Chapter 42 read

read The question of "reading" seems to be very common and easy.However, I feel that this topic is very difficult to talk about.As far as I know, "reading" can be said in three ways: 1. What book should I read? Regarding this issue, the supplement of "Beijing News" has published for many times "Youth must read"; but this problem is not easy to solve. Because personal opinions are different and personalities are different. Each person's choice can only represent each person's hobbies, and does not have much standard effect.So I don't talk about this kind of problem.

2. The function of reading In the past, some people called it "the joy of reading", saying that "there is a thousand bells in the book, a golden house in the book, and a beauty like jade in the book". Now we don't say these words.It should be said that reading is seeking knowledge, and knowledge is power.These words are what everyone will say, so I don't have to say them. 3. The method of reading. Today I want to talk to you about the method of reading based on my personal experience.My first sentence is very common, that is to say, there are two elements in reading: the first is to be precise, and the second is to be rich.

Now what is called "fine". We read books when we were young, and almost every child had a bookmark with ten words written on it. The most common of these ten words is "reading in three ways: eye, mouth, and heart".Although this bookmark is not used now, the reading method of three arrivals still exists.However, I think that reading three times is not enough; there must be four times, namely: "eyes, mouth, heart, and hands." I will use it as an example. It is necessary to recognize every word in the eyes, so don't let it go casually.This sentence may seem easy at first, but it is actually not easy.When reading Chinese books, every single stroke and stroke of a character should not be missed.Modern people spend a lot of effort on collation, because the ancients ignored every single stroke.When reading foreign books, it is necessary to make the letters such as ABCD... clearly, so it is very difficult.If someone translates English, they regard port as pork and oats as oaks, so the wine becomes pork, and the grass becomes a big tree.Speaking of which, there are many examples of this kind, all of which are the result of poor eyesight.Books are made of words, if you don't want to read carefully, you don't need to read.Seeing has a great relationship with reading, if you don't see it for a while, it will cause great harm, and seeing it can form good habits and develop a strict personality.

It is necessary to read out sentence by sentence.The ancients said that you have to read it until you can recite it by heart.Although we do not advocate endorsement now, there are still several types of books that are still necessary to be familiar with; such as beloved poems, such as wonderful articles, if you read more, it will also have a good influence on your own works.When reading other books, although you don't need to be familiar with them, you must read them sentence by sentence. This is true for Chinese books, and even more so for foreign books.The function of reading can make us understand the structure of each sentence and the relationship between the parts in the sentence.It is often difficult to read it once, and you have to read it more than two times before you can understand.This is the case for reading good novels, let alone books about ideology and learning?

What is the meaning of each chapter, each sentence, and each word?Why?So thoughtful.But the intention is not to make people sit and meditate, but to rely on the help of external equipment and thinking methods.To do this, several conditions are required: First, dictionaries, dictionaries, reference books, etc. must be complete.Although these few tools can't be done, you should go to the library to have a look.My personal opinion is to advise everyone that when buying clothes or selling land, you must at least buy some good tools.For example, buying a Webster's dictionary is better than hiring a few gentlemen.This kind of gentleman will follow you for life, and you will enjoy it forever.

Second, do a grammatical analysis.Using grammatical knowledge to make grammatical analysis, one must understand grammatical structure in order to understand its meaning. 3. Sometimes it is necessary to compare references, and sometimes it is necessary to master them in order to understand.No, but literally. A word often has many meanings, and readers are easily fooled.For example, the word turn: there are fifteen interpretations for external verbs, thirteen interpretations for internal verbs, twenty-six interpretations for nouns, and a total of fifty-four interpretations, idioms are not counted.

Another example is Strike: There are thirty-one interpretations for external verbs, sixteen interpretations for internal verbs, eighteen interpretations for nouns, and a total of sixty-five interpretations. Another example is the word go, which is the easiest, but this word: there are twenty-two solutions for internal verbs, three solutions for external verbs, nine solutions for nouns, and a total of thirty-four solutions. The above are examples of English words that need to be studied.English dictionaries are complete; but what meaning does a certain word use in a certain sentence?This is not to compare the context, or run through the whole article, so I can't understand it.

Chinese is more difficult than English. Here are a few examples: What is the meaning of the word "Wei" in the first sentence of "Wei's year, month and day" in the sacrificial text? The dictionary says it is a virtual character.There are more than 200 characters for "wei" in it, and we must compare and study them carefully, and then we will know that this word has various meanings. Also, what is the meaning of the word "Yu", "Zhizi Yugui", "Phoenix Yufei" and other sentences?If you don't study carefully, you won't understand.The word "言" is known to everyone, but there is a problem in the middle, and it must be compared, and then the word "言" is known as a linking word.There are many examples like this.Ancient Chinese books are difficult to read, and ancient dictionaries are not applicable. How can we understand it without using comparatively inductive research methods?

In short, one should be skeptical in reading and ignore the past. If there is no problem, there will be no benefit. Zhang Zai, a Confucian of the Song Dynasty, said: "In reading, you must first be suspicious. If you have doubts, you will advance." He also said: "If you are suspicious but not suspicious, you have never learned. To learn, you must be suspicious." He also said: "Study is valuable and enlightened, but old-fashioned is useless." Song Confucian Cheng Yi said: "Learning is based on thinking." From this point of view, reading requires carefulness; don't be afraid of difficulties, as long as there are no difficulties.The tools must be complete and the thinking must be precise, so that you will not be afraid of difficulties.

Now let's talk about it.The hand is to labor your precious hands.It is not enough to read with the eyes, mouth, and heart; you have to do it yourself to get something.For example: 1. Punctuation and segmentation must be done manually. Second, look up dictionaries and reference books, you have to do it yourself. 3. To make reading notes, you need to do it yourself.Notes can be divided into four categories: (a) transcript notes. (b) Make a summary, a summary. (c) Record your own experience.Zhang Zai said: "If there is something open in my heart, it is even a note. Otherwise, it will be stuffed."

(d) Refer to various books, integrate them, and make systematic works. Function at hand.I often say: Publishing is an excellent way to absorb knowledge and ideas.The knowledge and ideas absorbed, whether from reading books or listening to lectures, are only vague and fragmented, and they are not our own.You have to do something yourself, or make a summary, or explain, or discuss, reorganize, explain, and describe in your own language——that kind of knowledge and thought can be regarded as your own. I can give an example.You also say "evolution", and he also talks about "evolution", but your opinion on the concept of "evolution" may not be very correct or clear; maybe it is just a kind of "hearsay", maybe it is just a fashion slogan.This kind of knowledge is not knowledge, let alone "your" knowledge.If you listen to my words and are not convinced, go back tonight to read all kinds of books and carefully study the scientific basis of the theory of evolution; Notes; if you really wrote such an article "Why I Believe in Evolution" 1. Evidence from biology; 2. Evidence from comparative anatomy; 3. Evidence from comparative embryology; 4. Evidence from geology and paleontology; 5. Evidence from archaeology 6. Sociological and anthropological evidence. At this point, all your knowledge about "evolution" has been organized, arranged, and described by yourself. At this time, this knowledge can be regarded as your own.That's why I say that publishing is a sharp tool for absorption; it can also be said that getting it with your hands is the way to get it with your heart. As for punctuation by hand, flipping through dictionaries by hand, and looking up books by hand are all extremely important secrets of reading, and you must not let them go lightly.Among them, turning the book by yourself is particularly important.I remember that a few years ago I persuaded Mr. Gu Jiegang to punctuate Yao Jiheng's "Ancient and Modern Forged Books".At the beginning, I knew that his life was difficult, and I hoped that he would punctuate a book for printing and sell it for a few dollars.It was a thin book, and I thought he could punctuate it in a week or two.Unexpectedly, Mr. Gu has been there for half a year and has not yet handed in the papers.It turned out that for every book he quoted, he checked the original book, proofread it carefully, noted the source, the volume of the original book, and the place where the deletions were made.After half a year, he came to me and told me that "Ancient and Modern False Books" does not need to be printed. He is now going to edit a series of doubtful ancient books called "Distinguishing Counterfeit Series".I very much agree with his plan and let him do it.After one or two years of work, he has made more progress, and surpassed the plan of the "serial for identifying counterfeit", and he wants to create his own creation.Since the year before last, he has written many discriminating texts on ancient Chinese history; his current achievements have already surpassed Cui Shu, let alone Yao Jiheng.Mr. Gu's future contributions to the field of Chinese historiography will certainly be limitless, but we must know that the biggest reason for his success is his hard work and precision.We can say that there is no one who can read without being diligent in his hands, and no one who can become a scholar without his hands. The second thing to talk about is "Bo". I have to read all kinds of books, that is, blogging.The ancients said: "Opening the book is beneficial", and I also advocate this meaning. Therefore, it is said that the first thing to read is to be precise, and the second is to be broad.We maintain that "bo" has two meanings: first, it is necessary to prepare for reference materials. Second, in order to be a useful person, you must blog. The first is to prepare reference materials. Most of the people here are wearing glasses.Why do you guys wear glasses?Is it not because of wearing glasses that what was invisible before can now be seen; what was small before can now be seen very big; what was not seen clearly before can now be seen clearly?Wang Jinggong said it best: the world has not seen it for a long time.Just reading the scriptures is not enough to know the scriptures.Therefore, from the books of a hundred schools of thought, as for the novels of "Nan Jing", "Su Wen" and "Materia Medica", he read everything; farmers and women workers asked everything;The scholars of later generations are different from those of the previous kings; it is not as good as it is, and it is not enough to be a sage. ... Read it after you know it, and learn from it, so different learning can't be messed up.But it can't be chaotic, so it can have something to take, so it's just to understand my way. (Answer Zeng Zigu) He said: "Read it after you know it." He also said: "Just reading the scriptures is not enough to know the scriptures." Just like the book "Mozi" a hundred years ago, scholars in the Qing Dynasty did not know much about this book.Recently, some people know about optics, geometry, mechanics, engineering, etc. After reading "Mozi", they realize that many parts of it can only be understood with the knowledge of these sciences.Later, some people learned about ethics, psychology, etc., and learned more about "Mozi".The more you read other kinds of books, the more you will understand Mozi. So we also say that just reading a book is not enough to know a book.Read a lot, and then you can specialize in one book.For example, if you read "Song Weekly" published by Peking University first, you will find it easier to understand; if you read sociology and anthropology first, you will understand more; Phonology, you know more; if you have studied archaeology, comparative religion, etc., you know more. Do you want to read books from the Consciousness-Wei School of Buddhism?It is best to read more ethics, psychology, comparative religion, and abnormal psychology. No matter what book you read, you always need a few pairs of good glasses. Do you remember the story of Darwin's study of biological evolution?Darwin studied the current situation of biological evolution for more than 30 years and accumulated countless materials, but he could not think of a simple and coherent explanation.One day, he accidentally read Martus's population theory, and suddenly realized the principle of competition for survival, and thus obtained the principle of natural selection, which became an unprecedented masterpiece and opened a new era for the intellectual world of later generations. Therefore, to be a polymath is just to add reference materials, to make it easy for us to get "hints" when we are reading; when we encounter difficulties, we can give hints here and there, so that we will not be stuck reading rote books.This is called "learn what you know and then read". Second, for the sake of life. People who specialize in one skill and one skill only know one thing, and know nothing else.This kind of people has very little influence on the society. It can be compared to a flagpole, just a crutch, lonely and pitiful. There are also some people who have read extensively but have no specialties. Although they can be welcomed by a group of sluts everywhere, they are actually a kind of waste.This kind of people is better than a large piece of thin paper, which cannot withstand the wind and rain. In society, neither of these two kinds of people has much influence, and they have little fun for personal considerations. An ideal scholar can be both broad and profound.The profound aspect is his specialized knowledge. In terms of broadness, it is his side search blog.To be broad is to know almost everything, and to be profound is to be almost exclusive, and no one can match.He uses his special knowledge as the center, and then covers all kinds of knowledge directly related, secondly related to all kinds of knowledge indirectly related, secondly to various kinds of knowledge that are not very related, and various general surveys that are not related.Such scholars also have a comparison with the pyramids in Egypt.The pyramid (according to the most recent Oriental Miscellany, Vol. 22, No. 6, p. 147) was 480 feet high, and its base was 764 feet on each side.The highest height of the tower represents the most profound specialized knowledge; descending from this point represents various related or unrelated knowledge of the expo there.The area at the bottom of the tower represents a broad range, profound attainments, and broad compassion.Such a person is an extremely useful talent for society, and can fully enjoy the fun of life for himself.Cheng Hao, a Confucian of the Song Dynasty, said it well: it must be big enough to open up its mind: for example, for a nine-story platform, you have to make big feet to get it. Erudition is exactly why "big heart makes broad".I once compiled these meanings into two superficial slogans, and now I dedicate them to all friends, as the goal of reading: to learn, you must be like a pyramid, and if you want to be broad, you must be tall. 14.4.22 night revision Volume Two of "Three Collections of Hu Shi's Essays"