Chapter 6 Four, tea set

There are many kinds of tea sets in my country, and they are beautiful in shape, both of practical value and artistic beauty. Therefore, they are well-known both at home and abroad, and are favored by tea drinkers in the past dynasties. In the history of tea drinking in China, there have been many changes in tea drinking customs, cooking methods, and tea processing.As a special tool for drinking tea, there must be a process of development and change. 1.Tea sets were developed in primitive society, where human life was simple and plain.In Han Feizi's "Ten Meetings" and "Five Beetles", it is said that Yao's life was a thatched hut, brown rice, and wild vegetable roots, and his eating utensils were earthen pots, and black pottery was invented later.It can be seen that in the initial utilization stage of tea, it is impossible to have special tea sets. Most of them are shared with other foods.

The development of tea sets is closely related to the development of ceramic production.The production and development of ceramics is first pottery and then porcelain, and porcelain is developed from pottery.The pottery unearthed from the fourth cultural layer of Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, the carbon black pottery, has a history of more than 7,000 years and is one of the earliest pottery in the Neolithic Age. The cooking method of tea is also constantly changing with the improvement of tea production technology and the development of tea.When wild tea trees were first discovered, fresh leaves were collected and cooked in a pot to make soup. The cooking method and utensils at that time were very simple.In the Spring and Autumn Period, as a vegetable, tea was the same as cooking, and there were no special cooking methods and utensils.When human beings entered the class society, slave owners and aristocratic classes appeared, forming a leisure class, drinking and drinking tea developed, and there were new requirements for utensils, so there appeared tea storage, tea brewing and tea drinking. utensils.

The production of tea sets began in the slave society. At that time, the main tea sets were pots for making tea, bowls for drinking tea, and pots for storing tea.With the evolution of the times, the consumption of tea is increasing. Due to the different types of tea consumed, different customs, and different consumption objects, no matter the form of tea set, the matching of tea set or the materials used for tea set, etc., are constantly changing. In the alternate period between the slave society and the feudal society, since tea cakes were mainly pressed, in addition to the tea utensils for cooking, drinking and storing mentioned above, utensils for broiling, grinding and pouring soup were added.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the method of brewing tea was to smash cake tea into powder, put it into a porcelain pot, pour boiling water, and season with green onion, ginger and orange.There are already simple special utensils for drinking tea.From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, with the expansion of tea-drinking areas and customs, people's awareness of the functions of tea has improved, which has promoted the rapid development of the pottery industry. Tea set is also called tea set.At first, they were all called tea sets, such as "cooking tea utensils" in Wang Bao's "Tong Yue", which means that all kinds of tea sets should be washed and set aside before cooking tea.After the Jin Dynasty, it was called tea utensils.In the Tang Dynasty, in Lu Yu's "The Classic of Tea", the tools used for picking and processing were called tea sets, and the utensils for making tea and making tea were called tea sets to distinguish their purposes.In the Song Dynasty, the two were combined into one, and the tea set and the tea set were collectively called the tea set.Now most of them are collectively referred to as tea sets.

In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the consumption of tea in the north increased, which led to the rise of porcelain kilns in various places, especially for tea-making.According to Lu Yu's "Tea Classic", the main places where porcelain tea utensils were produced at that time were: Yuezhou, Yuezhou, Dingzhou, Wuzhou, Shouzhou, Hongzhou, etc. Among them, Zhejiang Yueci was the most famous.In addition, there are famous porcelain kilns in Sichuan, Fujian and other places, such as tea bowls produced in Dayi, Sichuan. Du Fu praised in a poem: "Porcelain fired in Dayi is light and firm, and the buckle is like a mourning jade. , It’s pitiful to rush to Mao Zhai.”

Lu Yu said: Boiling tea is the same as cooking tea, but the pot is larger. He also said: Boil one liter of water in each furnace, drink five bowls, at least three bowls, and at most five bowls.If there are many people and ten bowls are required, then 58 will be divided into two furnaces.Explain that the tea set should match the number of people drinking tea. According to Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" "Four Utensils", together with the attached statistics, there are 29 utensils for making tea, drinking tea, roasting tea and storing tea. It can be seen that the development of tea utensils in Tang Dynasty has been considerable.Now it is described as follows:

(1) Blast stove: made of copper or iron, and also made of mud.It is shaped like an ancient tripod with three legs.The furnace wall is 3 fen thick, and the upper opening has a 9 fen thick side, and the 6 fen wide part of the side is inside the furnace wall so that it can be plastered on the chamber wall.There are 21 ancient characters on the three feet below the furnace: one foot is "Sunshine at the top of the ridge, and Li at the bottom of the bottom", the other foot is "Equal body and five elements to eliminate a hundred diseases", and the third foot is "Sheng Tang Mie Hu Mingming Cast ".There is a window hole between each of the three feet, and the bottom hole is used for ventilation and dust leakage. There are 6 ancient characters side by side on the 3 windows, one is "Yigong", the other is "Genglu", and the other is "Shicha", which means "Yigong soup, Lushi tea".There are 3 grids in the "墆嵲", one grid has the figure of long-tailed pheasant, which is a fire bird, which is painted with Li Gua; Water bugs, draw Kan hexagrams.Sunda means wind, Li means fire, and Kan means water.Wind can help fire, and fire can boil water, so there are three hexagrams.There are also flowers, trees, landscapes and other patterns as decorations.It is said that this furnace was designed by Lu Yu.

stove (2) Ash bearer: a utensil for receiving ashes, consisting of an iron plate with three legs. (3) Charcoal: A six-edged iron rod with a pointed end and a thicker bottom, 1 chi long.A small thread is tied on the thin end as a decoration. (4) Fire pin: Another name for tendon is fire tongs.Made of iron or wrought copper, 1.3 feet long. (5) Bamboo clip: made of small green bamboo, 1.2 feet long, with a knot at one inch at one end, and the rest is cut open, and when the tea is roasted on the fire, the white bamboo sweats, and its aroma is used to increase the temperature. The aroma of tea.

(6) Paper capsule: that is, a paper bag.Double-layer paper bags are made of fine white and thick rattan paper.Store roasted tea so that it does not lose its aroma. Grind, whisk (7) Grinding: It consists of a grinding wheel and a grinding groove.It is best to use orange wood, followed by pear, mulberry, phoenix tree, and zhe wood.The shape of the grinding groove is round inside and square outside, the inner circle is convenient for operation, and the outer side prevents dumping.It can be put into the roller, which is disc-shaped, 3 inches in diameter, 1 inch thick in the center, and 0.5 inch thick at the edge.There is an axis in the center of the disc, the middle square and the outer circle, 9 inches long and 1.7 inches wide.

(8) Whisk: To sweep tea powder, using Toba. (9), (10) Luo and Heluo: The big bamboo is cut open and bent into a circle, with yarn or silk as the bottom.The end under the sieve is stored with a closed lid.It is made of bamboo joints, or thin fir boards are bent into a circle and painted well.The overall height is 3 inches, the cover is 1 inch, the bottom is 2 inches, and the diameter is 4 inches. 78 Luo Lu water bag, green oil bag (11) Water bag: a tool for filtering water.The skeleton is mostly made of raw copper, because cooked copper is easy to adhere to moss and dirt, which is easy to remove impurities in tea, while iron is not suitable for use because of rust and astringency, which affects the taste of water.People living in mountain villages use bamboo and wood, but they are not durable and inconvenient to carry when going out. Raw copper is better.The bag is woven with green strip silk and can be rolled up.Or sewn with blue silk and decorated with emerald tin, with a diameter of 5 inches and a handle length of 1.5 inches.Store all the water filtering tools with the green tarpaulin bag again.

(12) Cauldron: pot, made of pig iron, smelted and cast with broken agricultural tools.When smelting and casting, put soil on the inside and sand on the outside.The inside is smooth with soil, and the inner surface of the pot is easy to grind and wash; the outside is rough with sand, which is easy to absorb heat.The ears of the pot are made into a square shape to make them flat; the side of the pot is wider so that the 88 Chinese Tea Classics can be stretched open; As it rises, the taste of water can be mellow.Porcelain pots are used in Hongzhou, while stone pots are used in Laizhou.Porcelain pots and stone pots are elegant and beautiful, but they are not strong and cannot last. Using a silver pot is very clean, but too extravagant ornate.From the perspective of durability, it is better to make iron. (13) Intersection bed: a cross-shaped wooden frame with a hollow upper plate to support the pot. (14) Ladle: The gourd is divided into two to form a ladle, or made of wood, called sacrifice dipper. Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty wrote "Fu", in which there is a sentence: "Drink it with a gourd".Hu, is a ladle. Its shape: wide mouth, thin body, short handle.In Jinyongjiazhong, Yu Hong from Yuyao went to Waterfall Mountain to pick tea. He met a Taoist and said to him, my name is Danqiuzi. Someday you will have plenty of tea in your Ouxi. Give me some.Ou is a small earthen pot, and sacrifice is a wooden ladle, often made of pear wood. (15) Wooden clips: made of peach, willow, cattail, persimmon, or bamboo, 1 foot long, wrapped with silver at both ends. (16) 鹾gui: "鹾" means "salt".Container, made of porcelain, round, 4 inches in diameter, shaped like a box or bottle, with a small mouth and altar, used to hold salt. (17) Uncover: Take salt utensils.Made of bamboo, 4.1 inches long and 9 minutes wide. (18) Measures, use shells, or use copper, iron, bamboo spoons, chopsticks and the like.About one liter of boiling water, use a "square inch dagger" spoon to measure the tea powder.But those who like light taste can be reduced, and those who like strong taste can be increased. (19) Bowls: The quality of porcelain produced in Yuezhou is the best, while those produced in Dingzhou and Wuzhou are inferior; those in Yuezhou are good, but those in Shouzhou and Hongzhou are poor. (20) Water side: use wood such as green bars, locust trees, catalpas, catalpas, etc., paint the inner side and outer seams, and can hold 1 bucket of water. (21) Cooking bowl: for boiling water, made of porcelain or sand, with a volume of 2 liters. (22) Washing square: use catalpa wood, shaped like a water square, with a volume of 8 liters, for washing tea sets. (23) Li Fang: water-like square, with a volume of 5 liters, used to collect tea dregs. (24) Basket: Made of white cattail grass, it can hold 10 bowls. (25) 筥: Made of bamboo, round, 1.2 feet high and 7 inches in diameter.Or first make a wooden model in the shape of a 筥, woven with rattan, with six round eyes, and the cover and bottom are like the mouth of a box, which are smooth. (26) Furnishings: beds or frames made of wood or bamboo, or small cabinets made of bamboo and wood, some of which can be opened and closed, painted, 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 6 inches high.Used to store and display all utensils. (27) Du Basket: Bamboo basket for all utensils, made of bamboo strips.The inner square is woven with square eyes, and the triangles are staggered.Double strips are used for external use, wide strips are used as warp threads, thin single strips are woven, alternately pressed double strips are used as warp threads, and woven into square eyes, which should be exquisite and beautiful.The basket is 1.5 feet high, 2.4 feet long, and 2 feet wide; the bottom of the basket is 1 foot wide and 2 inches high. (28) Towel: thick silk similar to cloth, 2 feet long, two pieces should be used alternately to clean the tea set. (29) Binding: cornel wood is clipped with palm fiber, tied tightly, into a large pen shape, and used as a brush. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, the utensils for making and drinking tea were very complicated, and it was difficult for ordinary people to do it. In the Tang Dynasty, every family that lived fastidiously had 24 exquisite tea sets, which were a complete set of utensils for grinding tea, making tea, and drinking tea.At the same time, there is an exquisite small cabinet for storing utensils, which can be carried for tea fighting with others.At that time, the imperial palace and noble families mostly used metal tea sets, while the folks mainly used ceramic tea bowls.At that time, there were mainly two types of porcelain tea bowls: green glaze and white glaze. In ancient my country, great importance was attached to tea tasting, and the use of tea sets was also very particular. People listed tea sets as a necessary artistic condition for tea tasting and an important tool for guests to offer tea. Tang Li Kuangyi's "Zi Xia Ji": "The daughter of Cui Ning (the Prime Minister of Shu, who entered the dynasty at the end of Li Yu's calendar in 775 A.D. - the author's note) was ill with a teacup without a lining. Sipping and pouring the cup, the center of the cup is ringed with wax, and the cup is made for everyone's convenience, and it is used for generations, and those who pass it down will ring the bottom more, renew the system, and even have a hundred shapes." This is a teacup. Start with bottom ring. In the Southern Song Dynasty, people often drank group cake tea. When drinking, the group cake needs to be ground, sieved, and then cooked.The Twelve Gentlemen recorded in "Tea Set Picture Praise" in the Southern Song Dynasty are twelve kinds of tea sets used for preparing and drinking tea.They are: Wei Honglu (tea oven), Mudaizhi (wooden tea barrel), Jinfacao (tea milling trough), Shi Zhuanyun (stone mill), Hu Yuanwai (tea gourd), Luo Shumi (tea Luo), Zongzheng (brown broom), lacquer-carved secret pavilion (tea bowl), Tao Baowen (pottery cup), Tang Ti Dian (teapot), Assistant Master Zhu (bamboo whisk), Si Zhifang (tea towel).The use of purple sand as a tea set first appeared in the poem "Tasting Jiancha with Mei Gongyi" by Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty: "I'm happy to see Zi Ou sing and drink, Xianjun is chic and free." Among the purple sand tea sets, teapots are the most precious. When Su Shi, a poet of the Song Dynasty, was exiled to Yixing, the purple sand teapot with the beam-lifting style was named "Dongpo pot" and is still in use today. In 1968, the Zisha Tiliang Hu was found in the tomb of Wu Jing in Nanjing. In the Song Dynasty, when the emperor gave tea before the imperial court, they did not use a cup, but used a large soup pot, and the color was pure white. But its sample is like copper leaf soup ear, copper color yellowish brown. "Dongpo Houji" from the poem of Jiajing Linggong said: "Illness and greed give tea floating copper leaves", which is what it means. In the Song Dynasty, tea cups were often used for drinking tea among folks. The cup is a small tea bowl with an open mouth and a small bottom. There are many kinds of black glaze, sauce glaze, blue and white glaze and white glaze. In the Song Dynasty, there were five famous kilns in the famous production areas for firing tea sets, namely Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln, Ru Kiln, Ding Kiln, and Jun Kiln, each of which produced different styles of porcelain.The official kiln is located in Hangzhou; the Ge kiln is located in Longquan, Zhejiang; the Ru kiln is located in Linru County, Henan Province (in ancient times it belonged to Ruzhou); The kiln is located in Shenhou Town, Yuxian County, Henan Province, and Yuxian County was named after Junzhou in ancient times. Cups or cups were mostly used for drinking matcha in the Song Dynasty, and cup holders were more common, and the production was more elaborate and colorful than in the Tang Dynasty.After the Song Dynasty, the method of drinking tea in my country has gradually changed with the method of tea processing, and it has begun to drink tea without seasoning.Tea sets mainly include tea grinder, tea Luo, tea cup, tea ladle and tea bottle, etc. Most of the tea is served in a cup instead of a bowl.In addition to ordinary ceramics, tea sets are also made of gold and silver, and people should regard "gold and silver as the best".In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, except for the people in the frontiers who drank tea with boiled tea, the drinking of loose and powdered tea increased. Instead of boiling, they used "pinch brewing", that is, brewing with boiling water. The types of tea sets were simplified, but the quality was improved. For tea sets, "porcelain is the top" and "gold is the second".After the Qing Dynasty, except for the ethnic minorities in the frontier, tea sets gradually formed a situation dominated by porcelain and glass. (Hu Ping) 2.The Evolution of the Tea Set "Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge" stated: "Changsha tea sets are exquisite and best in the world. Each pair is made of platinum with three hundred stars (the point of counting on the weighing instrument is called a star, and in the age of gold and silver, that is, the number of stars is used—the author's note) or five. Baixing, all the tea utensils are prepared, and the outside is stored with a large strand of silver. The Vietnamese Prime Minister Shuai Tanri tasted it with a thousand taels of gold to enter the top." "Qingbo Magazine" said: "Every tea should be made of tin. If tin is suitable for stealing, it is applicable but not extravagant. If it is pasted with paper, the tea taste will be easily damaged." Beginning at the end of the Song Dynasty, the method of steaming green loose tea was invented.When drinking loose tea, do not grind it into powder, but brew the whole leaf, do not season with salt, and pay attention to the inherent fragrance of the tea.The "Tea Record" written by Cai Xiang between the first year and the fifth year of Huangyou (1049-1053 AD) was the representative work of the 29th Chinese tea classics at that time. The relationship between the nature and usage of vertebra, tea bell, tea grinder, tea Luo, tea cup, teaspoon, soup bottle and the quality of tea soup. The change of teapots in the Yuan Dynasty mainly lies in the flow part (mouth) of the pot. In the Song Dynasty, the flow part was mostly on the shoulder, and in the Yuan Dynasty, it moved to the abdomen.At this time, the blue and white porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province was famous all over the world.Blue and white porcelain is not only cherished in China, but also exported to foreign countries, especially Japan. Because the "father of tea soup" Zhu Guang especially liked this kind of tea set, the blue and white tea set was named "Pearl celadon" later.The Tianmu tea bowl was also spread to Japan. From the 12th century to the 14th century, Japanese Buddhist monks went to the Tianmu Mountain Buddhist Temple in my country to study and brought back the tea bowl from Tianmu Mountain. This kind of tea bowl was coated with black glaze. Commonly known as Tianmu porcelain.Tianmu tea bowls include Huangtianmu, Baitianmu, Huangjian, Yaobian, Youdi turtle, Huiqian rabbit hair and so on. After the Song Dynasty, tea drinking was more focused on tasting, and tea has undergone many changes.Xu Cishu's "Tea Book" said: "Today, pure white is better, and it is more expensive than small." In the Ming Dynasty, the color of tea-tasting porcelain was still white, and the shape of the utensils was expensive and small. At that time, many porcelain kilns mostly produced small, exquisite, white tea sets.At the same time, there is also a kind of "tea wash", which is shaped like a bowl and a bowl, with holes in the bottom, and is used to rinse the tea leaves before drinking. In the 16th century, Chinese porcelain appeared in the French market, which amazed and praised the French.After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the fashion of using porcelain pots and purple sand pots appeared again. In the Qing Dynasty, tea sets such as gold-woven porcelain in Guangzhou and bodiless lacquerware in Fuzhou emerged one after another. In recent years, a batch of Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) porcelain has been unearthed in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province. The unearthed artifacts include bowls, pots, cups, tea cups, and holders.Appraised by the Palace Museum in Beijing, archaeological units in Shanghai and Zhejiang, it is considered to be the earliest porcelain tea ware in the world.This is of great value to the study of ancient celadon tea. (Hu Ping) Tea sets, in a narrow sense, mainly refer to tea drinking utensils such as tea cups, tea bowls, teapots, tea cups, saucers, and trays.Aromatic and delicious tea leaves paired with high-quality and elegant tea sets can better set off the liquid color of tea juice and maintain a strong tea fragrance.Especially refined tea sets are also a kind of art, which can not only make tea and drink, but also make people enjoy the beauty from it, adding infinite fun to tea tasting. There are many kinds of tea sets in my country, with different textures, complex forms and rich colors. The introduction is as follows: 1.clay tea set Clayware is an important invention of the Neolithic Age.It was rough clay pottery at first, and then gradually evolved into relatively solid hard pottery, and then developed into glazed pottery with glaze on the surface. The pottery making in Yixing was quite developed in ancient times. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, hard pottery with geometric imprints appeared.During the Qin and Han Dynasties, glazed pottery had already been fired. The best among pottery is Yixing Zisha tea set, which rose as early as the early Northern Song Dynasty and became a unique and excellent tea set, which became very popular in the Ming Dynasty.Zisha teapots are different from ordinary pottery in that they are glazed inside and outside, and are made of local purple clay, red clay, and Tuanshan clay.Due to the high temperature of the pottery, the sintering is dense, the tire quality is fine, there is no leakage, and there are pores invisible to the naked eye. After a long period of use, it can also absorb tea juice and accumulate tea flavor; and the heat transfer is not fast, so it will not burn your hands; If the tea is served in hot weather, it is not easy to sour; even if the temperature changes drastically, it will not break; if necessary, it can even be stewed directly on the stove.The purple sand tea set also has the characteristics of simple and generous shape, simple and elegant color, and the shape has the shape of bamboo joint, lotus root, loose section and imitation of ancient bronze wares of Shang and Zhou dynasties. "Taoxi Hakka Yu" said that "Yangxian (that is, Yixing) porcelain pots began to flourish in the Ming Dynasty, and the top ones are equivalent to gold and jade." It can be seen that it is precious.Ming Wen Zhenxiang's "Chang Wu Zhi" records: "The pot is made of sand, and the lid will neither take away the fragrance nor the smell of cooked soup." During the Jiajing and Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty, two outstanding masters of purple sand crafts appeared successively-Gong Chun (Gong Chun) and his apprentice Shi Dabin.Gong Chun used to be the school boy of Jinshi Wu Yishan when he was young. He was talented and intelligent, open-minded and studious. He accompanied his master to study at Jinsha Temple in Yixing.It is said that there are towering ginkgo trees in the temple, with intertwined roots and many burls.He watched it day and night, imitating tree tumors and kneading tree tumor pots, which are unique in shape and very vivid.The old monk was overwhelmed when he saw it, so he taught him all the skills of making pots in his life, so that he finally became a famous pot-making master.The finished product of Gongchun is called "Gongchun Pot", which is novel and exquisite in shape, thin and solid in texture, and is known as "The pot of Gongchun is better than gold and jade". "The chestnut color is dark, like ancient gold and stone; how can Dun Pang be called a god with his heart."Shi Dabin's works broke through the pattern taught by his master and made more small pots, embellished on several tables in the abode, which is more in line with the taste of drinking tea.Therefore, there were very highly praised poems at that time: "Thousands of strange things are written by hand", "Gong Zhongyan talks about the big bin pot".The purple clay tea set in the Qing Dynasty was more developed on the basis of the predecessors. Among them, the teapots made by Chen Mingyuan in the early Qing Dynasty and Yang Pengnian in the Jiaqing period are especially famous in the world.The teapots made by Chen Mingyuan have clear lines and clear outlines, and the lids are stamped with "Mingyuan" in running script, which are still regarded as treasures.Yang Pengnian's products are elegant and exquisite, and they are kneaded without moulds. They are seamless and are regarded as "masterpieces of the time".At that time, Chen Mansheng, the magistrate of Liyang County, Jiangsu Province, was fond of teapots. He worked in poetry, calligraphy and painting, and seal cutting. He went to Yixing to cooperate with Yang Pengnian in making teapots.Designed by Chen Mansheng, produced by Yang Pengnian, and engraved by Chen's calligraphy and painting.His works are known as "Mansheng Pot" in the world, and have always been treasured by connoisseurs.The shapes and decorations of Yixing teapots in Qing Dynasty were varied and varied, and they were popular both at home and abroad in 1959. At that time, the small teapots used for brewing Gongfu tea in southern Fujian and Chaozhou in my country were almost all Yixing teapots; in the 17th century, Chinese tea At the same time as the purple sand pot, it was spread to the west by sea, and the westerners called it "red porcelain".As early as the 15th century, the Japanese came to China to learn pot-making techniques. The pots they imitated are still regarded as treasures by the Japanese people. The purple sand teapots made by famous hands are exquisite in shape, simple in color and dazzling in luster, becoming works of art.In the past, some people said that one or two heavy purple sand tea sets are worth ten or twenty gold, which can make the earth compete with gold.Zhang Daizhong in the Ming Dynasty said: "Yixing pots are made with Gong Chun as the top, and a sand pot ranks directly among the Shang, Yi and Zhou Ding without any shame."Prestige can be imagined. In recent years, Zisha tea has achieved greater development, and new varieties continue to emerge.For example, the artistic tea set specially designed for Japanese consumers is called "horizontal handle pot". According to the Japanese hobby, Buddhist scriptures are engraved on the surface of the pot in exquisite calligraphy, which has become a good tea-tasting tool for Japanese consumers. At present, the varieties of purple sand tea sets have increased from the original forty or fifty to more than six hundred.For example, the purple sand double-layer thermos cup is a new product that is very popular among the masses.Due to the fine and flexible texture of purple clay, strong plasticity and good permeability, the fired double-layer thermos cup is used to make tea.This kind of cup has a capacity of 250 milliliters. Because of the double-layer structure, the boiling water will not be hot when poured into the cup, the heat transfer is slow, and the heat preservation time is long.There are various shapes, such as melon-shaped, butterfly-shaped, plum-shaped, oval-shaped, streamlined, etc.Artists use traditional seal cutting techniques to apply painting and various decorative techniques of Zheng, Cao, Li and seal to purple sand pottery, making it a product that combines ornamental and practical. According to legend, the creator of the purple clay teapot was an unknown monk at the Jinsha Temple in Yixing in the Ming Dynasty. He selected fine purple sand clay and kneaded it into a round blank, added a mouth, handle, and lid, and fired it in a 69-year-old Chinese tea classics kiln.There is a tree gall pot with a missing cover, which is ingenious in shape. It is now in the Beijing History Museum. It is the only handed down product of Gongchun, but some people suspect it is a fake.Since Gongchun (Gong Chun) in the Ming Dynasty became famous for imitating the gall of old ginkgo trees to make "Gongchun pots", the pot-making masters that have appeared one after another include Dong , Zhao Liang, Wen Chang, and Shi Peng of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. Later, there were Dabin, Li Zhongfang, and Xu Youquan's "Three Masters". In the Qing Dynasty, there were brothers and sisters Chen Mingyuan, Yang Pengnian, and Yang Fengnian, as well as Shao Daheng, Huang Yulin, Cheng Shouzhen, and Yu Guoliang.In modern times, there are Gu Jingzhou, Zhu Kexin, Jiang Rong and others. Gu Jingzhou recently made Tibi pot and Hanyun pot, which are gifts abroad.Young artists are also talented people. There are many styles of purple sand tea sets, the so-called "the square is not the same, the circle is not the same".Carving flowers and birds, landscapes and calligraphy on purple sand pots began in the late Ming Dynasty and flourished after Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, and gradually became a unique artistic decoration in purple sand crafts.Many famous poets and artists have personally inscribed poems and lettering on the purple clay teapots. "Sand Pot Picture Research" once recorded that Zheng Banqiao made a pot, and engraved a poem in his own handwriting: "The mouth is sharp, the belly is big, the ears are high, so that you can avoid hunger and cold and be proud. The amount is too small to accommodate big things, and two or three inches of water create waves." To evaluate a set of tea sets, you should first consider its practical value.A set of tea sets only has the appropriate proportion of volume and weight, the handle is easy to lift, the lid is seamed around, the spout is smooth, the color and pattern are refined and harmonious, and the beauty and practicality of the whole set of tea sets are harmonized. Combined, it can be regarded as a perfect tea set.Yixing tea sets have these characteristics. Zisha tea sets are not only loved by our people, but also cherished by people in some overseas countries.As early as the 15th century, ceramic workers in Japan, Portugal, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom successively copied Chinese purple clay pots as specimens. At the beginning of the 18th century, the German J.F.Bottger not only made purple sand pottery, but also wrote an article entitled "Cinnabar Porcelain" in 1908. papers.At the beginning of this century, Zisha pottery was exhibited at the Exposition 79 in Panama, London, and Paris, and won an award at the Chicago Exposition in 1932, adding luster to the history of Chinese ceramics. (Hu Ping) 2.porcelain tea set The earliest tea sets in my country were mainly pottery.After the invention of porcelain, pottery tea sets were gradually replaced by porcelain tea sets.Porcelain tea sets can be divided into white porcelain tea sets, celadon tea sets and black porcelain tea sets. (1) White Porcelain Tea Set The popularity of drinking tea in the Tang Dynasty promoted the corresponding development of tea set production. The porcelain industry in many parts of the country was very prosperous, forming a group of famous kilns mainly producing tea sets.All kilns compete for beauty and competition with each other.According to the Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty, the porcelain kiln in Gongxian County, Henan Province also made a porcelain statue of Lu Yu, the "God of Tea" while firing tea sets. Every time a merchant buys a number of tea sets, he will give a porcelain statue as a gift to attract business. Others such as the Xing Kiln in Renqiu, Hebei, the Yue Kiln in Yuyao, Zhejiang, the Changsha Kiln in Hunan, and the Dayi Kiln in Sichuan also produce white porcelain tea sets. White porcelain was known as "fake jade" as early as the Tang Dynasty.In the Northern Song Dynasty, the porcelain produced by Jingde kiln was thin and smooth, with bluish-white inside, elegant and pleasing to the eye, and decorated with shadow-blue engravings, printing and brown stippling. By the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen was famous all over the world for firing blue and white porcelain.The blue and white porcelain tea set is beautiful and elegant, not only treasured in China, but also exported to foreign countries. In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of Yongle and Xuande blue-and-white porcelains, various colored porcelains were created. The products are exquisite in shape, fine in texture, bright in color, vivid in painting, very valuable, and sold overseas. ". White porcelain is most famous in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, followed by Liling in Hunan, Tang 89 Chinese Tea Classic Mountain in Hebei, and Qimen in Anhui, which also have their own characteristics. In addition, the traditional "Guangcai" tea set is also very distinctive. Its composition is rigorous, the flower decoration is shining, and the characters are elegant and elegant. With the addition of gold and color, it is like innumerable gold and colored threads intertwined on the brocade. Show resplendent and resplendent, graceful and luxurious style. (2) Celadon tea set Celadon tea set began to develop in the Jin Dynasty. At that time, the main production area of ​​celadon was in Zhejiang, and the most popular one was a teapot with a mouth called "Jitou Liuzi".After the Six Dynasties, many celadon tea sets were decorated with lotus flowers.The teapot in the Tang Dynasty was also called "tea note" and the spout was called "Liuzi".According to legend, the daughter of Cui Ning, the governor of Xichuan in the Tang Dynasty, invented a tea bowl holder. She made a circle of wax to fix the position of the tea bowl on the plate, and later evolved into a porcelain saucer. This is the common saucer later. It is called "tea boat" in modern times. In fact, as early as "Zhou Li", the saucer holding cups and bottles was called "boat". It can be seen that the name "boat boat" has existed since ancient times. Tea cups were popular in Song Dynasty drinking tea, and the use of cup holders was also more common.Tea cup, also known as tea cup, is actually a small tea bowl, which is beneficial to exert and maintain the aroma and taste of tea leaves, which is very scientific.If the teacup is too large, not only the aroma will be easily dispersed, but also the boiling water will be poured into it, and the heat will be high, which will easily scald the tea leaves and make the tea soup lose its freshness.Due to the competition of porcelain kilns in the Song Dynasty and the improvement of technology, the types of tea sets increased, and there were many varieties of tea cups, teapots, and tea cups produced, with different styles, elegant colors, and very different styles.The celadon tea set produced by Ge Kiln in Longquan County, Zhejiang Province was first shipped to the European market in the 16th century, and immediately aroused great interest from people.Gu Kuang's "Tea Fu" in the Tang Dynasty said: "Shu Tie is like a golden tripod, and the more mud is like a jade Ou"; Pi Rixiu's "Tea Ou" poem has "Xingke and Yue people can both make porcelain, and the circle is like the moon's soul falling , as light as clouds and ninety-nine souls rise up"; Han Xie's "Hengtang Poetry" says that "the rhinoceros liquid in Yue Ou emits the fragrance of tea".These poems all praise the beauty of the emerald-like Yue kiln celadon tea set.In the Song Dynasty, Zhejiang Longquan Ge Kiln, one of the five famous kilns, reached its heyday. It produced all kinds of celadon wares, including teapots, tea bowls, tea bowls, teacups, tea trays, etc. The two sides of the Oujiang River were unprecedentedly grand, with many kilns and fireworks facing each other. Transport ships shuttle back and forth, a scene of prosperity. (3) Black porcelain tea set Tea fighting was popular in Fujian in the Song Dynasty. Based on experience, tea fighters believed that the black porcelain tea cups produced by Jian'an Kiln were the most suitable for tea fighting, so they became famous.Song Caixiang's "Tea Records" said: "The color of tea is white, and it is suitable to be black. The ones made in Jian'an are cyanotic, with patterns like rabbit hairs. The blanks are slightly thick, and they are hot and difficult to cool for a long time. They are most useful. Those from other places, or It is thin or purple in color, and it is not as good as it. Its green and white cups are not used by those who try it." This kind of black porcelain rabbit hair tea cup has a unique style, simple and elegant, and the magnet is thick and has good heat preservation performance, so it is favored by Dou tea connoisseurs. cherish.Other porcelain kilns are also competing to imitate. For example, the Sichuan Provincial Museum has a black porcelain rabbit hair teacup, which was fired by Guangyuan kiln in Sichuan. Yuyao and Deqing in Zhejiang Province also produced dark, bright, beautiful and practical black-glazed porcelain tea sets. The most popular one is a chicken head pot, that is, the mouth of the teapot is in the shape of a chicken head. There is still one in the Tokyo National Museum in Japan, named It is called "Tianji Pot" and is regarded as a treasure. In short, there are many types of porcelain tea sets in my country, and the production areas are all over the country, and there are dozens of important ones. Here are a few highlights. In the first year of Jingde in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1004), Emperor Zhenzong Zhao Heng issued a decree to build an imperial kiln in Changnan Town, Fuliang County, and renamed Changnan Town to Jingdezhen.At this time, the porcelain produced by Jingde kiln was thin and smooth, with greenish white inside, elegant and pleasing to the eye, and had colorful glazes and various paintings.At that time, Peng Qizi's "Poems for Sending Xu Tuntian" Zeng 001 The Chinese Tea Book had such an evaluation: "Fuliang burns porcelain skillfully, and its color is better than Qiongjiu." By the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen was famous all over the world for firing blue and white porcelain.The blue and white porcelain tea set, elegant and moist, is not only treasured in China, but also exported to foreign countries. In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen had become the center of porcelain making in the country.On the basis of blue and white porcelain, Jingdezhen created various colored porcelain successively. The products are small in shape, fine in texture, bright in color and vivid in painting. They were regarded as arch walls in the Jiajing and Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty.In the book "Scenery of the Imperial Capital" written by Liu Tong and Yu Yizheng in the Ming Dynasty, there is a saying that "a pair of cups is worth 100,000 yuan". In the Qing Dynasty, famous porcelain makers from all over the world gathered in Jingdezhen, and there were many innovations in porcelain making technology. By the time of Yongzheng, the enamel colored porcelain tea set had a pure white body, transparent body, and as thin as an eggshell. It had reached the perfect level of pure glaze and no fetal bone.This kind of porcelain can see the painted patterns on the tread from the back when facing the light, just like "looking at the bright moon through the light clouds" and "looking at the green mountains through the light fog".Amazingly crafted. Jingdezhen has always attached great importance to the color of enamel, and the color glazed porcelain here has been very famous for a long time.my country's porcelain is decorated with colored glaze, which probably originated from the pottery of the Shang Dynasty.Celadon porcelain appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, three colors of yellow, purple and green were created, called Tang Sancai. In the Song Dynasty, there were Yingqing, Fenqing, Dinghong, Zijun and Heiglaze.According to historical records, during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were more than 300 porcelain kilns in Jingdezhen, and colored glazed porcelain accounted for a large proportion.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jingdezhen's colored glazes took advantage of the strengths of other kilns, "making the best of man-made skills", inheriting the past and linking up the future with extremely high attainments, and created precious colored glazes such as Junhong, Jihong and Langyaohong.Junhong is the earliest variety of copper red glaze that appeared in my country. In the Song Dynasty, it was fired in Yu County, Junzhou, Henan. Since the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen has produced Junhong porcelain in large quantities.During the Yongxuan period of the Ming Dynasty, porcelain workers in Jingdezhen created sacrificial red after Junhong.The sacrificial red is delicate but not bright, purple in the red, deep and stable in color. The ancient royal family used this red glazed porcelain as a sacrificial vessel, hence the name Jihong.Because it is extremely difficult to fire and the yield is very low, it is worth a lot.When the ancients made sacrificial red porcelain, they did not hesitate to use precious raw materials such as coral, agate, jade, pearl, and gold.Langyaohong, also known as ruby ​​red, is very popular because of its vivid and eye-catching color.Now Jingdezhen has restored and created more than 70 kinds of color glazes, such as Junhong, Langyaohong, Douqing, Wenqing, etc., which have caught up with or exceeded the best level in history, and also added flame red, big copper green, lilac purple and so on. color glaze.These glazes are not only used to decorate craft and display porcelain, but also to decorate daily-use porcelain such as tea sets.It makes the characteristics of porcelain "white as jade, thin as paper, bright as mirror, and full of sound" be further carried forward. Fujian Dehua Porcelain Porcelain was fired in Fujian during the Song Dynasty, and there were Jianou, Jianyang and Shaowu, Qinning, Jianning and other places in northern Fujian.Tea sets are mostly used for fighting tea, and the forms are also very inconsistent.At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, porcelain kilns began to be built in Dehua, Quanzhou, and the porcelain produced was white and lovely ("Fujian Tongzhi").During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jingdezhen white porcelain tea sets and Longquan celadon tea sets were both exported from Quanzhou, which had a great influence on the porcelain fired in Quanzhou, Fujian. Dehua porcelain may have been transmitted from Jiangxi and Zhejiang porcelain kilns. According to the excavation of the Dehua Qudou Palace kiln site by the Fujian Archaeological Team, there are many types of Dehua porcelain, including more than ten kinds of bowls, plates, pots, jars, washers, and cups.Elegant shape, yellow and gray color, pleasant tone, rich and colorful.Porcelain made in Dehua Yongchun became the main commodity exported by Quanzhou.According to research, Dehua porcelain, such as goblets, military holders, holding pots and vases, have been found in Japan, Indonesia and India. Hunan Liling Porcelain Hunan Porcelain is characterized by pure white porcelain, elegant color, sound like gold and jade, delicate and beautiful.Liling's underglaze colored porcelain is a traditional product well-known both at home and abroad, and won the first-class gold medal at the Panama International Commodity Fair in 1915. Today, Liling Qunli Porcelain Factory inherits and develops the unique production technology here to manufacture the underglaze color tea sets.这种餐具和茶具装饰２０１中国茶经淡雅，造型新颖，配套齐全，既实用又富有艺术性。十多年来，这些餐具和茶具一直在北京人民大会堂的宴会厅内使用，受到国内外来宾的赞赏，被誉为陶瓷艺术国里的明珠。 １９７９年醴陵釉下彩茶具和景德镇青花瓷器一起，分别被评为全国优质产品，荣获金质奖。 龙泉青瓷浙江龙泉青瓷，以造型古朴挺健，釉色翠青如玉着称于世，是瓷器中的一颗灿烂明珠，被人们誉为“瓷器之花”。龙泉青瓷产于浙江西南部龙泉县境内，这里林木葱茏，溪流纵横，是我国历史上瓷器的重要产地之一。南宋时，龙泉已成为全国最大的窑业中心。其优良产品不但成为当代珍品，也是当时皇朝对外交换的主要物品，特别是造瓷艺人章生一、章生二兄弟俩的“哥窑”、“弟窑”，继越窑有发展，学官窑有创新，因而产品质量突飞猛进，无论釉色或造型都达到了极高造诣。因此，哥窑被列为五大名窑之一，弟窑亦被誉为名窑之巨擘。 哥窑瓷，胎薄质坚，釉层饱满，色泽静穆，有粉青、翠青、灰青、蟹壳青等，以粉青最为名贵。釉面显现纹片，纹片形状多样，纹片大小相间的，称为“文武片”，有细眼似的叫“鱼子纹”，类似冰裂状的称“白圾碎”，还有“蟹爪纹”、“鳝血纹”、“牛毛纹”等。这本来是因釉原料收缩系数不同而产生的一种疵病，但人们喜爱它自然、美观，反而成了别具风格的特殊美。它的另一特点是器脚露胎，胎骨如铁，口部釉隐现紫色，因而有“紫口铁脚”之称。 弟窑瓷，造型优美，胎骨厚实，釉色青翠，光润纯洁，有梅子青、粉青、豆青、蟹壳青等。其中以粉青、梅子青为最３０１佳。滋润的粉青酷似美玉，晶莹的梅子青宛如翡翠。青瓷艺人向来追求“釉色如玉”，弟窑产品可谓达到了这样的艺术境界，其釉色之美，至今世上尚无匹敌。器物的棱沿部分微露白痕，称为“出筋”，底部呈现朱红，称为“朱砂底”。有的不加任何装饰，却给人以清新活泼之感；有的却作巧妙装饰，如在瓶肩上饰一只虎、一条龙，或两只远眺的凤鸟，神态逼真，栩栩如生；有的将碗口沿做成荷叶状，中间伏着一只龟，或洗内刻双鱼，别有风韵。 从宋代起，龙泉青瓷不仅是国内畅销产品，也已成为重要出口商品，博得国内外群众的广泛喜爱。１６世纪晚期，龙泉青瓷传入法国，它那青翠欲滴的釉色，使法国人惊叹不已，不愿以俗名称呼它，时逢名剧《牧羊女》风靡巴黎，风趣的巴黎人认为，只有剧中主角——雪拉同的青袍，堪与龙泉青瓷媲美，于是他们把龙泉青瓷称为“雪拉同”，至今法国人对龙泉青瓷仍用这一美称。现在世界上所有着名博物馆，都珍藏有龙泉青瓷，仅土耳其伊斯坦堡博物院就有１０００多件；日本东京还设有专楼珍藏，只有高级外宾到来或樱花时节才开放，供人们观赏。如果博物馆举办陶瓷展览而没有龙泉青瓷，准会被认为不符合着名博物馆的条件。 (Hu Ping) 3.Lacquer tea set 漆器茶具始于清代，主要产于福建福州一带。福州生产的漆器茶具多姿多彩，有“宝砂闪光”、“金丝玛瑙”、“釉变金丝”、“仿古瓷”、“雕填”、“高雕”和“嵌白银”等品种，特４０１中国茶经别是创造了红如宝石的“赤金砂”和“暗花”等新工艺以后，更加鲜丽夺目，逗人喜爱。 (Hu Ping) 4.glass tea set 在现代，玻璃器皿有较大的发展。玻璃质地透明，光泽夺目，外形可塑性大，形态各异，用途广泛。玻璃杯泡茶，茶汤的鲜艳色泽，茶叶的细嫩柔软，茶叶在整个冲泡过程中的上下穿动，叶片的逐渐舒展等，可以一览无余，可说是一种动态的艺术欣赏。特别是冲泡各类名茶，茶具晶莹剔透，杯中轻雾缥缈，澄清碧绿，芽叶朵朵，亭亭玉立，观之赏心悦目，别有风趣。而且玻璃杯价廉物美，深受广大消费者的欢迎。 玻璃器具的缺点是容易破碎，比陶瓷烫手。 (Hu Ping) 5.metal tea set 我国除有上述茶具以外，历史上还有用金、银、铜、锡等金属制作的茶具。尤其是锡作为贮茶器具材料有较大的优越性。锡罐多制成小口长颈，盖为筒状，比较密封，因此对防潮、防氧化、防光、防异味都有较好的效果。唐时皇宫饮用顾渚茶、金沙泉，便以银瓶盛水，直送长安，主要因其不易破碎，但造价较昂贵，一般老百姓无法使用。 至于金属作为泡茶用具，一般行家评价并不高，如明朝张谦德所着《茶经》，就把瓷茶壶列为上等，金、银壶列为次５０１等，铜、锡壶则属下等，为斗茶行家所不屑采用。到了现代，金属茶具已基本上销声匿迹。 值得一提的是唐代宫廷的银质鎏金茶具，１９８７年５月，我国在陕西省扶凤县皇家佛教寺院法门寺的地宫中，发掘出大批唐朝宫廷文物，内有一套晚唐僖宗皇帝李儇少年时使用的银质鎏金烹茶用具，计１１种１２件。这是迄今见到的最高级的古茶具实物，堪称国宝，它反映了唐代皇室饮茶十分豪华。这批茶具是公元８７４年封存入地宫，供奉释迦牟尼真身佛骨的。距今已有１０００多年历史。这批茶具主要有： 鎏金银龟形茶盒——存放待烹茶末用。 鎏金银茶槽子——分碾槽和碾轮，用于碾碎茶末。 鎏金银茶罗子——箱形，内有茶罗架和接茶屉，碾后茶末过罗（筛）用。 金银丝结条笼子——用于炙茶饼用。 同时出土的还有素面淡黄绿色琉璃茶托等。 唐代饮用的是饼团茶，先将茶饼烘燥，谓之炙茶，再打碎入茶碾，碾成茶末，然后过罗（筛）成为待烹茶末。烹饮时，先将水烧开，放入盐椒等调料，再用“则”量取茶末投入水锅，三沸茶烹成，舀入碗内饮用。过程较繁复，使用茶具亦多。 (Hu Ping) 6.bamboo tea set 在历史上，广大农村，包括产茶区，很多使用竹或木碗泡茶，它价廉物美，经济实惠，但现代已很少采用。 ６０１中国茶经至于用木罐、竹罐装茶，则仍然随处可见，特别是作为艺术品的黄阳木罐和二簧竹片茶罐，既是一种馈赠亲友的珍品，也有一定的实用价值。 中国历史上还有用玉石、水晶、玛瑙等材料制作茶具的，但总的来说，在茶具史上仅居很次要的地位。因为这些器具制作困难，价格高昂，并无多大实用价值，主要作为摆设，用来显示主人富有而已。 (Hu Ping) 饮茶，人们不仅注重茶叶本身的色、香、味、形的优美，而且还要配用科学实用和艺术性高的茶具。对于茶具的鉴赏和选择，包括：种类、质地、产地、年代、大小、轻重、厚薄、形式、花色、颜色、光泽、声音、书法、文字、图画、釉质、配套等方面，是一种综合性的高深学问。 1.丰富多彩的茶具我国最古老的茶具是陶土制的缶，类似今天四川、云南的烤茶罐，既可煮茶，也可作盛具，它形状古朴，笨重粗糙。 西汉以后发展了釉陶茶具，上釉后，外表不仅光亮平滑，也有了鲜艳的色彩，它比起生陶茶具就美得多了。以后我国茶具经过多方面发展，出现的种类有茶炉、茶壶、茶碗、茶盏、茶杯、茶盘等专用茶具。据唐代陆羽《茶经》所述，广义的茶具包括贮茶、碾茶、炙茶、煮茶、调茶、饮茶等过程的器７０１具共２０余种。 从茶具材料质地来看，我国出现过的种类有陶土、瓷器、铜器、锡器、金器、银器、玉器、玛瑙、漆器、景泰蓝等。到了现代，则以陶器茶具、瓷器茶具为主，还有玻璃茶具、搪瓷茶具等，更是百花齐放，千姿百态。由于各地饮茶习惯，茶类及自然气候条件不同，茶具可以灵活运用。如东北、华北一带，多数都用较大的瓷壶泡茶，然后斟入瓷盅饮用。江苏、浙江一带除用紫砂壶外，一般习惯用有盖瓷杯直接泡饮。四川一带则喜用瓷制的“盖碗杯”，即口大底小的有盖小茶碗，下面还有个小茶托。茶与茶具的关系很密切，好茶必须用好的茶具泡饮，才能相得益彰。茶具的优劣，对茶汤的质量和品饮者的心情都会产生显着的影响。因为茶具既是实用品，又是观赏品，同时也是极好的馈赠物品。 中，妙玉在栊翠庵拥有的茶具，是不同凡响的： 有成窑“五彩小盖盅”，有官窑脱胎填白盖碗，有“绿玉斗”，有九曲十环二百二十节蟠虬整雕竹根的大盏，还有古玩奇珍的两只古杯，这说明我国当时的茶具已是极丰富多彩的了。 一般来说，现在通行的茶具以瓷器、玻璃居多，陶器次之，搪瓷又次之。各类茶具中以瓷器茶具、陶器茶具最好，玻璃茶具次之，搪瓷茶具再次之。因为，瓷器茶具传热不快，保温适中，对茶不会发生化学反应，沏茶能获得较好的色香味，而且造型美观，装饰精巧，具有艺术欣赏价值。陶器茶具，造型雅致，色泽古朴，特别是宜兴紫砂为陶中珍品，用来沏茶，香味醇和，汤色澄清，保温性能好，即使夏天茶汤也不易变质。但由于陶器不透明，沏茶后难以欣赏杯中的芽叶美姿，是８０１中国茶经其缺陷。如果用玻璃茶具冲泡名茶，如龙井、碧螺春、君山银针、瓜片等，杯中轻雾缥缈，澄清一碧，茶芽朵朵，亭亭玉立，或旗枪交错，上下沉浮，饮之沁人心脾，观之赏心悦目，别有风趣，充分发挥了玻璃器具透明的优越性。至于搪瓷茶具也有它的优点，虽然欣赏价值比不上上述几种，且家庭、办公室不太适宜，敬客不够庄重，但经久耐用，携带方便，适宜于工厂车间、工地及旅行时使用。至于塑料茶具，因质地关系，对茶味有影响，除临时使用外，平时都不适宜。尤其忌用塑料保暖杯冲泡高级绿茶，因杯中长期保温，使茶汤泛红，香气低闷，并有熟味，大煞风景。 有的地区，茶具是成套的，如：贮茶、煮茶、沏茶、饮茶成套；盏、盖、托成套；铜、瓷、锡等器具成套合用等。譬如四川成都的“盖碗茶”，用的是铜茶壶、瓷盖碗、锡制杯托，用这一系列茶具泡成的茶，色、香、味、形俱臻上乘，果然“正宗川味”。 唐代，从《茶经》可以看出，民间仍以陶瓷茶碗为主，瓷器比陶器色泽洁白，质地更细腻，这有利于观赏茶汤美好的色泽。由于唐代斗富之风盛行，贵族家中开始出现金、银、铜、锡等金属茶具，这类茶具很名贵，但因为昂贵、笨重，而不能在社会上普及。宋代茶具多用瓷茶盏，口敞底小，有黑釉、酱釉、青白釉等品种，以黑色为主，“斗茶”用的茶具多为黑釉盏。元代青白釉茶具较多，黑釉盏已逐步被青白釉茶盏代替。明代盛行用茶盏，中期以后又出现了用瓷壶和紫砂壶的风尚。到了清代，广州织金彩瓷、福州脱胎漆器等茶具相继而起。近代，又有了玻璃茶具和搪瓷茶具，使我国茶具更加９０１丰富多彩，仪态万千。现代茶具不仅在生产技术上比过去先进，而且在品种、花色、造型艺术上也比过去精巧美观。 我国目前的茶具，仍以“景瓷”和“宜陶”最为流行和名贵，普遍受到茶叶消费者的欢迎。 (Hu Ping) 2.有白玉之称的瓷茶具白瓷，早在唐代就有“假白玉”之称。其中以江西景德镇出产的最为着名。北宋时，景德镇生产的瓷器茶具，质薄光润，白里泛青，雅致悦目，并有影青刻花、印花和褐色点彩装饰。明代时，在青花瓷的基础上又创造了各种彩瓷，产品造型精巧，胎质细腻，彩色鲜丽，画意生动。 “商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去”。浮梁即今景德镇，是个古老茶区。景德镇在唐代就能生产质量很高的茶具。南宋时，景德镇湖田窑成功地制成了褐黄、天蓝、微青细条纹的所谓兔毫盏。今天，市面上流行景德镇的青花茶具，有一种“青花双龙茶具”，其茶壶、茶杯、茶盘上均绘有一对凌空飞舞、气势雄伟的青龙，口沿周围的青翠艳丽的带状边饰也十分精巧，令人赏心悦目。白釉青花，清新典雅，具有浓郁的民族风格和中国气派。景瓷茶具大都配有精巧的装饰，如外壁绘有山川河流、四季花草、飞禽走兽、人物故事等精美绘图，或几行颇蓄哲理的劲遒的书法，具有较高的审美价值。 用这等茶具冲泡名茶，在品饮茶叶的同时，观赏茶具，将别有一番情趣。 除景瓷外，也不乏其他名瓷，唐陆羽《茶经》提到：“碗，０１１中国茶经越州上，鼎州次，婺州次”“邢瓷类银，越瓷类玉”“邢瓷白而茶色丹，越瓷青而茶色绿”。有人认为邢州和越州出产的瓷碗同样是上等质量，其实并非如此。如果说邢瓷质地像银，越瓷就像玉，这是邢瓷不如越瓷的一点；如果说邢瓷像雪，越瓷就像冰，这是邢瓷不如越瓷的第二点；邢瓷白易使汤现红色，越瓷青易使汤现绿色，这是邢瓷不如越瓷的第三点。晋杜育《荈赋》指出：“器泽陶简，出自东隅”，这里指的就是越州制的碗，上口不卷边，碗底呈弧形而浅，容积不到半升。越州瓷、岳州瓷都色青，使茶汤呈青绿色。邢州瓷白色，使茶汤色红；泰州瓷黄色，使茶汤色紫；洪州瓷褐色，使茶汤色黑。不同瓷器，对于茶的汤色都有不同的影响。龙泉青瓷茶具以它造型古朴幽雅，瓷质细腻、釉厚，色泽柔和而蜚声中外。不少古代诗人都有诗句称赞，如：唐朝诗人陆龟蒙曾用“九秋风露越窑开，夺得千峰翠色来”的美丽诗句，描绘越窑瓷器的瑰丽色彩。孟郊诗云：“蒙山玉花尽，越瓯荷叶空。”顾况《茶赋》云：“舒铁如金之鼎，越泥如玉之瓯”。 韩偓诗云：“蜀纸麝煤沾笔兴，越瓯犀液发茶香。”徐夤在《贡余秘色茶盏》一诗中称：“巧剜明月梁春水，轻施薄冰盛绿云，古镜破苔当席上，嫩荷涵露别江喷。”都给人以美好的联想。 (Hu Ping) 3.紫色的瓷器——紫砂茶具瓷器茶具的发展，使陶制茶具相形见绌，但紫砂陶具，却能与瓷器茶具争名于世。有人将紫砂茶具称之为紫色瓷器。 梅尧臣：“紫泥新品泛春华，”谷宣城张祖得遣鸦山茶诗： “雪贮双沙罂，诗琢玉无瑕。”诗中描述了“紫泥”“砂罂”等紫砂茶具使茶的香、色、味更佳。 宜兴制的紫砂茶具，泡茶既不夺茶真香，又无熟汤气，能较长时间保持茶叶的色香味。据说苏东坡设计了一件茶壶，它以取法自然的古青色树枝作为壶的把手，配以赭色瓜型壶身，刻上古朴的瓦当和精妙的书法，清雅古朴，色彩对比，相得益彰，被历代文人雅士视为有实用价值的珍品。紫砂壶的造型有：仿古，光素货（无花无字），花货（拟松、竹、梅的自然形象），筋囊（几何图案）。艺人们以刀作笔，所作的书、画、印融为一体，构成一种古朴清雅的风格。一般人所用的普通紫砂壶，则用模具制作，泥质较粗，但仍不失其紫砂茶具“泡茶不走味”的特色。曾有这样的传说：一个泥水匠修屋时，把一个宜兴产的紫砂陶茶壶放在屋顶天花板里，完工后忘记带走，经数年后，再度修屋时发现了它，而壶内茶的汤色、香气、滋味竟丝毫未变。这个传说或许有点夸张，但也说明了紫砂茶壶的性能和优点。 紫砂茶具工艺独特，既是精致的艺术品，又有特殊的使用价值，历来受人称颂。所谓“茗注（即泡茶之壶）莫妙于砂，壶之精者又莫过于阳羡（江苏宜兴古称），壶必言宜兴陶，'较茶'