Chapter 10 Historical Records

One hundred and thirty chapters of "Historical Records" were written by Sima Qian, the Taishi Ling of the Han Dynasty.Qian Zichang, (see Yang Xiong's "Fayan" and Wang Chong's "Lunheng".) Zuo Fengyi, a native of Xiayang, (according to the "Preface" "Sima's family entered Shaoliang", the case is pushed to Han.) Today's Shaanxi Hancheng County of the same state also.Sima's family history of the Zhou Dynasty, moved to his father's talk, and took Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Jianyuan Yuanfeng as the Taishi Order.Talk about death, move to attack officials.The year of birth and death is not found in "Taishi Gong's Preface" and "Han Shu Sima Qian Biography", but according to "Preface" it says: "It is the fifth year of Taishi Ling and the first year of Taichu." Zhang Shoujie's "Justice" says: "The case moved I am forty-two years old." Based on this calculation, Zhiqian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing's Zhongyuan (145 BC).My father talked about learning from the heavenly officials in the capital of the Tang Dynasty, receiving the "Yi" from Yang He, and learning Taoism from Huang Zi.Everyone passed on his knowledge.He moved and accepted Kong Anguozhi's "Shangshu", and heard "Spring and Autumn" from Dong Zhongshu.He likes to travel and has traveled all over the world. The places he traveled can be seen in this book as follows:

"Five Emperors Benji": "Yuchang went to Kongtong in the west, Zhuolu in the north, the sea in the east, and the Jianghuai in the south." "Book of Hequ": "Yu Nan climbed Lushan Mountain, watched Yu and dredged the Jiujiang River, then went to Kuaiji and Dahuang, went to Gusu, and looked at the five lakes. In the east, I saw the Dapi of Luorui, went to Huaisi along the river, and helped the Luoqu Canal in the west. Looking at Minshan and Lidu in Shu, from Longmen to Shuofang in the north." "Qi Taigong's Family": "I am suitable for Qi, from Langye, which belongs to Mount Tai, to the north by the sea, with fertile soil for more than two thousand miles."

"Wei Shijia": "I am from the ruins of Daliang." "The Family of Confucius": "Yu Shilu, Guan Zhongni Temple." "Biography of Boyi": "Yu climbed Jishan Mountain, and there was Xu Youzhong cloud on it." "Biography of Meng Changjun": "I have tasted Xue, and there are many violent Jie children in his vulgar house, like Zou and Lu Shu." "Biography of Lord Xinling": "I passed the ruins of Daliang, and asked about the so-called barbarian gate. The barbarian gate is the east gate of the city." "Biography of Chunshenjun": "I am suitable for Chu, and it is very prosperous to see the palaces of Chunshenjun's old city!"

"Qu Yuan Jia Sheng Biography": "Yu Shi Changsha, watching Qu Yuan from Shenyuan." "Biographies of Meng Tian": "I went to the north, and returned from the straight road. I went to see Meng Tian and took it as the pavilion of the Great Wall built by Qin Dynasty." "Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin": "I am like Huaiyin, and the people of Huaiyin are Yu Yan Han Xin." "Yu looks at his mother's tomb." "Biography of Fan Li and Teng Guan": "I am Shi Fengfeng, I asked his elders, and watched the tombs of Xiao, Cao, Fan Kuai, and Teng Gong."

"Tai Shi Gong's Preface": "At twenty, I traveled south to the river and Huai River, went to Kuaiji, explored the Yu cave, peeked at nine doubts, and floated in Yuan and Xiang. Wen and Si in the north, lectured on the capitals of Qi and Lu, and watched Confucius's life. Remains, the hometown shoots Zou and Yi. It is trapped in Po, Xue, and Pengcheng, and it passes through Liang and Chu to return." "The envoys went west to Ba and the south of Shu, and south to Qiong, Ruo, and Kunming." We try to get a map, according to the current location, Shi Zhu line, to examine the travel traces, then we know that the territory of the whole Han Dynasty at that time, except for the Xinkai counties of Korea, Hexi, and Lingnan, has been experienced almost everywhere.He moved to be a doctor at the beginning of the year, and his stepfather was appointed as the Taishi Ling, so he was called to revise the Taichu calendar.From the proposal to the promulgation, all moved to the master; the beginning and the end are detailed in "Han Shu Lv Li Zhi".After completing the history study, he is engaged in history writing.Before the history was completed, he was convicted and sent to Jamsil because he wrote a letter to save Li Ling.It's the order of Zhongshu, respect and favor.There is no test for the year of his death, but most of them were in the last years of Emperor Wu.Today, according to Wang Jing'an (Guowei)'s "Crafts on the Years of Taishi Gong", a brief history of his career is as follows:

It was relocated in 145 BC (the fifth year of Emperor Jing's Zhongyuan period). 140 BC (the first year of Emperor Wu Jianyuan) was six years old. In the first 136 years (the fifth year of Jianyuan), he was ten years old, and the preface said: "When you are ten years old, you will recite ancient prose." He was twelve years old in the first three four (the first year of Yuanguang). Eighteen years ago (the first year of Yuanshuo). Twenty years old in the first 126 (the third year of Yuanshuo).The preface says: "When I was twenty, I traveled south to the Jianghuai River,... I crossed Liang and Chu and returned." (See above for the full text.) The record may not be more than one year, but the most important thing is to travel and study from the age of twenty.

He was twenty-four years old in the first year of the first year (the first year of Yuanshou). The events recorded in "Historical Records" ended in this year.Explain in detail. 116 years ago (the first year of Yuan Ding) was thirty years old. "Preface" says: "So he moved to become a doctor." There is no test for his age, and it was probably between Yuanshou and Yuanding. Thirty-six years old in 110 BC (the first year of Yuanfeng). "Preface" says: "I was sent to conquer Ba and Shu in the west, and I also reported my life. This year, the emperor began to establish the seal of the Han family." He moved back to Zinan, and saw his father talking between the river and the Huaihe River.Soon, talk about death.His will made him move to write history.

Thirty-eight years old in the first 108 years (Yuanfeng three years).It began as Taishi Ling. "Preface" says: Taishi Gong "died at the age of three, and moved to Taishi Ling, the book of the Shishi Jinkui in Shiji". 104 years ago (the first year of Taichu) was forty-two years old.According to "Han Shu Lu Li Zhi", in the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Sima Qian and others said that the calendar should be abolished, and it should be corrected. It was ordered that next year be the first year of Taichu, and ordered Qian and others to create the Han calendar, and Deng Ping and the folks were selected. More than 20 people who ruled the calendar participated in the matter.At the end of the matter, the eighty-one calendar created by the imperial edict was moved, which is the so-called Taichu calendar.For the career of his life and the contribution of making calendars, Gaia is in the history of cloud.

"Historical Records" is based on the draft of this year. "Preface" says: "Five years (five years after Taishi's order.) And it was the first year of Taichu.... Taishi Gong said: "Confucius is five hundred years old after his death... How dare the boy let him go... So the discussion Next to the text...'" 100 years ago (the first year of the Tianhan Dynasty) was forty-six years old. Forty-eight years old in the first ninety-eight years (the third year of Tianhan Dynasty).He was sent to prison and sentenced. "Preface" says: "Seven years later, Tai Shigong suffered from Li Ling's misfortune, and he was secluded in prison." Xu Guang noted: "Three years of Tianhan." , in the second year of the Tianhan Dynasty.) At that time, the "Historical Records" had not yet been written, so "Bao Ren An Shu" said: "The revolution has not been completed, and this disaster will happen. It is a pity that it will not be completed, so the capital punishment will be used without embarrassment."

Fifty years old in the first ninety-six years (the first year of Taishi). The biography of "Hanshu" says: "After Qian was sentenced, he served as the order of Zhongshu and respected favors." It should be in this few years. Fifty-three years old in the first ninety-three years (the fourth year of Taishi).This year, Ren Anshu, the governor of Yizhou, was reported.See the biography of "Han Shu" in the book, which does not specify the year and month, but there is a saying in the book that "Huidong came from above", and there is also a saying "She followed the moon and chased Jidong, and the servant and Bo came from Shangyong".Examination of "Hanshu · Emperor Wuji" "It's March in spring, and I was lucky to travel to Mount Tai. In April, I was lucky. In May, I was lucky to build Zhang Palace." That is the so-called "from the east".Also: "December in winter, Xingyong, five temples." This is the so-called "Ji Dong from Shangyong".It is known that newspapers and books are in this year.When he moved, he was an eunuch, so he must act as a servant every time he goes out.

Fifty-four years old in the first ninety-two (the first year of Zhenghe). If he was still alive in the first eight or eight years (the first year of the later Yuan Dynasty), he would be fifty-eight years old.Emperor Wu died next year.There is absolutely no test for the year of the death.However, according to the "Han Shu·Xuan Di Ji", it is recorded that Emperor Wu sent envoys to kill all the prisoners in Chang'an in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty.In the case of "Continued Hanshu·Baiguan Zhi", it is known that the inner Ye Zhe Ling is the Zhong Shu Ye Zhe Ling, that is, the Zhong Shu Ling.However, Shi Qian is no longer in Zhongshu, and he will die in the future.About the time of the move, it was always the same as Emperor Wu. The name of "Historical Records" is not the original name of Qianshu.It can be seen in "Han Shu", "Yi Wen Zhi" said Liu Xin's "Qi Lue" as "Tai Shi Gong Hundred and Thirty Chapters"; 6) The same; "Xuanyuan Liuwang Zhuan" is called "Taishi Gongshu", Ban Biao's "Luelun" and Wang Chong's "Lunheng" are the same; and "Customs" (Volume 2) may be called "Taishiji".It is known that there was no famous person who moved the book as "Historical Records" in the Han Dynasty.The name of "Historical Records" in this book is commonly seen: (1) "Zhou Benji" says: "Taishi Boyang reads Shiji." (2) "Chronicles of the Twelve Princes" says: "Confucius discusses old news about historical records." (3) ) "The Chronicle of the Twelve Princes" says: "Zuoqiu Ming has commented on his words because of the historical records of Confucius." "Guo Biao" says: "Historical Records are only stored in the Zhou Dynasty." (6) "Tianguanshu" says: "Yu Guan Shiji Examines Things." (7) "Confucius Family" says: "It is because of Lu Shiji that "Spring and Autumn" was written. "(8) "Tai Shi Gong's Preface" says: "The Book of the Shi Shi Ji Jin Kui." All refer to ancient history. The name "Historical Records" originated in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is actually the provincial name of "Tai Shi Gong Ji". The raw materials on which "Historical Records" is based, according to Ban Biao's "Luelun", are (1) "Zuo Zhuan", (2) "Guoyu", (3) "Shiben", (4) "Warring States Policy", (5) ) Lu Jia's "Chu Han Chunqiu".In this test book, the self-reported materials are as follows: "The Chronicle of the Five Emperors": "I watch "Spring and Autumn" and "Mandarin". "Yin Benji": "Since Cheng Tang, it has been collected from "Poetry"." "The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang": "I read Qin Ji." "The Benji of Xiaowu": "Yu studied the words of alchemists and temple officials." "Three Generations of History": "I read the espionage records and read their calendars." "Chronology of the Twelve Princes": "Tai Shigong read "The Spy of the Spring and Autumn Calendar." "Qin Ji does not record the sun and the moon, and its text does not." What I heard is the end of prosperity." "Wu Taibo's Family": "I have read the ancient text of "Spring and Autumn"." "The Family of Uncle Wei Kang": "Yu read the words of the family." "Biography of Boyi": "Scholars have written a lot of books, but they still test their beliefs in the six arts." "Guan Yan's Biography": "I read Guan's "Shepherds", "Shan Gao", "Riding a Horse", "Severity", "Nine Houses" and "Yanzi Chunqiu"." "Biographies of Sima Rangju": "I have read "Sima's Art of War"." "Biography of Sun Wu": "The thirteen chapters of "Sun Tzu" and "Wu Qi's Art of War", there are many in the world." "Biographies of Zhongni's Disciples": "Take all the disciples' questions and make them into chapters." "Biography of Mencius and Xunqing": "I have read the books of Mencius." "From Mencius to Yuzi, there are many books in the world." "Shang Yang Biography": "Yu Chang read Shang Jun's Kaisai Geng War Book." "The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng": "I have read "Li Sao" and "Ai Ying"." "Li Sheng Lu Jia Biography": "I read Lu Sheng's "Xinyu" book." "Biography of Scholars": "Yu read meritorious decrees." In addition to the five books cited by Ban Biao, the main materials collected by Shigong are: (1) Six Arts, (2) Qin Shiji, (3) Spy Records (or "Shiben"), (4) extant books written by philosophers , (5) Gongling official documents, (6) Fang Shiyan; and the annihilation of the "Historical Records of the Princes" after the Qin fire, Shigong is the one who feels the most pain. Historical materials of public historians are mostly interviewed on the spot, and you can see the travels listed in the previous article.In each chapter, there are still those who have personally seen and heard as follows: "The Benji of Xiang Yu": "I heard about Zhou Sheng." "Zhao Shijia": "I heard about Feng Wangsun." "Wei Shijia": "I was born in the ruins of Daliang, and the people in the ruins said." "Biography of Huaiyin Hou": "I am like Huaiyin, and the people of Huaiyin are more than words." "Biography of Fan Lijiang Teng": "Yu traveled widely with him, saying that the prosperity of the heroes of the ancestors was like this." "Feng Tang Biography": "Tang Zisui and Yu Shan." "Biography of Han Changru": "Yu and Hu Sui ruled the calendar, and observed the meaning of Han Changru." "Biography of General Li": "When I look at General Li, I am as humble as I am." "Biography of General Wei's Hussars": "Su Jianyu said." "Biography of Rangers": "From my perspective, Guo Xie's appearance is not as good as that of a middle-aged man." All of these are "Historical Records" mostly obtained from evidence other than those recorded in books. "Historical Records" is of course the first history book in China, but what we should pay attention to the most is that "making history for the sake of making history" is just a new concept of modern historians; since ancient historians made history, most of them had a "super-historical" purpose , and borrow historical events as its means.This is true in the old history of all countries, but China is especially true.The "Spring and Autumn Annals" written by Confucius looks like a 240-year history on the surface, but it actually contains countless "subtle words and great meanings", so later generations of scholars do not call it history but call it classics.Sima Qianshi was a disciple of Dong Zhongshu, a master of the Spring and Autumn Family at that time, and his work "Historical Records" was better than "Spring and Autumn", so his "Preface" first quoted Zhongshu's words from Confucius: It’s clear what you do.” It means: I have various ideals, and I will save the world by enlightening the people, but it’s hard to be vigilant when I talk about it out of thin air, so it’s better to use ready-made historical facts as a topic to make readers more interested Kindness is ambiguous. Since the purport of "Spring and Autumn" is the same, it can be seen from the "Historical Records" of "Spring and Autumn".So Qian's "Bao Ren An Shu" said: "I want to study the time between heaven and man, understand the changes of the past and the present, and form a family statement." Hundreds of miscellaneous languages, hidden in famous mountains, deputy in the capital, for future generations of sages and gentlemen." From this point of view, the biggest purpose of his writing is to publish Sima's "words of a family", "Xunzi" written by Xunqing, and "Xunzi" written by Dong Sheng "Spring and Autumn Fanlu" has the same nature.However, his "words of a family" are expressed in the form of history.Therefore, those who only read "Historical Records" with the concept of modern history are not able to understand "Historical Records". But "Historical Records" no longer has historical value?Yes or no.According to the "Preface": "Sima's World Classics and Zhou History." Ancient academics were exclusive to the government, and historians were especially deep.Tan, moved his father and son into the Han Dynasty, and kept his business for the rest of the world. "Preface" says: "In a hundred years, the world's posthumous writings and ancient events have been collected forever; Tai Shigong still father and son continued to compile their duties." Gai was qualified to be a history at that time, as he moved his father and son.Therefore, it is said that at the end of life, he took responsibility for moving, and moving also resolutely took responsibility for himself.The achievements of previous historians' writings cannot be exhausted today.From the perspective of the few existing ancient histories, most of them are fragmented miscellaneous records, or compiled according to the year and month.It came out of its own accord, and after some organization, it first determined the scale of the whole book, and then controlled it to obtain various materials, which has never existed before.Yes, since the book was moved. "Preface" says: "Yu's so-called storytelling is neat and handed down from generation to generation, not so-called writing." This is moved from Qian Yuner.Can Shi An create it out of thin air?There is no reason to give up "statement".The only duty of historians is to "order their inheritance". "Neatness" is the creation of historians.Whether it can be "tidy" depends on the person's knowledge and genius.Tai Shigong knows the necessity of tidiness, knows why it is tidy, and can realize the ideal of tidiness, so Tai Shigong is the number one creator in the history world. The main points of the creation of "Historical Records", as far as I can see, are as follows: One, it is character-centered.Is history made of circumstances?Made up of characters?This is a question that has been litigated for many generations in history.As far as we can see, although the two forces are indisputable, the function of human mental development is definitely too heavy.Chinese historians pay the most attention to this, and it is actually published by Tai Shigong.There are one hundred and thirty chapters in his books, except for ten tables and eight books, the rest are all personal biographies, which is not the same genre in foreign history and past ancient books.It is its shortcoming that the collection of countless personal biographies forms a history, which turns out to be the history of people rather than the history of society; however, for the main characters who can initiate social events, each of them leaves a more detailed face image for later transmission. Director also.Regardless of the gains and losses of the right and wrong, what is important is the creation of Tai Shigong. Second, the whole concept of history.The history of the past, or the related documents of one event—such as "Shangshu", or the records of various places—such as "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy", or the records of an era—such as "Spring and Autumn" and " "Zuo Zhuan"; "Historical Records" cites the total activities of all human beings known at that time for thousands of years since the beginning of civilization.This concept could not have occurred until after the unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the culture had developed to a certain extent; and the Tai Shi Gong came into being, and the "Historical Records" was actually the founder of the general history of China.From Ban Gu down, this meaning is absurd!Therefore, Zheng Yuzhong (Qiao) and Zhang Shizhai (Xuecheng) vigorously said that the "dating history" after the "Han Shu" was inappropriate. The above two items are ideal aspects. Third, the complexity of the organization and its connections. "Historical Records" is organized by twelve records, ten tables, eight books, thirty families, and seventy biographies.A part of his century and aristocratic families are chronicles, which are used to determine the relationship between time; his biographies are records of people, implementing his spirit of taking people as the main body of history; his books are descriptions of natural phenomena and social systems, and "human history" Phase adjustment; the inside and outside are excellent, especially in the ten table.According to Huan Tan's "Xin Lun", it is said that it "walks sideways and obliquely upwards and imitates "Zhou Pu"", or it is unknown whether there was such a system before.However, the division and combination of each table always shows the dismal management of the historians.Since the table method is established, the text can save a lot of trouble, and the context of the matter is also clear. "Historical Records" composes the whole book with these four parts, which coordinate with each other and keep in touch with each other, thus forming a broad and rigorous work.Although there may be increases and decreases among the Biaozhi sects for the later generations of historians, the general organization cannot exceed its scope. It can be seen that Shigong's creative power is majestic and can cover the ages. Fourth, the narration is concise and wonderful.The biographies of the history of later generations mostly borrow history to pass on to others; the biographies of "Historical Records" only borrow the history of Ming Dynasty from others, so there are few people who have no great relationship with society.On the other hand, the people who set up biographies are not limited to politics, and all undertakings related to various parts of society are represented by biographies.As far as the writing is concerned, each narration can bring out his face vividly.And extremely complicated matters - such as "Huozhi Biography", "Xiongnu Biography", "Southwestern Yi Biography", etc., can be analyzed in an orderly manner, meticulous and clear, and its talent is unmatched. The last two items are about technical aspects. The value of "Historical Records" has long been recognized by the academic circles.Our praises are suitable for superfluous words, but it is better to attack their shortcomings, and they are still among the loyal officials of Shi Gong.Let me describe these four items today, and express my admiration to Yuner. Nine of the existing ancient books are not what they really are, and it is enough to mislead people unless they have made a lot of effort to sort them out and believe them rashly.However, the difficulty of sorting out is almost no worse than that of "Historical Records".If you want to do research today, there are two first questions: first, whether the "Historical Records" has been written; Has "Historical Records" been written?According to the "Preface", there are one hundred and thirty chapters, which seem to have been determined by Shi Gong, so this problem has never happened in two thousand years.However, according to "Han Shu Sima Qian Biography" has said: "Ten articles are recorded but not book." "Later Han Shu Ban Biao Biography" also said: "Ten articles are missing." It is believed that after the completion of the book, it will be lost.If I examine Shi Gong's almanac carefully, there is no doubt about it. "Bao Ren An Shu" self-reported the current events of being imprisoned: "If the initial creation is not completed, it will suffer from this disaster. It is a pity that it will not be completed, so the death penalty will not be embarrassing." It is known that the book was not completed at the time, and it was three years in the Tianhan Dynasty.Since then, he went to the post of Taishiling and became the Zhongshuling, "The Collection of the Golden Chamber and Stone Chamber", and he can no longer read it as freely as before.He is also close to the respect and favor, and every time he has the luck of patrolling, he will never fail to follow.According to "Han Shu Wudi Ji": "In the second year of Taishi, the first month, I traveled back to the middle and climbed Longshou. In the third year, the first month, I traveled to Ganquan. In May, I traveled to the East China Sea to Langxie into a mountain, and climbed the bouquet. Winter Naigui. In March of the fourth year, I traveled to Mount Tai. In April, I was lucky. In December, I traveled to Yong, west to the north of Anding." These are all current events in the official history of the official history. Counting years, almost all the people who can live in the capital and engage in writing In a few days, the so-called "death will be exhausted in no time" in "Bao Ren An Shu" is true. "Bao Ren An Shu" has been determined to be written in the winter of the fourth year of Taishi. Playing with its tone, history has not yet been completed.Yun: "Pu Cheng has written this book, and he will pay for his previous humiliation. Even if he is killed, how can he regret it?" But I don’t know where it’s going. Every time I think about this shame, I’m sweating and my clothes are stained on my back.” The book is not completed, but the previous humiliation has not been repaid.In the second year, witches and Gu are difficult to do, and the survival of Shigong is no longer testable.However, it is unknown if the book was not completed and the aspirations were lost.If you believe this, then there are missing chapters in "Historical Records", not because they were lost but because they were originally missing.Today's book is one hundred and thirty chapters, and there is nothing owed. Is it because the old book was moved?No? What year is the final limit for the events recorded in "Historical Records"?According to the "Preface": "Those who tell the past and think about the future, they have described since the Tao and Tang Dynasties, as far as Linzhi." , down to Linzhi, just like "Spring and Autumn" ending at Huolin." "Hanshu Yangxiong Biography" says: "Tai Shigong records the six kingdoms, Chu and Han, and Linzhi." "Later Hanshu Banbiao "Biography" says: "Sima Qian, the commander of the Taishi, started from the Yellow Emperor and went down to Huolin. He wrote this Ji, family, biographies, books, and lists, all of which are 130 articles." "Yang Xiong Biography" was written by Xiong himself, and all the books of Ban Biao were collected. "Biography of Ban Biao" was written by Ban Gu, and all of the books of Fan Biao were collected.) The word "Linzhi" is almost an iron case.Case Wudi Huolin, in the winter and October of the first year of Yuanshou (122 BC).Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn", which ended in the 14th year of Duke Ai of Lu's hunting in the west, and "Historical Records" stole the comparison with "Spring and Autumn".However, the "Benji of Emperor Wudi" should be narrated until October of the first year of Yuanshou, and the chronology, family, and biographies are said to be true.All records after this year are not in the original text, and this standard should be the most credible one. Although, there are many things after the first year of Yuanshou recorded in this book, and there are different opinions on the number of years.The difference in the number of years is as follows: One, it is said at the beginning. The last paragraph of "Tai Shi Gong's Preface" says: "Yu Shuli has been from the Yellow Emperor to Taichu." "Hanshu Xuzhuan" says: "After Taichu, it will not be recorded." 101 B.C.), 22 years beyond the limit of Linzhi. Second, according to Tianhan. "Hanshu Sima Qian's Biography" praised: "Recount the "Chu Han Chunqiu", follow the subsequent events, and end in Tianhan."After Tianhan took Taichu, every four years, if it ended in Tianhan four years (97 BC), it would exceed the limit of Linzhi for 26 years. Three, said at the end of Emperor Wuwu. "Chronology of Marquis since Jianyuan" is attached at the end: "Mr. Chu said: Tai Shigong's records are all at the end of Emperor Wu." , it will exceed the limit of Linzhi for thirty-six years. The second and third dissents above come from later generations, and they will be ignored for the time being.However, the first heterodoxy, the end of the Taichu, comes from the "Preface" together with the words of the end of Linzhi.In one article, the contradiction so far is really confusing.Check the words "Qunlinzhi", and in the main text of the preface to the "Self Preface", the words "Qitaichu" are appended to the small preface, and the style is abrupt and unsightly.In addition, the entire biography of "Han Shu" records "Zi preface" without including this line. It seems that the original "Zi preface" seen by Ban Gu does not have this word.Heng used Shi Gong to compare the original meaning of "Spring and Autumn", so it is appropriate to use "Lin Zhi" as the judgment.But the affairs of Taichu and Tianhan are still seen by Shi Gong.Today's "Historical Records" is not only full of chapters about Taichu and Tianhan, but also records the funeral of Emperor Wu.Such as: First, "The Legend of the Cool Officials" records: "Du Zhou arrested and ruled the disciples of Sang Hongyang and Kun." The incident took place between Emperor Zhao Yuanfeng (80-75 BC), six to twelve years after Emperor Wu's death. Second, "The Family of the Kings of Chu and Yuan" says: "In the second year of the Dijie, the middleman wrote to the king of Chu for rebellion." 3. "Qi Mourning the Family of King Huihui" contains: "In the first three years of founding, King Jing of Chengyang died. In the same year, King of Puchuan died horizontally." In the first three years of Emperor Cheng's founding (30 BC), it was fifty-seven years since the death of Emperor Wu . Fourth, in the "List of Generals and Famous Ministers", Emperor Wu followed up with the four emperors Zhao, Xuan, Yuan, and Cheng until the first year of Hongjia.The first year of Emperor Cheng Hongjia (20 BC), sixty-seven years after the death of Emperor Wu. The above is just a few examples. The events of Zhao, Xuan, Yuan, and Cheng recorded in the book are hard to count.No matter how misinterpreted it is, it cannot be said that Tai Shigong and Jian Jianshi and Hongjia current affairs.However, these articles are clearly in the main text of this edition, and if you read them carelessly, you will never be able to distinguish them.Based on these ironclad evidences, we can affirm that the present "Historical Records" is by no means the old one of Shi Gong, and some of it is messed up by later generations. But why does "Historical Records" allow future generations to mess up?A certain part belongs to future generations?There are about three reasons and types: The first category is the author who was originally missing and later made up. "Hanshu Sima Qian Biography" says: "Ten chapters are missing, there are records but no books." Yan Zhu quoted Zhang Yan as saying: "The death of "Jing Ji", "Wu Ji", "Book of Rites", "Book of Music", "Book of War", "Han Xing" Chronology of Generals since then, Biography of the Japanese, Family of the Three Kings, Biography of Gui Ce, Biography of Fu Jin. Mr. Chu filled in the vacancy between Yuan and Cheng, and wrote "Ji Wu Di Ji", "The Family of the Three Kings", and "The Japanese". "Biographies of Gui Ce" has vulgar words, and it's not to change the original meaning." Case: The two biographies of "The Family of Three Kings", "The Japanese" and "Gu Ce" in the current version have Mr. Chu's supplementary text, which is attached after the praise, and Shi Gong's original text , it seems that there is no shortage.If "Wu Di Ji" has Chu supplemented characters but nothing, and its text is separated from "Feng Chan Shu", and the praises are all the same as "Feng Chan Shu", it is not the original civilization.The rest of the chapters cited by Zhang Yan are all extant in today's edition, and their insufficiency is obvious.In addition, "Three Generations List", "Chronology of Marquis since Jianyuan", "Chen She Family", "The Family of Foreign Relatives", "The Family of King Liang Xiao", "Biography of Tian Shu", etc., each has a supplementary text "Mr. Chu said" attached to it. After the praise, there are not only four articles by Chu Buyuan.For example, "Biography of Prime Minister Zhang" has a large supplement after the praise, but there is no "Mr. Chu said", and Mr. Chu is not the only one who knows the supplement.Don't add praise to the latter in the supplementary text, we can recognize it.If, like "Wudiji", the supplementary text is used as the main text, or the supplementary text is not Mr. Chu's old one, how can future generations distinguish it? The second category is those who continue to write. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" follows the "Hundred and Thirty Chapters of Taishigong" (the original name of "Historical Records" is "Taishigongshu"), followed by "Feng Shang's continuation of the seven chapters of Taishigong".Liu Zhiji's "Shitong Zhengshi Pian" says: "The "Historical Records" has passed since the beginning, and it is not recorded. After that, Liu Xiang, Xiang Zixin and other good people such as Feng Shang, Wei Heng, Yang Xiong, Shi Cen, Liang Shen, Si Ren, Jin Feng, Duan Su, Jin Dan, Feng Yan, Wei Rong, Xiao Fen, Liu Xun, etc. wrote sequels one after the other, up to Ai and Pingjian, it is still called "Historical Records." ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty") ·Ban Biao's biography also lists Yang Chengheng and Shi Xiaoshan who continued the "Historical Records". And they still have their old names.That is to say, Ban Biao continued to write dozens of articles, which are only called "Later Biography" (see Biao Biography).Gai from Feng Shang, Liu Xiang to Ban Biao, all intend to follow each time according to the time they established, not as a book.It intercepts the part of "Historical Records" recorded since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, and continues with the parts of Zhao, Xuan, Ai, and Ping to complete the history of the dynasties, starting from Ban Gu. (However, "Hanshu·Gujin Renbiao" shows people from before the Han Dynasty, so its style is still a supplement to "Historical Records".) At that time, there were no printed books, and bamboo slips or silk were used to pass banknotes. Difficult, use it miserly.The continuation of each family, or immediately attached to the original banknote.Even if it is not the case, it is not unreasonable for scholars to combine the continuation with the original in order to save convenience.Therefore, in today's "Historical Records", there must be quite a few people who have written by Feng Shang, Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, etc. in it. In short, if the records of Han affairs in the book are strictly screened, it should be cut off before the first year of Yuanshou; even if it is slightly wider, it can only end at the beginning and end of Taichu.Those who exceed this limit are by no means the old Shi Gong.However, this is still relatively easy to distinguish, and the most difficult ones are: The third category is those who deliberately messed up by later generations.At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, a major public case arose in the academic world, which is called the dispute between modern and ancient prose.The incident was caused by Liu Xindian’s school secretary who claimed to have discovered various ancient scriptures, the main ones being "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan", "Zhou Li" and "Guwen Shangshu". Since then, the teachings of the masters have contradicted each other.There are also various latitude books, all of which originate from self-sorrow and peace, and their absurd words cannot be questioned.After the Eastern Han Dynasty, most scholars believed that these books were ancient books of the pre-Qin period, but modern writers say that they were forged by Jie Xin and his disciples to flatter Wang Mang and help him usurp them.Among them, those most closely related to the issue of "Historical Records" are especially in the two books of "Shangshu" and "Zuo Zhuan".Modern writers call the "Shangshu" as a preparation (meaning that the twenty-eight chapters of the "Shangshu" handed down by the masters in the early Han Dynasty are complete, and there is no such thing as a hundred chapters and the "Book Preface"), and they say that "Zuo Shi" is not handed down to "Chunqiu" "(meaning that "Zuoshi Chunqiu" is "Guoyu", which is purely a history of another line, not a biography of "Spring and Autumn").However, Shi Gong's description of the events before the three dynasties and the Spring and Autumn period should be limited to the twenty-eight chapters of "Shangshu" and the original "Zuoshi Chunqiu"-that is, "Guoyu". Those who open their eyes.Yan Yan had to go to prison for Yu Xin's deliberate disturbance. But it is possible for Xin and others to mess up?Said: Yes.First, according to "Hanshu Wang Mang Biography": "In the first four years of the Yuan Dynasty, there were Yili, ancient books (that is, the ancient "Shangshu"), Mao Shi, Zhou Guan, Erya, astronomy, picture prophecy, Zhonglu, and Yueling. , Art of War, History, and texts, those who inform their meanings are all called busses. There are thousands of them before and after, and they are all ordered to be recorded in the court. They will be ordered to be good, and one to be different." The theory of ancient literature has hit the world since then. service begins.Those who cover these thousands of people are all those who accept the intention of reckless and Xinyi to revise ancient books; and the "Historical Pian" is also among them, so the relocation of books has been ravaged, and it is true.The secretary of Shi Xin's Fang Dian, then he changed it and claimed to be the final version. Who can argue with it?Second, there are sixteen people who continued the "Historical Records", and Xin and Juyi.Although Xin's continuation is not passed on today, he is well-known for his knowledge and knowledge, and his books must be considerable, so Ban Gu's "Hanshu" is rich in it. (Huang Sheng once said in "Xijing Miscellaneous Records Preface": "Ban Gu's "Han Shu" is all based on Liu Xin." Although the words may be too much, there is no doubt that Xin Shu is the most important raw material for Gu Shu.) The current "Historical Records" Since there are many places where later people's supplements and continuations are included in the main text (see the previous article), and there are especially those who have been supplemented by later generations from the "Hanshu" (see below), it is not surprising that some of them are written by Xin. . The first and second categories mentioned above have been researched in detail by the Confucian scholars of Qianjia and Jia in the Qing Dynasty.The third category is my teacher Mr. Kang Nanhai (Youwei)'s "Xin Xue Pseudo-Classical Research" first raised this doubt, and the recent "Historical Records Tan Yuan" written by Cui Zhifu (Shi Ji) made a big reply, although there are some mistakes in it. The place, but roughly cover desirable.Now a brief summary of the theories of various schools to deduce the authenticity of each article is as follows: First, the whole article is supplemented by future generations. The biography of "Hanshu" clearly states: "Ten chapters are missing, there are records but no books." What Ban Gu can't see, how can future generations see it?Therefore, the following ten articles should be considered all false: "The Chronicle of Xiaojing" Zhang Yanyun: "Dead." Sima Zhenyun: "Take the class book to make up." "The Chronicle of Xiaowu" Zhang Yanyun: ""Wu Ji" died, and Mr. Chu made up for it." Sima Zhenyun: "Mr. Chu gathered the events of Emperor Wu to chronicle the year, and now he will supplement it with "Feng Chan Shu", and believe in his talent. Bo Ye." Today's case: This chapter is the second half of "Feng Chan Shu", and it is doubtful that it was done by Mr. Chu.Or Chu Bu also died, and later generations will divide his articles to make up for the number? "Chronology of Generals and Famous Officials Since Han Xing" Zhang Yanyun: "Death." Pei Yiyun: "After the Taishi, later generations will continue." "Book of Rites" Zhang Yanyun: "Death." Sima Zhenyun: "Take Xunqing's "On Rites." "Book of Music" Zhang Yanyun: "Death." Sima Zhenyun: "Take "Book of Rites · Book of Music." "Law Book" Zhang Yanyun: "The "Book of War" is dead." Yan Shigu said: "There is no "Book of War" in the preface." Sima Zhenyun: "The "Book of War" died after it was moved. Chu Shaosun supplemented it with "Book of Law" .” "The Family of Three Kings" Zhang Yanyun: "Death, Mr. Chu supplemented it." Case: The current version is appended with Chu's supplement after the Taishi Gong's praise, but before the praise, three honors are recorded, but in fact both before and after are also Chu's supplement. Zhang Yanyun in "Biography of the Japanese" and "Biography of Gui Ce" said: "Mr. Chu made up for his death." Case: These two articles are very vulgar, and whether they are the original ones of Chu Bu's is not yet believed. "Biography of Fu Jin Kuaicheng" Zhang Yanyun: "Dead." Second, the text of the continuation and the traces of the continuation are easy to see: The end of "Three Generations of History" starts from the following "Master Zhang asked Mr. Chu". The end of the "Biography of Prime Minister Zhang" starts from "there were many prime ministers in the time of Xiaowu". "Tian Shu Biography" ends from "Mr. Chu said" below. The end of the "Biography of the Lord and Father of Pingjin Hou" is from the following "Edict of the Empress Dowager".And from the following "Ban Gu said". "Funny Biographies" at the end of the chapter "Mr. Chu said" below. For each of the above items, the current version of the Hall of Martial Arts has been changed to a lower level for identification. Third, the whole article is suspicious.Ban Gu said that although there are only ten articles that have been recorded but not published, we have learned that "Historical Records" is indeed an unfinished book, or even though it was completed, it was lost.The presumption that the original book has not been completed has been described in detail; that is, the completed part may also be lost.With such a vast book, it is easy to imagine that in the era of extremely difficult biography and writing, it is easy to die. The biography of "Hanshu" says: "After Qian died, his book was published a little bit." Based on this, it seems that some of them have been circulated one after another. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Dou Rong Biography" says: "Guangwu bestowed Rong Yi Taishi Gong "Five Aristocratic Families", "Waiqi Family" and "Biography of Wei Qihou"." Don't write single-line excerpts, there are inherent clear examples.It is also reasonable that some banknotes of each family are missing.To put it simply, since there are ten articles to supplement the original gaps, there can be more than ten articles to fill in the gaps. "Huainanzi" said "drill a hole and a hundred gaps follow", and most of the current "Historical Records" are similar to "Hanshu", but playing with its meaning is like "Historical Records" splitting "Hanshu", which is not "Hanshu" deletes "Historical Records".Cui Shi pointed out that each chapter is as follows: Cui's suspicion of Gu Taiyong, although his words cannot be taken as the essence of the canon, but since he raised questions about these chapters, and he is quite able to say the reason and hold the reason, we should definitely make a deduction and investigation. Fourth, Han affairs after Yuanshou or Taichu were supplemented by later generations and entered the main texts of each chapter.There are many such things in the chronology, family, and biographies, so I won't enumerate them. Fifth, in the main text of each article, Liu Xin deliberately messed up.It is very difficult to distinguish this item, and the key points are as follows: 1. Those who say "Five virtues from beginning to end". "The Chronicle of the Five Emperors", "The Chronicle of the First Emperor of Qin", "The Chronology of the Twelve Princes", "The Biography of Mencius and Xunqing", "The Biography of Zhang Cang" and other chapters. Second, those who say "twelve points of the field". "The Chronicle of the Twelve Princes", "The Family of Qi, Song, and Zheng", "The Biography of Zhang Cang" and other articles. Third, Fanyan's "Guwen Shangshu" and the "Book Preface" mentioned. "Xia, Yin, Zhou Benji", "Qi, Lu, Wei, Song Family" and other chapters. Fourth, those who remember the ancient prose in the early Han Dynasty. "Biography of Scholars", "Biography of Zhang Cang" and other articles. 以上所论关于《史记》真本之种种考证，多来自近人著作而略断以己意，其言颇繁重，或为读者所厌。吾所以不惮烦为此者，欲学者知今本《史记》非尽原文而已。着手读《史记》以前，必须认定此事实，否则必至处处捍格难通也。 读《史记》有二法。一，常识的读法。二，专究的读法。两种读法，有共同之入门准备。 一，先读《太史公自序》及《汉书·司马迁传》，求明了作者年代、性行、经历及全书大概。 二，读《汉书·叙传》论《史记》之部，刘知几《史通》之《六家篇》《二体篇》《正史篇》，郑樵《通志总序》论《史记》之部，《隋书·经籍志》及《四库提要》之史部正史类关于记述《史记》之部分，求略识本书在史学界之位置及价值。 今先论常识的读法。《史记》为正史之祖，为有组织有宗旨之第一部古史书，文章又极优美，二千年来学者家弦户诵，形成国民常识之一部，其地位与六经诸子相并，故凡属学人，必须一读，无可疑者。惟全篇卷帙颇繁，卒业不易，今为节啬日力计，先剔出以下各部分： 一，十《表》但阅序文，表中内容不必详究，但浏览其体例，略比较各表编次方法之异同便得。 二，八本为极重要之部分，惟今所传似非原本，与其读此，不如读《汉书》各志，故可全部从省。 三，《世家》中吴、齐、鲁、管蔡、陈杞、卫、宋、晋、楚、越、郑各篇，原料什九采自《左传》。既读《左传》，则此可省。但战国一部分之世家仍须读，因《战国策》太无系统故。 四，《武帝纪》《日者传》《龟策传》等，已证明为伪书，且芜杂浅俚，自可不读。《扁鹊仓公传》等，似是长编，非定本，一涉猎便足。 以上所甄别，约当今书三分之一，所省精力已不少。其余各部分之读法略举如下： 第一，以研究著述体例及宗旨为目的而读之。《史记》以极复杂之体裁混合组织，而配置极完善，前既言之矣。专就列传一部分论，其对于社会文化确能面面顾及，政治方面代表之人物无论矣，学问、艺术方面，亦盛水不漏。试以刘向《七略》比附之：如《仲尼弟子》《老庄申韩》《孟子荀卿》等传，于先秦学派网罗略具，《儒林传》于秦、汉间学派渊源叙述特详，则《六艺略》《诸子略》之属也；如《司马穰苴》《孙子吴起》等传，则《兵书略》之属也；如《屈原贾生》《司马相如》等传，则《诗赋略》之属也；如《扁鹊仓公传》，则《方技略》之属也；如《龟策》《日者》两传，则《术数略》之属也。又如《货殖传》之注重社会经济，《外戚》《佞幸》两传暗示汉代政治祸机所伏，处处皆具特识。又其篇目排列，亦似有微意。如本纪首唐、虞，世家首吴泰伯，列传首伯夷，皆含有表章让德之意味。此等事前人多已论列，不尽穿凿附会也。 若以此项目的读《史记》，宜提高眼光，鸟瞰全书，不可徒拘拘于寻行数墨，庶几所谓“一家之言”者，可以看出。 第二，以研究古代史迹为目的而读之。《史记》既为最古之通史，欲知古代史迹，总应以之为研究基础。为此项目的而读，宜先用“观大略”的读法，将全篇一气呵成浏览一过。再用自己眼光寻出每个时代之关键要点所在，便专向几个要点有关系之事项，注意精读。如此方能钩元提要，不至泛滥无归。 第三，以研究文章技术为目的而读之。《史记》文章之价值，无论何人当不能否认，且二千年来相承诵习，其语调字法，早已形成文学常识之一部。故专为学文计，亦不能不以此书为基础。学者如以此项目的读《史记》，则宜择其尤为杰作之十数篇精读之。孰为杰作，此凭各人赏会，本难有确定标准。吾生平所最爱读者则以下各篇： 《项羽本纪》《信陵君列传》《廉颇蔺相如列传》《鲁仲连邹阳列传》《淮阴侯列传》《魏其武安侯列传》《李将军列传》《匈奴列传》《货殖列传》《太史公自序》。 上诸篇皆肃括宏深，实叙事文永远之模范。班叔皮称：史公“善序述事理，辩而不华，质而不俚，文质相称，良史之才”。如诸篇者，洵足当之矣。学者宜精读多次，或务成诵，自能契其神味，辞远鄙倍。至如明、清选家最乐道之《伯夷列传》《管晏列传》《屈原贾生列传》等，以吾论之，反是篇中第二等文字耳。 今当继论专究的读法。《史记》为千古不朽之名著，本宜人人共读。徒以去今太远，文义或佶屈难晓；郡国名物等事，世嬗称易，或不审所指；加以传写讹舛，窜乱纷纭，时或使人因疑生蔑，后辈诵习渐希，盖此之由。谓宜悉心整理一番，俾此书尽人乐读。吾夙有志，未能逮也。谨述所怀条理以质当世，有好学者或独力或合作以成之，亦不朽之盛事也。 一，《史记》确有后人续补窜乱之部分，既如前述，宜略以前文所论列为标准，严密考证。凡可疑者，以朱线围之，俾勿与原本相混，庶几渐还史公之真面目。学者欲从事此种研究，可以崔适《史记探源》为主要参考书，而以自己忠实研究的结果下最后之判断。 二，吾辈之重视《史记》，实在其所纪先秦古事。因秦、汉以后事，有完备之《汉书》可读。唐虞、三代、春秋、战国之事，有组织的著述，未或能过《史记》也。而不幸《史记》关于此点，殊不足以餍吾辈所期。后人窜乱之部分无论矣，即其确出史公手者，其所述古史可信之程度，亦远在所述汉事下。此事原不能专怪史公，因远古之史，皆含有半神话的性质，极难辨别，此各国所同，不独我国为然矣。近古——如春秋、战国，资料本尚不少，而秦焚一役，“诸侯史记”荡尽，凭藉缺如，此亦无可如何者。顾吾辈所致憾于史公，不在其搜采之不备，而在其别择之不精。善夫班叔皮之言也：“迁之著作，采获古今，贯穿经传，至广博也。一人之精，文重思烦，故其书刊落不尽，尚有盈辞，多不齐一。”（《后汉书·班彪传》）试将《史记》古史之部分与现存先秦古籍相较，其中芜累诬诞之辞，盖实不少。即本书各篇互相矛盾者，亦所在而有，此非“文重思烦，刊落不尽”之明效耶？然居今日而治古史，则终不能不以《史记》为考证之聚光点。学者如诚忠于史公，谓宜将汉以前之本纪、世家、年表全部磨勘一度。从本书及他书搜集旁证反证，是正其讹谬而汰存其精粹，略用裴注《三国志》之义例，分注于各篇各段之下，庶几乎其有信史矣。学者欲从事此种研究，则梁玉绳《史记志疑》、崔述《考信录》实最重要之参考书；钱大昕《廿二史考异》、王鸣盛《十七史商榷》、赵冀《廿二史劄记》三书中《史记》之部，次之；其余清儒札记、文集中，亦所在多有。然兹事既极繁重，且平决聚讼，殊大非易。成功与否，要视其人之学力及判断何如耳。然有志之青年，固不妨取书中一二篇为研究之尝试；纵令不能得满意之结果，其于治学之方法及德性，所裨已多矣。 三，《史记》之训诂名物，有非今之人所能骤解者，故注释不可少。然旧注非失之太简，即失之太繁，宜或删或补。最好以现今中学学生所难了解者为标准，别作简明之注，再加以章节句读之符号，庶使尽人能读。 四，地理为史迹筋络，而古今地名殊称，直读或不知所在，故宜编一地名检目，古今对照。 五，我国以帝王纪年，极难记忆；春秋、战国间，各国各自纪年，益复杂不易理。宜于十表之外补一大事年表，贯通全书，以西历纪，而附注该事件所属之朝代或国邑、纪年于其下。其时代则从《十二诸侯年表》以共和元年起，盖前乎此者无征也；其事件则以载于本书者为限。 以上五项，为整理《史记》方法之纲要。学者如能循此致力，则可以《史记》之学名其家，而裨益于后进者且不赀矣。至如就《史记》内容分类研究，或比较政治组织，或观察社会状态，则问题甚多，取材各异，在学者自择也。