Chapter 6 Chapter 3-2

I don't know what we're going to do now.We make houses square and row by row; we build straight roads without trees.There are no more crooked streets, no old houses, no wells in gardens, and cities often seem a caricature if they have private gardens.We have completely excluded nature from our lives, and we live in houses without roofs, which are a neglected part of a building; When the work is about to end, no one cares what the roof looks like.The average house looks like a square of wood built by a perverted, capricious child, who, before it is finished, grows weary of the work, and at last throws the half-finished wood aside. up.The spirit of nature has departed from modern civilized man; it seems to me that we are attempting to civilize the trees themselves.If we remember to plant trees along our streets, we often number them with numbers, sanitize them, and trim them into shapes we humans consider beautiful.

We often plant flowers in a field so that they look like a circle, a star, or a few English letters.When we saw the flowers planted in this way grow to the side, we were terrified, just as terrified when we saw a student of the American Military Academy at West Point walk out of the line, and we began to use scissors to cut them.At Versailles we planted these cone-cut trees neatly in pairs, in a circle, or in straight rows, like an army in ranks.Such is the glory and power of man, such is our ability to train trees as we train soldiers in uniform.If one of a pair of trees grows taller than the other, our hands itch to trim the top so that it does not disturb our sense of symmetry, human strength and glory.

So, we have a big problem of restoring nature and bringing nature back into the home.This is a tricky puzzle.What good is the best artistic disposition when one lives in a flat, away from the land?Even if he has the money to rent a wing on a skyscraper, how can he get a lawn, a well, or a bamboo grove?Everything was wrong, absolutely, irreparably wrong.What else is there for a man to admire but tall skyscrapers and a row of lighted windows at night?When one sees these skyscrapers and a row of lighted windows at night, one becomes more and more proud and conceited of the power of human civilization, forgetting what a weak and small animal man is.

Therefore, I had to abandon the problem, thinking that there was no hope of solving it. Therefore, our first step must be to give humans a lot of land.However plausible the excuses, a civilization is a bad civilization if it deprives man of the land, and if in a future civilization every man could own an acre of land, then he would have something to start developing up.He can have trees, his own trees, and he can have stones, his own stones.He will carefully choose a piece of land where there are already mature trees; if there are no mature trees there, he will plant some fast-growing trees, such as bamboo and willow.This way, he didn't have to keep the birds in cages anymore, because the birds would come to him; better.His children can study natural phenomena in the natural environment, instead of studying natural phenomena in a glass box.At least his children can see how the chicken hatches from the egg, and they don't have to be as ignorant of sex and reproduction as the children of the "good" Boston families.At the same time, they will have fun watching lizards and spiders fight.They'll also have fun getting their bodies pretty dirty.

I have explained or hinted at the Chinese people's feelings for stones in the previous section.This explanation can help us understand why Chinese landscape painters like rocky mountains so much.This explanation is a fundamental explanation, so it cannot fully explain the stone gardens of the Chinese people and the love of stones for ordinary people.The underlying idea is that stone is great, solid, and permanent.They are silent, immovable, and, like great heroes, possess strength of character; like reclusive scholars, they are independent and transcendent.They are always old, and the Chinese are fond of anything old.Not only that, but from an artistic point of view, they are magnificent, majestic, and quaint.In addition, it makes people feel "dangerous".A 300-foot cliff soaring into the sky always looks magical because it makes people feel "dangerous".

But we have to think further.Since a person cannot go to the mountains every day, he must bring stones to his home.When it comes to stone gardens and fake stone caves, (this is something that is difficult for Westerners visiting China to understand and appreciate), the Chinese concept is still to preserve the towering shapes of rocky peaks, "dangerous" cliffs, and Majestic lines.Western travelers have nothing to criticize, because most of the artificial mountains are built with low interest and cannot express the majesty and magnificence of nature.Fake caves made of several stones are often glued together with cement, but the cement can be seen.A truly artistic rockery should have the same structural and contrasting features as a frame of painting.Appreciation of rockery scenery and appreciation of rocks in landscape paintings are undoubtedly closely related in art. For example, Song Dynasty painter Mi Fu once wrote a book about stone inkstones, and Song Dynasty writer Du Kuan wrote a book about stone inkstones. "Spectrum", lists more than 100 kinds of rocks produced in various places that can be used to make rockeries, and details their properties.It can be seen that in the era of great painters in the Song Dynasty, artificial hills were already a very developed art.

In addition to appreciating the magnificence of mountain stones, the Chinese also have an interest in appreciating the stones in the garden. They pay attention to the color, structure, surface and texture of the stones, and sometimes pay attention to the sound of the stones when they are struck. sound.The smaller the stone, the more attention is paid to the quality of its construction and the color of its grain.The penchant for collecting the best inkstones and seal stones, which Chinese literati come into contact with every day, has also been of great help in this development.So elegance, structure, translucency, and color became the most important qualities; the same was true of the later popular stone snuff bottles, jade snuff bottles, and jadeite snuff bottles.A fine lithograph or a fine snuff-box is sometimes worth six or seven hundred dollars.

However, if we are to fully understand all the uses of stone in houses and gardens, we must go back to Chinese calligraphy.For calligraphy is nothing but the study of abstract rhythm, line, and structure.While a really fine stone should imply a sense of majesty or otherworldliness, getting the lines right is one of the more important points.The so-called line does not refer to a straight line, a circle, or a triangle, but the jagged lines of nature.Lao Tzu has always valued uncut stones in his teachings, and let us not offend nature, for the best works of art, like the most beautiful poems or literature, are such that there is absolutely no trace of artificiality, as Flowing clouds and flowing water are so natural, or as Chinese literary and art critics say, "no ax marks".This principle can be applied to all kinds of art.What the artist appreciates is the beauty of irregularities, of lines that suggest rhythm, movement, and gesture.The artist's appreciation of the twisted roots of the oak tree (sometimes used as a stool in the rich man's study) is also based on this idea.Therefore, the rockery in Chinese gardens is mostly unpolished stone, perhaps fossilized bark, ten or fifteen feet high, standing alone and motionless like a giant, or made of mountains, lakes, marshes and Stones from caves.There are holes on it, and the outline is extremely odd.One writer said: If the holes happen to be very round, then we should break up the regular lines of the circles by inserting some small boulders in them.Most of the rockeries near Shanghai and Suzhou are built with stones from Taihu Lake, and the stones have traces of being impacted by waves in the past.These stones are dug out from the bottom of the lake; sometimes, if their lines need to be corrected, they are polished and perfected, and then put in water for more than a year to let the ax marks Washed away by the fluctuations of the water flow.

Man's feeling for trees is relatively easy to understand, and it is of course very common.If there are no trees around the house, it looks as naked as men and women without clothes.The difference between trees and houses is that houses are built by humans, while trees grow; and things that grow are always more beautiful than things that are built.We are compelled, for practical convenience, to straighten the walls and level the floors, though as regards the floors, why should we not have them of different heights in the various rooms of the house?This is very unreasonable.Nevertheless, we have an inescapable tendency to love straight lines and squares; and these can only be seen in their beauty when they are set against trees.In terms of color, we also dare not paint the house green.But nature dared to paint the trees green.

We can see the wisdom of art in its hidden skill.How we love to boast.In this regard, I must pay tribute to Ruan Yuan, a great scholar of the Qing Dynasty.When he was building a Daotai, he built a small island on the West Lake (called Ruan Gongyu today), but he didn't want any man-made things on the island, no pavilions, pillars, or even monuments.They have completely discredited their own architects.Ruangong Island stands in the center of the lake today, a flat land more than a hundred yards wide, less than a foot higher than the water surface, and willow trees are planted all around the island.When you look out in foggy weather today, you will see that magical island seems to be floating out of the water, and the shadows of the willow trees are reflected in the water, breaking the monotony of the lake and at the same time reconciling with the lake.Therefore, Nguyen Cong Islet is in harmony with nature.It is not as obtrusive as the lighthouse-shaped monument next door; that lighthouse-shaped monument was built by an American student, and every time I see it, I feel uncomfortable in my eyes.I have already declared to the world that if one day I become a bandit general and capture Hangzhou, my first order must be to ask my subordinates to set up a cannon and blow that lighthouse to pieces.

Among the various kinds of trees, Chinese critics and poets feel that some trees have artistic beauty in the eyes of calligraphers because of their special lines and outlines, so they are especially suitable as objects of artistic appreciation.All trees are beautiful, yet certain trees have a particular gesture, strength, or grace.Therefore, people select these trees among many trees and make them connect with certain emotions.The common olive tree does not have the majestic aspect of the pine, and certain willows, though very elegant, cannot be said to be "majestic" or "sensible": that is obvious.Therefore, there are a few trees in the world that are more often the subject of paintings and poems.Among these trees, the most outstanding ones are pine trees (appreciated by people for their majestic posture), plum trees (appreciated by people for their romantic posture), bamboo trees (for their slender lines and evocative associations, and willows (appreciated by people for their elegance and symbolizing slender women). People's appreciation of the pine tree is perhaps the most remarkable, and the most poetic.The pine tree expresses a noble character more than other trees.For there are noble trees and there are base trees, some trees are distinguished by the majesty of gestures, while others show mediocrity.Therefore, when Chinese artists talk about the majesty of pine trees, it is like Matthew Arnold talked about the majesty of Homeros.It is as vain to find such majestic gestures in the willow tree as in the poet Swinburne.There are all kinds of beauty in the world, gentle beauty, gentle beauty, majestic beauty, majestic beauty, strange beauty, towering beauty, pure power beauty, and antique beauty.Because of this antique beauty, the pine tree occupies a special place among the trees, like a retired scholar with a leisurely attitude, wearing a large coat, walking on the mountain path with a bamboo stick, And it is regarded as the most lofty ideal by people.For this reason, Li Liweng said: Sitting alone in a garden full of peach blossoms and willows without a pine tree nearby is like sitting among children and women without a respectable and solemn old man.At the same time, when Chinese appreciate pine trees, they always choose old pine trees; the older the better, because the older the more majestic.Cypress trees and pine trees have the same posture, especially the Selaginella, the branches grow downward, twisting and towering.The branches stretching toward the sky seem to symbolize youth and hope, while the branches stretching downward seem to symbolize the old man overlooking youth. I said that the appreciation of pine trees is the most meaningful in art, because pine trees represent silence, majesty, and otherworldliness, which is very similar to the attitude of hermits.This kind of appreciation is also related to the shape of the "stubborn" stone and the old man loitering in the shade of a tree, which can often be seen in Chinese paintings.When one stands under a pine tree and looks up at it, one feels its majesty, its age, and a strange joy of independence.Lao Tzu said: "Heaven is speechless." Gu Song is also speechless.It stood there silently and contentedly; looking down at us, it felt that it had seen many children grow up, and many adults became old people.Like a wise old man, it understands everything, but it does not speak, and its mystery and greatness lie here. The plum tree is admired partly for the romantic gesture of its branches and partly for the fragrance of its flowers.It is worth noting that among the trees we appreciate, pine, bamboo and plum are related to severe winter. We call them "three friends of Suihan" because pine and bamboo are evergreen trees, while plum The tree blooms again in late winter and early spring.Therefore, the plum tree especially symbolizes a clean character, the cleanliness of the refreshing, cold winter air.Its radiance is a cold radiance, and, like the hermit, it flourishes more in the colder the air.Like orchids, it symbolizes the beauty of seclusion.Lin Hejing, a poet and hermit in the Song Dynasty, said: He took plum as his wife and crane as his son.Gushan, his hermitage in the West Lake, is often visited by poets and scholars today, and under his tomb is the tomb of his "son" He.The poet's admiration for the fragrance and outline of the plum tree is best expressed by the poet in the following famous line: The dark fragrance floats and the shadows slant horizontally. All poets admit that these seven characters can best express the beauty of plum trees, and it is impossible to find a more accurate expression. Bamboo is loved by people because of its slender body and leaves, and because it is more slender than other trees, scholars of letters plant it in their homes to appreciate it.Its beauty is more of a smiling beauty, and the happiness it gives us is gentle and restrained.Thin bamboos that are planted sparsely are most interesting to appreciate, so whether in real life or painting, two or three bamboos are as lovely as a bamboo clump.People can appreciate the slender outline of bamboo trees, so you can also draw two or three branches of bamboo or a branch of plum blossom in the painting.The slender lines of the bamboo trees are in harmony with the jagged lines of the stones, so we often see painters painting one or two stones and a few branches of bamboo together. This stone has a delicate beauty in painting. Willows are easy to grow wherever they are planted, and they often grow on the banks of water.It is the most wonderful female tree.For this reason, Zhang Chao believes that willow trees are one of the four most touching things in the universe, and he also said that willow trees can make a person sentimental.People call the slender waists of Chinese women "willow waists"; Chinese dancers wear long cheongsams with long sleeves, trying to imitate the posture of willow branches swaying in the wind.Willows are the easiest to grow, so some places in China are covered with willow trees, spreading for miles; when the wind blows, they create a "willow wave".Not only that, orioles like to perch on willow branches, so whether in real life or in paintings, willow trees and orioles are often together.Among the ten sceneries of West Lake, there is one called "Willow Waves Hearing the Oriole". There are of course other kinds of trees, some of which are admired for other reasons.For example, the sycamore tree is highly praised because its bark is clean, and people can carve poems on its body with a knife.People are also very fond of those huge ancient vines, those ancient vines coiled around old trees or stones.Their coiled and undulating lines form an interesting contrast to the upright trunks of the trees.Some very beautiful ancient vines really look like Wolong, so some people call them "Wolong".Old trees with curved or inclined trunks are also very popular and valued for this reason.In the Mudu area on Taihu Lake near Suzhou, there are four such cypress trees, whose names are "Jie", "Han", "Ancient", and "Queer". "Jie" has a long and straight tree body covered with branches and leaves, which looks like a big umbrella; "Han" is squatting on the ground, the tree body is winding and twisting, and its shape is like the letter Z of the English letter; "Ancient" The top of the tree is bare, the body is fat and short, and the loose branches are half dried up, shaped like human fingers; the body of the "weird" is twisted and twisted like a spiral until it reaches the highest branch. In addition, people not only appreciate the trees themselves, but also connect trees with other things in nature, such as stones, clouds, birds, insects and people.Zhang Chao said: "House flowers can invite butterflies, piled stones can invite clouds, planting pines can invite wind, ... planting bananas can invite rain, and planting willows can invite cicadas." Stones and crickets, for birds sing in trees and crickets sing among stones.The Chinese enjoy the cluck of frogs, the chirp of crickets, and the chirping of cicadas with greater pleasure than they love cats, dogs, and other domestic animals.Of all the animals, only the crane belongs to the same system as the pine and plum trees, because it is also a symbol of the hermit.When a scholar sees a crane, or even a heron, standing majestically and chastely on a secluded pond, he wishes he could become a crane himself. The man who is in harmony with nature is happy because animals are happy.This idea is most aptly expressed in a letter from Zheng Banqiao (1693-1765) to his younger brother, in which he disapproved of people keeping birds in cages: It is said that birds cannot be kept in cages, and it is true that I do not love birds, but I know how to raise them.If you want to raise birds, there is no better way to plant a variety of trees, so that hundreds of trees surround the house, sparse and dense, and become a bird country and a bird home.When he was about to wake up from sleep, Shang Zhan turned around on the quilt, listening to chirping, like the music of Yunmen Xianchi.And put on clothes and get up, wash your face, rinse your mouth and sip tea, and see it in full bloom, coming and going, dizzying, it is certainly not just the joy of a cage and a feather.Da Shuai's happy place in his life, he wants to use the world as a limit, Jianghan as a pond, each suitable for its own heaven, this is a great joy!Compared with a bird in a fish cage in a pot, how big, fine, benevolent and forbearing it is! The enjoyment of flowers and the arrangement of flowers seem to have something to do with chance.The enjoyment of flowers is the same as the enjoyment of trees. The first step must be to choose certain noble flowers, based on their status, and at the same time connect a certain flower with a certain mood and environment.The first is the scent, from the strong and pronounced scent of jasmine, to the mild scent of lilac, and finally to the clean and subtle scent of Chinese orchid.The more subtle the fragrance, the more difficult it is to identify the flower, the more noble it is.Then there's the matter of color, appearance, and attractiveness, which also vary widely.Some are like fat girls, and some are like thin, poetic and quiet ladies.Some seem to seduce people with their charms, others take pleasure in their own fragrance, and seem content to live in tranquility.Some colors are bright and eye-catching, while others show softer colors.Not only that, but flowers are more closely related to the surrounding environment and the season of flowering.In our minds, the rose is naturally associated with the sunny spring day; the lotus is naturally associated with the cool summer morning by the pond; the sweet-scented osmanthus is naturally associated with the harvest moon and the Mid-Autumn Festival; The seasons are related; the plum blossom is naturally related to the white snow, and it and the daffodil become part of our New Year's enjoyment.Every kind of peanut seems perfect in its surroundings; lovers of flowers are most apt to make these pictures in our minds of the seasons, as the holly tree is for Christmas. Orchids, chrysanthemums, and lotuses, like pine and bamboo, are chosen for their qualities; they are symbols of the gentleman in Chinese literature, and the orchid in particular, because it has a strange beauty.among all flowers.The plum blossom is perhaps the favorite of Chinese poets; it is said that the plum blossom is the "first" flower among all flowers, because it blooms in the new year, so it occupies the first place among all flowers.Of course, people also have different opinions. The peony is called the "King of Flowers" in the traditional concept, especially in the Tang Dynasty.On the other hand, the peony is often regarded as a symbol of prosperity and happiness because of its bright color; while the plum blossom is the flower of the poet, which symbolizes the quiet and austere scholar; thus the former belongs to the material, while the latter belongs to the spirit.Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty had a wild idea one day and ordered all the flowers in the palace garden to obey her wishes and bloom on a certain day in midwinter. As a result, only the peony dared to violate the emperor's order and bloomed several hours late. Therefore, Wu Zetian ordered thousands of pots of peonies to be demoted from Xi'an (Kyoto at that time) to Luoyang.There is a scholar who sympathizes with the peony just for this reason.Although the peony flower fell out of favor, it still maintained its status among the general public, and Luoyang has also become the stronghold of the peony flower.I think the reason why the Chinese do not attach more importance to the rose is that its color and shape belong to the peony, but without the latter's splendor.According to ancient Chinese records, peonies can be divided into ninety species, each of which has a very poetic name. The orchid, unlike the peony, symbolizes the beauty of seclusion, because it often grows in shady valleys.It is said that it has the virtue of "lonely self-admiration", regardless of whether people look at it or not, and is extremely reluctant to be transplanted into the city.If it is transplanted in the city by people, it must grow naturally, otherwise it will wither and die.Therefore, we often call the beautiful, reclusive girls, or the great scholars who live in the mountains and despise fame and power as "Empty Valley Orchids".Its fragrance is very subtle, it does not seem to be intended to please anyone, but when people appreciate it, how ethereal its fragrance is!For this reason, it becomes a symbol of a gentleman who does not associate with the common world and true friendship, because there is an ancient book that says: "Enter the house of orchids, and you will not smell their fragrance for a long time." Because the nose of this person is already full of the fragrance of flowers.Li Liweng said: The best way to appreciate orchids is not to put them in each room, but to put them in only one room, so that people can enjoy their fragrance when they go in and out.American orchids do not seem to have this delicate fragrance, but their flowers are larger and more showy in shape and color.The orchids in my hometown are said to be the best in China, and they are called "Fujian orchids".It is light green in color with purple spots and has much smaller flowers than the common orchid, with petals just over an inch long.The best and most valuable orchid species is called Chen Mengliang, which is the same color as the water and can hardly be seen when immersed in water.Peonies are named after the places where they grow, and orchids, like American flowers, are named after their owners, such as "General Pu", "Quarterman Shen", "Li Sima", "Myna Huang", "Chen Mengliang", "Xu Jinchu". The orchid is extremely difficult to grow, and its flowers are extremely delicate and easy to wilt. This is undoubtedly the reason for the recognition of its noble character by mankind.Among all the flowers, orchids are most likely to wither if planted improperly.That's why people who love orchids tend to plant them themselves, and don't leave it to mediocre servants to take care of them; I have seen some people take care of orchids with the same care as they take care of their parents.A plant of great cost can arouse as much envy as a fine brass or vase; and a friend's reluctance to share some new shoots can cause as deep a grudge.There is a record in an ancient Chinese book that a scholar stole a new branch of a plant because his friend refused to give him, and was arrested and imprisoned.For this kind of emotion, Shen Fu once had such a wonderful description in his novel: "Orchids are the most popular flowers, whichever has their delicate fragrance and charm, and those whose petals are slightly in the spectrum are rare. When Lanpo was dying, he gave Yu Heban a pot of Suxin Chunlan. They all have flat shoulders and a broad heart, with thin stems and petals. Clean, those who can be included in the spectrum. Yuzhen is like a arched wall. It is worth traveling outside for a while, and I can irrigate it myself. The flowers and leaves are quite luxuriant. Within two years, once it suddenly withers and dies. When you look at it from the root, it is as white as jade, and it is blue. Buds suddenly popped up. At the beginning, I couldn’t explain it. I thought there was no blessing to bear it, and I just sighed. Afterwards, I found out that some people wanted to divide it and refused, so they used boiling soup to kill them. After that, I vowed not to plant orchids.” The chrysanthemum was the flower loved by the poet Tao Yuanming, just as the plum was the flower loved by the poet Lin Hejing, and the lotus was the flower loved by the Confucian scholar Zhou Lianxi.Chrysanthemums bloom in late autumn, so they have "cold fragrance" and "cold beauty" in people's minds.Compared with the "cold beauty" of chrysanthemum and the gorgeousness of peony, its characteristics are obvious.As far as I know, there are hundreds of kinds of chrysanthemums. Fan Chengda, a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, called all kinds of chrysanthemums with very beautiful names, which actually created a trend.The variety of species seems to be the characteristic of chrysanthemums, and their shapes and colors are different.People regard white and yellow as the "positive" colors of chrysanthemums, and purple and red as variants.So it's cheap.The color of white chrysanthemum and yellow chrysanthemum has produced many different names, such as "silver bowl", "silver bell", "golden bell", "jade basin", "jade bell", "jade hydrangea" and so on.Others use the names of famous beauties, such as "Yang Guifei" and "Xi Shi".Sometimes they are shaped like a woman's hair has been cut short, and sometimes their whiskers are like long hair.Several species of chrysanthemums are more fragrant than others, and the best are said to have a musky or "borneol" fragrance. The lotus is in a class of its own and, in my opinion, the most beautiful of flowers.Because its flowers, stems and leaves are all floating on the water, and it is not enjoyable to have no lotus to admire in summer.If a person does not have a house by the pond, he can plant lotus flowers in a large vat.Yet, under such circumstances, it is difficult for us to enjoy the beauty of the lotus spread for half a mile, their fragrance in the air, and the beauty of the white and red of the flower, and the large green leaves dotted with water droplets ( The water lotus grown in the United States is different from the lotus lotus).Song Dynasty scholar Zhou Shi wrote an essay explaining why he loves lotus.He said that the lotus flower is like a gentleman, who was born in dirty water and maintained his innocence.What he said proves that he is a Confucian theorist.From a materialistic point of view, all parts of the lotus are useful.The lotus root can be made into a cold drink, the lotus leaf can be wrapped in fruit or other food for steaming, the shape and fragrance of the lotus flower can be enjoyed, the lotus seed is regarded as the food of the gods, and it can be peeled off and eaten raw, or dried and mixed with sugar. . Begonias are similar to apple blossoms, and like other flowers, they are loved by poets, although Du Fu never mentioned this flower from his native Sichuan.People have put forward various explanations, among which the most credible explanation is: Haitang is the name of Du Fu's mother, and he did not mention it for the sake of taboo.There are only two flowers that I think smell better than orchids, and those are osmanthus and daffodils.Narcissus is also a specialty of Zhangzhou, my hometown. This kind of flower head was imported to the United States in large quantities. At one time, it cost hundreds of thousands of yuan. infected by microbes.White daffodil heads are as pure as fairies, not to be planted in soil, but to be planted in glass or magnetic pots with clear water and small pebbles, and require the utmost care.It is a bit fanciful to say that there are microbes in this kind of flower.Although the rhododendron has the beauty of smiling, it is regarded as a sad flower, because it is said that it was transformed from the weeping blood of the rhododendron. Rhododendron was once a boy who fled because his brother was abused by his stepmother, so he ran out to find him. How the flowers are placed in the vase is also as important as the selection and quality of the flowers.This art dates back at least to the eleventh century.In the early part of the nineteenth century, the author once described the art of flower arrangement in the volume "Leisure and Notes".He advocated that the flowers should be arranged like a well-proportioned picture: But every year, the chrysanthemum blooms in the east of the fence, and Qiu Xing becomes addicted. He likes to pick vases and doesn't like to play in pots. It's not enough to play with non-pots. There is no garden at home, so you can't plant it yourself.The number of flowers inserted should be single, not double.Take one kind per bottle, do not take two colors.The bottle mouth should be wide and large, not narrow, and the wide one should be stretched.Informal.From five-seven to thirty-forty flowers, there must be a bunch of anger in the mouth of the bottle. It is better not to be loose, not crowded, and not to lean against the mouth of the bottle; the so-called "the handle should be tight".Or slim, or flying horizontally.The flowers are taken unevenly, with stamens in between, so as to avoid the disease of flying cymbals.The leaves are not chaotic, and the stems are not strong.The needle should be hidden, the needle should be long rather than cut off, and the needle stem should not be exposed. This is also called "the mouth of the bottle should be clear". Depending on the size of the table, there should be no more than three to seven bottles per table; if there are many, the eyebrows and eyes will not be distinguished, which is like a chrysanthemum screen in the market.The height of a few is from three to four inches to two feet five or six inches; it must be different, take care of each other, and connect with momentum.If the middle is high and the two are low, the back is high and the front is low, and they are lined up in rows, it will violate the so-called "heap of brocade and ash". Either dense or sparse, or in or out.It's all about those who know how to paint. If the pots and dishes are washed, use bleach, rosin, elm skin, flour and oil, first boil rice ash, and harvest glue.Press the nail upwards with a copper sheet to cremate the ointment, and stick the copper sheet to the dishes and basins for washing.When it is cold, tie the flowers with iron wire and insert them on the nails. The peanuts are at the bottom of the bowl. If you use woody flowers and fruits to put in a vase, the method of cutting (you can't look for it by yourself, and those who are beautiful and folded will not agree), you must first hold it in your hand, sideways to observe its posture, and turn it sideways to get its posture.After making a decision, cut off the miscellaneous branches, and it is better to be thin and weird.Think again about how to put the stem into the bottle, or bend or bend it, and insert it into the bottle mouth, so as to avoid the trouble of back leaves and side flowers.If you get a branch and put it in a vase if you fix its stem first, the branches will be chaotic and the stems will be strong, and the flowers will be on the side and the leaves will be on the back.The method of breaking the stem and bending it: sawing half of the stem and inserting bricks and stones, the straight one will be bent.If you suffer from a stalk, knock one or two nails to control it.That is, maple leaves, bamboo branches, chaotic grass and thorns are all worthy of selection.Or a stalk of green bamboo, with a few grains of wolfberry, a few stalks of fine grass, accompanied by two branches of thorns, if the location is appropriate, there is another worldly interest. The article about folding flowers and vases may be best written by Yuan Zhonglang.He was born towards the end of the sixteenth century and is one of my favorite writers.His "History of Vases" is a book on vase insertion, which has been highly praised in Japan, so Japan has the so-called "Yuan School" of flower arrangement.In the introduction to this book, he said: "For landscapes, flowers and bamboos, the name is not there, and the place where the competition is not. , I want to have it, but I have time. Therefore, you people and rhymes can take advantage of the time and have it for a day." However, he also said: enjoying vases of flowers is "temporary pleasure", "no one takes it for granted, but Forget the joy of mountains and rivers." He said that when you want to arrange flowers in the study, you should be careful when picking flowers, and it is better to have no flowers than to "excessively use ordinary flowers"; then he described various available copper vases and pottery vases.There are two types of vases: the bronze vases of the Han Dynasty and the halls of the rich, and large vases with long branches and large flowers are suitable for them; small vases are suitable for small flowers in scholars’ study rooms, and the flowers should be carefully selected.However, peonies and lotus flowers are large in shape and should be placed in large vases, but this is not the case. Regarding the flower arrangement section, he said: The flower arrangement should not be too complicated, nor too thin, no more than two or three kinds.High and low density, such as picturesque garden layout square.Putting bottles in two pairs, avoiding the same, avoiding in a row, avoiding being bound by ropes, the so-called neatness of the husband's flower is uneven, and the mood is natural; such as Zizhan's essays, which are random and intermittent, and Qinglian's poems,不拘对偶，此真整齐也。若夫枝叶相当，红白相配，此省曹墀下树，墓门华表也。恶得为整齐哉？ 择枝折枝时，宜择瘦者雅者，枝叶亦不宜太繁。一瓶只插花一二种，插二种时，宜加排列，使之如生自一枝者然。 ... 花宜与瓶相配，高于瓶约四五寸，若瓶高二尺，腹底宽大，则花出瓶口以二尺六七寸为佳。……若瓶身高而细，宜插两枝，一长一短，弯曲伸出瓶外，花则短于瓶数寸。插花切忌太稀，亦忌太繁。若以绳束缚之如柄，则韵致全失尽矣。花插小瓶中，宜短于瓶身二寸，伸出瓶外。八寸细瓶，宜插长六七寸之花。然若瓶形肥大，则花长于瓶二寸亦无妨也。 室中天然几一，藤床一。几宜阔厚，宜细滑。凡本地边栏漆桌描金螺钿床，及彩花瓶架之类，皆置不用。在“沐”花方面，作者对于花的情趣表现着深切的了解。 夫花有喜怒寤寐。晓夕浴花者，得其候，乃为膏雨。淡云薄日，夕阳佳月，花之晓也。狂风连雨，烈焰浓寒，花之夕也。檀辰烘目，媚体藏风，花之喜也。晕酣神敛，烟色迷离，花之愁也。欹枝困槛，如不胜风，花之梦也。 嫣然流盼，光华溢目，花之醒也。晓则空亭大厦；昏则曲房奥室；愁则屏气危坐；喜则欢呼调笑；梦则垂帘下帷；醒则分膏理泽。所以悦其性情，适其起居也。浴晓者上也；浴寐者次也；浴喜者下也。若夫浴夕浴愁，直花刑耳，又何取哉？ 浴之法，用泉甘而清者，细微浇注，如微雨解醒，清露润甲，不可以手触花，及指尖折剔，亦不可付之庸奴猥婢。浴梅宜隐士，浴海棠宜韵客，浴牡丹芍药宜靓妆妙女，浴榴宜体艳色婢，浴木樨宜清慧儿，浴莲宜娇媚妾，浴菊宜好古而奇者，浴腊梅宜清瘦僧。然寒花性不耐浴，当以轻绡护之。 据袁氏的见解，某种花插在瓶中时，应该有某种花做它的使令。依中国人的旧习惯，淑女贵妇都有终身随从服侍的婢女，因此一般人认为美人有艳婢随侍在侧，看来便是十全十美的。淑女贵妇和婢女都应该是美丽的，可是不知何故，人们认为某一种美是属于婢女的，而不是属于主妇的。婢女和她们的主妇看起来不调和，就象马厩和地主的田宅不配合一样。袁氏把这种观念应用于花，所以他主张说：“梅花以迎春瑞香山茶为婢，海棠以平婆林枪丁香为婢，牡丹以玫瑰蔷薇木香为婢，芍药以罂粟蜀葵为婢，石榴以紫薇大红千叶木槿为婢，莲花以山矾玉簪为婢，木樨以芙蓉为婢，菊以黄白山茶秋海棠为婢，腊梅以水仙为婢。诸婢姿态，各盛一时，浓淡雅俗，亦有品评。水仙神骨清绝，织女之梁玉清也。山茶鲜妍，瑞香芬烈，玫瑰旖旎，芙蓉明艳，石氏之翔风，羊家之净琬也。……山矾洁而逸，有林下气，鱼玄机之绿翘也。……丁香瘦，玉簪寒，秋海棠娇，然有酸态，郑康成崔秀才之侍儿（据说郑康成的侍儿能用古文与她的博学的主人说话，其情形跟中世纪学者彼此以拉丁文对话一样。）也。” 袁氏认为一个人如在某方面——甚至在棋弈或其他方面——有特殊的成就，一定会爱之成癖，沉湎酣溺而不能自拔的；所以对于爱花的癖好，他也表现同样的见解： 余观世上语言无味面目可憎之人，皆无癖之人耳。 古之负花癖者，闻人谈一异花，虽深谷峻岭，不惮蹶躄而从之。至于浓寒盛暑，皮肤皴鳞，汗垢如泥，皆所不知。一花将萼，则移枕携袱，睡卧其下，以观花之由微至盛至落至于萎地而后去。或千株万本以穷其变，或单枝数房以极其趣，或臭叶而知花之大小，或见根而辨色之红白。是之谓真爱花，是之谓真好事也。 关于赏花一点，他说： 茗赏者上也，谈赏者次也，酒赏者下也。苦夫内酒越茶及一切庸秽凡俗之语，此花神之深恶痛斥者，宁闭口枯坐勿遭花恼可也。夫赏花有地有时，不得其时而漫然命客，皆为唐突，寒花宣初雪，宜雪霁，宜新月，宜暖房。温花宜晴日，宜轻寒，宜华堂。暑月宜雨后，宜快风，宜佳木荫，宜竹下，宜水阁。凉花宜爽月，宜夕阳，宜空阶，宜苔径，宜古藤巉石旁。若不论风日，不择佳地，神气散缓，了不相属。此与妓舍酒馆中花何异哉？ 最后，袁氏又拟出花快意凡十四条，花折辱凡二十三条（中国作家对算术数目之类显然是很淡漠的。我把找得到的袁氏著作的最佳版本拿来比较，还是找不出那所谓“二十三条”。数目对否事实上没有什么关系。只有琐碎的人才会斤斤于数学上的准确问题。）： 花快意——明窗净几古鼎宋砚松涛溪声主人好事能诗门僧解烹茶苏州人送酒座客工画花卉盛开快心友临门手抄蓺花书夜深炉鸣妻妾校花故实 花折辱——主人频拜客俗子阑入蟠枝庸僧谈禅窗下狗斗莲子胡同歌童弋阳腔丑女折戴论升迁强作怜爱应酬诗债未了盛开家人催算账检《韵府》押字破书狼藉福建牙人吴中赝画鼠矢蜗涎僮仆偃蹇令初行酒尽与酒馆为邻案上有黄金白霉中原紫气等诗 我听说裸体主义到了美国。让它来吧！我没看见它能有什么危害。我一生不知不觉地就成了一个祼体主义者。 首先要弄明白的是，我是一个理智的裸体主义者，与那些教条主义的裸体狂不同，正如我是个理智的素食主义者，与素食犯有别。像所有中国人一样，我遵守中庸之道，我在一定的时候、一定的场所是个十足的裸体评论者，例如说在浴盆里。但要我穿了母亲给我的天然衣服跑上百老汇大街，我是死也不干的。我可以老实告诉你，在浴盆里裸体是很美妙的，如果浴室窗户所见的仅有几只路过的麻雀和窥探空气，倒令人舒心惬意。观察皮肤怎样因微寒而收缩，怎样在阳光作用下而松驰，活跃，渗出自然之油——体验这种过程是最快感的，我说的是在浴盆里。这是放射性引起的——这个词的意思我一点也不懂，但我知道它应该指什么——阳光在我皮肤上的作用。所有神志健全、不抱偏见的人都应当承认，在避开他人目光的房间，赤身沐浴阳光，比方说每天晒个十五分钟，是极利于健康、增强体力的活动，对此我也深信不疑。这些人应当赶紧自称为地道的、明智的裸体主义者，我也是其中之一。我是说这要在一定的时候，一定的场所。真正的裸体主义与露**主义有着显而易见的差别，如同山峰上孤独的祈祷者与信仰复兴运动的宗教集会（这种集会是为教徒的福利而布道）上表演型的祈祷者之间的差别一样。一个是为裸体本身、为自己享受而欣赏裸体主义，另一个是借别人的眼睛来嘲笑裸体主义，把自己的裸体当作一块招牌，说：“你看！我敢！”这种差别在人们生活的各个方面都有：例如，在家里爱妻子或爱丈夫与在大庭广众称她或他“亲爱的”之间的差别；在私宅内反省自己的缺点与在牛津的集会上供认十年前做过少年扒手（当然略去五千美元不义之财的数额）之间的差别；黄昏时在偏僻的弄堂里给一个漂亮的女乞丐两毛钱与在慈善舞会上发表公开演说之间的差别；为自个儿取乐而骑马与纤指戴着钻石戒指粉脸垂副玉耳环去骑马之间的差别。我认为，所有这些差别的确是有的。纯正的宗教家、情笃的妻子、慈善人和真正的骑手是一类，而另一类则是——表演主义者。 换句话说，我是个道地的裸体主义者，因为我孤独一人时爱光着身子。我无须举出所有的优点，第一大优点就是能有这种认识：人首先是动物，纯然的动物。如果称可能，就听听你的心跳，如果你可能，就看看血在你的血管里流动；关于人生的目的，你得到的深刻的认识，就会比从一大沓哲学书中获得的更正确。大家公认这样的事实：我们有一个躯体，许多事情都得依赖我们的躯体，我们应当看好我们这架自行修补的奇妙机器。裸体给人一定的活动自由。看看你裸体时屈膝是多么的轻松自如，无牵无挂，试比较你穿着裤子时屈膝的情景。我可以在自己的暗室里赤身露体地跑上几圈，享受绝对自由的快感；但我得注意不让仆人看见。人还得屈从于一定的人为之事，还得理智一些。如果你的皮肤十分强健，你也可以舒适地裸体而眠，像因节俭而裸睡的满洲人一样，你可以享受皮肤自由的亲褥之乐。整个地说来，医生都会告诉你，皮肤是排泄污秽的重要器官之一，也是自动消毒的有机体。如果要穿笨拙且不人道的西装，你还得残忍地将躯体裹在紧身的衬衣里，阻止或干扰一切自然的排泄行动，你就应当在一天二十四小时内至少花上几分钟以自然的状态恢复自然的功能，尤其要在阳光和新鲜空气的作用下进行。我想，从美学观点来看，这也能帮助人们意识到运动的韵律。 但是，如果不为其他原因，仍从美学上来看，我是坚决反对当众裸体的。如果诗人不知道，艺术家是会知道的：完美的人体不啻凤毛麟角。美女可能有着漂亮的躯干，可也还有难看的细瘦小腿和不匀称的脚。坚信如果人们在炎夏的下午去海滨观赏自然之情，任何目光敏锐的人都会被吓跑的。十三岁的苏三瘦骨嶙峋；蓓蒂的臂部臃肿突兀；乔治叔秃头底下配副眼镜，实在难看；凯特姐胸部松驰，而柯黛莉亚婶简直是个怪物。一家人中我看只有朱丽亚算得上国色天香。正如中国人所描绘的美女那样，增之一分则嫌肥，减之一分则嫌瘦，她就是这样的恰到好处。可宇宙间能有几个恰到好处的人？就是这几个人在青春消逝之后，仍能保持恰到好处者所剩有几？ 因此，彻头彻尾的裸体主义只有在男女看不见自己丑陋的社会里才能容忍，如果深入推理，它将意味着我们美感的大衰退，引起的后果将是：对漂亮裸体的美学鉴赏与观看非洲丛林中的裸体土人相差无几。一般人体都像猴子或像吃得饱的马，只有衣服的掩饰能使有的人看上去像陆军上校，使有的人像银行老板。剥掉他们的衣服，这些人的上校和老板形象就会烟消云散！他们在家偶尔实行裸体主义，说明了他们为什么一般被太太蔑视的原因。剥光国际会议上那些风度翩翩的代表们的衣服，我们就会获得更真切的认识：当今混乱的世界，原来是由一群猴子统治着。 我相信，在裸体主义被习俗推崇的世界上，几乎所有的女人都渴望有块破布把造物主在她们身上永久遗忘的角落掩起来。总之，男子的堕落，女子的卖俏是始于遮羞布。试想想，在裸体主义世界上，多少女人系上乳罩以增强她们的肉感，又有多少人穿上紧身衣！那些胆大妄为、寡廉鲜耻的女性服装设计师，将会受到德高望重的老太太的指责，指责他们没有让女人袒胸露腹。“那些无耻的摩登女郎真不光明正大！”裸体王国的道学太太宣称道：“噢，更年轻的斯特雷奇小姐竟拿一块一尺多长的布片缠在臂部上。我不想传谣，也没亲眼见过，但人家是这么说的！” “噢，摩登女郎现在是无所不为，”顿第太太接着说，“如果哪一天她们将臂部的布延伸到膝盖，我也不觉得怎么样，你知道这些年轻人，就是敢于惊世骇俗。” 男人只会爱上戴乳罩的女人，或是死于石榴裙下。因此我说，如果裸体主义来了，让它来吧！它无伤大雅。我充分相信，我们人类的美感还没有丧失殆尽，还能够自然地阻止过度的行为。我平素对人们的道德并不关心，但本文算是我所写的最正经的一篇。 夏天来了，又使我想到在海外钓鱼之乐。Every summer when I travel, I always inquire about some kind of fishing facility in a certain place first, and arrange it early.因此，瑞士、奥、法诸国足迹所至，都有垂钓的回忆。维也纳的多瑙河畔，巴黎的色印外郊，湖山景色都随着垂纶吊影，收入眼帘。人生何事不钓鱼，在我是一种不可思议之谜。在家时，因为种种因素，没有设备，所以也未成风气。In the Danshui River, yachts have disappeared. On Shimen Lake, there are not many men and women with green capes and green hats. I feel deeply regretful.There are no restaurants on the water, and there are very few pedestrians on the Moshang, which is puzzling.也许“政府”爱护老百姓，十分关怀，怕我们小民沉落水里去，那就不得而知了。However, egrets fly in the clouds, and the reflection of the willow embankment, who should be responsible for the crime of living up to the beauty of spring and autumn?Or when the sky is cold and the moon is twilight, when the smog is clear, who will pick up the fleeting moment?Or on a good day and a quiet night, when the moon and stars are sparse, who is to blame for not being able to put the boat in the middle of the boat, rippling the heart, wandering outside the mind, and washing the filth in my chest?Even if the elevated railway is completed, the willow embankment along the way will be neglected, and the painted boats will disappear, which will detract from the beauty of the rivers and mountains. What makes me most memorable is Lake Bariloche in Argentina.这是有名的钓鳟鱼的好地方。地在高山，因为河山变易，这些鳟鱼久已不能入海，名为LandolckedSalmon而与鲟鱼混种，称为Salmentrout。在北美的鲟鱼平常只有一两磅，大者三五磅，此地却有一二十磅的鲟鱼，及二三十磅的鳟鱼。艾森豪威尔总统也曾来此下钓，这是我的向导告诉我的。Lake Ballyloja is located on the border between Argentina and Chile.南美安狄斯大山脉至此之势已尽，所以这个地方，虽然重峦叠嶂，却是湖山胜地，车船络绎往来无阻。This area is a good place for sturgeon fishing. When you cross the border to the Bali Luozha Lake, it becomes a natural fairyland.There is Llao-Llao restaurant on the lake, which is called the best scenery in the world by the tour guide. Llao-Llao坐落此山，正似一朵出水芙蓉，前后左右，倚栏凭眺，碧空谬廓，万顷琉璃，大有鸿蒙未开气象。晨曦初指，即见千峦争秀，光彩陆离。Probably the mountain is not high and the scenery is strange, so it is endless, with layers of green mountains and beautiful peaks, the emerald green of the lake, and the red halo of the sun.又没有像瑞士缆车别墅之安插，快艇之浮动，冗难其问，竟成与鹿豕游之鸿蒙世界。What the tourist guide says, it really lives up to the name.此地钓鱼多用汽船慢行拖钓方法，名为Trolling。The boat sailed slowly, with the line trailing more than a hundred feet behind the boat.钩用汤匙形，随波施转，闪烁引鱼注意，所以不需用饵。我与内人乘舟而往，渔竿插在舷上，鱼上钩时自可见竿摇动。In this way, the flowing light illuminates the blue sky all the way, and the cold sound hides to find Fangzhou. When the boat passes by, the wild geese are startled and fly down to the depths of the reed.The setting sun shines back, and there are countless reds, looking up to the sky and screaming, resounding through the sky, no longer knowing whether it is the sky or the world. Sea fishing is different from lake fishing.阿京之东约一百五十英里，地名“银海”（Mardelplata）是阿国人避暑海滨胜地。去岸十英里的海中，因为富有水中食物，是产鱼最多的一带。I was alone, and I hired a steamboat, which was more than two feet long. The boatman asked me if I was afraid of the waves, and I said no.就在烟雨蒙蒙之时出发，船中仅我跟舟子两人。There are no big waves on the sea, but Zhouzi warned me that it is not for fun to come back against the waves.After mooring at the destination, the two of us started fishing.There is no need for a fishing rod, just a bundle of lines by hand. As expected, the hook has not bottomed out, and the rope is pulled abnormally.In this way, you can release and pull as you like, and you are so overwhelmed that you don't even have the time to smoke.不到半小时舱板上净是锦鳞泼刺，已有一百五十条以上的鱼，大半都是青鬣。I say go back.Zhouzi threw a set of raincoats and hats and told me to squat on the bottom of the boat.Since the motor was fully driven, the wind was so strong and the waves were so high that there was no place to hide on the whole ship.This is the most satisfying time I have ever fished in my life.到岸上检得二篓有余。皆送堤上的海鲜饭店。这是一家有名的海鲜饭店，名为Spadavecchia，打电话叫我太太来共尝海味，并证明渔翁不净是说谎话的人。而在此场中也可看到阿根廷国人集团唱歌，那种天真欢乐的热闹，为他国所难见到的。 In the north of New York and Long Island, and in the south of New Jersey, fishing is very popular and the equipment is good.长岛近郊，如，CreatNeck，LiuleNeck，PortWashington，到处港中渔船无数，而PortWashington，尤其是我过一夏天的地方。When you are free, take an iron bucket, touch clams, and fumble with your toes on the beach sand with bare feet.The clam is one or two inches below the sand in the sea, and when it is touched, it is picked up with the big toe and the second toe, and thrown into the bucket.同君的人，五六十尺外听到哐当一声，便知同伴又捡一个，其中自有乐处。So people here often have a feast of grilled clams, called Clam-bake.长岛以北，尤近大洋，由此地出发入海的，多半意在鳘鱼的佳地。I also spent a summer in northern Long Island.Crabs come in and out of Zhouzhu with the tide.站在桥上看见螃蟹成群结队而来。Only use the long crab net, and you will get it when you enter the water.所以住此地的人吃螃蟹不要钱。沿海一带也不知有多少出海钓游的村落。Place names often add the sound of quolque, which is the native language left by the Indians, referring to the small port in the bay. 最有名的是近ConeyIsland的羊头坞（SheepsheadBay）这是纽约全市的人常出海钓鱼的船坞。夏天一到，可有三四十只渔船，冬天也有十来条船。船长八九十尺，一切设备都有，午餐总是三明治，汉堡煎牛肉及啤酒，热咖啡之类，船上钓竿、钓钩及一切的杂具应有尽有。Bait is also arranged by the boat.Most of our fishing men, women and children are laymen. What kind of fish to catch today, what bait to use, the size of the hook, and where the fish come from are all guided by the boatman. Is an expert.早晨七时出发，一到船坞就见多少船手站在岸上拉生意。船行约两小时，平常四时至五时可以登岸回家。每船约四五十人，各占钓位，以早到为宜。钓到大鱼时，全船哗然，前呼后应，甚是热闹，由水手拿长钩及网下手，以免鱼出水时挣扎脱钩而去。 The best time is between July and August, when the so-called bluefish (Bluefish) appear.This is a fierce fish that preys on other species.Probably when the mackerel appeared, the bluefish followed and came to chase.Therefore, fishing for bluefish means fighting with fish.凡钓鱼的人，最不喜欢温顺上来的鱼。若海底比目鱼之类，一上钩，若无其事就拉上来。蓝鱼不然，一路挣脱，鱼力又猛，可能费尽气力，才能就落。Quiet for a while, come to struggle again, or unhook and leave.及见水面，银光闪烁，拉你的钱扯大圆圈，径可一二丈外。Therefore, the fishing lines of those in the same boat were also disturbed by him.At that time, it was important to catch the fish, wait for the fish to hit the board, and then slowly sort out the clues and sort out the entanglement of the fishing line.When the blue fish was on the board, it was still jumping wildly, struggling to the end, and finally caught it.Especially fishing for bluefish is advisable at night.When the blue fish appeared, there could be a hundred boats mooring in groups on the sea.夜来时，月明星稀，海面灯光浑然，另是一番气象，你休息时，或者鱼不吃饵时，尽管躺在船上，看樯影挂在星河，婆娑摇动，倒也可心神飘忽，翩翩欲仙。瞥然间船中响起，有人钓到大鱼，全船哗然，乃起来再接再厉，鼓起精神垂钓。有一回已是九月初，蓝鱼已少，而留者特大。我和相如夜钓，相如钓上两条，长如雨伞，重二十斤。只好每条装一布袋，指晓回家。太太正在睡乡，忽然惊起，不信布袋中是何有腥味的大雨伞。这是我钓鱼中最可记的一次。