Chapter 30 Section 17

four eight (24) Cases of struggle—this is also called a case of victory. ①This kind of example indicates the mutual superiority and submission of various virtues; it indicates which virtues are strong and prevail, and which virtues are weak and retreat, because the movement and effort of objects also have their own recombination and decomposition. And intricate relationships, just as much as the objects themselves.I shall, therefore, first set forth the main kinds of the virtues of motion or activity, in order to bring them together and compare them more clearly in terms of force, and thereby to point out and designate more definitely the cases of struggle or triumph. ①Kachin note, refer to the second volume two four.

Kachin also pointed out that some cases, which Bacon called "resistance" cases, are quite correct; as for giving them all a generic name, called "movement", it is not quite right. The term "motion" is used in this way in a vague and inappropriate way - it includes multiple resistances and "inertia" tendencies, the resistance to destruction common to all substances.Motion is rightly defined as an extremely simple act, as Epicurus defines it as "change of place." - translator The first kind of movement is the resistance movement in matter. ① This is inherent in every individual part of matter; by virtue of it it absolutely refuses to be destroyed.No fire, no weight i.e. pressure, no violence, not even any length of time, can annihilate any part of matter, even the tiniest tiniest, which is always there, always always occupying some space.No matter what predicament you put it in, it will always free itself by changing form or changing position.

If none of these things work, it will exist as it is.In short, it never goes the way of nothingness or nowhere. This movement, in the words of the scholastics (who almost always named and defined things in terms of their effects and what they cannot do, rather than in terms of their inner causes), is "two bodies cannot be in one body." The principle of "place", or it is called "the movement that prevents volumes from intersecting". ②It is unnecessary to give any examples of this motion, since it is inherent in every body. ①The original Latin text is Motus Antitypioe.The first to use this term was Aristotle.

(Kachin Note: Antitypioe means the indestructibility of matter, which is a universal property as we know it. - Translator ) ②Kachin note, refer to the sixth example of Article 36 of the second volume. The second type of movement is what I call linking movement.That is to say, the object cannot bear to be detached at any point from its attachment to another object, as if it takes great pleasure in being connected to each other.This movement is called "the movement against the void" in the language of the scholastics. ①This movement is exhibited, for example, when water is sucked up or in a pump, or when a muscle is pulled out by a blood-sucking device.Another example is that if only one hole is drilled in a can, the water in it will stop flowing out, and the mouth of the can must be opened to allow air to enter.There are countless examples of the same kind.The third kind of movement is what I call free movement. ②That is to say, objects always escape unnatural pressure or tension and return to a volume suitable for their own properties.We also have innumerable examples of such movements.Look at escape pressure first, such as the movement of water when people swim and boats pass by, the movement of air when things fly by and wind blows, and the movement of clockwork in clocks are some examples.Here we can give a small example, that is, the movement of air under pressure as seen from children's air guns.Children used to take an alder twig or something like that, hollow it out, and plug each end with a cork or something like that; The bung went out with a bang, but it hadn't touched either the bung or the barrel at this end.As for the escape tension, the air retained in the glass egg after suction shows this movement; and strings, leather and cloth all spring back after being tensioned, unless the tension is too great after a long period of time. force; there are many other similar phenomena showing this movement.This kind of movement is called "movement according to the law of the four elements" when the scholastics speak.This name is really "unthinkable", because this kind of motion is not unique to water, fire and air, but to all kinds of solid substances such as wood, iron, lead, cloth, parchment, etc. Yes; each of these objects has its appropriate limit in volume, beyond which it is difficult to draw it to any appreciable extent.As this free movement is the most conspicuous of all, and has infinite applications, we should, if we are wise, well discern it.Some people are very careless to mix this movement with the above-mentioned resistance movement and connection movement, that is, confuse the escape pressure with the resistance movement, and the escape tension with the connection movement; It is to avoid the entry of volume, and the reason why it bounces back and shrinks when it is stretched is to avoid the appearance of void.In fact, if the air, when compressed, intends to shrink itself to the density of water, or the wood, when compressed, to shrink itself to the density of stone, there is no need for a volumetric intrusion at all, but instead There will be pressures far greater than those objects are actually subjected to.Likewise, if water were to expand to a density like air, or a stone to a density like wood, there would be no need for a void to follow at all, but there would be tensions far greater than those experienced by these bodies. impose on them.From this it can be seen that bodies can never come to the point where the volumes merge or the void appears, unless the limits of condensation and thinning are reached; and the two escape movements I am talking about here are far, far away from those two limits. , are but two desires possessed by bodies, namely, to preserve themselves in their state of fixity (or, if the scholastics prefer, their forms); It is unwilling to leave the fixed state suddenly except to change it by action.One more thing is especially necessary to know (because many things depend on it): the so-called motion of force (which we call mechanical motion, but in Democritus - he is explaining some of the basic motions he said This aspect should be ranked below even the second-rate philosophers—but it is called the movement of whipping)4 It is nothing but this movement of freedom, that is, the movement from oppression to relaxation.For, whether in a mere throw or a series of flights through the air, nothing so-called moved or change of status.In fact, the whole moves only when each part is pushed back and forth against the next; and it does not merely move forward, but also rotates, since the parts also try to This is to free yourself or to distribute the pressure more evenly.I will stop here with regard to free movement. ①Kachin note, refer to six or six articles in Volume 1. - translator

② Kachin notes: The so-called "freedom" here refers to flexible movements. - translator ③Kachin note, refer to the six or six articles in the first volume. - translator ④The original text of the Latin version is Motusplagae, which has already been seen in the 35th article of the second volume.The English version is translated as motion of percussion there, and I translated it as impact movement; here it is translated as motion of stripe, and I translated it as flogging movement: in fact, they should all be unified in the former. Fleur points out that Bacon, who has always had a high opinion of Democritus, is curiously belittled here.

- translator The fourth kind of motion I call physical motion. ① This movement is somewhat opposite to the third movement mentioned above.In free motion, the object fears, loathes, and avoids new volumes, or new extents, new expansions, and new contractions (these terms all refer to the same thing), and bounces back and forth with all its strength to restore its The original degree of consolidation.In the motion of matter, on the other hand, the body craves a new dimension or volume, and will rush there easily, quickly, and sometimes even with the most violent effort (as in the case of gunpowder).Of the instruments of this movement, one is not the only one, but it is powerful, or at least the most common, and that is heat and cold.For example, the air, when it has been expanded by tension, as after being sucked in a glass egg, will strive to restore itself under a strong desire; and pass easily there, to a new form (according to their grammar); and having expanded to a certain extent, it does not want to return unless it is called back again by coldness, And that is no longer a return but another new change.In the same way water, when contracted by pressure, resists, willingly recovers its original larger volume; but when a severe and persistent cold intervenes, it spontaneously and willingly transforms itself into the density of ice. ; if the cold continues, and is not interrupted by the heat, as in a cellar or cavern which has been penetrated to a certain depth, it will furthermore become crystals or some similar substance,2 and never return to its original state. form. ①The original Latin text is Hyles.Kachin noted that this refers to the ability to expand, that is, the tendency of matter to expand its volume under certain conditions, such as heat or various explosives. - translator

② Kachin pointed out that explaining the origin of stalactites in this way is really weird and arbitrary, which is completely wrong. - translator The fifth type of motion is continuous motion. ①The so-called continuity here does not refer to the simple and original continuity between one object and another object (because that would be a connecting movement), but the self-continuity within a certain object.It is quite clear that all objects are afraid of the disintegration of continuity, some more, some less, but all to a certain extent.In hard bodies, like steel or glass, the resistance to interruption is extremely strong; even in liquids where this resistance is not seen or only weak, it is not absent, but certainly present. There (although its force is at a minimum) and expressed in many actions, such as bubbles, drops in circles, cornices in thin lines, glue more viscous, and the like.This tendency to resist is especially pronounced when we try to extend interruptions to small things.For example, when pounding objects in a mortar, when crushed to a certain degree, no further effect can be produced by rod pounding; for example, small cracks can resist the penetration of water; even air, though extremely fine, cannot pass through solid The crevice of the vessel, and only after a long time of gradual penetration. ① Kachin pointed out that this is definitely not a "movement", but the result of the attraction of cohesive force, because of the cohesive force, the molecules of the same block are gathered together.See the first point of the second volume of the second five subtle examples. - translator

The sixth kind of movement I call the movement of getting or the movement of seeking. ① That is to say, when a body is placed between heterogeneous and hostile bodies, it has only to find an opportunity of escaping from them and joining other more near bodies (though these bodies are not closely connected with it) ) union, the latter is to be chosen and embraced, as if there was a need for them and the union was a gain (hence the name).For example, gold or any other metal made of thin leaves does not like the surrounding air, so as soon as it encounters any thick and touchable object (such as a finger, a piece of paper, you can lift it at will), it will stick to it immediately and it is not easy. tear apart.Likewise, paper, cloth, and the like are not congenial to the air that dwells in their pores, so they readily absorb water or other moisture to expel the air.

It is also like a piece of sugar or a sponge, one end is immersed in water or wine, and the other end is much higher than the water surface, they will gradually absorb the water or wine to the top. ②From this we can deduce an excellent law in the dismantling and decomposition of bodies.That is to say (not to mention corrosive agents and strong waters, which open the way for themselves), a certain solid body, if it finds another body, is quite suitable to it, and is more suitable than that which is mixed with it as a necessity. If it is more coordinated and closer, then it immediately opens up and relaxes itself, pushing out the latter and accepting the former.

It should also be pointed out that this kind of seeking movement does not only have its activity or existence under direct contact.Electricity, for example (of which Gilbert and his successors wrote many stories), is nothing more than a tendency of bodies, stimulated by gentle friction, to tolerate air indifferently and to accept it as long as other palpable objects are near. There is a tendency to choose and choose when you are around. ③①Kachin pointed out that this can be called selective movement, that is to say, objects have a tendency to combine with some plastids but not with other plastids.All chemical affinities (eg oxygen in air to iron) can be included under this item.Bacon, of course, knew nothing of these, nor the capillary attraction, which he confused with this selectivity of matter.The old tales of sympathy and antipathy carried great weight in Bacon's mind, though he knew they contained much dreaminess. - translator

② Kachin pointed out that this is due to the attraction of capillaries. - translator ③ Kachin pointed out that this is really bold enough, the so-called "a tendency of objects stimulated by gentle friction" Thus, compared with Gilbert's careful and true experiments, it can be said that no truth has been seen. - translator The seventh movement I call the Great Convergence Movement. ① This is the movement of an object towards a large number of blocks whose properties are similar to itself; it is the movement of a heavy object towards the earth, and a light object towards the horizon.For this kind of movement, scholastics have used the term natural movement to refer to it.This is superficial considerations: not because there is nothing apparent outside that can produce this motion (and so they assume that it is immanent in the thing itself, as inherent in the thing itself), but perhaps because it It never stops.There is no wonder in this, for heaven and earth are always present, while the causes and origins of most other movements are sometimes present and sometimes absent.Since this motion never ceases, and is felt at once when the others cease, they then regard it as permanent and inherent, while all others are external.It should be remarked that this motion is so feeble and sluggish in fact that, except in bodies of considerable mass, it yields and yields to other motions whenever they are in motion.People know very little, though they are so absorbed in this movement that they hardly see all others, because they are entangled in many errors in this respect. ①Kachin notes that this refers to the tendency of all different objects with the same essence to be combined when they are placed in similar positions. For example, when two drops of mercury are close to each other, they will attract each other and become one.See volume six or six. - translator The eighth type of movement is the small convergent movement. ① This means that the homogeneous molecules in an object should be separated from the heterogeneous molecules and combined together; this also means that the entire object embraces and embraces each other because of the similarity of the plastids , and sometimes attract and receive together from a considerable distance away.For example, after milk has been left for a while, the cream rises to the top; while in wine, the dross sinks to the bottom.It is not merely due to light and heavy movements that some molecules rise and others sink, but the main reason is that homogeneous molecules have the desire to come together and form one body.This motion is different from the desired motion above in two respects.First, that in the latter there is a malicious opposite quality as a stronger stimulus, and in this movement (so long as nothing hinders or binds it) the elements are united in friendship, even in the absence of The same is true in the case of conflicts of an alien nature.The second point is that the combination here is more intimate, and it can also be said that it has gone through more choices.In the above-mentioned demanding movement, as long as the hostile objects are avoided, the objects that are not closely related will also gather together; in this movement, various substances are held together by the close relationship as a bond, which can also be said is one.It is to be added that this movement is present in all composite bodies, and would express itself very conveniently were it not for other tendencies and needs in the body to be restrained and restrained, which would interfere with this union in question. of. ① Kachin pointed out that when homogeneous molecules are mixed together, most of this situation can be explained by specific gravity. In addition, some chemical means can also be used to explain, for example, when carbonic acid is put into lime water, it forms carbonate of lime. - translator When it comes to the restraint of this kind of movement, it generally comes from three ways: one is the bluntness of the object, the other is the obstruction of a powerful object, and the third is the external movement. Let me talk about the bluntness of the object first.It is clear that in every tangible substance there is more or less a kind of laziness, an aversion to change of status, and therefore, unless stimulated, it always prefers to stay as it is rather than change to a better state.This dullness can be removed by means of three things: either by heat, or by the eminent character of a body of the same kind, or by active and powerful motion.As for the help of heat in this respect, we know that it is on this basis that the Peripatetics have defined heat as "that which separates heterogeneous molecules and gathers homogeneous molecules"; and this definition was suffered by Gilbert. justifiably ridiculed.He said that such a definition is no different from defining man as a thing that grows wheat and grapes. This is a definition that only refers to the results and only to those specific results.And there is a still worse error in this definition, in that effects such as those it cites do not arise from the peculiar nature of heat (for cold can do the same thing, as I shall show later on), But only indirectly has heat to do with it; those results are due to the desire of the homogeneous molecules to unite, and the heat only helps to remove the dullness which formerly fettered that desire. As for the help obtained from the morality of objects of the same family, this can be clearly seen from the installation of ferromagnets.There the magnet moves the quality of the iron it contains, and causes it to hold another piece of iron by virtue of the homogeneity of the plastid; that is to say, the bluntness of the iron is driven out by the quality of the magnet.As for the help gained by exercise, this can be seen from the example of the wooden arrow shooting the wood.We know that a wooden arrow penetrates deeper into the wood than one fitted with a steel head, due to the plastid being of the same kind; and that is to say, the bluntness of the wood is driven away by the jerky motion. These two experiments are what I have already mentioned in the previous quotation about the subtle case. ①Let’s talk about the restriction caused by the restraint of powerful objects on this small gathering movement. This can be seen in the decomposition effect of cold on blood and urine.We know that so long as those bodies are filled with active spirits--which, as the master of the whole body, orders and binds the individual molecules of all other kinds--the homogeneous molecules in them, because of the restraint, They never come together; but as soon as the essence is evaporated or suffocated by cold, the molecules, freed from restraint, come together according to their natural desire.We have seen that all objects containing a striving spirit (like salt and the like) are able to maintain their original shape and not tend to disintegrate, that is, because there is a powerful and commanding spirit enforcing its stability. And for the sake of enduring restraint. ①Kachin note, refer to Volume 2, Article 25. - translator As for the restraint of this little convergent motion by external motion, this is best seen in the case where shaking a body is sufficient to prevent decay.We know that all decay depends on the aggregation of homogeneous molecules, from which gradually the destruction of the old form (as they call it) and the generation of the new form take place.For corruption, which paves the way for the emergence of new forms, must be preceded by the disintegration of the old forms, which itself is the aggregation of homogeneous molecules.If it is not hindered, it is really a simple decomposition; but if it encounters various obstacles, what takes place is corruption, which is the initial form of a new generation.But if (and this is the present problem) there is an external movement which is constantly disturbing, then such a converging movement (which is a delicate and weak movement, which requires the tranquility of things outside) is disturbed and stopped, as in As we have seen in numerous instances.For example, if the water is stirred or circulated every day, it can prevent it from becoming rotten; if the wind is enough to prevent the air from being infected; Things decay more slowly from the inside if they are shaken from the outside. Finally, I cannot fail to mention that the aggregation of molecules in objects is again the main cause of hardening and drying.We know that as soon as the essence, or the moisture which has become essence, escapes from some porous body (wood, bone, parchment, and the like), the more vigorous Absorb and receive together, resulting in hardening or drying.This result, I think, has much to do with the movement of friendship and union, and less with the movement of connection that prevents the void. As for the aggregation of bodies from a distance, that is rare, but more than is usually observed.We see that a blister is sufficient to disintegrate a blister; that a purgative draws body fluids down by the same properties of a plastid; that the strings of one violin make the strings of another violin sound in tune: these may be said to be examples of this motion.I suspect that this movement also prevails in the spirits of animals, though we know nothing of it.At any rate, it is always more prominent among lodestones and magnetized iron. Now that we have mentioned the various motions of the magnet, we should distinguish them carefully.There are four virtues or four actions in the magnet, which should not be confused but should be distinguished, although people have always confused them with wonder and admiration.The first is the attraction of a magnet to a magnet, or of a magnet to iron, or of magnetized iron to iron.The second is its polarity, which also has the declination of the magnetic needle.The third is its ability to see through gold, stone, glass, everything.The fourth is its ability to transfer its virtues from stone to iron and from iron to iron but not its substance.But I am speaking here of only the first of these four virtues, namely its attractiveness.Another very noteworthy example is the attraction between gold and mercury: gold can even attract mercury that has been made into ointments; Gold, to absorb the vapors that would otherwise penetrate the head and bones, and in doing so the lump of gold immediately turns white.The above is about the small gathering movement, so that’s all. The ninth movement is magnetic movement. ①Although this kind of movement belongs to the same kind as the small convergent movement, if it is considered that it is carried out on a large block at a long distance; especially if it is considered that it does not start with abutment in most cases, it is Not leading to abutment, like all converging motions, but nothing but lifting or expanding bodies; then it is worthwhile to make a separate inquiry. For example, the moon lifts water or expands wet things; or, the astral world attracts the planets to their apogees; or, the sun holds Venus and Mercury so that they can never be more than a certain angle apart degrees;—all these motions do not seem to be properly classed under great or small convergent motions, but rather as a moderate and incomplete convergent motion, so that they themselves This order constitutes another category. ① Kachin noted that this is an attempt to explain some probable (in Bacon's view only probable) truths of gravity with magnetism. - translator The tenth type of movement is the escape movement. ① This movement is the opposite of the small convergent movement; that is to say, the object wants to run away from the hostile object out of a kind of aversion, and also to make the hostile object avoid, in short, to separate itself from them, or It is refusing to mingle with them.Although this kind of movement seems to be an accident or result of the small convergence movement in some cases, because homogeneous molecules naturally have to drive out and expel heterogeneous molecules if they want to aggregate, but we should still separate it , forming a separate category, since in many episodes the desire to escape predominates over the desire to bond. ①Kachin commentary: This is a rough description of the current so-called "rejection force".Newton's experiments proved that a lens placed on a piece of flat glass always maintains a distance of 137th of an inch.The cause of this repulsive force may be the wonderful substance "heat", if heat can be regarded as matter.Boscovich (1711-1787, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist) believed that the many atoms that make up an object interact with each other with different strengths and types of forces depending on the distance. interacting.One of the best and most obvious examples of repulsion is the mutual repulsion of two identical magnetic poles. - translator This motion is eminently marked in the excrement of animals; and also in things which are odorous to some of the senses, especially smell and taste.For example, foul smells are so repugnant to the sense of smell that by induction they cause a vicious movement in the appetite; and hot and bitter tastes are so repugnant to the palate or throat that they induce shaking of the head and shuddering by induction. .There is this movement in other things as well, and it can be seen in certain forms of reaction. ①For example, the coldness in the middle of the air seems to be the result of the discharge of coldness from the celestial body; and the great heat and combustion in the ground also seem to be the result of the discharge of heat from the interior of the earth.Because heat and cold will kill each other when they are in small quantities; but if they are in large quantities, as if forming two formal armies, the result of the conflict is to exclude each other in turn and take each other's place.I have also heard that cinnamon bark and other spices keep their aroma longer if they are placed near sewers and foul-smelling places, because the aroma does not want to mix with the smell.As to the case of mercury, it is quite clear that it would like to compound itself into a whole, but spittle, lard, pine oil, and the like prevent it from doing so; Therefore, as soon as they are around, it retreats; so it follows that the mercury molecules have a stronger desire to escape from the objects that enter them than to combine with molecules of the same kind.And this is called the affliction of mercury.Look at the fact that oil and water are immiscible, this is not simply due to the difference in specific gravity, but also because the two fluids react poorly to each other, from the fact that alcohol is lighter than oil but it wets well with water I understand.But the most conspicuous manifestations of this evasive movement are found in the abhorrence of fire by saltpeter and similar gross bodies, as in gunpowder, mercury, and gold.As for the pole of iron escaping from the magnet, as Gilberte well explained, that is not, strictly speaking, an escape, but a meeting and convergence in another, more convenient situation. ②①Kachin note, refer to the second and fourth examples of the second volume, article 12, and the second volume, article 27. - translator ② See Gilbert's "Magnetism" (De Magnete) Volume II Chapter Four. - translator The eleventh type of movement is assimilation movement, ① or self-multiplication movement, or simply reproductive movement. I am not referring here to the reproduction of whole bodies, such as plants or animals, but to the intergeneration of organically consistent bodies.That is to say, the body transforms into its substance and properties other bodies which are related to it, or at least deeply inclined to it.For example, when the flame hits gas and oil-containing substances, it multiplies itself to generate new flames, and when air encounters water and water-containing substances, it also multiplies itself and generates new air; The finer molecules, either watery or oily, in the feed, will also multiply themselves to produce new essences; while the solid parts of plants and animals, such as flowers, leaves, bones, meat, and the like, will be like Don't metabolize new plastids from the juice of its feed to supplement its loss.Here, I would advise no one to believe the whims of Barasisas (who, I suppose, was blinded by his distillation), that nourishment is obtained only by differentiation; that bread and The meat contains elements of the eye, nose, brain, and liver, and in the moisture of the soil also elements of the roots, leaves, and flowers. He meant that just as the artisan carves flowers, leaves, eyes, noses, hands, feet, etc., out of rough blocks of stone or wood by differentiation, that is, by cutting off the superfluous, so the principle of life The inner craftsman also uses the method of differentiation and elimination of dross to produce various parts of the human body from food.Leaving aside such frivolous remarks, it is quite clear that all parts of plants and animals, homogeneous and organic alike, first absorb the sap from the feed with a certain degree of selection— — which is identical or nearly identical to all — and then assimilates it into their own nature.This assimilation, or simple reproduction, does not only occur in living bodies, but also in inanimate bodies, such as fire and air just mentioned. Moreover, the inanimate spirits contained in every palpable living plastid are also constantly engaged in the digestion of the coarser molecules, converting them into spirits for later emission; and drying results, as I have stated elsewhere. There is another layer. When referring to assimilation, we should not separate accumulation (generally this is distinguished from nourishment) from it; As if the scale on the tooth has long been transformed into a substance as hard as the tooth itself; and so on.In short, it is my opinion that in all objects there is a desire to assimilate, and also to unite with a homogeneous substance; and this virtue is also bound, just as the latter, However, the method of bondage is different.The means of these fetters, and the means of escaping them, should be inquired with the utmost diligence, for this is concerned with the rekindling of old age. ④Finally, it is worth noting that, in the above ten kinds of motions, the body seems to only want to maintain its own nature, but only in this eleventh kind of motion, the body wants to reproduce its own nature. ① Kachin noted that the three movements from 11 to 13 all belong to this category.The so-called assimilation movement, such as chemical substances decomposing from other objects and assimilating molecules and elements similar to themselves, such as flames consuming oxygen in various objects; there is another example, such as the stomach accepts and uses all energy and transforms it into blood stuff, and so on. - translator ②Refer to the last example of Article 36 of Volume II and the related notes below. - translator ③ Kachin noted that Theophrastus Paracelsus died in 1541.His system has important implications for medicine.He was rather perceptive; in chemical knowledge he was ahead of his time.But his theory is the most wild, as Bacon called "fantastic."He always had to draw analogies between the macrocosms of nature. - translator ④ Kachin pointed out that Bacon was full of the creed of prolonging life by ancient alchemists.He was delusional about his health. In "Sylva Sylvarum" he has quite a few interesting thoughts about diet and so on. - translator The twelfth type of motion is induced motion. ① This movement seems to belong to the class of assimilation movements, and I sometimes call it by that name.For it is, like assimilation, disseminated, transmitted, transferred, and multiplied; and in much the same way in its results.But the two are different in the way of producing results and in the subject matter.In terms of manner, the assimilation movement seems to be carried out with authority and command; it commands and compels the assimilated object to become the assimilated object.The induced movement, on the other hand, may be said to be carried out by means of trickery and stealth; it is only the quality of attracting and arranging the induced object to the induced object.In terms of subject matter, what is multiplied and transformed by assimilation is objects and plastids. For example, more flames, more air, more essence, and more muscles are reproduced.What is multiplied and transformed in the induced movement is only the nature, for example, more heat, more magnetism, and more decay.This motion is especially pronounced in heat and cold.热在致热于一个物体时，并不借传送原热而散播其自身，而只是把物体的分子诱到那种作为热的法式的运动，就是我在关于热的性质的初步收获中所说过的那种运动。正因如此，所以要在石头中或金属中来诱发热就比在空气中要慢得多和困难得多，原因就在那些物体不适宜于和不便当来接受诱发运动。由此亦可想到，地球腹中也许会存在着一些完全拒绝受热的物质，因为它们经过较紧的压凝会完全丧失这种诱发运动一般所借以开始的元精。同样，磁石对铁也能赋予其分子以一种新的秉性和一个相应的运动而丝毫不损失磁石自身的性德。 同样，面素、酵母、凝乳以及某些毒药之分别在生面、啤酒、干酪和人身中诱发和引出一种连续不断的运动，也是由于被诱发物体本身的预秉和轻从性者较多，出于诱发物体的力量者较少。 ②①克钦注明，这是指诱发和散播一种性质的倾向，如热之散播，又如磁石把自己的性质给予铁而自身却并不失掉它。 - translator ②这里所提出的学说与同题的一些最新观点几乎相同。 第十三种运动是感染运动。①这种运动亦属于同化运动一类，亦是散播性的而且是最精微的散播性的运动。但我仍认为宜把它另列为一个单独的种别，因为它与前两者之间有一点显着的不同。简单的同化运动是把物体本身实际上转化过来了，所以可以移去原动者而无妨于后生者。例如先头一次的点着火焰或者先头一次的转成空气，对于后头生出的火焰或空气就并无影响。同样，诱发运动亦能在原动者撤走之后还继续一段相当长的时间。如一个受过热的物体在原热移去之后，一块磁化了的铁在磁石撤去之后，一碗生面在面素撤出之后，便都是这样。感染运动可就不同了。它固然亦是散播性的和转移性的，但象是永远要依赖着那原动者，那原动者一经移去或停止发生作用，它立刻就衰退而告结束；因此它的效果必定是只产生于一瞬，或至少是只产生于一段很短的时间。 根据这种区别，所以我把同化运动和诱发运动叫作鸠壁特的嗣子式的运动，因为其所生是可以存在下去的；至于感染运动则叫作萨特恩的嗣子式的运动，因为其所生是立被吞噬和吸食掉的。这种运动显示在三件事物上：一是光线，二是音的震荡，三是磁力的表现，都是就其传递影响一点而言的。例如你若把光线移去，颜色和光的其他影像就都立刻不见。又如你若把原始的撞击以及由此而生的物体的震荡取消，音响不一刻就消失下去。音响在行经其中间物时虽为风所扰动，象波浪推进的样子，可是我们必须仔细地注意到，那原始的音响并非随共鸣之持续而始终存在的。②你把钟撞响一下，音响象是持续颇长的时间；这就容易引得我们错想，以为在这整段时间中音响仿佛是浮在和挂在空气之中；其实这完全不合于事实。因为共鸣并非那原来的同一音响，而是它的重出；试把被击的物体稳定下来，就可以辨清这一点。例如把那被击的钟抱紧使它不能颤动，音响就立刻完结，亦不再起共鸣；又如带弦的乐器，若在一弹之后再以手指（如对于竖琴）或以羽茎（如对于小瑟）把弦索轻触，则共鸣亦就立刻停止。再说磁力的表现，磁石一经撤去，铁块立即坠落。 至于月亮诚然不能从海上撤去，地球诚然亦不能从下坠的物体撤去，因而我们就无法对那些情节试行实验，但原则总是一样的。 第十四种运动是配置或自位运动。在这种运动中，物体象是并不要求与其他物体结合或分开，而是要求得到位置，要求配置于其他物体之间，与它们并列。这种运动是一个很难解的运动，人们也不曾好好地加以查究。在某些情节上它简直象是没有原因可说，虽然我相信实在并非如此。人们若问天体旋转为什么要由东到西而不是由西到东，若问天体转动所绕的极为什么靠近大小熊星而不靠近猎户量或在天的任何其他部分，这似乎是近于发疯，因为我们对那些现象只应视为观察的结果和就是那样的事实而予以接受。 不过我要指出，固然自然界中无疑有某些事物是最后的而不能更有原因的，但上述那一层我认为却并不在其列，我以为那是为宇宙的某种谐和性和感应性所造成，不过还不曾为我们所察及罢了。①而且即使我们承认了地球的运动是由西到东，同样的问题还依然存在。因为它还要绕着某个极而运动；而我们也就还可以问，这极又为什么在其所在而不在任何别的地方呢？②另外还有可以归到这种运动的则是磁石的指极性、方向性和偏角。 此外，在自然的和人工的物体之内，特别是在固体之内，分子间也有某种并列和位次，并有一种经纬和组织；那也应当仔细地加以查究，因为若不懂得这些，便不能方便地来处理或管制那些物体。至于流质中的打漩运动，那是分子受压，在未获解放前要相互拯救，以便大家平均分担压力；则以归入自由运动较为恰当。①这种谐和性的最显眼的事例是这一情况，即太阳系的一切运动都朝着一个方向，都是从西到东。 （克钦指出，万有引力的发现已说明了这一点，虽然不是象培根所想的那样。——译者 ）②这段话表明培根不懂得极并不是固定在什么地方的；换句话说，他对岁差是无所认识的；这就进一步证明他对于数理物理是多么不够注意。 第十五种运动是过渡运动，或是叫通行运动。①在这种运动当中，物体的性德，视物体和活动性德的性质如何，亦视中间物的性质如何，或多或少要受到中间物的阻碍或者促进。 例如，一种中间物适于光，另一种中间物适于声，又一种中间物适于冷热，又一种中间物适于磁性，类此等等。 ①克钦指出，在此项下可以列入有关力学中所谓“阻力介质中的运动”的讨论。 - translator 第十六种运动是王权的运动（我这样说），或者叫作政权的运动。 ①在这种运动当中，物体中占优势的、统治的分子约束着、镇服着、压制着、管理着其他分子，迫使后者或合或分，或止或动，以及怎样排列，并不依照后者自己的欲求，而是看怎样可以有助于统治分子的福利；所以说统治分子象是凌驾于屈服分子之上的一个政府或政权。这种运动在动物的元精当中是突出地显着；在那里，元精只要老是活跃有力，就总在节制着其他分子的一切运动。在其他物体当中，这种运动亦以较低的程度表现出来；例如我曾说到血和尿，那亦是要直到调和和维系其各个分子的元精放射出去或熄灭下去之后才会解体的。这种运动还不仅限于元精，虽然说在大多数物体之中元精由于具有迅疾而锐利的运动之故总是成为主人。在具有较大密度而不饱有活跃元精的物体当中（例如在水银和硫酸中），其较厚重的分子则成为主人；以致这种物体非至借某种办法摆脱这个羁绊和束缚后便很少有什么新的转化的希望。应该说明，既然这里整节所举的一系列的、分门别类的运动都不外是要借着这些斗争的事例来更好地查究运动的优势，而我现在忽又提到运动自身之中的优势，希望读者们不要以为我把论点都忘掉了。须知我在描述这种王权运动时，我所论究的不是运动或性德的优势，而是物体中分子的优势，正是这点优势才使得现在讨论中的这个运动成为一个特定的种别。 ①克钦注明，这一种是很模糊不清的，指的是物体中占统治地位的力量或性质控制着一切其他力量或性质。 - translator 第十七种运动是自发的旋转运动。 ①在这种运动当中，凡乐于运动和所处地位便于运动的物体可以任其本性，顺已而行，求欢于其自身，而不必依随其他物体。物体看来不外是要作无端极的运动，或者是完全保持静止，再不然就是趋向于一个端极，到那里后则视其性质如何而或转或止。凡物体处于便宜地位，如果乐于运动，它就以圆圈的形式来动，而这就是永恒的和无限的运动。凡物体所处地位虽然便宜，但却憎恶运动，它就保持静止。至于那些不处于便宜地位的物体，则以直线的形式（作为最短的途径）来进行运动，以与和它自己性质相同的物体联合起来。可以指出，这种旋转运动在以下九点上是容有不同的：一是物体运动时所绕的中心；二是物体运动时所依的极；三是物体运动时所形成的圆周或轨盘，视其与中心的距离如何而定；四是速度，视物体旋转急速程度的大小而定；五是物体运动的途程，如由东到西或由西到东便是；六是物体运动离却正圆形的程度，视螺旋线对中心点距离多少而定；七亦是物体运动离却正圆形的程度，这是从螺旋线对于极距离多少来看的；八是这些螺旋线彼此相互之间距离的大小；九是各极自身的变异，假定极亦会动的话；不过这一点除与圆圈形式的旋转外是概无关系的。还要指出，这种旋转运动，在一般的和久已公认的意见说来，是视为天体所固有的运动，虽然古代近代有些主张大地亦在旋转之说的人们在这方面亦曾起过严重的争论。我以为在这里另有一个问题（假如还不是已成过去的问题）倒是较为恰当的，那就是要问这种旋转运动（且承认地是静立不动的）是否仅限于天体，是否还可下传到空气和水。至于投射物的旋转运动，如标枪、矢箭、枪弹等等的运动，我是把它归到自由运动当中的。 ①克钦注明，参看二卷五条末尾及二卷三六条第二例。 - translator 第十八种运动是震荡运动。 ①这种运动，若照天文学家们所理解的来说，我是不大相信的。但若到处仔细索查自然物体的倾向，那么这种运动就呈现在我们面前，并且似乎应当单独成为一个种别。这乃是可以称为永久监禁状态的一种运动；这就是说，当物体尚未十分找到自己的正当地位，却又不是完全不安，只是永在不停地震颤着和动荡着，既不满足于现状而又不敢再向前进，这时就出现这种运动。象这样的运动，我们在动物的心脏和脉搏中可以见到。一切物体，凡处于便与不便之间的中间状态，一经搅动就奋求解放，重被击回则又永在力试者，亦必然都现出这种运动。 ①克钦注明，对于这种运动，培根是不大相信的。不过，脉搏似乎可以提到这里而列为运动之一种。 - translator 第十九种也即最后一种运动虽难符于运动之名，但不容争辩也是一种运动，我把它叫作安息运动或恶动运动。①如大地块体静立不动，而其端极则动向中心——不是趋于一个假想的中心，而是趋于聚合——，就是出于这种运动。②又如一切具有相当密度的物体都憎恶运动，亦是出于这种倾向。实在说来，这些物体的唯一倾向就是要求不动。 纵有千方百计挑诱它们运动，它们总是尽其所能保持固有的性质；即使被迫动起来了，又总象是愿求恢复其静止状态而不再动下去；至于在要求恢复静止的努力当中，它们却表现活跃，却以足够的灵敏和迅捷进行争取，好象迫不及待刻不容缓的样子。应当指出，关于这个倾向，我们只能看到部分的表现。因为在我们这里，由于天体的杀减和调制的力量，一切可触质体不但不能压缩到极度，而且甚至还搀有一定部分的元精。①克钦指出，这里仍使用“运动”一词，正标志着培根在文体方面的粗疏。 这实际上是“惰性”，称为运动，可谓古怪的运动。 - translator ②克钦注明，参看二卷三五条。 - translator 如上所述，我已经举陈了自然界中最普遍的一些运动、倾向和活动性德的若干种别或单纯成分。在那些标题之下，自然科学的不小一部分亦已经钩画出来。但我的意思却不是说再无其他种别可以增添，亦不是说我所作的这些区划就不能另依照自然界的真正脉络而画得更加精确，就不能再减到较小的数目。值得注意的却是，我这里所说的并不是任何抽象的区划；并不象有些人那样说物体有的是要求其性质升华，有的是要求其性质蕃衍，有的是要求其性质享有成果；亦不象另一些人那样说事物的运动有的是趋赴宇宙的保存和利益，如抗拒运动和连接运动便是，有的是趋赴巨大整体的保存和利益，如大趋聚运动、旋转运动和恶动运动便是，有的是趋赴特殊形式的保存和利益，如静止不动便是。因为那些论断纵然是真的，可是若不用物质中和自然结构中的真实画线来加以界定，它们便只是揣想的而没有什么用处。还要指出，我所举陈的这些，就着我们当前的目的说来，即就着考量各种性德的胜败从而找出斗争的事例这一点说来，已经是足够并且是很得用的了。 我所举陈的这些运动，有些是颇不可战胜的；有些是较其他运动为强，束缚着、限制着、摆布着其他运动；有些比其他运动走得较远；有些在速度上超过其他运动；有些则是在护持、加强、扩大和加速其他运动。 抗拒运动是完全牢不可破和不可战胜的。连接运动是否亦是这样，我还不能确定。 因为我还没有把握能够确定地说是否有一种虚空，无论是集于一块或者是散于物体的孔罅之间。①但有一事我则确信无疑，就是，刘开帕斯和德谟克利泰②倡导虚空说时所持的理由（就是说，若是没有虚空，那么同物体就不能有时拥有和充塞着较大的空间，有时拥有和充塞着较小的空间）乃是虚妄的。因为物质明明能够于空间中在一定限度内把自己或舒或卷，并不需有一块虚空插入帮忙；因为空气中并没有比金子中大两千倍的虚空——那若照他们的假设则是应当有的。关于这一点，我是从气体的性德的有力（不然气体就会象微尘一样飘浮在空的空间之中）和其他许多证据中获得充分的确信的。至于其他各种运动，它们是视其气力、数量、速度、发射力以及所遇助力或阻力的对比而迭为统治者和被统治者的。①“vacuumpermistum”是指散于物质隙孔之间的虚空，“vacuumcoacervatum”则指清楚的空的空间。关于这二者的区分，参看亚理斯多德的《物理学》第四章第七节。 培根不止一次提到过的亚力山大力亚的英雄（Hero of Alexandria）同意承认前者而拒绝后者。参看“Spiritalia”一书的引言。 （克钦注道：在这里，培根似乎怀疑通常所谓虚空是没有根据的。而他所谓“集于一块的”和“散于物体孔罅之间的”虚空又是什么意思呢？在下文二卷五○条中，他讲到“散于物体孔罅之间的空气”（aerpermistus）和“集于一块并围绕四周的空气” （aercoacervatuset circumfusus），前者意为掺杂于粉状物质中的空气，后者则意为空气成为一块，围绕并覆盖着这种物质。我冒然分别试译为“部分的虚空”和“完全的虚空”。按：查拉丁本原文中（二卷五○条第一种方式）有此字样，英译本在该处未予照译，似属疏漏。 - translator ）②克钦注明，参看一卷五一条。 - translator 例如，有些装铁磁石能够吸住和吊起比自己重六十倍的铁；在这限度内小趋聚运动制胜了大趋聚运动；但重量若再增加，它就被克制下去。一架有一定力量的杠杆能够举起一定的重量；在这限度内自由运动制胜了大趋聚运动；但重量若再增加，它就被克制下去。一张皮革能够展至一定的程度而不破裂；在这限度内连续运动制胜了紧张运动；但张度若再增加，皮革就告破裂，那就是连续运动又被克制下去。又如水能够从一定大小的裂缝流出；在这限度内大趋聚运动制胜了连续运动；但裂缝若是较小一些，前者就让位而后者则得逞了。假如我们只把炮弹和硫磺装入炮内，用火柴去燃放时便不能把炮弹发射出去；这是大趋聚运动制胜了物质运动。 但如果实以火药，那么，硫磺中的物质运动由于得到物质中各种运动和硝石中逃避运动的帮助就能得逞了。关于其他运动，亦可以照此类推。这样看来，这些显示出各种性德的胜败的斗争事例，连同其怎样或胜或败的情形与对比关系，实在是应当以敏锐而仔细的努力从各个方面来加以寻求和收集起来的。 同样，我们对于那些运动怎样败退的情形也不可考察得较欠仔细。这就是说，我们要仔细地考察它们还是完全停止了，还是仍在继续抵抗，但却被压倒着。因为在我们这里，物体无论就整体或就部分说来是没有真实的静止而只有表面的静止的。这个表面的静止不外出于两种原因：或者是出于平衡，或者是出于某些运动的绝对优势；前者如天秤两端上的重量相等则天秤便静立不动；后者如带有小孔的水罐，由于连接运动占着优势之故，其中的水便保持静止而不外流。 ①所应考察的是，我已经说过，这些退让中的运动进行抵抗到什么程度。譬如说，一个人被缚倒在地，捆住了手脚，或以其他方法绑紧，而他却竭尽全力要挣扎站起，这时他的抵抗虽不成功，但抵抗则并不稍减。我想这件事的真实情况（我的意思是说，这退让中的运动在遇到他种优势时还是径被消灭，还是在我们不能看见之中继续进行抗拒），虽然隐蔽在各种运动的冲突之中，却或可在各种运动的会聚之中显露出来。举例来说，可借放炮来做试验。我们先看一尊炮可把一个炮弹直射多远；然后再试向上发射时的射击力是否较向下发射时为弱，因为向下发射时，引力运动是和这一射会聚起来了。 ①克钦指出，这里又看到培根缺乏关于空气压力的知识。 - translator 最后，我们还应把所见到的关于优胜的一些定则收集起来。举例来说，凡所追求的利益愈属普遍，运动就愈强而有力，这就是一条定则。例如，涉及全宇宙之所共享的连接运动就比仅仅涉及厚重物体之所共享的引力运动为强。又如，除开在小的数量之下，凡目的在于私的利益的倾向都很难胜过目的在于公共利益的倾向。顺便说一句，这些规律我希望亦适用于政治当中。①①克钦指出，这里又看到培根喜作类比。……看来培根把这条放在很高的位置上，而其实是最坏的标本之一，因为其中充满着假象。其中划分出一些奇想的也是不必要的子目，并未辅以奇想的术语；而将“欲求”、“引力”、“交感”、“抗拒”和“惰性” 等竟一概名之为运动。 - 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