Chapter 73 Chapter 72: The Atomic Espionage Case

The atomic bomb did not bolster the self-confidence of America's rulers.On the contrary, they are becoming more and more frightened and jittery, deeply afraid that the Russians will steal the secrets of the atomic bomb, and deeply afraid that the Bolsheviks will use the atomic bomb to destroy "American imperialism."And there are indications that the threat of the Russians and the fear of the Americans are not without reason.It all started even before the United States successfully tested the first atomic bomb. The Bureau of Investigation of the U.S. Department of Justice, established in 1908, expanded into the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1924 and appointed Edgar Hoover as its director. people.On May 22, 1945, the FBI decided to examine the 2 million civil servants and those related to the "Manhattan Project" one by one, from ministers to postmen.More than ten days later, on June 6, the Chinese affairs adviser of the US State Department, Xie Weisi, was first arrested on suspicion of "leaking atomic bomb secrets".The successor, Linde Charles, was Pastor Chalud, who had been in China for a quarter of a century, was imprisoned by the Japanese in a prisoner-of-war camp for nearly four years during World War II, and served as the president of Qilu University for a long time.

In the five years starting from May 1945, the results of the FBI's review of 10,000 "key targets" revealed that 9,077 people were charged, 2,961 people were arraigned, and three One hundred and seventy-eight people were dismissed.Many people lost their jobs or committed suicide as a result. The FBI even accused some senior officials such as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury White as "communist spies", Deputy Secretary of State Acheson and Secretary of Commerce Wallace were involved in the "Soviet spy network", and sent the president's favorite Heath to prison for sentencing five years. The FBI put a large number of social groups on the blacklist for the crime of "affiliated organizations of the Communist Party", and the first batch included more than 90 people; Arrests, mass arrests and trials have almost completely destroyed the American Communist Party...

Even Einstein was blacklisted. The FBI tipped that Einstein had been a member, initiator, or contact with 34 communist organizations since 1937, and he was also the honorary chairman of three communist organizations.The investigation also involved Duca, Einstein's sister, stepdaughter and secretary.The agents blatantly broke into Duka's nephew's house to "collect evidence." The FBI also tried to collude with the Immigration Bureau to "deport" Einstein, but it failed because of Einstein's high reputation. Scientists who had anti-war or anti-nuclear tendencies, and participated in the "Scientists' Uprising" and the "Society of Conscience and Responsibility" were all investigated without exception.Ding Jieqiong was "involved" in this way at first.In addition, she has known Xie Weisi for a long time, has always refused to become an American citizen, and is the only non-British-American citizen in the entire "Manhattan Project"-all these make her "problems" more prominent.Under the strong request of the FBI, General Perry and the base secret service had to use various means to detain the female scientist in Alamos after the end of the "Manhattan Project"...

Olmhos would have been favored by officials.However, his "special relationship" with Ding Jieqiong also caused him trouble. The FBI believes that his nostalgia for the female professor is not just a relationship between a man and a woman, but something else.Sure enough, through in-depth investigation, it was discovered that Olmjos had opposed Franco and supported the Republic as early as 1936 during the Spanish Civil War; When studying abroad and later returning to the United States to teach, he likes to make friends with liberal intellectuals and Communist students... In the free and democratic America, these things are nothing; but in the white terrorist America, it is enough to make Olmhos a "spy suspected".The investigation also found that although he was deeply in love with Ding Jieqiong, he was not faithful to the female scientist and had always maintained an ambiguous relationship with an old lover who lived in San Jose.It is very common for men to play tricks in the United States. The problem is that the woman named Meile has contact with the Soviet Vice Consul in San Francisco...

What made the situation worse was of course Ding Jieqiong's phone call to Professor Ling Yunzhu, and the 187 letters she wrote to Su Guanlan.On the FBI's blacklist, Ling Yunzhu has always been a leftist figure in the Chinese intellectual circles, and may even be a secret member of the Communist Party of China, but Ding Jieqiong actually leaked so many "top secrets" of the United States to him! The FBI has long known from the "habitual" reading of private correspondence that the female professor has a lover in her hometown, but they believe that the relationship between the two is generally not beyond the scope of love between men and women; However, it has formed very systematic nuclear intelligence and national political intelligence; once such information is formed, it may be passed on to the enemy country in some way.The letter also confirmed that Olmhos attempted to provide the enemy of the United States with the secrets of the atomic bomb on the grounds of "forming checks and balances," and that Ding Jieqiong was his accomplice—so with the arrest of the female scientist, Olmhos filed an order in Washington with " "administrative investigation" was deprived of personal liberty.Under the mobilization of the FBI, many people denounced and exposed him.Alan Taylor "stepped forward" and complained angrily: If it weren't for Olmhorse's suppression and making things difficult, the first hydrogen bomb in the United States he presided over the research and design "was successfully tested as early as 1947." !

Although the "criminal attempt" of Olmhos and Ding Jieqiong was discovered, it was only an "attempt" after all.There were no corresponding criminal facts and no actual criminal consequences.There is no way to prove that they did provide the Russians with atomic bomb secrets.The case dragged on for three years, and Olmhos and Ding Jieqiong were also imprisoned for three years.However, three years later, the situation suddenly changed: at 4:00 am on August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested the first atomic bomb code-named "Tekva (Pumpkin)"!Intelligence shows that "Tekwa" is simply a replica of the first atomic bomb in the United States.

"Tekva" was undoubtedly "stolen" from the United States.However, subsequent investigations confirmed that what the Soviet Union "stolen" was not uranium or plutonium as raw materials, but the explosion principle and the entire production process of the atomic bomb. This is even more terrifying!The U.S. government was shocked.However, Ding Jieqiong and Olmhos, who had no personal freedom from June 1945 to August 1949, could not have betrayed their secrets during at least these three years; It turns out that they betrayed their secrets to the Russians.Therefore, the calendar has to be turned forward, and the scope of the investigation of "atomic spies" must be expanded, which should be more "white" and "terrifying"!

It was against this background that Ding Jieqiong was transferred from the Tombs Prison in New York State to the "Alice Garden" under the jurisdiction of the FBI on the twelfth day after the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb was successfully tested.The island has towering ancient trees and an elegant environment.People imprisoned here must have "identities", do not know each other, and have no attempt or possibility of escape.When there are more than two people under house arrest, it is necessary to ensure that they cannot contact each other, and more special agents are deployed for this purpose.Their situation is relatively relaxed, and their living conditions are relatively good; each of them lives alone in a bungalow or small building.They can read newspapers and periodicals, but cannot listen to radio broadcasts or watch television.Because Ding Jieqiong was the only person under house arrest in the past six months, she has more freedom. She can walk around the courtyard of the house where she lives, and sometimes walk around the island at will.Several female agents on the island "served" for her alone.

Hoover seemed more loyal to the United States than the President of the United States.Even the successive presidents have become his surveillance objects.He made harsh criticisms and reports on the president in various ways and on various occasions, and used methods such as wiretapping, tracking and taking pictures to firmly grasp the president's political quality and private life.However, the previous presidents of the United States had so many "handles" to grasp, so they all feared Hoover like a tiger, and had to respect him and pretend to be obedient.Under the pressure of Hoover, President Truman issued a decree in March 1947, forcing government employees and atomic energy workers to fulfill the "Oath of Loyalty" and to implement comprehensive supervision and investigation on them by police agents; The powerful Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was established, and white terror spread across the country.

But the leak of the atomic bomb proves that all this is not enough!So Senator McCarthy jumped out. In February 1950, McCarthy gave a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, and caused a sensation by claiming out of nothing that 205 Communists had infiltrated the State Department.From May 1950, the investigation and arrest of Russian "atomic spies" began to be strengthened.The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 and the tense international situation gave McCarthy more "reasons" to intensify the white terror.In 1951, the countercurrent of "McCarthyism" intensified.With the active cooperation of the FBI and CIA, enlightened people or scientists with even a little personality were persecuted on a large scale.At the end of 1952, McCarthy served as the chairman of the Permanent Investigation Subcommittee under the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, launched a campaign to find "Communist subversives", held hundreds of hearings, and conducted a series of investigations on more than 500 "suspicious persons". Series of communications...

The combination of Hoover and McCarthy was a great success.On the one hand, a large number of innocent people were persecuted, and on the other hand, many Soviet spies were indeed exposed. A large number of facts are shocking!For example, at the "secret, epoch-making and very important" academic conference held in Alamos from late April to early May 1945, Dr. Cross Moyer, who attended the conference, handed over the content of the conference almost immediately after the conference ended. To a Soviet diplomat—and this Moyer was one of twenty-eight British scientists sent to America under the Roosevelt-Churchill agreement to take part in the Manhattan Project.The investigation also found that Moyer turned out to be a member of the German Communist Party. He had fled to the UK to escape the persecution of the Nazis; This last point made Olmhos name Moyer to participate in the "Manhattan Project" and take on important responsibilities, and it is this that made Olmhos "stained" again; From very close", this aggravates the suspicion of female scientists... Cross Moyer also provided the Russians with technical information on the production of uranium 235 by the diffusion method at Base X-the problem is that Moyer himself has never been to Base X.It is Ding Jieqiong who has visited Base X many times and learned about the production process of the diffusion method in detail! Moyer provided intelligence to the Russians several times over a long period of time.It contains the development progress of the uranium bomb and the plutonium bomb, related mathematical calculations and design drawings, the sketch of the implosion device model of the plutonium bomb, the information of two reactors and a plutonium chemical plant, and the details of two kinds of uranium reactors, air-cooled and water-cooled. Comparison and analysis of data, plans to build an isotope separation plant that saves raw materials, a sketch of the general layout of Base Y and the number of employees, a list of scientists and engineers of Base Y, a schematic diagram of the hydrogen bomb principle, and theoretical materials for manufacturing a hydrogen bomb... Among the twenty-eight British scientists among the "atomic spies" exposed were Nan May and Mark, American scientist Burns, and several other scientists and engineers.What is even more frightening is that there are still a few spies who hide deeply, but they have not been able to find out and capture them even though they are sure of their existence... When the Senate Permanent Investigative Committee, the House Un-American Activities Committee, FBI and CIA counterintelligence personnel reviewed the obtained materials, they were all stunned and sweating.It is not at all surprising that the Russians built the atomic bomb so quickly; on the contrary, it would be surprising if they were unable to do so again! As early as 1943, Alan Taylor began to "conceive" the hydrogen bomb.In September 1945, Truman ordered the construction of a facility for the production of new nuclear weapons, including the hydrogen bomb, at Alamos.In 1946, the U.S. government selected Bikini Island, the northernmost island of the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean, as a test site for new nuclear weapons, including hydrogen bombs.On February 1, 1950, Truman officially ordered the building of the hydrogen bomb.On November 1, 1952, the United States successfully tested the first thermonuclear explosive device with an equivalent of 1.04 million tons in Bikini Island, and began to develop a new type of thermonuclear explosive device with an equivalent of tens of millions of tons—— —The reason why they are called "thermonuclear explosive devices" rather than "hydrogen bombs" is because they are too large and heavy to be used in actual combat. However, due to the betrayal of the "atomic spies", the Russians caught up easily.Not only did they create an atomic bomb, intelligence indicates that they may create a "dry" hydrogen bomb for actual combat earlier than the United States! The U.S. government was so angry that it stepped up the trials of the spies and the investigation of the "suspected spies".Cross Moyer has returned to London, where he was arrested by the British government and tried, with his own estimate of the sentence being "death".Several other British and American spies were arrested by the FBI in the United States.Without exception, these spies are all scientists; during their participation in the "Manhattan Project", they lived and worked at the base, with limited freedom, and the only "big city" they could go to was Santa Fe.So, how did the information get to the Russians?After in-depth investigation, the FBI finally captured the most important "atom spy" Julius Rosenberg and his wife Ethel. Rosenberg served in the U.S. Army Communications Corps during World War II, but was later purged for "communist suspicions."He and his wife Ethel established and controlled a spy network that directly served Soviet intelligence agencies.They sent their spies to Santa Fe according to the agreed time, and the spies among the scientists also brought information from Base Y to Santa Fe in the name of "leisure".The two groups of "atomic spies" were handed over here according to the agreed method.This kind of betrayal activity started as early as the establishment of Base Y, and continued until after World War II, and even continued until 1950... Beginning in May 1950, some members of this spy network fled hastily from Mexico, and other members who were exposed were successively arrested by the FBI in the United States.The Rosenbergs were arrested in August 1950.In March 1951, the couple were sentenced to death.The Soviet government launched a campaign to rescue the Rosenbergs. Demonstrations took place in some European countries. The Pope issued a statement requesting pardon for the Rosenbergs; The impartiality of the Rosenbergs was questioned; Einstein wrote to President Truman: "Conscience drives me to try to persuade you to commute the death sentence against the Rosenbergs." More appeals, applications and petitions in solidarity with the Rosenbergs or for a stay of execution.However, in the two years since March 1951, despite the twists and turns in the execution of the death sentence, the death sentence has not been changed.Both the president and the court refused to back down. Prison was imposed on spies, and house arrest was generally imposed on "suspected espionage". The two most eye-catching of "suspected espionage" are undoubtedly Olmhos and Ding Jieqiong.It is not known where Aum was imprisoned and how he was treated; but Ding Jieqiong on Alice Island was constantly being interrogated, cross-examined and "psychological tests". Daily newspapers are delivered by female agent Lolita.She was a mulatto in her thirties, neither tall nor short, moderately fat and thin, and from the skin color, hair and facial features, she might have some Indian blood.Lolita, like the "rhino" at Toombs Prison, gets along well with female scientists.Ding Jieqiong knows that she has a degree in psychology, which is the main reason why the FBI hired her; as long as the "New York Times", "Washington Post" and "Baltimore Sun" have a little something to do with the "Atomic Espionage Case", Luo Li Ta will chat with Ding Jieqiong for a long time, pay attention to capture every slightest expression of Ding Jieqiong.But no matter how hard Lolita tried, she "discovered" nothing. The female scientist has been in Alice Island for nearly four years, and the FBI has been investigating her all-pervasively for nearly four years, but it still cannot prove that she knows the Rosenbergs and others, nor can it prove that Ding Jieqiong knows Cross Moyer and others People's "atomic spy" status, let alone prove that she is their accomplice.In addition, from a "logic" point of view, Ding Jieqiong may also know those spies who have not been identified and captured because they were hidden too deeply, and may know their spies identities for sure, and even...even she herself is a "spy" A spy who hides too deep and has never been identified and captured"!The problem is that all of this failed to find evidence either. Hoover's instructions: Evidence must be found, and evidence must be found! Hoover even gritted his teeth and said that he was so fucking envious of the "orangutan" soldiers in Central and South America and the chiefs in Central Africa who were addicted to human flesh!They can use lynching, torture and execution as they please, there is nothing impossible for them... "Did you hear Hoover himself say that?" Ding Jieqiong asked. "I've never met Hoover. Someone told me." Lolita shook her head. "But as far as we know, he's perfectly capable of saying something like that. It fits his character." "What did Hoover look like?" "Didn't you tell me, I haven't seen him before." "Isn't there a picture of him in the newspaper?" "Perhaps there was a picture of him in the newspapers, but I have no recollection of it." "Has Hoover been to Ellis Island?" "No." "Isn't this place under the jurisdiction of the FBI?" "But it doesn't mean that Hoover himself is in charge." Lolita laughed. "The FBI is too big, and he can't do everything by himself." On the afternoon of June 19, 1953, Lolita delivered the newspaper of the day as usual. It can be seen from recent newspapers that "atomic spies" are often sentenced to long-term imprisonment, with the longest sentence reaching 30 years, which is actually life imprisonment.As for the Rosenbergs who were sentenced to death, their lives have already entered the countdown. On February 26, 1953, the authorities signed an order deciding to execute the Rosenbergs within the second week of March.However, it was decided to postpone the implementation the next day for some reason. On May 25, the U.S. Supreme Court revoked the moratorium.It was decided that the Rosenbergs should be executed at one o'clock in the afternoon on June 18 - which happened to be their fourteenth wedding anniversary. However, on the morning of June 17, the execution was postponed again for some reason. From February 26 to June 17, government representatives have been "bargaining" with the Rosenbergs.It is said that the death penalty of the spy couple can be considered, but only if they "cooperate" with the government.The subtext is obviously: You can confess as much as the government asks you to do.Or: thoroughly expose the conspiracy of the Russians, and let everything be revealed to the world; thoroughly expose your accomplices, so that none of them slip through the net, and all of them will be arrested and brought to justice! The request of government representatives was repeatedly rejected by the Rosenbergs.The couple pleaded not guilty at all.There is another possible reason: they think that even after following the government's requirements, they may not necessarily save their lives. Now, the female scientist took the newspaper from Lolita's hand and asked, "How are the Rosenbergs...how?" The female agent said nothing, but looked at the other party seriously. Ding Jieqiong also glanced at Lolita, and then opened the top newspaper. Report: At the cabinet meeting on June 18, President Eisenhower listened to the report and agreed with the Attorney General's statement: the criminal evidence presented in the case of the Rosenbergs was indeed insufficient; but that was not because the government did not have enough evidence, but It is because such evidence cannot be used at trial. "How horrible, Doctor," Lolita exclaimed. "They could do the same thing to you: the incrimination is insufficient because it cannot be used in a trial." "Hoover said that evidence must be found, and evidence must be found." Ding Jieqiong shook her head, "It's all right now, and there is no need for evidence." Newspaper: After the cabinet meeting, the Supreme Court ruled by six votes to three to revoke the moratorium on the execution. The constitution grants the president the power to pardon.The Rosenbergs have submitted an application for pardon to the President accordingly.But the newspaper carried a presidential statement: "My son is serving on the front line in Korea, along with thousands of other young Americans. What the Rosenbergs did was encourage the Soviets to make the atomic bomb years earlier than expected. The Communists launched this war of aggression, causing more than 50,000 American casualties on the Korean battlefield. What is more serious is that there may be millions of innocent people paying for the betrayal of the Rosenbergs in the days to come. The cost of life..." The "Presidential Statement" appears to be righteous: "Our country is a country ruled by law. The Rosenbergs exercised all the rights of appeal granted to them by law. However, after four retrials up to the Supreme Court, the original judgment was still upheld. As President, I cannot violate legislative principles, cannot betray the trust of the American people, and cannot ignore the fundamental interests of the United States. Therefore, I cannot make this pardon. Otherwise, I would be like the Rosenbergs. betrayal, and a danger to the American people and world peace." "That is to say," Ding Jieqiong said palely.She stared at the newspaper and said to herself, "The Rosenbergs are doomed..." "Oh, doctor, please keep these newspapers carefully." Lolita withdrew her gaze from the female professor's face, and suddenly changed the subject, "You haven't seen a movie since you arrived in Alice Island, have you?" "Not only haven't seen it, I haven't even thought about it." "Tonight, I invite you to watch a movie." "What movie is it, "Negligence"?" "Alice Island will never be 'negligent' for everything!" Lolita laughed, "Well, I will accompany you after dinner."