Chapter 14 next volume

Chen Jiuchuan (1494-1562), courtesy name Weijun and Weirong, was named Zhuting and later named Mingshui.A native of Linchuan, Jiangxi.Chen Jiuchuan is an important member of Jiangyou's first generation of disciples. He received Wang Yangming's true biography earlier than Dong Kuo (Zou Shouyi) and Nan Ye (Ouyang De). He is a representative of Jiangyou Wangmen.He is the author of 14 volumes of "Mr. Mingshui Collection". Zhengde Yihai, Jiuchuan first met Mr. Yu Longjiang.Mr. Ganquan and Mr. Ganquan discussed the theory of "gewu".Gan Quan insists on the old saying.The master said: "It is to seek it from the outside." Gan Quan said: "If you take physics as the outside, it is because you are young." Jiuchuan is very fond of the old saying.Mr. also discussed the chapter "Devotion", and when Jiuchuan heard about it, there was no doubt about it.

After living in the house, Mr. "Gewu" remains.The answer said: "But if you can work hard in the field, you can explain it by yourself for a long time." Shan Jian read the old version of "Great Learning" by himself, and felt that Zhu Zige's theory of things was not true; . Jimao, return to the capital, goodbye Mr. Yu Hongdu.Mr. Wu was embarrassed about military affairs, so he took the opportunity to give lectures, and the first question was: "How have you worked hard in recent years?" Jiu Chuan said: "In recent years, I have experienced the skill of 'brightness and virtue' is only 'sincerity'. From 'brightness and virtue in the world', step by step to the root, to 'sincerity', I can't go any further. Why did I have the skill of 'gezhi' before?" After experiencing it again, I feel that the sincerity and falsity of the meaning must be perceived first, and Yan Zi's "I don't know if there is something bad, and I don't try to do it if I know it" is a proof. Why is there any good or evil in the spirit that does not know the mind? It is just that the desire for material things is concealed, and the desire for material things has to be removed, so that you can be like Yan Zi, but you don’t know your ears. And you suspect that kung fu is upside down, and it is not a fragment of sincerity. Then I asked Xi Yan. Xi Yan said: "Mr. It is said that investigating things and gaining knowledge is the skill of sincerity, which is excellent." Jiu Chuan said, "What is the skill of sincerity?"

The master said: "It's a pity! This can be understood in one word, but the matter of Yan Zi raised by Jun is enough. As long as you know that body, mind, mind, knowledge, and things are one thing." Jiuchuan wondered: "How can things be one with body, mind, mind, and knowledge?" The master said: "Ears, eyes, mouth, nose, four limbs, and the body, can't see, hear, speak, and move without peace of mind? The mind desires to see, hear, speak, and move, but there are no ears, eyes, mouth, nose, and four limbs. No. Therefore, if there is no mind, there is no body, and if there is no body, there is no mind. However, the place where it is full of words is called the body; Knowledge refers to the thing that is involved in the meaning. It is only one thing. If the meaning is not in the air, it must touch the thing. If you want to be sincere, you can find it at will. Get rid of human desires and return to the law of nature, then the conscience will be In this matter, those who are unconcealed can achieve it. This is the skill of sincerity."

Jiuchuan was relieved to break the suspicion for several years. In the tenth year of Zhengde (1515), Jiuchuan (I) met Mr. Yangming for the first time in Longjiang.At that time, Mr. Ganquan (Zhan Ruoshui) was discussing the theory of "gewu" with Mr. Ganquan, and Mr. Ganquan insisted on Zhu Xi's point of view.The master said: "This is seeking from the outside." Mr. Gan Quan said: "If the principle of investigating things is to seek from the outside, then you will underestimate yourself." Jiu Chuan agreed with Zhu Xi's statement.The husband talked about the chapter "Mencius·Devotion". After listening to it, Jiu Chuan no longer doubted his theory of "gewu".

Later, when he was living at home, Jiuchuan asked his husband about the theory of investigating things, and the husband replied: "As long as you can put in real effort, you will naturally understand after a long time." I think Zhu Xi's Gewu theory is not correct.But I also doubt Mr.'s statement that what the mind refers to is the thing, and the word "thing" is still unclear. In the fourteenth year of Zhengde (1519), Jiuchuan came back from the capital and saw Mr. again in Nanchang.The husband is busy with military affairs at this time, so he can only give lectures to Jiuchuan in his spare time.The husband first asked: "How have you been studying in the past few years?"

Jiu Chuan said: "In the past few years, I have realized that 'Ming Mingde' is to work hard on 'sincerity'. From 'Ming Mingde to the world', push down step by step, until 'sincerity' can no longer be pushed down. Yes. Why do you still have the skill of "investigating things" and "extending knowledge" before "sincerity"? Later, after careful consideration, I felt that whether the intention is sincere or not, we must first have awareness. I didn't try to go back to the line to verify it, and suddenly felt enlightened, as if there was no doubt, but there was an extra effort of "searching things". Jiu Chuan also considered, how can I not know the good and evil of my mind with the aura of my heart? ?It’s just blinded by selfish desires. You must get rid of selfish desires in order to know good and evil like Yan Hui. Jiu Chuan also wondered if he reversed the order of his work, so that “investigating things” and “sincerity” could not be connected. Later Asked Xiyan, Xiyan said: "Mr. said that studying things and extending knowledge is the skill of sincerity, I think it is very true." Jiuchuan asked again: "Why is it the skill of sincerity?" Xiyan asked Jiuchuan to observe carefully. Jiuchuan finally did not Now, please ask Mr.

The master said: "What a pity! This can be understood in one sentence. The example of Yan Hui you gave can illustrate the problem. You only need to understand that body, mind, mind, knowledge, and things are one thing. " Jiuchuan still asked in doubt: "Things are outside the mind, how can it be said that body, mind, mind, and knowledge are the same thing?" The master said: "Ears, eyes, mouth, nose and limbs are all part of the human body. If there is no heart, how can they see, hear, speak, and move? The heart wants to see, hear, speak, and move. Without ears, Eyes, mouth, nose, and limbs are also not acceptable. Therefore, if there is no mind, there will be no body, and if there is no body, there will be no mind. It is just that it is called the body because it fills the space, and it is called the body because it dominates the function. The heart is called the mind from the mobilization of the mind, the knowledge from the spirituality of the mind, and the thing from the outside of the mind. The mind cannot be suspended, it must point to specific things Therefore, if you want to achieve sincerity, you can follow the intention to "grid" on a certain matter, get rid of selfish desires and return to heavenly principles, then the conscience will not be deceived and can "extend knowledge" in this matter.' Sincerity' is here."

After hearing Mr.'s words, Jiuchuan's doubts over the past few years have been lifted. It is a prominent feature of Yangming's moral philosophy to regard "sincerity" as the primary link in the process of becoming a moral person. He believes that only through sincere moral efforts can a person become an authentic person in the Confucian sense.However, Yang Ming did not emphasize the priority of "sincerity" in self-cultivation kung fu in isolation, he often regarded "sincerity" and "knowledge of things" as a closely related overall kung fu structure.

He also asked: "Gan Quanjin also believed in the ancient edition of "University", saying that studying things is like building the way, and also saying that being poor is like being poor in one's nest, and you can do it with your body. Say gradually." The master said: "Ganquan worked hard, so he was able to turn it around. At that time, he said that the character of Qinmin did not need to be changed, and he didn't believe it. Today's theory of Gewu is also close, but there is no need to change the word for object to make it the word for reason, just give him back the word for object. "

Later, someone asked Jiuchuan, "Why don't you doubt the character of things now?" Said: ""The Doctrine of the Mean" said: 'There is no sincerity.' Cheng Zi said:'Things come to conform.'And for example,'Everything pays for everything','There is nothing in the chest', all ancient people commonly used words." In the future, Mr. Yun Ran. Jiu Chuan asked again: "Mr. Gan Quan also believes in the old version of "Great Learning" recently, thinking that 'getting things' is like seeking the Tao, and thinking that the poor who are poor in reason are like the poor who are poor in their lair. You must go to the lair yourself. Recognize the principles of heaven, which seems to be gradually approaching Mr.

The husband said: "Ganquan still worked very hard, so he was able to turn back. I told him before that 'close to the people' could not be changed to 'Xinmin', but he still didn't believe it. Now the 'gewu' he talked about is also close to my point of view, but There is no need to change the word 'wu' to 'li', it is better to still use the word 'wu'." Later someone asked Jiuchuan: "Why don't you doubt the word 'thing' now?" Jiu Chuan said: "In "The Doctrine of the Mean", it is said that 'no sincerity is nothing', Cheng Hao said 'things come to conform', there are also 'things pay for each thing' and 'nothing in the chest', etc. From these, it can be seen that 'things' are the former. A word commonly used by people.” Then one day, the husband also said the same. Zhan Ruoshui hoped to gather the great achievements of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, not to escape the influence of Zhuology.He believes that the "Ge" of "Gewu" means "to" (achievement), and "Wu" refers to the "principle of heaven", so "Gewu" means "to its truth", that is, "to create Tao", and "Gewu" The purpose is to "understand the principles of heaven".Later, Zhan Ruoshui and Mr. Yangming's theory gradually became clear, and the ancient version of "University" proved that Zhan Ruoshui was not stubborn. Jiu Chuan asked: "In recent years, because I am disgusted with the flood of studies, every time I have to sit quietly and ask to hold my breath and think about it, I can't do it, and I feel more disturbed. How?" The master said: "How can we rest in recitation? We just need to be upright." Said: "When there is no thought?" The master said: "There is really no time for no thought." Said: "So, how can you keep quiet?" Said: "Quietness is not the same as motionless, and movement is not the same as being still. Precautions and fear are thoughts. How can we distinguish between movement and stillness?" Said: "Why did Zhou Zi say that 'it is determined to be neutral and benevolent and righteous'?" Said: "Without desire, there is stillness. It is the word "fixation" of "stillness is also fixed, and movement is also fixed". Fate, Yu Mu is endless'. One breath is death, and thoughts that are not the body are private thoughts." Jiuchuan asked: "In recent years, because I am tired of the proliferation of various theories, I often want to sit alone in order to get rid of thoughts and ideas. Not only can I not do it, but I feel more and more disturbed. What is the reason?" The master said: "How can we get rid of thoughts and ideas? We can only make them pure." Jiuchuan asked: "Is there a time when thoughts don't exist?" The master said: "There is indeed no time for no thought." Jiu Chuan asked: "In this case, how can you say 'quiet'?" The master said: "Static does not mean not moving, and moving does not mean not being still. Be cautious and fear are thoughts. How can you distinguish between movement and stillness?" Jiu Chuan said: "Why did Zhou Dunyi say again, 'Determine it to be righteous and peaceful'?" Mr. said: "If there is no desire, you will naturally be quiet. The "stable" mentioned by Zhou Dunyi is also the "settled" in Cheng Hao's "Static is also static, and movement is also static". The "master" refers to the body. It is lively, which reflects the endless flow of the secrets of heaven. It is also the saying in "Wei Tian's destiny, Yu Mu is endless". Once it stops, it is death, and if it is not the original thought, it is selfish distraction." The key to this dialogue is the words "Be quiet without desire".This "quietness" is not the stillness of "stillness is also fixed", it is not the static that is opposed to movement, but the word "fixation" of "movement is also fixed, and stillness is also fixed". "The main body is also", that is to say, static is the body.The idea of ​​the ontology is impartial and selfless.True stillness is selfless. He asked again: "When you are working hard to calm your mind, you should put your voice first. If you hear and see as usual, you may not be single-minded." Said: "How do you want to not hear and see? Except for dry wood and dead ashes, deafness and blindness are fine. It's just that although you hear and see, you don't let it go." Said: "In the past, there was a man sitting quietly, and his son was reading next door. He didn't know that he was lazy. Cheng Zi called him very respectful. How is it?" Said: "I'm afraid Yichuan is also ridiculing him." Jiuchuan asked again: "When you are working hard to concentrate your mind and mind, if there are sounds and colors appearing, and you still listen and watch as usual, I am afraid this is not concentrating?" The master said: "How can you turn a deaf ear and turn a blind eye? Unless you are dead, deaf or blind. Although you can hear and see, as long as your heart doesn't follow it, it's fine." Jiu Chuan said: "Once upon a time, there was a man who was meditating, and his son was reading aloud next door, but he didn't know whether his son was hardworking or lazy. Cheng Yi praised him for being very respectful. Why is that?" The husband said, "I'm afraid Cheng Yi is mocking him." In Wang Yangming's view, "quietness" does not mean cutting off all "hearing and seeing", but "not letting go".Chen Jiuchuan didn't quite understand this, and asked "I don't know his diligence and laziness". Wang Yangming thought that Chen Jiuchuan had misunderstood Cheng Yichuan's words.Wang Yangming believed that Cheng Yi was denying such a "Kung Fu" of "quietness and no movement" and was "ridiculing him". He asked again: "Sitting quietly and working hard, I feel that my heart is restrained, and when something happens, I break it. I think about it, go to examine the matter, and find the old work after the matter. I still feel that there are inside and outside, and I can't make a difference." The master said: "This theory of 'Gauding Things' is not thorough. How can the heart have an inside and outside? Even if Wei Jun is talking here today, how can he have a heart to take care of it? This is the special respect when listening to the lecture, that is, the mind when sitting in meditation. Kung Fu As always, why do you need to think again? People need to practice hard work on things, which is beneficial. If you have to be quiet, you will be chaotic when you encounter things, and you will not make progress in the end. The time of quietness is also poor, it seems to be restrained, but it is really addictive.” Jiu Chuan asked again: "When I meditate and work hard, I can especially feel that my heart is restraining. But once something happens, this restraint is interrupted, and I immediately have the idea to reflect on the specific matter. I went to look for the old kung fu again. This way I always feel that the inside and the outside are not connected." Mr. said: "This is because your understanding of 'Gewu' is not thorough enough. How can there be inside and outside of the heart? For example, if you are discussing with me here now, is there another heart taking care of it? The mind mentioned is the mind when sitting in meditation. Kung fu is connected, so where is the need for another thought? One must go through the tempering of specific things, which is beneficial to learning. If you just blindly be quiet, then once you encounter something It will mess up the position and ideas, and there will never be progress. That kind of quiet effort, on the surface, seems to be restrained, but in fact it is letting go." Wang Yangming opposes blindly pursuing meditation and clearing the mind, and advocates working hard on things, studying and practicing, learning on the ground, and recognizing conscience through daily affairs.Only in this way can the "unity of knowledge and action" be implemented. Later in Hongdu, he shared with Yuzhong and Guoshang the theory of internal and external, and Qu Jie said: "Things have their own internal and external, but they must be combined with internal and external, and there must be no gaps." Mr. Yizhi. Said: "Kung fu is inseparable from the body, and the body has no inside and outside. It is only because those who do kung fu later divide the inside and outside, and lose their body. Now I am going to explain that kung fu does not have inside and outside, but it is body kung fu." It is a province every day. Later, when he was in Nanchang, Jiu Chuan discussed with Yu Zhong and Guoshang about the inner and outer parts of the mind. They also believed that the inner and outer parts should be distinguished in the study of things, but that the inner and outer should be worked together without any gap.On this issue, Jiuchuan asked Mr. The master said: "Kungfu and the body cannot be separated, and the body does not distinguish between the inside and the outside; it is only later that people in the world separated the inside and the outside in their studies, so they lost the body. Now it is time to explain that Kung Fu does not distinguish between the inside and the outside. Kung fu of the body." Everyone has realized something on this day. "Combining internal and external" is the general characteristic of Yangming's learning.That is to say, no matter in terms of ontology or kung fu, Yangming is opposed to "there are inside and outside". Then he asked, "How is Lu Zi's study?" The gentleman said: "After Lianxi and Ming Dao, it is still Xiangshan, but it is rougher." Jiu Chuan said: "Looking at his theories, every piece speaks out the bone marrow, every sentence is like a needle, but I don't see his roughness." The master said: "Although he has worked hard in his heart, it is different from imitating and imitating the meaning of the text, but there are rough things when you look closely. After a long time of hard work, you should see it." Jiuchuan asked again: "How should you evaluate Mr. Lu Jiuyuan's theory?" The master said: "After Zhou Dunyi and Cheng Hao, Lu Jiuyuan's knowledge can still be counted, but it is a little rough." Jiu Chuan said: "Looking at his works on academics, every article can express the essence, and every sentence is profound and thorough, but he can't see his rough places." The husband said: "It is true that he has worked hard on his heart. This is naturally different from the one who only speculates on the meaning and imitates and seeks the literal meaning, but you can find his roughness if you look carefully. You should be able to find out after a long time of hard work. .” Wang Yangming said that Lu Jiuyuan's studies were a little rough. This kind of "roughness" does not refer to the amount of knowledge and the accuracy of thinking; Yu Yangming's understanding of the different styles of decomposing and non-decomposing in their studies. Gengchen went to Qianzhou, met Mr. again, and asked: "Recently, although you have a little knowledge of your mind, it is difficult to find a stable and happy place." The master said: "But you go to your heart to find the law of heaven. This is the so-called obstacle of reason. There is a trick here." Said: "how about it?" Said: "It's just extension of knowledge." Said: "How to extend knowledge?" Said: "That bit of your conscience is the rule of your own family. When you think about it, he will know what is right, and what is not right will know what is wrong, and you can't hide it from him. Just don't deceive him, just follow him to do it. , the good will be kept, the evil will be gone, how safe and happy he is here. This is the true secret of "searching things" and the real skill of "extending knowledge". If you don't rely on these real opportunities, how can you study things? I have also thought about it in recent years. It is clear. At the beginning, he hesitated and only relied on him for fear of deficiencies, but if you look carefully, there are some small deficiencies." In the year of Gengchen (1520, the fifteenth year of Zhengde), he went to Qianzhou and met his husband again. Jiuchuan said: "Recently, although I have mastered some essentials in kung fu, I can't always be confident and happy. .” The master said: "You just blindly seek the principles of heaven in your heart. This is the so-called 'obstacle of reason'. There is a trick here." Jiu Chuan asked: "What is the trick?" Mr. said: "It is 'to know'." Jiu Chuan asked: "How to extend knowledge?" The teacher said: "Your little conscience is your own code of conduct. Wherever your thoughts go, you will know right when you are right, and you will know wrong when you are wrong. It is impossible to hide the slightest thing. As long as you don't deceive your conscience , really follow the conscience to do it, keep it if it is good, and get rid of it if it is evil. How confident and happy it is! These are the tricks of "searching things" and the true skills of "extending knowledge". If you don't rely on such true knowledge , and how to 'find things'? I have only realized it so clearly in recent years. At first, I hesitated to follow my heart, and there might still be shortcomings, but after careful understanding, I found that there is not a single flaw." "The theory of barriers to reason" is an important problem and turning point in Yangming's learning process.Yangming mentioned it for the first time in the 15th year of Zhengde (1520) in his question and answer with Chen Jiuchuan, and he used the "theory of barriers to reason" to end "getting things poor and reason" and "dividing mind and reason" as learning kung fu, and initiated "to achieve conscience". "The unity of knowledge and action" is the purpose of learning. In Qian, serve with Yu Zhong and Qian Zhi.The master said: "Everyone has a saint in their chest, but they are not confident enough, and they all bury themselves." Because Gu Yuzhong said: "There is a saint in your chest." Starting from the middle, I dare not be. The master said: "This is what you have at home, how can you push it away?" Yu Zhong said again: "Don't dare." The master said: "everyone has it, what's more, it's in the middle? But why be humble? You can't be modest." Yu Zhongnai smiled. He also commented: "Conscience is in people, it can do whatever you want, and it can't be wiped out. Even a thief knows that he shouldn't be a thief. If you call him a thief, he will still be ashamed." Yu Zhong said: "It's only covered by material desires. Conscience is inside, and it will never be lost. If the sun is covered by clouds, how can the sun be lost?" The master said: "Yu Zhong is so smart, others can't see it." When I was in Qianzhou, I accompanied Mr. Yu Zhong and Zou Shouyi together.The master said: "everyone has a possibility and desire to become a saint in their hearts, but because they are not confident, they are all buried." Therefore, the master looked at Yu Zhong and said, "there is a saint in your chest." Yu Zhong quickly stood up and said, "Don't dare to do it, don't dare to do it!" The husband said: "This is what you already have. Why do you humbly refuse?" Yu Zhong hurriedly said again: "I don't dare to do it, I really don't dare to do it." The master said: "Everyone has it, let alone you? Why should you be humble? This is something that cannot be tolerated." Yu Zhong accepted it with a smile. The master also said: "Conscience is at home in the heart, and it will not be wiped out as you change. Even a thief knows that he should not steal. If you call him a thief, he will be ashamed and embarrassed." Yu Zhong said: "It's just that conscience is blinded by material desires. Conscience is still in people's hearts and will not disappear by itself. It is like dark clouds covering the sun, but the sun will not really disappear because of this." The master said: "Yu Zhong is so smart, other people's knowledge can't reach this height." Wang Yangming believes that as long as ordinary people can get rid of material desires and make their conscience manifest, they can become saints, regardless of high or low, everyone is equal. The assertion that "everyone has a sage in their chest" is a kind of idea of ​​equality of human nature, which greatly improves people's subjective consciousness and self-esteem, and further strengthens the confidence that everyone can be a sage. Mr. said: "These people can see clearly, let him say a thousand words, right and wrong, it will be clear up front. Those who agree with each other will be right, and those who don't agree will be different. It's like the Buddhist saying 'heart seal'. It's really a touchstone. ,compass." The master said: "If a person knows the trick of conscience, he can let go of his evil thoughts and thoughts, and they will melt away when he feels it here. It is really a panacea, which can turn iron into gold." Chongyi said: "Mr.'s purpose of 'extending knowledge' has been exhausted. It seems that I can't go here again." The master said: "It's so easy to say! How about another half a year of hard work? How about another year of hard work? The longer you work, the more you will feel the difference. It's hard to say." The gentleman asked: "How is Jiu Chuan's experience in the theory of 'extending knowledge'?" Jiuchuan said: "I feel different. In the past, it was not always right. This is just right." The master said: "It can be seen that the experience is different from listening to the lecture. When I first talked with the lecture, I knew that it was just a sudden change, and I didn't have any taste. This is the only thing that needs to be wonderful. If you experience it deeply, the difference will become endless. It is endless." He also said: "The word 'extending knowledge' is really a secret of the ancient sages. Seeing this, 'for a hundred generations, the sage will not be confused'." The master said: "If a person is familiar with the trick of conscience, anyone who says thousands of words, right from wrong, will be able to distinguish right from wrong at a glance. What agrees is correct, and what does not agree is naturally wrong. This is what the Buddhists say It is similar to the 'heart print' of the "Heart Seal", which is the touchstone and compass that will never fail." The master said: "If a person is well versed in the tricks of conscience, no matter how many evil thoughts he has, as long as his conscience detects them, they will naturally be eliminated. It is like a panacea, which can turn iron into gold." Ouyang Chongyi said: "Mr. has expounded the purpose of promoting conscience thoroughly. It seems that it is impossible to talk about this issue again." The master said: "How can you say it's so easy! In the second half of the year, let's see what will happen? After another year, let's see what will happen. The longer you practice, the more you will feel different. The secret here is that it is difficult to use. expressed in language." The master asked: "Jiu Chuan, what is your experience with the theory of attaining knowledge?" Jiu Chuan said: "I feel different from before. In the past, I often couldn't apply it just right, but now I can basically do it just right when I'm familiar with it." The husband said: "It can be seen that what you experience is different from what you hear. When I told you at the beginning, I knew that you were confused and didn't really understand it. From just right to deep experience, there are new things every day. There is no end to the knowledge.” The master also said: "The word 'extending knowledge' is indeed the secret passed down by the sages through the ages. If you understand this truth, you will be able to 'become a sage without confusion' as the "Doctrine of the Mean" says." To develop conscience is an art that must be experienced in practice. This skill is extremely internalized and externalized, and can make all the profound meanings feel. The longer you practice, the more you will feel the difference, which cannot be described in words.In Cheng Zhu's view, the ancient sages passed on the Tao, but in Wang Yangming's view, reaching conscience became the secret order passed down by the ancient sages, so that conscience replaced the sages' preaching. Jiu Chuan asked: "When Yi Chuan said that 'the body and function are one, the microscopic is seamless', the disciples have said that it is a secret. Does the theory of innate 'extended knowledge' be too secret?" The master said: "The sage has already pointed it out to others, but only concealed it for future generations. I invented the ear, so why did I say it? Neglecting regrets is of no benefit to each other; tearing them up with those who are practical and miss the point is very powerful." Jiu Chuan asked: "When Mr. Cheng Yi said that 'the body and function are the same, and the microscopic is seamless', his disciples said that he had leaked the secrets. Did Mr. Cheng's theory of reaching the conscience also leak too many secrets? " The master said: "The sage has already shown the theory of conscience to the world, but it was hidden by later generations. I just rediscovered it. How can I reveal the secret of heaven? Conscience is born in everyone. Although you are aware of it I feel that it is irrelevant. Therefore, I talk about extended knowledge to those who have not really worked hard, but it is a pity that they dismiss it, and there is no benefit to each other; It has been very beneficial.” Wang Yangming believes that conscience has long been revealed to the world by sages, and it is inherent in human beings. He just discovered people's inherent conscience and let it shine, so there is no theory of leaking the secrets of heaven. He also said: "Knowledge comes from ignorance, awareness comes from ignorance, but if you don't know, you will be buried." Mr. said: "Generally, all friends, it is necessary to admonish and criticize less, and more to lure, encourage, reward and persuade." Later, he quit Jiuchuanyun: "When discussing studies with friends, you must be humble and humble, and live with tolerance." The master also said: "Only when you know it, you realize that you didn't know it. Only when you realize it, you realize that you didn't realize it. But if you don't know it, then your conscience will be degraded and buried at any time." The master also said: "When friends get along with each other, they should criticize each other less and encourage each other more. This is the correct way." Then Mr. Jiuchuan admonished him: "To discuss knowledge with friends, one should be modest and prudent, and be lenient to others." Modesty is an extremely rare virtue. It can drive people to keep making progress and take the initiative to do what should be done.It can be said that no matter what kind of occupation you are in or what position you hold, only by "responsibly humiliating" can you maintain the spirit of continuous improvement and increase more knowledge and talents. Jiuchuan is sick in Qianzhou. Mr. Yun said: "Sickness is also difficult to pass, how do you feel?" He said to him, "kungfu is very difficult." The master said: "Always happy is kung fu." Jiu Chuan asked: "Self-examination and thinking, or being involved in evil, or pre-planning the affairs of the world, thinking to the extreme, well-organized, it is hard to hold back, it is easy to feel early, and difficult to feel late. Use force to cure, the more you feel To defend the grid, if you forget about other things for a while, you will forget about them. It seems harmless if you clarify it like this.” The master said: "Why do you need to do this? Just work hard on your conscience." Jiuchuan said: "It means that I didn't know at that time." The master said: "I have my own kung fu here, why did I get him? It's just because your kung fu is cut off, so you don't know it. If you stop it, you can continue the old kung fu. Why do you have to do this?" Jiuchuan said: "It's really hard to fight, although I know I can't throw him." The master said: "It must be brave. After a long time of hard work, you will have your own courage. Therefore, it is said that you are born of righteousness. If you win easily, you are a great sage." Jiu Chuan asked: "This kung fu is understood in the heart, but the book cannot be understood." The master said: "Just understand the mind. If the mind is clear, the book will naturally understand. If the mind is not clear, as long as the meaning of the book is clear, opinions will be generated by themselves." Jiuchuan was ill in bed in Qianzhou. The husband said: "Illness is very difficult to qualify, what do you think?" Jiu Chuan said: "This kung fu is really difficult." The husband said: "As long as you can make yourself happy often, it is kung fu." Jiu Chuan asked: "I reflect on my various desires and concerns. Sometimes it involves evil thoughts and delusions, and sometimes I want to govern the world's major affairs. When I think about it deeply, I also feel relish, reaching the point of inseparability. This situation happens. I think it’s easy to get rid of it early, but it’s hard to get rid of it when I find it late. I try my best to restrain it, but I feel that it’s contradictory and incompatible. I can only forget these things by changing my mind and thinking about other things. It seems that it’s harmless to sort out my thoughts like this.” The husband said: "Why is this so, as long as you work hard on your conscience." Jiu Chuan said: "What I'm talking about is exactly the situation when you don't know conscience." The master said: "What I said has its own effort to develop conscience. How can there be such a phenomenon that you don't know? It's just because your conscience is interrupted, so your conscience will be deceived. Since there is an interruption, continue Just continue with the original kung fu, why do you have to do this?" Jiuchuan said: "It was almost a fierce battle. Although I understand it, I still can't get rid of it." The master said: "You must have courage. After a long time of hard work, you will naturally have courage. Therefore, Mencius said, 'He is born of Jiyi'. If you can win easily, then you are a great sage." Jiu Chuan asked: "The skill of cultivating a conscience can only be experienced in the heart, and reading alone will not make sense." The master said: "You only need to understand and experience in your heart. If you understand in your heart, you will naturally understand the meaning of the sentences in the book. If you don't understand in your heart, but you just understand the meaning of the sentences in the book, you will still have differences." Mr. Yangming believes that whether it is to make yourself happy or to get rid of selfish desires, you only need to work hard to develop your conscience.The effort to cultivate conscience must be sought from the heart, and when reading, one must understand the meaning of the book from the heart. There was an official who had listened to the master's study for a long time, and said: "This study is very good, but it is difficult to write books and go to court, so I can't study it." Hearing this, the gentleman said: "How can I teach you to leave the book and sue prison, and go to give lectures in the air? Since you have a lawsuit, you can learn from the lawsuit. It is the real thing. If you ask about a lawsuit, you can't just because of it." Don't be angry because of his ambiguity in response; don't be happy because of his twisted words; don't hate his entrustment, and treat him with will; don't give in to him because of his request; don't arbitrarily break up because of his own affairs. It means: Don’t slander others because of others, and do it according to others. There are many meanings that are private, but you only know yourself, and you must carefully examine and restrain them, lest there is a slight bias in your heart, and you are wrong. This is to study things and learn. Between lawsuits and prisons, there is nothing but practical learning. If you study without things, it will be empty." There was a subordinate official who often listened to Mr. Lectures. He said: "Mr. After hearing this, the gentleman said to him: "When did I ask you to give up your daily work and study knowledge? Since you need to settle cases daily, learn from the matter of solving cases. This is the real 'knowledge of things'. For example, when you try a case One should not hate the plaintiff or the defendant because of his indecency in his speech; one should not be happy because the other party's words are tactful and thoughtful; one should not punish him deliberately because one dislikes his entreaties; Because I have a lot of work, I have to close the case hastily; because others have slandered Luo Zhi, I should not deal with it according to other people's wishes. The above-mentioned situations are all selfish thoughts, only you know, you must carefully reflect, observe and restrain yourself, lest there is any bias in your heart. To use people's rights and wrongs is to learn from things. Handling documents and trying cases are all real learning. If you leave the specific things and do learning in the air, it will be empty talk." Wang Yangming opposed empty talk and advocated learning by doing.His "investigating things to gain knowledge" is actually to understand and practice "reason" from daily life and actions, which is expressed in every word and deed, directly injecting conscience into daily life. When Qianzhou was about to return, there was a Mr. Shibie who said: "What is a good conscience is a lot of knowledge, and the roots of the wonderful harmony have been planted at that time. Likes and dislikes are holy learning, and there is nowhere to welcome Qianyuan." The master said: "If I teach this study in the future, I don't know what to say 'follow it likes and dislikes'." Fu Ying said: "It is true. After reading Mr.'s "Preface to the Ancient Book of the University", I don't know what it is talking about. When I came to listen to the lecture, I knew the general idea." When Jiuchuan was about to return home from Qianzhou, he wrote a poem to bid farewell to his husband: "What is a good conscience is a lot of knowledge, and the roots of the wonderful harmony have been planted at that time. Likes and dislikes are sacred, and there is nowhere to welcome Qianyuan." After reading it, the master said: "If you haven't come here to talk about conscience, you won't understand what 'likes and dislikes follow it' is what you follow." Fu Ying, who was present at the side, said: "It is indeed the case. I once read Mr. "The Preface to the Ancient Book of the University", but I didn't understand what it was talking about. After listening to the lecture for a while, I finally understood the general meaning." When Chen Jiuchuan left Qianzhou (Ganzhou), he wrote a farewell poem to Mr. Wang Yangming. This poem is his own understanding of Mr. Yangming's studies. Yu Zhong and Guoshang serve food together. The master said: "Every diet is just to nourish my body. After eating, I have to digest it. If it is accumulated in the stomach, it will become a lump. How can I grow skin? The scholars of later generations are well-informed and knowledgeable. If it stays in the chest, it will hurt the disease of food." and also." Yu Zhong, Guoshang and others accompanied the husband to dinner. The master said: "Eating is only to nourish our body, and we must be able to digest it. If we just accumulate food in the stomach, it will become a disease. How can we nourish the body? The scholars of later generations are knowledgeable and knowledgeable. In the chest, they are all suffering from the disease of eating and not digesting." Wang Yangming advocated that those who learn to acquire conscience participate in various affairs and practical activities of learning. If knowledge and action are separated, it will inevitably cause a "disease of food injury" in knowledge, just like a person who eats too much and does not digest it. The master said: "Sages are also 'learned', and everyone is also 'born to know'." Asked: "How?" Said: "Everyone has this kind of conscience. The sage just preserves it. He has no obstacles. He is conscientious and diligent. He is winged and winged. The child, all have this knowledge, but there are many obstacles, but the knowledge of the original body is difficult to disappear, even if you ask about learning and restraining, you can only rely on him, but the number of points you learn is more, so it is called "learning knowledge and benefiting action." The Master said: "The sage also knows it by learning, and the ordinary people also know it by birth." Jiu Chuan asked: "Why do you say that?" The teacher said: "Everyone is born with conscience. A sage is only preserved so that he will not be obscured. He is conscientious and diligent. Naturally, conscience will not stop. This is also learning. It's just that there are more elements of 'knowledge', so称生知安行。普通人在还是孩子时也都完全具备良知，只是障蔽多了一些，可他的根本良知是不会泯灭的，即便求学克制，也只是依循良知。只是学知的成分多，所以说普通人是学知利行。” 阳明曾多次将孔子所区分的“生知者”和“学知者”从实践的角度合并为一，认为“生知”与“学知”并非是圣人与凡人的本体上的区别，而只是人成圣的天资限制的大与小。因此，圣人可以是学而知之者，凡人亦可以是生而知之者。这种圣凡平等观是难能可贵的。