Chapter 54 Talk about reading (2)

The "Byron-type first mate" was twenty-four years old, intelligent-faced, agreeable, tall, and athletic.Bligh later described him like this: "Sturdy body, a little bow-legged,...has the problem of sweating too much, especially on his hands, and even everything he holds is dirty." Bly naturally has no good words to describe him .Riding too much is easy to bend your legs, and the children of English country gentlemen used to ride horses from elementary school.Sweaty hands, seems to be a little nervous. Nuoduofu also wrote that he has a cloudy temper, dark hair, dark complexion, and tanning, which makes him extremely dark—but he and Chisabella are a destined pair. ——Nodolph thought that he wanted to escape alone because he had repeatedly clashed with the captain—because it was unfair to him, not to uphold justice—then he made a temporary change and occupied the ship, announcing that the captain would be chained and sent to the ship. Return to England for punishment.The crew of the accomplice unanimously opposed returning to England, so they gave up.Afterwards, he talked with the young non-commissioned officer Bai Yan, and emphasized that his original intention was to send the captain back to England for punishment.In the end, he bid farewell to Bai Yan and other two non-commissioned officers, and asked them to tell his father after returning to the country. He originally intended to send the captain back to the country and punish him. Although his father would not forgive him because of this, at least his guilt could be alleviated.

This is repeated with solemnity, but what crime has the captain committed?It is lawful to flog sailors who sabotage and flee.Michener vindicated the captain, but admitted that he "perhaps" withheld his meals--devoured ninety pounds of cheese, overreported bacon, and falsified accounts.As for withholding water, it was because he was too utilitarian, saving water to water the breadfruit trees.Later, he was ordered to fetch breadfruit for the second time. Australian marine explorer Matthew Flinders was still young at that time and served as a non-commissioned officer on that ship. He and the others went to lie down on the steps, licking the fine nectar spilled by the gardener." If the sergeant is like this, the sailor can imagine.A young non-commissioned officer on the Bangti stole a coconut from the captain and ate it to quench his thirst.The captain bought thousands of coconuts and lost four in total. He blamed the first mate for not being able to track them down, and suspected that he was also involved.A few days before this, Pai Keliqing brought people ashore to cut firewood and fetch water, and a large group of natives stopped them, and they were ordered not to shoot in advance, because of Huairou's national policy.Outnumbered, the ax and the five-claw iron hook were snatched away.The natives don't have ironware, so they cherish it very much, and use it to make small knives.Back to the captain of the ship, he couldn't argue, and it was useless to curse cowardice.

In Tahidi, the captain once confiscated all the pigs, taro and native products that the natives gave to individual crew members. The reason was that there was only salted and dried food left on the ship, which needed fresh food adjustments, and the native products could be used to trade with the natives elsewhere.A native friend of the chief mate gave him a pair of beads, but he refused to take them.But this is not a big deal. After returning to China, go to the navy to report. It can be said that if you return to the middle way to escort the officials, you will definitely be charged with treason.Not only the navy of the eighteenth century, but also the modern navy.In the 1950s, the stage play film "The Caine Mutiny" ("The Caine Mutiny"), which was adapted from a famous American novel - starring Humphrey Bogart - was originally a set of "Mutiny on the Mutiny". The coconuts are far away from each other, but it is just housework. If the captain during the war did not commit the crime of cowardice in front of the battle, he would never be brought down again.

Chris Qing is not a newcomer, he has lived as a seafarer for many years, and he would not know the situation inside, so he came up with such a shitty idea, and it is a pity that he failed to implement it, which shows that he is not clear about his reasoning.In the film, it is even more unreasonable to propose to go back to China for confrontation after arriving at Pican Island, because there is such a thing as the captain being kicked off the ship. Eighteen people followed, all crowded on a small boat, in the heart of the Pacific Ocean. , even if it can land, and there are no guns to resist the natives, there are islands of cannibals to the west.This solution is related to the lives of 19 people. Can you still plead and accuse the captain of inhumanity when you go back?

Michener's contradictory article is purely one-sided and unconvincing: "There is no doubt that Fletcher Christian's original intention was to throw the captain and loyal people into the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, but the other party members of the rebel party Somebody was concerned about the consequences and gave Bligh a chance..." This is too arbitrary, how could it be someone else who advocated letting them go, not Chris Qing himself?No reason is given in the book.Moreover, even if we cut the grass and roots, and kill them all, the Bondi will not report for duty after one year, and at most two years, the country will send a ship to investigate. Chris Qing knows this rule better than his subordinates.

There were also Bai Yan and other two non-commissioned officers and five employees who didn't have time to get on the boat and couldn't fit in. The captain was afraid of capsizing and shouted to them not to get off: "I can't take you away! As soon as we get to England one day, I will speak for you! "Christian had to guard these people. The big ship continued to sail and passed an island that the white people had not yet discovered. It was called La Rotanga. The natives on the island were timid and friendly. Bai Yan didn't understand. Why didn't he choose a hiding place, but landed on Tupai Island, which the British had already discovered. The natives gathered eight or nine hundred people armed to meet the enemy, but they didn't go ashore. They drove back to Taxi Causeway to replenish food and buy livestock. After picking up my lover, I went back to Tupai Island. This time because there were people from Tahiti, the local natives were very friendly at first.

They bought a land from a chief and built a fort.Ke Siqing insisted on digging ditches two feet deep and four feet wide on all sides. The project was huge, and everyone did it together, including him.Soon, the sheep they brought in ate the vegetables grown by the natives, and the natives turned their faces again, vowing to annihilate or drive them away, storming the fort again and again, firing artillery to retreat.Gradually unable to go out, unless in groups and heavily armed.Life was unbearable. After two or three months of living, Chris Qing knew that everyone hated this place, so he convened a meeting, and all agreed to leave Tupai Island. Willing to follow the boat to find another new world.

In order to reverse the case, Michener accused Kristin of abandoning his party and letting them stay in Tahidi, and that the warship came to catch the turtle. In fact, it was his poor judgment and everyone lost confidence in his leadership, so the gang broke up.Going back to Tahidi, Nuodov thought it was because the sailors were confused and reluctant to leave this gentle town.Probably because I have suffered enough from the natives, I am not familiar with other places, and only Taxidi is still the only place.Relying on the fact that Bligh and his party may not be able to survive and report the crime, they muddle through.In order to keep it secret, Chris Qing was also probably eager to get rid of them, so he sent Bai Yangan and others to Taxidi to go ashore.

When the boat arrived at Tahidi for the first time, according to the local customs, each person was limited to one friend of the same sex. The local people attached great importance to this friendship and gave each other generous gifts. Before leaving, Chris Qing’s friend gave him a perfect pair of pearls , was attempted to be confiscated by the captain.This way of making friends is also found elsewhere in the South Pacific, New Guinea is called "kula" (see B. Malinowski's diary)-friends in both places are one-on-one, and the exchange of gifts is large. The total value of souvenirs or goods imported from the coast has not been estimated, but if the gift is too light, the reputation will be ruined, and if you can't afford it, you will "give up your life to accompany the gentleman".Received gifts are sold and given to others.This was originally a primitive commercial system, and friends were actually commercial counterparts, and they all had the courage of big businessmen.Even the Indians in northwestern South America had the same system, and it was still in use until the 1950s.The transportation is inconvenient, and barter transactions are all based on private contacts, so special emphasis is placed on commercial partners, even on the relationship between father and son and brother - see M.J. Harner's "The Jivaro Man" ("The Jivaro ")——Tahiti's custom in the past must have the same origin. Westerners at that time were easily misunderstood, thinking that blindly ignoring wealth was more important than righteousness.At first, Chris Qing planned to escape alone. Apart from not being able to leave his lover behind, he must also be looking forward to the society of the islanders. He wanted to find an island that was not on the map and devote himself to their world.However, after the hardships of Tupai Island, in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes, they could only settle on uninhabited deserted islands and isolate themselves from the society.Whether it was his decision or not, it would never have passed otherwise.

Bai Yan lived in Taxidi for more than a year, fell in love with a local girl, and got married.The British warships came, the sailors who participated in the mutiny were arrested, and Bai Yan and others were also arrested indiscriminately.It turned out that on the night of the accident, Chris Qing was preparing to slip off the side of the ship and abscond that night. He met Bai Yan on the deck and asked him to return to China to visit his family on his behalf, in case he did not survive this long journey.Bai Yan readily agreed.Chris Qing said: "Then it's a deal." Unexpectedly, the captain happened to come and only heard the last two words. Afterwards, he thought it was Bai Yan who agreed to join the rebellion.

After the accident, Bligh commanded the small open-air boat without even a map, traveled forty-one days in the Pacific Ocean, and arrived at the Malay Archipelago safely, which is a miracle in the history of navigation.When he returned to China to report the case, it was a sensation, and the King of England summoned him exceptionally.Of the eighteen people who followed, seven died on the way, and among the remaining eleven, there were two who disobeyed halfway, "like a rebel," one sailor and one carpenter.In the Dutch East Indies, Bligh filed a complaint and had the two imprisoned pending trial in England.As a result, only the carpenter was reprimanded by the court, and the other was acquitted. Bligh insisted in the court-martial that Baiyan was colluding.Bai Yan's widowed mother didn't believe it. He was an only son, studious, and was about to enter Oxford University. He went sailing because he was fascinated by the South China Sea described by Lu Sao and Byron. He was only seventeen years old when he left home. This was his first time going to sea. Bligh was a family friend, and his mother entrusted him with great trust.She wrote to Bligh after the murder, and he wrote back, blaming her son for his incompetence.The mother and son depended on each other for life, after being stimulated by this, they fell ill, and when Bai Yan came back, she was already dead. Bligh misunderstood Bai Yan. There were three other people, an ordnance manager and two carpenters. Bligh knew that they were going to go with him, but he personally stopped them. They were afraid of capsizing due to the heavy load, so they stayed on the thief boat. , He went back without saying a word.On the way back to the country of deportation, the warship ran aground, and it was too late to remove the handcuffs one by one, and four of them drowned.The three were lucky enough not to die.At the beginning of the trial, fortunately, the chief purser of the Bondi defended him on his behalf, and he was finally acquitted.Bligh was not there, and had already been sent abroad to fetch breadfruit for the second time in the South China Sea. At this time, it had been three years since the crime happened, and the public opinion was reversed. According to Michener, it was because Kristin and another rebel young non-commissioned officer were both from prominent families. Kristin's elder brother was a law professor, and the two families Relatives rushed to cry out, stirring up sympathy in society.Moreover, Bligh himself was not in the country, and some people called him cowardly and dare not confront him. In fact, he had already explained clearly in writing, and he even published a book explaining the incident.No matter what the reason was, maybe it was because of "time and time", the military court tried the case for the second time, and as a result, only three sailors were hanged, and Bai Yan and the other three were sentenced to death and then pardoned. At the end of the eighteenth century, the British navy made several mutinies one after another, all of which had better reasons than the Bunti case. The last time it was in the capital of London, there was a lot of trouble.But after it was suppressed, it was all forgotten. Only the disturbance on the small ship Pacific Heart was world-famous and lasted for a long time, but why?It may not be the power of Chris Qing's family propaganda.The main reason seems to me to be this: only this time the mutiny was successful.The power of a happy ending cannot be underestimated.Almost all the principal culprits are at large, enjoying the scenery of the South China Sea, loving lovers are married, and it is a bloodless revolution.It happened in 1789, the same year as the French Revolution, and in some respects it was even less influential.Dickens's can represent the general people's feelings about the French Revolution at that time, sympathy and horror and hatred, unlike the Bunti case, which was about rebelling against the boss and reforming bad rules, ordinary people have a personal feeling.In society, in many small corners of life, there are such tyrants everywhere. Except for his sailing ability, Bligh is indeed a talent, and he is also an ordinary person like Chris Qing. It was only after he became a symbol that "all the evil in the world is returned."Twenty years after the Bunti incident, the jury is clearly out.The name of the boat became his nickname: "Bunty Bly".But the official fortune was prosperous, and he was not promoted immediately after returning to China after the accident. The judge in the military court thought he was suspected of rebellion and reprimanded him a few words. , And made military exploits.His subordinates rebelled four times in his life, including a small rebellion on the way home after Lian Bangti's accident.The biggest rebellion was when he was the governor of New South Wales in Australia in his later years. There was a local John McCarthy. Modern Australian textbooks call him a great land reclamation livestock farmer who laid the foundation for Australian wool. A local tyrant colluded with the garrison to cheat and fight with the governor. His subordinates spread leaflets and scolded "Bunti Bligh": "Is there no one in New South Wales, so there is no Chris Qing, allowing the governor to be autocratic? " Bligh has no children, but has six daughters. That time, he brought a beloved daughter and a sick son-in-law to Sydney to take office.The present-day metropolis of Sinney was only a small British colony at that time, a prison for criminals.Bligh's palm is not only the first lady, but also a fashion leader. Every time a ship arrives, her mother sends her clothes from London.Once, a tulle tulle gown popular in Paris was sent and stuck to her body. ——After the French Revolution, the Greek-style long garments were often sewn with thin white cloth, whichever was light and soft, but simple and civilian, and the texture gradually became translucent.At that time, it was not like modern transparent hollowed-out clothing that required linings or petticoats. Even the transparent shirts developed in the United States in recent years, where nothing was worn inside and bras were abolished, mostly had two pockets and only one to cover.There is a portrait of Countess Valuska, Napoleon's Polish mistress, in a white pleated tulle blouse, with full breasts clearly visible.After Na Weng fell, fashion continued to develop and gradually became a full-body glass figure.Aunt Bligh, worried that it was a small place, could not wear it out. She wore a pair of knickerbockers and wore it to church on Sunday. She was walking into the church on her father's arm. Note, first sneer, then laugh out loud.She ran out of the church blushing and nearly fainted.Bligh was furious and didn't explode on the spot, but since then his rift with the garrison has deepened.Before long, he ordered the prohibition of military officers patenting liquor to exploit prisoners, causing an uproar and causing the so-called "The Rum Rebellion" (The Rum Rebellion), and his subordinates openly arrested the governor. , the United Kingdom sent a new governor to restore freedom and return home by ship.At the end of Nuoduofu's book, there is also "The Rebellion of Sweet Wine", but the focus is on Baiyan's revisiting Taxiti twenty years later, and found that his beloved wife is dead, and seeing his daughter hugging his little granddaughter, because he was too excited, Afraid of "unbearable", did not recognize each other.This book uses the first-person pronoun, starting from Bai Yan's point of view. First, it is to accommodate the materials. There are many materials about him, and he is purely an unjust prisoner, and he is also a model youth.Focusing on him is also to win the broadest readership.There is nothing like Bai Yan, although no one criticizes him, there is not much interest in him.By the end of the book, the only thing of interest is the whereabouts of the Bunti. After Bai Yan was released from prison, he guessed that Chris Qing must have gone to La Rotanga, an island he had missed earlier, an island that had not been discovered by white people. "It took eighteen years before I realized how wrong my opinion was." That was all, and I stopped mentioning it.Readers only know where they went before they went to La Luotanga, and the following has never explained it, and never mentioned it again.So the more I saw it, the more I felt it was strange. I felt very depressed, avoiding the serious and taking the light, blindly prevarication, very dissatisfied. Although this book is from the 1930s, I only had the patience to read it after watching the second film in recent years.None of the texts about the Bangti seen in the newspapers mentioned the discovery of Pikan Island.In my impression, I always thought that Chris Qing and his group had nowhere to go at that time. When they found Pikan Island, their descendants lived on the island, and they must have lived forever.Finally, after reading Michener’s article, I realized that as early as 20 years after the accident—in the year following Baiyan’s visit to the old Tahiti—the British ship had discovered Pican Island, and only one of the eight rebels remained. The old man, crying bitterly, "tells the story of the murder on this desolate big rock", saying that everyone hates Kristin's cruelty, and "disregarding human rights", which is exactly what he accused Bligh of.Chisabella gave birth to him a son on the island and named him "Thursday October".The child was apparently born more than five months after the mutiny.At the end of October the following year, a year after giving birth, Chisabella fell ill and died.He wanted to find another woman, and took the wife of a native who followed, but was shot and killed by the native. The story of the mutiny can be said to have grown up with me, although I didn't pay attention to it.When I saw the above paragraph, I was shocked.In fact, it is also the end of a hero in a shrinking world.Pikan Island hangs alone in the eastern Pacific Ocean, hundreds of miles away from the nearest island, closer to Easter Island and South America.Easter Island has a very cool climate, strong sea breeze, few trees, and lack of fresh water. Most agricultural plants cannot be grown, and many fish are absent. It is not a beautiful tropical island, but the two tribes on the island have been fighting fiercely for a long time. When I went to Pikan Island, I found the houses left by the natives and the large stone statues in the style of Easter Island, which were probably escaped by the Easter Islanders.There is a stone statue with a severed head, apparently pursued by soldiers.But in the end, no one wanted Pikan Island, so it was not as good as Easter Island. It was really a desolate big rock, and even the Tahidi people who came with them must not be used to it.It's no wonder that Chris Qing has always wanted to return to China and surrender himself. He worked hard with everyone on Tu Pai Island, but it is also possible that after a long time, the young master loses his temper and becomes as hated as Bligh, which is also a historical cycle, a common occurrence.The main reason is the environment, life is extremely difficult and dull, and these people are always there all day long, which is prone to friction.Maybe everyone regretted that they shouldn't have acted so quickly, made a big mistake, resented each other, and hated each other. Otherwise, why would they all kill each other after his death, leaving only one old man? Twenty years later, when the old man saw his country's ships, he seemed to be saved, but he couldn't help but feel guilty and excused himself. Anyway, it is always right to scold the party leader. ——The book didn't say how he would be dealt with when he returned to China, presumably he didn't follow the law. ——Of course, there are still natives on the island.The cause of Chris Qing's death mentioned is probably true, but the women on the island are romantic, maybe the married woman is with him voluntarily, not forcibly.In the absence of women, of course, it is just as serious.In all, he only lived for less than two years after the accident, and he did not live a day in the Garden of Eden. The old man’s confession is not an official secret document, but modern texts about the Bunti case are all the same without mentioning it, because the legend has already been formed, and Chris Qing has become an idol, so it is taboo on his behalf——Brando’s film ends with the old man, but only It is said that the rebels killed each other, and Chris Qing in the film has already died in the fire-only Michener's article is to reverse the captain's case, and he does not deny that the first mate died in disgrace.If there was a Nudolph book, it would not have been a bestseller in the 1930s, when standards were more puritanical.But in the book, Bai Yan Ziyun discovered that the rebels did not escape to La Rotanga eighteen years later, and this matter will not be mentioned in the following. This chapter is really special and unprecedented.It seems that there must be a paragraph at the end of the original text, writing that Bai Yan heard the news of the discovery of Pikan Island, and learned of the fate of everyone, perhaps only vaguely saying that he was dead.The editor of the publishing company thought that it would weaken the power of the book and affect its sales, and it was too difficult to change it, so they simply deleted it, leaving the illusion of a happy ending for the readers, because most people know that there is Chris on Pican Island. The descendants of Qing Yigan. I think the characters and the story are complete only after adding such an ugly tail to the Bunti case.The sudden increase in depth from a "boy's story" and the irony of life make people linger endlessly.Of course, it is born to be a boy's story, dragging the tail of reality is not qualified, and it is bound to lose its readers.Fortunately, I am easy to deal with, and I am satisfied with that short narrative. Yu Dafu often uses a new term: "sentimental", which is generally translated as "sentimental". I don't know if it comes from Japanese. "Warmth" is not enough to sum up.Another definition in the English dictionary is "elegant emotion", that is, high-sounding and decent emotion.Another explanation is "emotional to the point of nauseating".The custom used in modern times seems to focus on these two definitions, which contains a hint that this emotion is a product of culture, not necessarily sincere, but often exaggerated.It’s no wonder that Yu Dafu had to transliterate, and even the original text is difficult to define, because it is the result of the gradual improvement of self-consciousness with a skeptical academic spirit since the advancement of Western science. It has been forty years since Yu Dafu used this term, and it is still quite unfamiliar, as if he has not absorbed or accepted it.I think the reason is that Chinese people are more harmonious with their cultural background than any other nation, so individuals are often covered by cultural patterns, and the color of "should" is too heavy.Reflected in literature and art, moral concepts are often too prominent, and all emotions flow naturally along the ready-made channels, without touching the unfathomable depths of human nature.In real life, black and white are rarely distinguished, but it is not necessarily gray, and most of them are salt and pepper.In good literature and art, right and wrong are not black and white, but they are included in the overall effect and cannot be separated.There is judgment in the reader's feelings.The subject matter is also very common, but it can tell people what others have never said. After seeing it, people think: "This is the case." Or it is a rare thing, and after seeing it, people will quietly say: "Yes. This way." I think the role of literature and art in communicating souls is nothing more than these two.Both exploit the frontiers of human experience, and the frontier has its own laws. Modern Western literature and art with a serious attitude, at least in terms of purpose, try to avoid the "three-bottom door".The recent new journalism (newjonrnalism) or new reportage literature advocates subjectivity and tendentiousness, and is also rated as "three-bottom Mental". What exactly is "Sandimendaer", I may still not be clear after talking about it for a long time.For example, Nuodof's "Mutiny on the Bounty" and the two films are both "three-bottom Mental", while Michener's article is not "three-bottom Mental".The first photo was taken from Nuoduofu's book, focusing on the role of Baiyan, and the actor got three cards.In the second film, Bai Yan's deeds were completely deleted, because by the 1960s, this compromising character was no longer popular.Movies are mass-conveyors and mostly need to reflect popular beliefs.Michener's prose, except that it is too much for the captain, is all historical fact.It is difficult to turn the so-called "cold facts" into a "three-bottom mentality". Of course, faithful records may still be subjectively distorted. Fortunately, there is more than one book on these popular subjects, such as historical figures, famous cases, etc., and you can count if you read two more books.I didn't look for it specifically, but I inevitably came across one after another in this area of ​​interest, and the materials I saw were useless to me, and I could only entertain myself.It's really a waste of time, but I have developed a bad habit of not putting down books since I was a child, and I have read a lot of "social novels", because it retains the genre of old novels, and the traditional form feels familiar, and the content is more interesting than ghosts and martial arts, as if it is just outside the gate. world.By the 1940s and 1950s, social novels had already deteriorated and disappeared. Every time I saw the bibliography on the back cover, my heart sank, thinking: "What should I do if I have finished reading the books?" There was also a period when I read American insider novels abroad, and they were all substitutes.It should be called an industry novel, except for "interlacing lines like mountains", there is no inside story.One for each row: airports, hospitals, hotels, movies, fashion, embassies, election campaigns, rodeos, police gangs, etc.The best book among them is not a novel. It is about the advertising industry. It was written by an advertiser, Jerry Della Femina (Della Femina) himself.The title of the book is "The Good Man from Pearl Harbor for You", and it is the author's parody of a Japanese TV commercial. The industry novels are naturally quite expert, but when it comes to real people and facts, they need to change their appearance to avoid being accused of destroying their reputation.On the contrary, there are those who pretend to allude to celebrities, such as "The King" ("The King") - borrowed the nickname of the late movie star Clark Gable, wrote the singer Frank Sinatra - "The Love Machine" - former CBS television general manager Jim · Aubrey, nicknamed "The Laughing Rattlesnake"—it must be known at a glance that it is someone's story, and at the critical point, he will not offend himself if he replaces the "swapping" with a general plot of a popular novel to deceive readers.This is all painstaking, coupled with the structure interspersed with atmosphere, but I think it is far inferior to Chinese social novels. The name social novel seems to have been invented in the 1920s, and it has been passed down from one generation to the next. The content seems to be documentary, and the structure is already loose. a natural tendency.The propagandistic and educational nature of satirical novels in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China was inherited by the new literature and art. Zhanghui novels are no longer deafening.Disillusioned with everything new, although nostalgic for the old morality, it is also distant and bleak.In the 1930s, there was a book titled "Great Changes in People's Hearts" written by Ping Jinya. This sentence is an old tune in social novels.But scolding is scolding, a bit like the mantra of Western book reviewers "love-hate relationship", describing that some authors both love and hate their own background, because it is the only world he knows.However, the word "hate" is too heavy here, and it is more appropriate to change it to "hate". "Human Tide" is the earliest. Judging from the version and illustrations, it seems to be in the late 10s or early 20s. The writing style is very poor. It is as indifferent and childish as the one in the 1930s. , the author is not well-known, and the opening seems to be two young people traveling to Shanghai together.In the latter part, two classmates, Guoguang and Jinren, come to Shanghai with Guoguang's younger sister.After seeing some shady scenes in the foreign market, he was entrusted to go back to Hubei to rectify a small coal mine.The house he lives in is muddy, so Jinren figured out a way to buy straw mats and lay them on the ground as carpets.One night, I heard the rustling of the mats next door, and found that the tent had stolen the iron box.It turned out that it was cheating in the account room, so it lost money.After being found out, he resigned, just as the National Army was going north to wipe out all monsters.Ending with the Northern Expedition is also a formula for social novels in the 1930s.Jinren and Guoguang's younger sister have been together for a long time and fell in love with each other. They got married on the way back to their hometown, and they only confessed this sentence.The younger sister does not play a role at all in the book, almost never mentioned, and did not go to Hubei together.It is obviously "Guo Guang"'s self-report, and everything is written truthfully.He doesn't seem to approve of his sister's marriage, so it's inconvenient to say anything. This book would probably not have been published at any other time, but during this period, it was mixed under the title of Social Fiction, and although it was not reprinted, it is not expected to lose money.When it comes to the interior, there is not even a bit of unity in the background of a big city.Its benefits are all negative: unlike ordinary real-life records, there is no humorous tone, no epitaph-style solemn praise, and no entrepreneurial experience, couple's way, etc.Just like casually telling a friend so I can remember it after all these years. I haven't finished reading "Guangling Tide", so I couldn't read it at that time, because the depiction is too vicious, I don't know if it is still the influence of the previous period, and it is "three bottoms", which is close to the later "society" "Romance novels", connecting the past and the future, seem not to be considered authentic social novels. Except for "Guangling Chao", all these books were bought by my father. He washed his hands before and after his remarriage and didn't read them. When I came back from living in school, I didn't have any of them. So I haven't read them since I was twelve or thirteen years old. Of course, there are only fragments. impression.Later, I went to the bookstall to look for it, but it had long since disappeared.Zhang Henshui is listed under the item of "Social Romance Novels", but the nature is different.His social novel is somewhat similar to Bi Yihong's "Hell on Earth". The autobiography seems to be better written in "Hell on Earth". "Hell on Earth" is out of print.The "History of Studying in the East" written by overseas students is far inferior to "The Record of Overseas Fun", but "The History of Studying in the East" is still there. The style of social romance novels is low, because the stories are concentrated and long, and a little fact is not enough, so they have to be supplemented by creation.Once created, it is easy to "three-bottom Mental", legendary, and imagination cannot escape this circle.But the legacy of social novels is still there. Until the end of the 1940s, there were two or three more authentic books after Zhang Henshui.By then the trend had long since passed, and it was completely unnoticed. One is a long series by a Shanghai tabloid author, published in a single volume. My memory is so bad that I forgot all the name and title of the book. I only know that he is a fat man. , dedicated to the middle and lower classes in Shanghai.This one is about a dancing girl who marries a hooligan who runs a hardware store, and secretly falls in love with an unemployed young man with a hard-working family.Such a bland and unexpected ending is touching.In addition, there is a book in the north about a washerwoman in Peking University who fell in love with a student and thought he was poor.The author's surname is Wang.There is also a modern story about a hairpin and a phoenix in Dalian. The writing is reasonable, but the hero is so discouraged that no one can make it up. It seems that it is all true. In the heyday of social novels, newspapers and newspapers around the world published a few serials in each supplement, counting those that did not include single volumes, and it was a torrent.Is it because the transitional era has changed so violently that fiction cannot keep up with the facts, and the public is curious about what is happening around them?It is also difficult to say that the subject matter is too selective and does not necessarily reflect social changes.Fictionalized notes have become the most convenient and free form. Characters have changed their names and surnames, and there are fewer scruples in writing, unlike in the West where people sue for defamation every now and then.There are too many brothels, which is another route to inherit the novels of the late Qing Dynasty, and it is still the place that the public yearns for, perhaps because most people have too little chance to fall in love.Some authors concurrently serve as editors of more than one tabloid. They arrive at the newspaper office at 8 o'clock in the evening and order a bowl of mixed fried rice. The ideal life of Le Dao written by themselves.The content of the novel is the author's knowledge or acquaintances. "Pull in the basket is a vegetable", it is too late to ponder, but it is more realistic, unlike American insider novels, which are processed by ordinary hands and transferred into cans. Preservatives, vitamins, dyes, but the original flavor is lost.This seems to be a strange theory-- There is a saying in the West: "All good literature and art are biographical." Of course, facts are just raw materials. I am demanding on creation, but I am very fond of raw materials. It is not "respect for facts", but a preference for them. A unique charm, in fact, is the flavor of life.And this kind of artistic conception is as delicate as a plant, and if it is transplanted incorrectly, it will die. Western proverb "True things are stranger than fiction" - "True things" is originally "true", used as a noun, generally translated as "truth", which contains philosophical or doctrinal meaning, which is far from the original meaning, or simple-minded It is more correct to translate it as "true thing" or "fact".Mark Twain said: "Truth is stranger than fiction because fiction can only use a limited number of possibilities." This is specious.It's unlikely because we don't know much about the inside story of this matter.There are many factors involved in any situation, and those who are most familiar with the inside story know at most a few factors. Of course, those who are not familiar with it have simpler views, so it is easiest to advise others.Various factors often cause each other sometimes, and may "change", so the ever-changing changes cannot be predicted. The endless net of cause and effect is a mess of threads, but when you move the whole body, you can faintly hear many extra-string sounds, and feel that there is depth and breadth in it, and it feels solid. I think this is the so-called thering of truth in the Western proverb—"the truth of the truth" The sound of gold and stone".Kuhn believes that there is a folklore that may have a basis, because it sounds "internally right".It is a vibrating echo in the heart. Although many factors are not known, one can vaguely feel their existence. Since it is a fact that can be heard as soon as you hear it, why do you say "truth is stranger than fiction", isn't it self-contradictory?Because we don't know too much inside information, the decisive factors are almost always unknown to us, so things are often unexpected.Even if it is intended, the effect is often unexpected. "Unsatisfactory things are often eighty-nine", even unexpected joys, don't feel like a daydream, always a little bit weak, half a note is wrong, harsh, rough, and hard to swallow.This unexpectedness combined with a sense of reality—that is, the sound of "gold and stone"—creates a complex situation, which is difficult to analyze but easy to identify. 从前爱看社会小说，与现在看纪录体其实一样，都是看点真人实事，不是文艺，口味简直从来没变过。现在也仍旧喜欢看比较可靠的历史小说，里面偶尔有点生活细节是历史传记里没有的，使人神往，触摸到另一个时代的质地。例如西方直到十八九世纪，仆人都不敲门，在门上抓搔着，像猫狗要进来一样。 普通人不比历史人物有人左一本右一本书，从不同的角度写他们，因而有立体的真实性。尤其中下层阶级以下，不论过去现在，都是大家知道得最少的人，最容易概念化。即使出身同一阶级，熟悉情形的，等到写起来也可能在怀旧的雾中迷失。所以奥斯卡·路易斯的几本畅销书更觉可贵。路易斯也是社会人种学家，首创"贫民文化"（ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｏｆｐｏｖｅｒｔｙ）这名词，认为世代的贫穷造成许多特殊的心理与习俗，如只同居不结婚，不积钱，爱买不必要的东西，如小摆设等。这下层文化不分国界，非洲有些部落社会除外。他先研究墨西哥，有一本名著《五个家庭》，然后专写五家之一：《桑协斯的子女》（"ＴｈｅＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｏｆＳａｎｃｈｅｚ"），后者一度酝酿要拍电影，由安东尼昆、苏菲亚·罗兰饰父女，不幸告吹。较近又有一本题作《拉维达》（"ＬａＶｉｄａ"），是西班牙文"生活"，指皮肉生涯，就像江南人用"做生意"作代名词。写玻多黎各一个人家，母女都当过娼妓，除了有残疾的三妹。作者起初选中这一家，并不知道这一层，发现后也不注重调查"生活"，重心全在他们自己的关系上。其间的"恩怨尔汝来去"也跟我们没什么不同。 内容主要是每人自述身世，与前两本一样，用录音带记下来，删掉作者的问句，整理一下，自序也说各人口吻不同，如闻其声。有个中国社会学家说："如果带着录音器去访问中国人就不行。"其实不但中国人，路易斯的自序也说墨西哥人就比玻多黎各人有保留。大概墨西哥到底是个古国，玻多黎各也许因为黑人血液的成份多，比较原始。奇怪的是《拉维达》里反而是女人口没遮拦，几个男人——儿子女婿后父——都要面子，说话很"四海"，爱吹，议论时事常有妙论，想入非非。也许是女人更受他们特殊的环境的影响，男人与外界接触多些，所以会说门面话，比较像别国社会地位相仿的人。反正看着眼熟。 福南妲讲她同居的男子死了，回想他生前，说："他有一样不好：他不让我把我的孩子们带来跟我们一块住。"下一页她叙述与另一个人同居："我们头两年非常快乐，因为那时候我的孩子们没跟我一块住。"前后矛盾，透露出她心理上的矛盾，但是闲闲道出。两次都是就这么一句话，并不引人注意，轻重正恰当。她根本不是贤妻良母型的人，固然也是环境关系，为了孩子们也是呕气，稍大两岁，后父又还对长女有野心。 长女索蕾妲是他们家的美人，也是因为家里实在待不下去，十三岁就跟了三十岁的亚土若，"爱得他发疯。"他到手后就把她搁在乡下，他在一家旅馆酒排间打工，近水楼台，姘妓女，赌钱，她一直疑心他靠妓女吃饭。他开过小赌场，本来带几分流气。几次闹翻了，七八年后终于分开，她去做妓女养活孩子们——她先又还领养了个跛足女婴，与自己的孩子一样疼。他一直纠缠不清，想靠她吃饭，动小刀子刺伤了她，被她打破头。但是她贴他钱替他照顾孩子，倒是比娘家人尽心。她第一次去美国，拖儿带女投亲，十分狼狈，一方面在农场做短工，还是靠跟一个个的同乡同居，太受刺激，发神经病入院，遣送回籍。铩羽归来，家里人冷遇她，只有前夫亚土若对她态度好，肯帮忙。所以后来她在纽约，病中还写信给他，不过始终拒绝复合。 亚土若谈他们离异的经过，只怪她脾气大，无理取闹，与小姨挑唆。直到后半部她两个妹妹附带提到，才知道她和他感情有了裂痕后也屡次有外遇，他有一次回家捉奸，用小刀子对付她，她拿出他的手枪，正要放，被他一把抓住她的手，子弹打中她的手指。她告诉法官是他开枪，判监禁六个月。他实在制伏不了她，所以不再给钱，改变主张想靠她吃饭，原来他是为了隐瞒这一点，所以谎话连篇，也很技巧，例如本是为了捉奸坐牢，他说是回家去拿手枪去打死一个仇人，索蕾妲劝阻夺枪，误伤手指，惊动警察，手枪没登记，因此入狱。入狱期间恐怕她不贞，因为囚犯的妻子大都不安于室，而且这时期关于她的流言很多。他一放出来就对她说："我们这次倒已经分开很久了，不如就此分手。"但是她哭了，不肯。一席话编得面面俱到。 故事与人物个性的发展如同抽茧剥蕉。他写给两个小女儿的信——有一个不是他的——把她们捧成小公主。孩子们也是喜欢他，一个儿子一直情愿跟他住在乡下。索蕾妲姊弟有个老朋友马赛罗也说他确是给这些孩子们许多父爱，旁人眼中看来，他身材瘦小，面貌也不漂亮，只有丈母娘福南妲赏识他有胆气。但是他做流氓没做成，并且失业下乡孵豆芽，感慨地说他无论什么事结果都失败了。 索蕾妲去美之前爱上了一个贼，漂亮，热情，但也是因为他比周围的人气派大些。是她最理想的一次恋爱，同居后不再当娼。有一天晚上他去偷一家店铺，是他们这一伙不久以前偷过的，这次店主在等着他。他第一个进去，店主第一枪就打中他胸部，同党逃走了。第二天她跟着他姑母去领尸，到医院的太平间，尸身已经被解剖，脑子都掏了出来搁在心口上。她拥抱着他，发了疯，一个月人事不知。 据她的九岁养女说：是他去偷东西，被警探包围，等他出来的时候开枪打死的。她二妹说得又不同：他无缘无故被捕，装在囚车里开走了，过了些天才枪毙，索蕾妲两次都晕厥过去了。照这一说，大概是他犯窃案的时候杀过人，所以处死刑。索蕾妲讲得最罗曼谛克。她母亲的姨妈本来说她爱扯谎，自述也是有些地方不实不尽，反正不管是当场打死还是枪决，都不是死因不明，用不着开膛破肚检验，而且连大腿都剖开了，显然是医学研究，不是警方验尸，地点也不会在医院太平间，如果是把罪犯的尸首供给医校解剖，也没那么快。看来这一节是她的狂想。她后来病中担忧死了没人收尸，给送去解剖，宁可把遗体赠予玻多黎各热带疾病研究院，不愿白便宜了美国人："让他们拿他们自己的鸡巴去做实验。"念念不忘解剖，也许是对于卖身的反感与恐怖压抑了下去，象征性地联想到被解剖。她发精神病的时候自己抹一脸屎，似乎也是谴责自己。她第二次还乡，衣锦荣归，在纽约跟一个同乡水手边尼狄托同居，自己又在小工厂做工，混得不错。但是她家里觉得她攀高，嫌脏，老是批评这样那样，相形之下使人心里难受。带来的礼物又太轻，都对她淡淡的，边尼狄托又不替她做脸，喝得醉猫似的，她认为"那是我一生最不快乐的一天"。他先上船走了，她在娘家过年，与卖笑的二妹一同陪客人出去玩，除夕一晚上嫌了五十美金。在纽约也常需要捞外快贴补家用。 同一件事在她弟弟口中，先说边尼狄托待他姐姐好：有一天我去看他们，他们吵了起来。是这样：她回玻多黎各去了一趟，边尼狄托发现她在那边跟一个美国人睡过。她还是个有夫之妇！但是那次边尼狄托干了件事。I do not like.他等我回去了之后打她。这我不喜欢。我可从来没跟他提起过。夫妻吵架，别人不应当插一脚。我后来倒是跟索蕾妲说过。我告诉她她做错了事，她要是不改过，以后我不去看她了。我说不应该当着我的面吵架，夫妻要吵架，应当等没人的时候。 " 这一段话有点颠三倒四，思路混乱。他只怪他姐夫一件事：等他走了之后打老婆——是怪他打她，还是怪他等他走了才打？同页第一段述及妹夫打妹妹，他不干涉；妹夫打二姐，虽然是二姐理亏，他大打妹夫。可见他并不反对打老婆，气的是等他走后才打。但是如果不等他走就打，岂不更叫他下不来台？等他走了再打，不是他告诫大姐的话：等没有人的时候再吵架？ 下一页他说："我不喜欢我的姐姐们。她们光是一个男人从来不够。她们喜欢寻欢作乐。……但是不管怎么样，我是爱我的姊妹们。我不让任何人当着我说她们的坏话。有时候我甚至于梦见她们……"他常梦见在泥潭里救出索蕾妲，她满身爬着蛇。前文自相矛盾处，是他本能地卫护姐姐，迁怒姐夫。书中人常有时候说话不合逻辑，正是曲曲达出一种复杂的心理。 这种地方深入浅出，是中国古典小说的好处。旧小说也是这样铺开来平面发展，人多，分散，只看见表面的言行，没有内心的描写，与西方小说的纵深成对比。纵深不一定深入。心理描写在过去较天真的时代只是三底门答尔的表白。此后大都是从作者的观点交代动机或思想背景，有时候流为演讲或发议论，因为经过整理，成为对外的，说服别人的，已经不是内心的本来面目。"意识流"正针对这种倾向，但是内心生活影沉沉的，是一动念，在脑子里一闪的时候最清楚，要找它的来龙去脉，就连一个短短的思想过程都难。记下来的不是大纲就是已经重新组织过。一连串半形成的思想是最飘忽的东西，跟不上，抓不住，要想模仿乔埃斯的神来之笔，往往套用些心理分析的皮毛。这并不是低估西方文艺，不过举出写内心容易犯的毛病。 奥斯卡·路易斯声明他这书是科学，不是文艺。书中的含蓄也许只是存真的结果。前两本更简朴，这一本大概怕味道出不来，特加一个新形式，在自序中说明添雇一个墨西哥下层阶级女助手，分访母女子媳，消磨一整天，有时候还留宿，事后记下一切，用第三人称，像普通小说体裁，详细描写地段房屋，人物也大都有简单的描写。几篇自述中间夹这么一章，等于预先布置舞台。 第一章，萝莎去探望福南妲，小女儿克茹丝初出场："克茹丝十八岁，皮肤黑，大约只有四呎九吋高。她一只腿短些，所以瘸得很厉害。脊骨歪斜，使她撅着屁股，双肩向后别着，非常不雅观。"她给母亲送一串螃蟹来："有个人在那儿兜来兜去卖，他让我买便宜了，克茹丝说。他大概是喜欢我，反正他也就剩这几只了。"谈了一会，她说她要去推销奖券："不过我要先去打扮打扮。卖东西给男人就得这样。他们买东西就是为了好对你看。" 她家里人都没答这茬。不久她销完了回来了，已经换过衣服，穿着粉红连衫裙，领口挖得极低，鞋也换了粉红夹绿两色凉鞋。"她虽然身体畸形，看着很美丽。"这是萝莎的意见，说明克茹丝并不完全是自以为美。萝莎从来不下评语，这也许是唯一的一次，因为实在必须，不说是真不知道。意在言外的，是这时候刚发现她肉感。丰艳的少女的肢体长在她身上，不是没有吸引力，难免带着一种异样的感觉。克茹丝的遭遇当然与这有关。 至于为什么不直说，一来与萝莎的身份不合，她对这家人家始终像熟人一样，虽然冷眼旁观，与书中人自述的距离并不大。在这里，含蓄的效果最能表现日常生活的一种浑浑噩噩，许多怪人怪事或惨状都"习惯成自然"，出之于家常的口吻，所以读者没有牛鬼蛇神"游贫民窟"（ｓｌｕｍｍｉｎｇ）的感觉。 但是含蓄最大的功能是让读者自己下结论，像密点印象派图画，整幅只用红蓝黄三原色密点，留给观者的眼睛去拌和，特别鲜亮有光彩。这一派有一幅法国名题作《赛船》，画二男一女，世纪末装束，在花棚下午餐，背景中河上有人划小船竞渡，每次看见总觉得画上是昨天的事，其实也并没有类似的回忆。此外这一派无论画的房屋街道，都有"当前"（ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｃｙ）的感觉。我想除了因为颜色是现拌的，特别新鲜，还有我们自己眼睛刚做了这搅拌的工作，所以产生一种错觉，恍惚是刚发生的事。看书也是一样，自己体会出来的书中情事格外生动，没有古今中外的间隔。 《拉维达》等几本书在美国读者众多，也未见得会看夹缝文章，不过一个笼统的印象，也就可以觉得是多方面的人生，有些地方影影绰绰，参差掩映有致。也许解释也是多余的，我是因为中国小说过去有含蓄的传统，想不到反而在西方"非文艺"的书上找到。我想那是因为这些独白都是天籁，而中国小说的技术接近自然。 太久没有发表东西，感到隔膜，所以通篇解释来解释去，噜苏到极点。以前写的东西至今还有时候看见书报上提起，实在自己觉得惭愧，即使有机会道谢，也都无话可说，只好在这里附笔致意。