Chapter 59 The fun of book printing

The fun of book printing The book collection seal stamped on the book by Chinese bibliophiles has the same function as the exlibris attached to the book by Western bibliophiles same.The difference is that the Western-style exlibris is specially designed for one's own book collection. In addition, No other use; no other use.But Chinese bibliophiles sometimes stamp their usual names Seal it on the book, or seal the general calligraphy and painting appreciation stamp on the book, and use it as a book collection seal; however, True book collectors and book lovers must like to engrave one or two seals specially for their collections.

The words and sentences on the chapters cannot be used for the second purpose. This is the real book collection seal. Who is the first Chinese bibliophile to use Zangshuyin?No one can answer this question, and there is no need to answer it. answer.In an age when books were still codex scrolls, the usefulness of a book was almost inseparable from its artistry, Therefore, books, calligraphy, and paintings often become the collection objects of art-loving collectors. If he wants to put a stamp on his collection, "the seal of so-and-so's collection of books", "so-and-so precious

Collection", "Secret Game of a certain person", "Seal of Jinshi Calligraphy and Paintings Collected by a certain person", any party can be engraved on the painting On the scroll, engraved on the ink of Fatie, it can also be engraved on the books in the collection.If he is not a special For collectors who love books, there is really no need to engrave another party's book collection seal.So if you want to go back to China The origin of the book collection seal, we might as well say that the general collector's appreciation seal is its predecessor. Needless to say, in the collection of ancient Chinese calligraphy and paintings, since the emperor's inner palace is the first, it is the first to use

It is also the inner government of the government that uses the collection of books.According to Zhu Xiangxian's "Yin Dian", the book appreciation imprint begins with In the seal of Song Neifu Books.But before Zhao and Song Dynasties, such as Tang Taizong's "Zhenguan" word Lianzhuyin, Xuanzong The word "Kaiyuan" is even printed on pearls, all of which have been used in the books of the imperial government. Although there are no words such as appreciation and collection, This is actually the origin of appreciating seals, and indirectly the earliest book collection seals.Later, such as the Queen Li of the Southern Tang Dynasty

The seal of Jianye's study room, the seal of Song Taizu's secret pavilion seal, and the Xuanhe imperial seal of Huizong are all famous official seals. Home collection of seals.The earliest private ones, such as Su Dongpo's "Zhao Jun Su Shi Tuji" seal, Wang Jinqing's Although "Jinqing Zhenmi" is a general seal of calligraphy and painting collection, it must also be their seal of collection. According to the development process of Chinese seals, the book collection seal engraved specially for book collection must be related to Zhaiguan. At the same time, the seal of the nickname and the so-called Jisong's humorous leisure stamp have evolved from the general book appreciation stamp.

from.It probably started in the Song Dynasty, passed through the Yuan Dynasty, and reached the hands of the scholar-bureaucrats of the Ming Dynasty who loved elegance. Then special development prevailed. Since the Ming Dynasty, there has gradually been a stereotyped printing format for Chinese collections of books, most of which are written as certain collections of books, So-and-so read books, so-and-so hand-edited; there are also those who don’t use their surnames but use the alias of the Zhaiguan, such as the library of a certain library in a certain building; Most of these seals are square or rectangular, and those with more words and sentences are used as the seal of the book collection of a certain family.

If there is a particularly famous bibliophile, it is often enough to stamp the name of his library on the book. To show that it is his collection, such as the famous Jiangyun Tower by Qian Muzhai in the late Ming Dynasty, and the iron piano and bronze sword by the Qu family in Changshu. Buildings, their book collections are only stamped with the numbers "Jiangyun Building" and "Tieqin and Tongjian Building", without names or names. Use the words collection of books.This is because they were famous for their collection of books. When they saw this seal, they knew it was him.

their books. Some bibliophiles, in addition to ordinary book collection seals, prefer to list rare or rare books in their collections. On the books of the Song Dynasty, there are round Zhu inscriptions such as "rare book", "Jia version", "heaven and soil orphan book" and "Song version". The small seals of the Mao family, such as the Jigu Pavilion of the Mao family, the Song House of the Lu family, and the Haiyuan Pavilion of the Yang family of Liaocheng, we can still learn from Such small seals can be seen in the rare Song books in their old collection.

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Wuchake, Haichang, who was famous for his collection of books in Baijinglou, had a collection of books and seals, which was even more special. interest.According to the "Inscriptions and Postscripts on the Collection of Books in Baijinglou", whenever a Chake encounters a rare book, he will not hesitate to buy it with all his pockets.Song Ben Xianchun's "Lin'an Zhi" has ninety-one volumes, "Gan Dao Zhi" has three volumes, and "Chun You Zhi" has six volumes, and then engraved a seal saying: "Hundred volumes of Lin'an annals".Haining Chen Zhongyu once wrote a poem for this matter and said:

"If you lose money, Wu Shi gets a book to praise, and the Tao is Xishi's son who entered the museum. The Song Dynasty has a rough outline, and the scenery of Jiangxiang is complicated. Hua, I care about the complete book of Zhicheng Chengde, and there is another family in my collection. Besides, there is the Jiatai edition of Kuaiji, which is not enough to comfort my life." Although the small seal of Wu Chake's "Hundred Volumes of Lin'an Chronicles" may not necessarily be engraved on the book, it has never been The seal shows one's love for books, which is a different format of book collection.Chinese bibliophiles, borrowed

There are many people who use seals to express their interests, but it is a pity that they all tell their descendants how to keep their suicide notes and not sell them; Or saying that I have worked hard to buy books and don't want to borrow from others, there are very few people who have "a hundred volumes of Lin'an annals". Such fun. Ye Dehui's "Shu Lin Qing Hua" Volume 10 "The Words of the Book Collector's Seal", which compiles the seal texts of ancient and modern books The words are quite detailed.He first quoted a poem written by Du Siam of the Tang Dynasty at the end of his collection of books: "The Qing Dynasty was written by hand, and the descendants read it. It is unfilial to know the sacred teachings and borrow others. According to this matter, see Song Zhouhui's "Qingbo Magazine", which says that the title is in the volume Finally, it should be handwritten rather than imprinted.Also, in Zhao Mengfu's collection of books, there is an inscription at the end of the volume: "My family is a Confucianist, If you work hard to write books, you will leave them to your descendants, what is your ambition? Calf; if you return to another room, you should read the words, take what is not what you have, rather give up." Chen Dengyuan's "Ancient and Modern Classics Collection Sankao cited "Miscellaneous Notes on Exposed Books", mistakenly thinking that it was the imprint of Zhao Wenmin's book collection, but in fact it was also a handwritten question. On the contrary, Mao Zijin of Jigu Pavilion once borrowed these words from Zhao and added a sentence "Zhao Wenmin's official book volume "Mo Yun", a total of fifty-six characters, engraved into a book collection seal, at the end of the volume of "The Fourth Draft of Meiwu" collected by Jiguge There is this Zhu Wenfang seal.Jiang Guangxu's "East Lake Miscellaneous Notes" and Qian Jingshi's "Exposure Book Miscellaneous Notes" both refer to The Mao family engraved Zhao's inscription as a seal, not Zhao's own seal.Prelude to Wu Qian's "Prayer Building" The ninety-one volumes of Song Xianchun's "Lin'an Zhi" in his collection, Wu once engraved the "Hundred Volumes of Lin'an Zhi" "Others" seal to show its dignity, and later belonged to Qiantang Ding's Eight Thousand Volume Building. According to Ding's "Rare Book Room Collection" As recorded in Shuzhi, there is a book collection seal of Wu's worship building on the top of this book, and the text says: "There is nothing to wear in the cold, nothing to eat in the hungry, and books must not be lost for a day. This is the famous saying of the ancients. The elegance of the collection of books in Baijinglou. " It can be seen that Wu cherishes books.As for Haining Chen, who gave each other poems and sang with him for his love of books. Zhongyu, there is a library at the foot of Ziwei mountain.According to "East Lake Miscellaneous Notes", the Chen family has a collection of books and seals, and the text says: "Get This book took a lot of hard work, and future generations will learn from me! "The degree of his love of books is also comparable to Wu's. Most of the other words used in the collection and printing of various bibliophiles that have been recorded in the records are still telling their children and grandchildren to read books and not to read books. There are many sayings that selling books should not be borrowed, and borrowers should return them. For example, Qian Gu's collection of books says: "Hundreds of tricks Searching for books and records is also pedantic, loving and protecting them is the same as Sui Houzhu, if there are fakes, you will be punished by the gods, and if your children and grandchildren don't read it, you are really foolish. "Actually It is too much to curse out.Qi Chengye, a man of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the collection of books in Danshengtang: "The scriptures stored in Danshengtang, The master reads it day and night, and forgets to eat and drink with pleasure.Dianyi Shishu never gave it to future generations but read A Weng addicted, son Sun Yizhi did not lose. "Qi's collection of books has an appointment with Danshengtang, and relatives and friends are allowed to borrow them, but they are not allowed to bring them with them. He was out of the house, so there is no prohibition on borrowing in his book collection. Jiang Guangxu's "East Lake Miscellaneous Notes" records the imprint of Qingpu Wang Chang's book collection, and its wording is more clear than Qian Gu's. Strict, there are actually some words that are not human and out of the clan, Wen Yun: "Twenty thousand volumes are precious books; one thousand books are prepared in gold and stone. Buy and store them. I have worked hard. I hope future generations will work hard to teach Studying; explaining articles, clarifying the meaning; learning allusions, and entertaining; keeping the time neat, not discarding it; if unqualified, dare to discard it; Right and wrong people, dogs and hogs;Shu'an preached admonitions. " Such cruelty is really daunting, and there is no such thing as a book-loving humor.with this For example, there is also the book collection seal of Tang Yaochen in Wanzhushanfang. He refused to lend books to others. Books are not filial", see Fan Shengshan's "Wu Xing Book Collection"; this is not as good as Sun Qing, the author of "Book Collection Minutes". The book collection seal used by Zeng: "The one who wins treasures it", does not lose the true character of a book lover. In fact, it is a very pedantic task to force the descendants to read books or to keep the collections of the ancestors forever. clumsy wish. Zhou Hui, the author of "Qingbo Magazine", once recorded that Shaoqing Chen Ya's family had more than a thousand volumes of books and more than a thousand famous paintings In his later years, he got the double cranes and strange rocks and flowers in Huating. He was afraid that his descendants would not be able to keep them. He wrote a poem saying: "Full room Book Miscellaneous Dian Tomb, Huating Immortal Dai Yungen, if he didn't sell flowers in his year, he would be a good descendant of my family. "result After Shaoqing's death, everything still belongs to others.It can be seen that the ancients have criticized this kind of thinking for a long time.it's better to check Yang Xunji, who was praised in Chubai's "The Story of the Sea of ​​People", saw his old family's collection of books, and most of them were sold or sold for unworthy descendants. Those who offer others as salary, since they are old, will distribute what they have hidden to their relatives. Therefore, it is said: "If a prodigal son and a wife have no more hands, they will also have one." Tao also. "It's much happier to be pessimistic." The Japanese love of books, whether it is expressed in the Western style of bookplates or the Chinese style The stamps on the book collections in China seem to be more humane and interesting than Chinese bibliophiles.Mimura Kiyoyuki Lang Xuan's "Collection of Books and Seals" and "Continued Collection of Books and Seals", Ono Noriaki's "Japanese Collection of Books and Seals", It is extremely impressive to describe the styles of Japanese ancient and modern book collection seals, and to study the origin and changes of Japanese book collectors' seals. Material and fun are extremely rich. Most of the oldest book collections in Japan are found in the collections of ancient temples, such as "Horyuji Temple All Sutras" For Gaoshan Temple, there are only three characters of "Gaoshan Temple" in rectangular Zhuwen, and for Fajie Temple, it is "Dharma Realm". The five characters of "Temple Library" are also rectangular in Zhuwen, which is the later famous rectangular "Jinze Library" collection. The predecessor of Shuyin.The Japanese call books "ben", so the ancient royal family's collection of books, in addition to the general seal, There are two characters "Yuben" on the seal, which means that it is an official collection.Another example is the book collection seal of Hongyeshan Library, Just make the four characters "Hongye Shanben". The interest in books of Japanese bibliophiles, which is reflected in the printing of books, is also similar to that of our Chinese bibliophiles. Generally speaking, I don't like to borrow from others and tell my descendants to keep it and not sell it.It is the Buddhist scriptures of the monastery, in order to guard against being lost, also There is the words "outside the door" printed on the seal of the book collection. But most of them are funnier than us.For example, Suzuki Shirato's book is printed as "Saving a hundred expenses, accumulating over time Zhi", Shihemi'an's "Shihemi'an Donates Clothes and Food Gathering", Chaochuan Shan'an's "Shanan's Thirty Years of Energy Gathering”. There are also those that are especially valuable to all of their own unique and rare books, such as Kojima’s high-quality rare books Printed as "The Amazing Secret Book of Baosutang", "Unparalleled World" by Terada Wangnan, "Tianjie" by Naito Konan Jian Guben", Iwasaki Kanen's "Universe One, Iwasaki must investigate", Morikawa Takesho's "This book does not change prostitutes", They are all very interesting expressions of love for books. Seals with a little more characters, such as the Zhu Wenfang seal of Qingliukan Library, have a total of 18 characters, and the text says "Don't fold corners, don’t curl your brains, don’t smudge with ink, don’t make rats, and don’t spit on the pages.” This is for reading thread-bound books in old days. It was developed out of all the bad habits of the Chinese book collectors, obviously influenced by Chinese bibliophiles.Matsui Rashu, a Confucian scholar in Osaka The book collection and seals are more carefully instructed and have more words.This is a large Zhu Wen Fang Yin, a total of There are nine lines of text, and the text says: "Zhao Ziang Yun, call out, gathering books and collecting books is not an easy task. Those who are good at reading books will learn more about it." Burn incense with your hands, clean the dust with a whisk, don't curl your brains, don't bend corners, don't use claws to infiltrate characters, don't use saliva to peel off, don't use pinching, Don't make a pillow, repair it whenever it is damaged, and cover it whenever it is opened. Those who get my book later will worship and present this method as a gift. "He has another side The seal of the book collection is engraved with four lines of Japanese-style Chinese seven-character poems. It is better to write the words with painstaking efforts, to confine the dust to the poor, and to sell them for people to watch. " My favorite is Hosai Hirosawa's side, which is also Zhu Wen's generous seal. The text says: "A friend asks for a fake copy of calligraphy and painting, but I have never been stingy. However, if you don't return it when you are drowned, it will be a big burden to the old world. Happy, pretending to be a slang poem and engraving it on its head, to tell all friends: Si Weng worked hard to know what is going on, and for the sake of music, he will live for the rest of his life. As a bereaved son, the gentleman begs for leave and Xi Zuxi cherishes it, and it will not be too late for Heen to return the biscuit.In the autumn of Renyin, Guangze Diaoshu Shu, it was sixty and Fives. " Although the poem is not very brilliant, its wit is somewhat similar to Zheng Banqiao's self-titled Runge. Other interesting collection seals seen in "Japanese Collection Seals", as well as Kojima Shangzhi's "Father and son read together in front of the lamp", Takizawa Maqin's "You can read thousands of books if you can't walk ten thousand miles", Ichino Mian "It's okay to exchange wine with your descendants" and Otsuki Panxi's "You don't need to pass on your descendants" are all a little bit romantic chic fun. The concept of preserving books behind the body seen from the book collection seals of Japanese bibliophiles is similar to that of Chinese book collection. The family is almost the same, and they all hope that their children and grandchildren can keep it forever, and never sell it or abandon it.Such as one of Shinkawa Kashima Kiyobei: "Children Yongbao", poet Takezoi Ii's "Ii Layman Appreciating Zisun Yongbao", Sekiba Tadatake's "Zi Sun Baozhi" are all typical styles of this type of book collection seal. As for those with slight changes, such as the name lost One of a certain family: "Written by yourself and corrected, paper fish should be guarded against, not burned or burned, and children and grandchildren will be hidden forever", Kono Tiedou "Clothing and food are expensive, what is saved by hard work, can not be preserved forever, not my descendants", is quite similar to some Chinese bibliophiles "later The concept of "people only think about their old age, but their children and grandchildren will never lose it" is exactly the same. But there are not no philosophical ones, Such as Murata Kiyofuze's "Chapter of Murata's Bunko in Misumi Village of Nagato Country, the collection and distribution will be natural, and it will always be a treasure of the world", Otsuki Panxi's "You don't need descendants if you get it from your own person", and Ichino Mian's "You can exchange wine with descendants" are both I miss the collection of books behind me, but I don't necessarily hope that my descendants will keep them for them. As for the character of Fang Zheng and Geng Jie seen from the seal of the book collection, it should represent the character of Tadamu Sekiba. Fang, in the middle Zhu Wen wrote the five characters "collected by the Guanchang family", with two lines of white text on the left and right, and the right said "loyalty and filial piety to my family's treasure", Zuo said "the field of my family through the history".But I think this is too serious, it is not as good as Ding's eight thousand scrolls. The side of a certain family recorded in the book records: "The clothes are warm, the roots of the vegetables are fragrant, and the taste of reading is long", which is quite similar to that of Chinese Confucianism. The indifferent humor advocated. Finally, I would like to talk about the sealing method of the book collection seal by the way. Western exlibris are pasted on the inside of the cover of the book, that is, the reverse side of the cover, limited to one, most It's posted in the middle, but some people also posted it in the upper left corner. As for our book collection seals, there are many places where a thread-bound book can be stamped, and a collection Calligraphers often have more than one seal for their collection, so the status of the seal is worth considering.former emperor's As usual, the seal of the inner government library collection is stamped in the middle of the first frame of each volume, as we have seen from the shadows. The "Treasure of Qianlong Yulan", "The Treasure of Jiaqing Yulan", "Tianlulin" that are often seen in the four printed series "Lang" and so on, are all like this. This is the emperor's ostentation, and it is useless. The legitimate seal of the book collection The method, the most important one, I think it should be covered under the first side of the text of a book, that is, the author or below the editor's surname, preferably close to the border of the book.Secondly, the last chapter of each volume The lower corner of the page should also be engraved on one side of the scroll.If there are other book collection seals, you may wish to seal them separately in the preface The blank space of the front, back and inner cover frame should always be close to the lower corner.Either wire bound or lead I don't think it's appropriate to put a seal on the cover. If the book has been collected by another family and there are several seals on the first page, then the book in your own collection The seal should be stamped on the top side in order to show the order of collection and circulation.If the lower corner is still empty If it is white, it is still appropriate to seal it in the lower corner. The main book collection seal should be engraved on the first page of this article, because this place is the authenticity of a book. At the beginning, it is not easy to damage or fall off like the inscription, preface, catalog, etc., so it should be engraved here.again, If the margin of the book is particularly wide and the book frame is particularly small, it does not have to be sealed inside the frame, but can also be sealed outside the frame. Of course, there can be more than one seal for collection of books, but if the seal is on the main part of a book, the main one should be used. Fang, and the secondary ones may be engraved at the end of the volume and other suitable places respectively.Even if I have a lot of prints It is not appropriate to engrave all chapters on a book.Whether it is books or inscriptions, calligraphy and paintings, there are too many seals, Not only is it detrimental to the appearance, but it also produces a kind of vulgarity.Only Shujia and antique dealers deliberately get rich Randomly forged collector's seals to dazzle people.Jiang Shaoshu once ridiculed the collection of Ming Dynasty in "Yun Shi Zhai Bi Tan" Xiang Molin likes to stamp stamps randomly on collections. He said it well: "Every time a famous trace is obtained, it is printed with a seal, and it is full of paintings. It is also a disaster for calligraphy and painting. For example, Shi Weiwei, with fine Zhuming Miao, hires a beautiful woman, and other suitable ones, tattoo the face, and tattoo all over the body, so that there is no perfect skin, It is even crueler than Xizi, who was impure." Although he is talking about calligraphy and painting collectors, bibliophiles should also take this as a warning.