Chapter 5 The first part is selected from the cultural relics. Section 5. The study of literature and history must be combined with cultural relics (2)

In addition, there are many new and old unearthed objects that are very important, which really deserve the attention of experts and scholars.Objects of the past three hundred years are easy to be damaged and lost, and more attention should be paid to collecting and preserving them separately.This work is not only the responsibility of experts from the Institute of Archeology, Academy of Sciences, but also the common goal of literature and history researchers in comprehensive universities in New China; it is also an important learning object for all art schools to teach art history, practical art form and pattern design.Therefore, I personally think that the Ministry of Higher Education and the Ministry of Culture should consider every university or teacher training college in the country and prepare for the establishment of a cultural relics museum or reference room.Only by using it in conjunction with the library can we solve various problems in research and teaching tomorrow.Whether the new cultural research work can have a brand-new atmosphere depends on the new understanding and attitude towards the research work at the beginning, that is, the new method of learning.That is to say, in terms of the annotations on Mr. Yu and Mr. Song Er (as an example cited by Song Dynasty), there are some things that are still unclear. If you pay attention to the real things, it may be relatively simple. Try to put forward the following things for reference:

The first "head", although there are many citations, still seems to be unresolved.Especially using Zheng Xuan to annotate rituals, there are no practical problems.Because the wraps worn on the head are constantly changing, the Zhou crown is no longer the same as the Han crown, and the lacquered sarong crown of the Northern Dynasty is different from the four-legged Futou of the Tang Dynasty.Mr. Song's method of "annotating books with books" is not clear.If you start from the real thing, it will be easier. "Youth" obviously refers to ordinary people, so it has nothing to do with official uniforms, and attention should be paid to ordinary people.Han tile figurines unearthed in Xishu, Luoyang, and Hebei, Han paintings in Wangdu, Hebei, stone carvings in Yinan, Shandong, Han scripts in Liaoyang, stone carvings in Shandong Han, and coffin carvings of the seventeen filial sons discovered in the past, as well as in painting books. The "Northern Qi School Book Picture", "The Piano Picture", "The Luoshen Fu Picture" and the Dunhuang murals are all evidenced by the crown and scarf on the head of the young man.

Regarding the second question about kneeling and worshiping, I am afraid that I will not be able to understand it clearly by looking for evidence from the text.Because the Han people kneel and worship in various forms: for example, Yinan stone carvings and Liaoning Liaoyang Yingchengzi paintings, there are people who prostrate themselves on the ground, and Shandong Wuliang stone carvings have people who prostrate themselves half-prostrate.In addition, there are also those who bow their hands to show respect, and there are also those in the style of "Qing Folding" in Cao Zhi's poem.The rest of the notes are based on the impression of the donors of Tang paintings in Dunhuang that Han stone carvings have this style.Song Wen has many twists and turns, which does not explain the problem.Because if the meaning of "kneeling to ask your old husband" is used in the poem, it is naturally different from worshiping God!Stone carvings close to this period have many kneeling images!

The rest of the third article is wrong, and the Song notes are also inconsistent with the actual situation.Try to translate it into the vernacular, maybe it should be "Put different wine syrups in different pots and bottles, and when the wine comes, put the painted spoons upright and drink wine for the guests."The drink is roughly in a wine glass-style cup, not a round cup, nor a Shang and Zhou jue.Painted lacquer spoons have been unearthed in Changsha, and Zhu painted pottery Mingware spoons have been unearthed all over the country.The Han people generally use the "winner glass" for banquets, and it is rare to find a three-legged jue.The poetic feeling of "drinking three jubilees" in Cao Zhi's "Kong Hou Yin" is reflected in the tomb painting of Tonggou, and the wine glass is also used.In his own tomb, only the wine glass was dug out, and there was no three-legged noble.If it is only extended from the text, it is naturally rare.

Article 5 "The matchmaker gets out of bed", the Han people say that the bed is quite different from the Jin people's bed.There are all kinds of beds, and the answer must be found from the real objects, otherwise the teacher will not be able to answer when the students ask: "How can a matchmaker go to bed casually?"If you explain it as "Kangtou" at will, then discuss the "case" of "raising the case with eyebrows" with scholars twenty years ago, and reluctantly think that it is a "bowl" before you can lift it.In fact, from the real objects of the Han Dynasty, ordinary small cases can be lifted, and most of them are a few wine glasses and ear cups, and there are not many round cups! The bed mentioned in "Peacock Flying Southeast" should be roughly the same as the couch where four people sit together in "Picture of School Books of the Northern Qi Dynasty".It's not the "same bed with suspicion" bed in "The Picture of Female History Proverbs".That kind of bed can only be used by couples.

The eighth article "the pillars prompt the strings to mourn", clearly comes from the ancient poem "the strings are anxious to know the pillars".Yu said that it was wrong, and Song's annotations were also inappropriate.Song corrected that qin, se, zither, and papa all have pillars, but they can move the fixed sound, which is inconsistent with the facts.The strings on the pipa fixed on the neck and shoulders are called "pins" and cannot be moved.The lyre is made of gold, jade, clam and turquoise as emblem points, which cannot be moved even if it is embedded in the lacquer. The "pillar" of "Jumianzhu Guzi" is a twenty-three-stringed qin from the Warring States Period in the Chu Cultural Relics Exhibition last year. Although there is no pillar, we know that it must have: first, we know it from the literature, second, we know it from the method of sound strings, and third, we know it. I know from the later ser.The pillar is a small bridge-like thing in the shape of a figure-eight, and it is still used in the current Zhengse!The thirteen geese mentioned in the poems of the Tang Dynasty refer to the small eight-character bridge-shaped pillars on the zither (the same type of pillars have been found in Jinse, Xinyang, Henan).

Article 9 Regarding the issue of "Fang Xiang", if you look at the literature, there seems to be no difference from Zhou to Tang.Looking at the real objects, the appearance and clothing of each generation are not quite the same, just as the warrior figurines in the tomb are different from each age.If that poem is translated into a modern language, it should be written as "The ruined bridge said to the party who went out of the funeral procession: You told me not to wander around, but in fact I often wandered in the streets and alleys. You deceive me, you How can we cross the river?" "骁" is a homonym of "abandoned", which is similar.It means "If you want to lie to me, you can't lie to me!" Later, "No need to pretend", which means that Fang Xiang is as dumb as Fang Xiang, but it still comes from the same vein and can be used as a note.The parade of the big funeral is made of paper, and later generations call the tourists "Kong Laoguan", which is also passed down in one continuous line.Most people don't know this knowledge, and university experts generally pay little attention to it.For example, according to Song, "Xiang, how can I save you?" It's not as simple as the original Yu Note, in fact, neither of them can understand it.

Article 12 is not quite right about the correction of grass shoes.The Song Dynasty said that "the left and right branches of grass shoes should be tied with threads so as not to enter the pond", and the cited examples seem to be inconsistent.The southern grass shoes often overlap into a pair.The original poem is clearly about the shoes made of Huang Sangzhe wood and the shoes made of cattail grass. The feet are fixed on both sides with a tie in the center, which means "you can't make up your mind about the worries on both sides". Xingerbi uses the tie and shoe tie Compared with yourself, the sides of the bottom or the big and small toes are compared to the parents and lover of the family. One side is the family and the other is the lover, so you are undecided about marriage.It is neither "marriage and economics are considered together", nor is it "female college students are not allowed to stay".This can also be solved by looking at the shoes unearthed from the Sichuan figurines in the southwest and the hemp shoes from the Han Dynasty unearthed in the northwest.

The thirteenth article "Ba Huang Chen Xia", translated into today's language, should be "in the dust flying in the pilgrims".The Song Notes are too extensive to be clear.It must be said that it is under the yellow dust, which is not appropriate.The original meaning is related to the narration of safari in "Yu Li Fu" and Mei Cheng's "Qi Fa", and the more recent influence is related to the narration of the joy of safari in the poems of the Cao Zhi brothers. The image expression is earlier, including Han stone carvings and hollow bricks Later, there are communication pictures, and later there are cave hunting murals in Dunhuang and Western Wei Dynasty and mirror patterns in Tang Dynasty, all of which are very specific, showing the image of competition skills in shooting and hunting!

From these small examples, we can also see that if the new research on literature and history does not have a wider connection with related issues, and only uses words to prove words in isolation, it is tantamount to pouring a bucket of water back and forth, and no new research can be obtained. Things are impossible.Notes on a few ancient poems also involve many practical issues, not to mention writing history of literature and history of culture?Friends say that the collection of books in the Beijing Library has exceeded five million volumes after the founding of the People's Republic of China. This is something we can be proud of.But let’s take a look at the books. Works on medieval sculpture and fine arts are done by other countries. The Yungang part has published more than 30 books, but we don’t have a few decent pamphlets. This is really true. It is especially worthy of the deep vigilance of our self-righteous experts and scholars in this field!If there is no one who is good at combining these five million volumes with the millions of different things that have been dug out of the ground or kept on the ground all the time, true historical science cannot be established!Personally, I deeply hope that near the Beijing Library, there will be a research institution such as a "historical cultural relics museum" with a collection of more than one million objects, pictures, and models in the near future.This is not impossible for our new China. It is a new task that should be done, must be done, is waiting to be done, and will be done sooner or later.But whether we can do it as soon as possible, use it to improve the research work of new Chinese literature and history, and help promote other art productions, etc., depends on our understanding of the problem, that is, our view on the problem.According to my personal opinion, if this kind of cultural relics library based on real objects and pictures can be established as soon as possible, it will be a very specific encouragement and help to all cultural and historical researchers.To be honest, the new experts in literature and history desperately need this kind of help.

(Originally published in Guangming Daily, October 3, 1954)