Chapter 6 Section 04

three four It is not easy to teach and explain to people even what I have proposed; for what is itself new is always to be understood by reference to the old. three five Borgia once said this about the French conquest: they came with chalk in hand to draw their lodgings, not with weapons to open their way. ①I would also like to have my doctrine enter with equal serenity into the minds of those who are fit and able to receive it; Sometimes, refutation is always not applicable. ①Kachin pointed out: This Bulgarian is Alexander VI; the so-called campaign of the French army refers to Charles VIII’s campaign in 1494 AD within five months all over Italy. - translator

three six We have but one method of teaching, which is simply and plainly stated: we must lead men to the particular itself, to its series and order; Put aside the concept and begin to acquaint yourself with the facts. Notoginseng ① There are those who maintain that certainty is absolutely unattainable,2 and this doctrine and the course I have taken have some agreement in their first beginnings; be opposed to.Those who maintain that doctrine simply assert that all things are incomprehensible; and I do assert that, indeed, very little can be understood of things in nature by the methods now in common use.But from this they proceeded to destroy at all the authority of the senses and understanding; and I proceeded to contrive to furnish them with assistance. ①Kachin pointed out: This Bulgarian is Alexander VI; the so-called campaign of the French army refers to Charles VIII’s campaign in 1494 AD within five months all over Italy. ——Translator ②The original Latin version uses the word acatalepsia here.See volume six and seven and notes. - translator

Three eight ① The illusions and erroneous concepts that now hijack and take root in the human understanding not only siege the mind so that the truth cannot enter, but even when they have gained access, they must wait until science has just been renewed. The world gathers to trouble us, unless men, forewarned of the danger, fortify themselves as best they can against their onslaught. ① Fleur said in the note: Bacon's most famous, and undoubtedly one of the most important parts of the book, the theory of illusion begins in this article.It should be pointed out here that the earlier forms of the illusions mentioned by Bacon (from the book "Advancemen to fLearning" can be seen) are equivalent to the three illusions of the race, the illusion of the cave, and the illusion of the market, while " A substantial change that this doctrine underwent was the subsequent addition of theatrical illusions".This doctrine of illusion is found in books such as "VaLerius Terminus", "Advancement of Learning", "Temporis Partus Masculus", "Partis Secundae De line atio", "Distributio Operis" and "DeAugmentis", and it is the most complete in the book.It is often said that this doctrine of illusion was advanced long before that by Bacon's great surname, Roger Bacon, who pointed out in his Opus Majus that there are four obstacles (offen dicula) to the human heart. The second kind is to quote unqualified authority, custom, common opinion and to cover up ignorance and show off superficial knowledge.But R. Ellis rightly argues this point.He said that there was only a manuscript of "Opus Majus" at that time, and Bacon probably would not have seen it; There is not much correspondence.It may be thought that the former is derived from the latter, perhaps because of the quartering common to both; but we see that in the original form of the doctrine there are but three and no quarters. kind. - translator

three nine There are four kinds of illusions that besiege people's minds. ① For the sake of clarity, I will name each of them: the first category is called the illusion of the race, the second category is called the illusion of the cave, the third category is called the illusion of the market, and the fourth category is called the illusion of the theater. ②①Fuller pointed out that Bacon had originally divided these four illusions into two groups, which still left traces at the beginning of Volume 6.1.In introducing the illusion of the theater, he writes there: "The illusion of the theater is not inherent, nor does it secretly seep into the understanding, but is openly imprinted by the 'scripts' of various philosophical systems and the laws of argument that go astray. that enters the heart and is accepted by the heart."It can be seen from this sentence that the four illusions were once divided into two groups: intrinsic and foreign. The former includes the first three illusions, while the latter is a kind of theater illusion.This division method has been used in the book "Distributio Operis".You can also refer to the statement in the book "Partis Secundae De lineatio" (see page 548 of the third volume of "The Complete Works of Bacon's Philosophy" edited by Ellis and J. Spedding).Among them, this higher level of division is missing.This is because, as Spedding said, "When Bacon wanted to describe these illusions one by one, he felt that it would be logically contradictory to classify the illusions of the market into an inherent group. It is practically inconvenient to classify it as a foreign group; so it was decided to abandon this dichotomy at all and to list the four illusions together.” ——Translator ② Fleur pointed out that this is called the illusion of the palace in the book "Valerius Terminus". - translator

Four ○ Forming concepts and principles with true induction is undoubtedly the right medicine to eliminate and eliminate illusions.And it is of great use to point out these falsehoods in the first place; for the doctrine of "falsehoods" is as much for the "interpretation of nature" as the doctrine of the refutation of "sophisms" is for "common logic." ①The original Latin text is dialectica. - translator four one The illusion of race is rooted in humanity itself, that is, in the race or kind of man.It is a mistake to assert that man's senses are the measure of things.On the contrary, all perception, whether of the senses or of the mind, is always measured by the individual and not by the universal scale; ① and the human understanding is like a concave-convex mirror, which receives light irregularly, and thus reflects things When it mixes its own properties, it distorts and fades the properties of things. ①The two "measurement scales" in this sentence are both analogia in the original Latin text; if there are the same words in the last sentence of Article 40 of Volume II, the original text is also analogia.The English version here is translated as according to the measure of, and there it is translated as with reference to.In this way, the two translations of the same original text have differences, and the meanings of the two sentences are different; as far as this sentence is concerned, it is different from the original text, and it is also the same as the "measurement ruler" in the previous sentence (the original Latin text is mensuram) so that the whole meaning of the article is unclear.Note: The word analogy is used here as in Articles 3 and 4 in its general meaning, that is, "reference" and "comparison".Accordingly, this sentence should be retranslated according to the original Latin text and the correct English translation of Article 40 of Volume II as "All perception, whether through the senses or the mind, always refers to man and not to the universe."In this way, it is in line with the original, there is no ambiguity between the preceding and following articles, and the meaning of this article can be clarified. - translator

four two The illusion of the cave ① is the illusion of each individual.For each (except for the errors common to universal humanity) has his own cave, which bends and discolors the light of nature.The formation of this cave is either due to the inherent unique nature of this person; or due to his education and communication with others; or due to his admiration and admiration for the authority of some books he read; or It is due to various impressions, and these impressions have different effects according to different people's hearts (for example, some people are "prejudged" and "sure", while others are "indifferent") ; and so on.Thus the essence of man (as it is acquired by different people) is actually a fickle and disturbed thing, and seems to be governed by chance.Therefore, as Heraclitus3 well said, men always seek science from their own little world, and not from the common big world. ① Fleur pointed out that this metaphor is derived from the myth of the cave told by Plato, see the opening paragraph of the seventh volume of the book "Republic".But as Hamilton (W.Hamilton) pointed out, Plato's original metaphor is actually equivalent to the illusion of species and not to the illusion mentioned in this article. ②The concept of Yuan Jing is mentioned frequently in Juan 50 and Juan 7 and 40, especially in the latter two which are quite bizarre.This doctrine is this: In all living and inanimate objects there is an essence contained within, permeating the touchable molecules, which is completely imperceptible, and has no weight of any kind, but is manifested only by action or function. itself; and among living things there are two kinds of spirits: one gross, as in other substances, and the other animal spirit or vital spirit, which serves as an intermediary between body and soul. The medium of communication is the basis of life phenomena.Bacon firmly believed in this statement, but did not state the basis.Kachin pointed out that these are academic terms and theories, and Bacon was willing to follow them because he saw that some things in the natural process had not been explained and could not come up with any better insights.Ellis says that the concept that underlies Bacon's theory of longevity appears to be a product of the same era as the beginnings of speculative physiology.Fleur said that this theory may be directly inherited from Paracelsus (Paracelsus, 1493-1541 AD, a Swiss medical scientist and alchemist), or it may be generally inherited from the physics of the time. Philosophy; he also pointed out that this theory can also be regarded as a survival of the original fetishism. ——Translator ③Ancient materialist philosopher, Ephesus (Ephesus), about 536-470 BC.He believes that "the world is a whole that includes everything. It is not created by any god or anyone. It was, is and will be an eternal living fire that burns and goes out according to laws." - translator

four three Another kind of illusion is formed by people's handover and connection with each other. I call it the illusion of the market, which means that people have exchanges and handovers in the market.Men are connected by talk; and the words employed are according to the common understanding of the layman.The inappropriate choice of words, therefore, hinders comprehension surprisingly.The definitions or notes with which learned men are accustomed to defend themselves in certain things do not in the slightest put things right.And yet words openly compel and dominate the understanding, confounding all, and leading men to innumerable empty arguments and idle fantasies.4.4 Finally, there is another kind of illusion that is transplanted into people's minds from various dogmas of philosophy and some wrong rules of argumentation.I call these illusions of the theatre;1 because all received systems of doctrine appear to me but many stage plays, representing worlds which men themselves have created after the pattern of imaginary scenery.I have not said of the systems which are now in vogue, nor of the philosophies and sects of antiquity; and seeing many errors which are quite different, often from most of the same causes, I see more to come. Plays of the same kind were written and staged in the same artificial way.I am not limited to those complete systems, but also many of the accepted principles and principles in science through tradition, credulity, and neglect. ① Fleur pointed out that this is called the illusion of the drama in the book "Temporis Partus Masculus". —Translator With regard to the above-mentioned kinds of illusions, I must still expand and describe more precisely, so that the understanding may be properly warned.