，卫国的废太子蒯聩占据了戚地，他的儿子卫出公当国君。孔圉老婆孔伯姬是蒯聩的姐姐，同时也是卫出公的姑姑。孔圉和老婆生了个儿子，名叫孔悝（音亏）。这个时候，孔圉已经死了，卫国就由孔悝说了算。 蒯聩跟姐姐感情好，于是暗中和姐姐商量，要赶走儿子，自己回来当国君。不久，蒯聩在姐姐的面首浑良夫的帮助下，潜入了孔家，胁迫孔悝结盟，要赶走卫出公，迎蒯聩回来做国君。孔家的管家栾宁知道这件事情后，急忙带着卫出公出逃鲁国，同时派人通知子路，让子路前来救孔悝。 子路听说政变，自家的小主人被挟持，想起来老师那句“见危授命”来，于是匆忙之间登上战车，单车来救孔悝。路上遇上逃难出来的师弟高柴，高柴劝他不要去，他非要去。 来到孔家，孔家大门已闭。子路跳下战车，大声高喊，要求释放孔悝。蒯聩派了手下两个勇士下来迎战子路，子路虽然勇猛，奈何上了年纪，只能勉强抵挡。几个回合之后，子路的帽子带被砍断，子路想起老师的话“君子死而冠不免”，意思是君子就是死也不能死得太难看，帽子要带好。所以子路放下武器，重新接好了帽子带，也不知道结好没有，反正对方没客气，上来砍死了子路。 而这个时候，孔悝实际上正愉快地和自己的舅舅饮着酒，他们已经达成了协议。 此后，孔悝立蒯聩为卫国国君，就是卫庄公。 子路之死，一方面与性格有关，但是，与孔子当初的谆谆教导没有关系吗？ 听说卫国政变的时候，孔子就长叹了一声：“嗟乎，由死矣。”不久，子路的死讯就传来了。 子路的死，对孔子是个致命的打击。如果说颜回就像孔子的儿子，那么子路就是孔子的兄弟、朋友和战友，是互相关心的兄弟，是直言相告的朋友，还是生死与共的战友。孔子与子路的感情是任何人都无法相提并论的，甚至孔子对子路有一种强烈的依赖感。几十年来，子路就守卫在孔子的身边，为孔子鞍前马后、赴汤蹈火，即便是在外地做官，子路也常常亲自或者派人来探望孔子。 对于子路的死，很难说孔子没有内疚。其实孔子已经在3.15（17.8）中隐讳地告诉子路要懂得变通，可是孔子一定在后悔自己没有说得更明白更直接一些。 子路被害不到半年，孔子去世了。