Chapter 13 Introduction to "Flowers in the Mirror"

Introduction -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Li Ruzhen The engraved edition has a preface written by Xu Qiaolin Shihua from Haizhou, in which it is said that "a book was written by plums and pine stones in Beiping with more than ten years of effort".The rest of the prefaces and inscriptions are also said to be written by Li Songshi, but few people can say who Li Songshi belonged to.A few years ago, Mr. Qian Xuantong told me that Li Songshi was a phonologist named Li Ruzhen, from Daxing County, Jingzhao, and he wrote a book called "Li Shi Yinjian".Later, according to his instructions, I found "Li Shi Yinjian", and some deeds were hooked up in the text and preface of that book.

Li Ruzhen, courtesy name Songshi, was born in Daxing. In the "Election Form" of "Shuntian Mansion Chronicles", he is not included in the team of Jinshi Juren, which shows that he is probably a scholar who has never been successful in the imperial examination. "Yiwenzhi" of "Shuntian Mansion Chronicle" does not contain his works, nor does "Character History" contain his biography. "Chinese Name Dictionary" (page 389) has the following biography: Li Ruzhen, a native of Daxing (Qing Dynasty), was named Songshi.To understand the study of sound and rhyme, he wrote "Li's Yin Jian".Thirty-three mothers such as "spring full of Yaotian" are set.There are so many quotations that most shallow scholars are shocked, but they have not really seen the rhyme method.Also, and Li engraved "Shouzi Pu".

I don't know where this biography originated from, but this kind of harsh criticism is really only enough to express the arbitrariness of the critics themselves. (For Li Ruzhen's achievements in phonology, see below for details) In Renyin (1782) in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, Li Ruzhen's elder brother Ruhuang (word Foyun) went to Haizhou, Jiangsu Province to be an official, and he followed him to the office.At that time, Ling Tingkan (born 1757, died 1809) of Shexian County lived in Haizhou, and Li Ruzhen was employed by him.The spare time of the thesis, and the phonology. "Yinjian" 5, page 19) Ling Tingkan was only twenty-six years old at that time; from this, we can know that Li Ruzhen was only about twenty years old at that time.He was born in the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763).Ling Tingkan is the author of "Yan Yue Kaoyuan", proficient in music theory and bypassing phonology, so Li Ruzhen said that she "benefited a lot".

From the forty-seventh year of Qianlong to the tenth year of Jiaqing (1782-1805), it took 23 years.Li Ruzhen is only in Jiangsu Province, or in Huaibei, or in Huainan ("Yinjian" Shi Wenxuan preface).Although he is a native of Beijing, he was most influenced by scholars from the north and south of the Yangtze River; his phonology is able to distinguish the difference between the northern and southern sounds, and it is all due to his long-term residence in the south.In the preface of Shi Wenxuan in the tenth year of Jiaqing, he said: "Now Songshi will be an official in Zhongzhou." But in the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (1814), he was still in the East China Sea (postscript to the inscription in "Yinjian"), it seems that he had never been an official in Henan.

In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793), after Ling Tingkan made up the imperial examination, he asked to change his teaching position and was selected as a professor in Ningguofu; he went to the post in the 60th year (1795).Since then, Li Ruzhen did not often ask questions due to the long distance of the road. ("Yinjian" 5, page 19) His friends exchanged ideas with him, including: Xu Qiaolin, styled Shihua, from Haizhou. Xu Guilin, courtesy name Yuenan, was born in Haizhou.Jiaqing Juren.There are inventions in all scriptures; through ancient sounds, and actuarial science.He is the author of "Xu Shi Shuo Yin", "Yin Hu", "Xuan Ye Tong", "Wei Wu Wei Zhai Ji". ("Dictionary of Personal Names" page 1034) Xu Guilin is Li Ruzhen's brother-in-law. ("Yin Jian" 5, page 19)

Xu Quan, whose name is lotus boat, is from Shuntian.Author of "Sound Rope". ("Yin Jian" bibliography) Xu Jian, courtesy name Xianglong, was born in Shuntian.Author of "Yun Lue Supplement" (ibid.). Wu Zhenbo, courtesy name Rongru, was born in Haizhou.Hong □□, word Jingjie. This group of people are proficient in rhyme. "Huayan Alphabet Spectrum" lists forty-two initials and thirteen finals. Among the forty-two initial consonants, Li Ruzhen deleted 19 initial consonants that are different from the present one, and added ten unprepared and Nanyin initial consonants, resulting in a total of 33 initial consonants.He also deleted two of the thirteen finals, which were different from the present, and added eleven of the present, leaving a total of twenty-two finals.He himself said that among the eleven newly added finals, one (ma rhyme) was added by Ling Tingkan, Xu Jian and Xu Guilin each added two, Xu Quan added one; he added only five. ("Yin Jian" 5, page 19)

In the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), "Yinjian" was completed. ("Yinjian Li Ruhuang Preface") In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810), "Yinjian" was engraved, and it was engraved in that year. (Wu Zhenbo postscript) In the 19th year of Jiaqing (1814), Li Ruzhen and Xu Guilin read Shanyin Yu Xinglin's "Shengsheng Zhengzong" together in Donghai.There are four inscriptions in "Yinjian" attached to Yu's book, and the fourth one says: Songshi's complete book is absolutely equal, and the postscript of Yuenan is more refined and mellow.

I am ashamed that I have no other skills, and I am poorly literate when I open the book. It can be seen that "Yinjian" has been highly praised by readers not long after it was published. In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (1816), he engraved Yu Xinglin's inscription on the back of "Yinjian" and made a postscript.Since then, his deeds have been untested. From the forty-seventh year of Qianlong to this year, thirty-five years, he is probably about fifty-five years old. In the past forty-seven years, his traces seem to have been all over the country. The wife he married was from Haizhou, or he actually lived in Haizhou.

I don't know when the book was written, but Sun Jichang's inscription said:... Duo Peipingzi, what a literary talent! ...But if you are not satisfied, your body will decline, and you will plow the fields without any burden, and the boss will still be hungry. It's been a pity for more than ten years, the pen and inkstone have been accompanying each other in vain.With a few exhausted efforts, this body forgets tiredness.Chatting to strengthen the heart, stop talking about the author's insanity.Poor and sorrowful, he began to write books, and his aspirations were good enough to be sad. ... Novelists from ancient to modern times should be no more than this. ... The paper copying is already expensive, and now it has been paid for, and it has spread thousands of miles, and it is worthy of being an official teacher.From then on, it is worthy of masturbation, which has been pushed by the world. ...

From this, we can get two points: (1) It was written by Li Ruzhen when she was frustrated in her later years. (2) Li Ruzhen was still alive when the engraving was completed. The most regrettable thing is that neither this poem nor Xu Qiaolin's preface can be dated, but there is a preface by Mai Dapeng in the ninth year of Daoguang (1829) in the printed edition.He said: Li Zisongshi's book is perfect, and it has been recorded for three years.Wuzi (the eighth year of Daoguang, 1828) was Qinghe, and occasionally went to the Zhang Zixie Pavilion Shushu, where he had a glimpse of the whole leopard and could not dance.After hearing about the completion of the new sculpture in the Mustard Seed Garden, I bought a letter, as if I had obtained a rare treasure...

In 1829, Mai had known this book for three years; in 1828, he saw "The Whole Leopard", it is not known whether it was a printed edition; The portraits of one hundred and eight people are copied, and there seems to be another finely carved version of the portraits, which is the base of the later Wang Tao's preface.For the time being, we assume that the Mustard Seed Garden in 1828 is the first edition, and the famous one of the first three years of Maxwell is the manuscript. In this way, we can say: In 1805, "Yin Jian" was completed. In 1810, "Yinjian" was engraved. (see above for all the above) About 1810 - 1825, - "the power of more than ten years" - is the period of writing. Around 1825, it was completed as a book. In 1828, the carved version of Mustard Seed Garden was completed. In 1829, the Mai Ke Xie Xiang edition (Guangdong edition) was engraved. Assuming that the mustard seed garden is the original of Sun Jichang's inscription "has been paid now", then Li Ruzhen is not dead yet, but she is already very old.According to previous calculations, he was born in the middle of Qianlong (about 1763), and died in the tenth year of Daoguang (about 1830), and he was nearly seventy years old. 2 Li Ruzhen's Phonology (slightly) Three Characters of Li Ruzhen Now we need to know what kind of person Li Ruzhen is.On this point, several prefaces in "Yinjian" can give us a lot of material.Yu Ji said: Daxing plums, pine and stones are rare and unique, and they disdain the study of chapters and sentences when reading; they use their spare time and miscellaneous streams, such as Rendun, Xingbu, Xiangwei, seal and official scripts, etc., to learn more about them. .And in the study of phonology, you can especially search for hidden resources and understand spiritual enlightenment. Shi Wenying said: Mr. Songshi is so refreshing when he meets things, he is daring.His life work in seal and official script, the history of hunting pictures, side by side, and things like star divination and playing games are all interesting.Among the flowers and under the moon, I sing songs about wine, and when I am in a hurry, I drink a hundred cups at a time, squandering as much as I want. The testimonies of these two contemporaries are the versatility of the author who can write.Xu Qiaolin said in "The Preface to "Flowers in the Mirror" that this book "pillows classics and history, Zixiu collects China, covers nine streams, involves all kinds of operas, is extremely intelligent, and opens up in a different world".After reading the words of Yu Ji and Shi Wenying, we can understand Li Lundi (65 chapters and 75 chapters), Tanyi (73 chapters), Lunqin (same), Ma Diao (same), and Shuang Lu (seventy-four chapters), on shooting (seventy-nine chapters), on planning (same), and various lantern riddles, as well as those wine orders with double tones and overlapping rhymes, are just the essay games of this versatile celebrity.When we read these things now, we often think that he "dropped the book bag", but we should remember that this book was produced in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. That era was an era of erudition, so the novels of that era also unknowingly hung the erudition. brand.This is the influence of the times, and no one can escape it. Regarding the influence of the age, we can get countless evidences here.For example, Tang Ao and Duo Jiugong talked about the scriptures in the Heizhi State Women's School, and they discussed that the sentence "Hongyan Laideng" should be collated from Zheng Xuan's annotations and should be collated with ancient editions, and the sentence "Chariots and horses with light fur" refuted Zhu Xi's reading of the words "clothes".It is also discussed that Wang Bi's annotations emphasize meaning and reason, "not only lacking in detail, but also recklessly changing ancient characters": these are all natural products of the Sinology era.It is also the same reason that Zheng Xuan's commentary was the best when he returned to the house of Tang boudoir ministers' commentaries on "Li" in fifty-two years.As for the names of overseas countries mentioned in the whole book, they all have their origins; the names of the exotic animals, strange flowers and fairy grasses also have their own origins (see volume 1 of Qian Jingfang's "Novel Collection", pages 68-72).This kind of extensive reading of ancient books without being able to judge whether the ancient books are credible is also a special phenomenon of that era. Four is a book on women's issues Now we're going back to itself. In the forty-ninth chapter, after the inscription on the Weeping Red Pavilion, there is a general statement by the owner of the Weeping Red Pavilion, saying: Those who are crowned with the history of You Tan and Ai Cui Fang are the masters who are confident that they have explored the unofficial history, and have seen something, but it is a pity that it has been lost and unknown, and it is sad that the Qunfang will not be passed on because of the pen. …… Those who are full of flowers and full of beauty, are covered with flowers and degenerated, and are almost wiped out. Today, Rice is immortal, isn’t it like the flowers are fragrant again?The hundreds of people listed are all Qionglin Qishu, who are combined with jade and pearls, so they are completed with gold and chastity. This is the purpose of the author's book.We have to ask, the author is confident that he "explored unofficial history and tasted something", what exactly did he see? My answer is: What Li Ruzhen sees is the women's issue that has been neglected for thousands of years.He was the first person in China to raise this issue of women, and his novel is a novel about women's issues.His answer to this question is: men and women should be treated equally, equal education, equal voting system. This is the purpose of the book.I'm the one who hates speculation the most, but as a result of my research, I can't help but draw such a conclusion. We must first point out that Li Ruzhen is a person who pays attention to social issues.The structure of this film is a bit like Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" (Gulliver's Travels), which wants to use some imaginary "overseas strange stories" to criticize China's bad social habits.The most obvious is a large section of the Eleventh and Twelfth Chapters of Junziguo.A total of twelve social issues are raised here: (1) Ethical issues of commercial trade. (Eleventh round) (2) Feng Shui superstition. (The following are the twelfth chapters) (3) A celebration feast after the birth of a child. (4) Sending children into Buddhism. (5) Litigation. (6) Slaughtering cattle. (7) There are too many delicacies for the banquet guests. (8) Three aunts and six wives. (9) Stepmother. (10) Women's feet bound. (11) Use fortune-telling as marriage. (12) LUXURY. Among these twelve items, although there are also pedantic remarks-such as the first and fifth items-a few are indeed very insightful observations.The most exciting ones are the tenth and eleventh articles.Article 10 says: I have heard that women's feet are bound everywhere.At the beginning of the entanglement, her daughter was in all kinds of pain, touching her feet and wailing, and even her skin was rotting and her flesh was dripping with blood.At this time, you can't sleep at night, you can't eat, and you can't swallow; all kinds of diseases are born from this.The boy thought that this daughter might be unworthy, and his mother couldn't bear to put her to death, so he ruled her with this law.Who knows that it is designed for beauty!If not, it is not beautiful!Let me ask, if a person with a big nose is cut to make it small, and a person with a high forehead is cut to make it flat, the person must be called a crippled person.Why is it so beautiful that the two legs are incomplete and walking is difficult?Even if Xizi and Wang Qiang are peerless beauties, why cut off half of their feet at that time?How is it different from making prostitution?This is what the sage must punish, but what the sage does not take. Article 11 says: Marriage is a life-long relationship between a man and a woman, so it should be prudent, how can it be hasty?If you want to get married, if you have good moral character, the same age and appearance, and the same family status, then it is an excellent marriage, so why bother to calculate? ...It's especially ridiculous. According to the common saying, the fate of women is that the sheep is bad in the north, and the tiger is bad in the south.What do you mean by that?So far, it is incomprehensible.Humans are born in the early years, how can they be compared with sheep?Born in the Yin year, how did he turn into a tiger?Moreover, not all people who fear inwardness in the world are the wives of the tiger.Rats like to steal, and snakes are the most vicious. Those who belong to rats and snakes are all thieves and vicious people?The ox is a beast of burden, so it is natural not to suffer from it. Is it true that all those born in the ugly year are suffering?This is all ignorance and ignorance of the people. It is ridiculous to create this fallacy, and often scholars are also caught up in this trend!In short, in matters of marriage, regardless of family status or similar age, it is bound to be done reluctantly if the marriage is the criterion. .As parents, if they can understand the fallacy of marriage, they should only pay attention to their conduct, age, appearance and family status. As for the test of wealth and longevity, they should only listen to the destiny, so that there will be no danger in the future. This heart can also live with their children, and the children seem to have nothing complained. These two items are important parts of women's issues. We can already see Li Ruzhen's enthusiasm for women's issues here. Generally, when writing about a social issue, there are abstract ways of writing and concrete ways of writing.The abstract way of writing just points out the shortcomings of a system and how to remedy them.The conversation in the gentleman's country is written in this way.Just like a pastor's sermon, or a teacher's lecture on "Sacred Instructions", they make a long face and talk about reasoning, which has no literary interest at all, so it cannot penetrate the hearts of the people.Li Ruzhen could not be regarded as a writer if she only had such dry discussions on the issue of women as Junziguo.The most exciting part of the movie is a large section of Daughter Country.The purpose of this long paragraph is to use literary techniques and humorous flavors to try to describe the unequal, cruel, and inhuman treatment women receive.This daughter country is Li Ruzhen's ideal utopia to avenge justice for women in the world.In this kingdom there have always been males; and there have been males and females together, just as we are.The difference is that men wear dresses instead, as women, to govern internal affairs; women wear boots and hats instead, as men, to govern foreign affairs. Tang Ao looked at those men and said, "Jiu Gong, you see that they are good women, but they pretend to be men, which can be described as pretentious." Duo Jiugong said with a smile: "Brother Tang, what do you mean? I'm afraid they will see us and say that we don't want to be good women, but we are pretending to be men!" Tang Ao nodded and said: "Jiu Gong is right."As the saying goes, habit becomes nature.Although we feel strange about them, it is not like they have been since ancient times. When they see us, they naturally think we are wrong. This is Li Ruzhen's fundamental view on women's issues.There is no natural basis for today's situation that men are superior to women. It is just an "artificiality" that has been "since ancient times" and has become "natural" for a long time. Look at the women in the kingdom of daughters: There is a small family over there, and there is a middle-aged woman sitting in the door. She has black hair and black hair, and the oil is so shiny that she can slip flies; Dazzling eyes, earrings with eight precious gold rings, wearing a rose-purple gown, wearing a light green skirt; under the skirt is a small golden lotus, wearing a pair of red embroidered shoes, only three inches in size; stretching out a pair of jade hands, ten fingers pointed, Embroidered there; a pair of beautiful eyes, two high eyebrows, a lot of makeup on the face, and looking at the mouth, it turns out that a beard is a beard. This bearded beauty saw Tang Ao and Duo Jiugong, and shouted loudly: You have a beard on your face, you are obviously a woman, but you wear clothes and hats, pretending to be a man.You don't care about mixed gender.Although you obviously peek at women, you actually want to peek at men.You bastard, you look in the mirror, you forget who you really are.You are not shy, you are lucky to meet your old lady today, if you meet someone else, who treats you as a man and peeks at women, you will probably be beaten to death! Although the above-mentioned principle of "pretentiousness" is close to a concrete way of writing, it still has a bit of an abstract nature.Chapter 33 describes a large section of Lin Zhiyang's selection as the princess, which is a specific description method full of literary interest.That morning, Lin Zhiyang said: Fortunately, I was born in the Central Plains.If I was born here and taught me to bind my feet, that would be a murder. That afternoon, I really "please enter the urn"!The king of the daughter country took a fancy to him, locked him in the palace, and made him a princess. A long time ago, a palace woman prepared fragrant soup, bathed him, changed his coat and trousers, put on a shirt and skirt, put on the pair of big golden lotus for a while, put on silk stockings, combed his hair, put on a lot of hair oil, and put on a phoenix hairpin. She put on face powder, dyed her lips red again, put rings on her hands and gold bracelets on her wrists, put up the bed curtain, and asked Lin Zhiyang to sit up. This is the first step of "artificiality".The second step is ear piercing: a few middle-aged maids came, all tall and strong, with beards all over their mouths.One of the maids with a white beard came up to the bed and knelt down with a needle and thread in her hand, and said, "I am ordered to pierce your ears." Four maids came up earlier and held them tightly. I pinched the place where the needle was pierced with my fingers a few times.Immediately when the needle passed through, Lin Zhiyang yelled, "It hurts me!" He looked back, but fortunately Gong'e supported him.He pinched his left ear a few times with his hands, and the needle went straight through. Lin Zhiyang could only cry out in pain.Pass through the ears, paint it with some lead powder, rub it a few times, wear a pair of eight-treasure gold rings, and the white-bearded palace woman will leave after finishing the work. The third step is foot binding: Then, a man from Heibeard Palace, holding a white silk in his hand, also knelt down in front of the bed and said, "My Majesty, I am ordered to bind your feet." take off.The black-bearded Gong'e took a low stool, sat on it, tore the white silk from it, first put Lin Zhiyang's right foot on her knee, sprinkled some alum in the seam of the foot, and put her five toes tightly together At one point, the feet were bent like a bow, and wrapped in white silk.After only two layers of wrapping, Gong'e came to sew the seam tightly with a needle and thread.One side is tightly wrapped, and the other is tightly seamed.Beside Lin Zhiyang, there were four maids in the palace tightly fixed on each other, and he was supported by two maids, so he could not turn at all.When the wrapping was over, I felt my feet were burning like charcoal fire, and I felt bursts of pain.Feeling sad for a while, he burst into tears and said, "I'm dead!" With his feet bound, all the maids hastily made a pair of soft-soled red shoes for him to put on.Lin Zhiyang cried for a long time. Lin Zhiyang—like all daughters—wanted to resist at first, so he freed his bound feet, and had a good night.The next day, he will inevitably be punished for resisting.A nanny came up, knelt down and said: "The princess doesn't obey the rules, she was ordered to beat the meat." Lin Zhiyang looked at it, and it turned out that it was a long-bearded woman holding a bamboo board, about three inches wide and eight feet long. She was startled and said, "Why is it called beating meat?" The women, each with broad shoulders and thick waist, walked forward without any explanation, gently tugged over, and took off their middle clothes.The nanny held the bamboo board in her hand and dropped it one after another, hitting her buttocks and thighs all the way. Lin Zhiyang yelled and screamed, the pain was unbearable, after the fifth board, the flesh was already ripped open, and blood spattered the carpet. After "beating the meat", Lin Zhiyang's two golden lotuses were entangled today and tomorrow by the palace people, and they were fumigated and washed with water. In less than half a month, the tops of his feet were bent and folded into concave sections, and his fingers were all rotten. The day was bloody. He—she—couldn't bear it any longer, wanted to resist again, and tore away the white silk that bound her feet.The punishment this time is: "The princess does not obey the restraint and refuses to bind her feet, so she hangs her feet upside down on the beam." Lin Zhiyang had put his life and death on the line at this time, and said to the maids, "Hurry up and do it, the more you tell me to die early, the more grateful I will be. Just as fast as possible. "So follow the crowd. What a revolutionary party against autocracy!However—who would have thought that just as soon as he tied his feet tightly with ropes, the pain became worse.When he hoisted his feet up and hung his body in the air, he felt stars in his eyes, his head was dizzy, he was sweating profusely from the pain, and his legs were numb.I have no choice but to grit my teeth and bear the pain, close my mouth and eyes, and wait for my breath to die early, so that I can avoid piecemeal hardship.After hanging for a while, not only did he not die, but the more he hung, the more he felt that his feet felt like being stabbed by needles, which was very painful.Grit your teeth, endure left and right, where you can bear it!Not because he couldn't help shouting like a pig, but begged the king to spare his life.The nanny immediately played and let it go.From then on, I had to bear the pain patiently, follow the crowd, and dare not disobey.All the maids knew that he was afraid, and when it came time to bind their feet, they only wanted to see the effect as soon as possible to please the king, and even more desperately bound them hard.He wanted to commit suicide many times, but everyone was on guard day and night. It was really impossible to survive or die.Unknowingly, the rotten flesh and blood on the feet had turned into pus, drained away, only a few dry bones remained, and the feet felt thin and small. The pain of an ordinary Chinese daughter who suffered for more than ten years was condensed into dozens of days, and it was finally done! After Lin Zhiyang graduated from the "pretentious and pretentious crash course" set up by his daughter Guoyu, when the auspicious period came, all the court ladies woke up early to comb his face, put on makeup and powder, and were more attentive than before.Although the pair of golden lotuses are slightly long, they are twisted, with high soles underneath, and a pair of red crested shoes, but they are not too big or too small.Wearing a python shirt, a phoenix crown on his head, jade pendants all over his body, and his face is full of fragrance; although it is not a national beauty, it is graceful and graceful. Not long after, several palace personnel came to hold bead lamps, knelt down and said: "The auspicious time has come, please ascend to the main hall first, and wait for the king to leave the court, so that you can enter the palace with the ceremony. Please ascend to the palace." Lin Zhiyang listened It's like a thunderbolt hit the top of the head. I only felt a buzzing in my ears, and the soul flew out in fright.All the maids couldn't help but help each other down the stairs and onto the Fengyu. Numerous palace people flocked to the main hall. The king had already left the court, and the lamps and candles were shining brightly inside. With the help of the palace people, Lin Zhiyang trembled like a branch of flowers. When he walked in front of the king, he had to bend down, pull his sleeves, and bow deeply. Dozens of days of "pretentiousness" actually made a majestic man from the kingdom of heaven "bend his waist, pull his sleeves, and bow down deeply" to the king of the daughter's kingdom tremblingly! For thousands of years, no one has written about women's issues in China so profoundly, honestly, and without anger.The Daughter Country in the novel is an immortal literature. A large section of the Aozhi River in the Daughter Kingdom is also an allegory, containing social and political meanings.Please see what Tang Ao said about the river course: In terms of the situation there, the embankments on both sides are as high as mountains, while the river is high and shallow, shaped like a plate, and there is not much water in it, so it becomes a hazard. This is always when the water is high, lest it will burst and overflow, and considering the urgent need, it is either to build embankments or build banks.When the water was small, it was not expected to try to dig and dredge it. When the water was slightly larger, it was re-cultivated, so that year after year, the body of the river became higher and higher.As far as the current shape is concerned, it is like placing a bathtub on the ridge of the roof. Once it overflows, it will be condescending, and the water will be everywhere, and the flat land will become a country.If it is to be stable, the bathtub must be buried in the ground, the basin is low and the ground is high, so it is not afraid of impact, and it is deep everywhere, so that it changes from a disc shape to a cauldron shape.Since there is a lot of water, it is natural to avoid overflow. Every sentence here contains puns, implying a short-sighted society or a short-sighted country. "The root remedy of the word.Although what Li Ruzhen said was very reserved, sometimes he was very obvious: "It's so easy to control the river, didn't they think of it in the country?" Tang Ao said: "Yesterday, Jiugong boarded the boat to comfort them. I called The two servants visited carefully. There has always been very little copper and iron in this place, and sharp weapons are forbidden. It is a misconduct. Most of the country uses bamboo knives, but the silver knives used by rich families are also very rare. I don’t know all the river-carrying utensils. . . . ” Isn't this clearly a country of Qin Shihuang?He was also afraid that we would overlook this point, so he wrote it in a humorous way so that people would not easily forget it: "It turns out that there is very little copper and iron here, and sharp weapons are forbidden. No wonder the signboards hung in the pharmacies here all read "" "Bite tablets", "chew tablets", "I want to take good medicine and slice it by myself, how to bite it with my teeth, let alone dirty, isn't it easy to find difficult?The old man was puzzled by the use of this word, now hearing Brother Tang's words, no wonder he wanted to bite his teeth. I would like to ask the readers, if the author has no political meaning, why did he write about such a policy of repression in the daughter country?Women in the kingdom of daughters subdue men and bind their feet so small that they may rebel. Therefore, the use of all sharp weapons is prohibited, "using conspiracy as a crime."What an obvious meaning this is! Daughter Country is Li Ruzhen's ideal utopia for the promotion of women's rights, there is no doubt about it.But he also wrote a black-toothed country, which is another utopia in his ideal where women's education is developed. People in the country of black teeth are very ugly: Not only is his whole body like ink, but even his teeth are black, with a little red lips, two red eyebrows, and a black dress, his blackness is even more incomparable. However, the education system of the Black Tooth Country is different.As soon as Tang Ao and Duo Jiugong went ashore, they saw a "female school".According to the gentleman there: Although there has never been a women's subject in the examination in my hometown, there has always been an old practice. Every ten years or so, the mother of the country has a grand viewing ceremony.All virgins who are able to write are allowed to go to the examination, and the merits of the writing are used to determine their ranks, or to give talented women plaques, or to give crowns and honors, or to confer on their parents or honor and wenggu.Therefore, all families with daughters, when they are four or five years old, no matter whether they are rich or poor, will send them to school to study books in preparation for the exam. Listen to Lin Zhiyang again: Because their faces are darker than charcoal, I brought makeup powder up here.Unexpectedly, these women are unwilling to buy because they think they are ugly when they put on makeup, but there are many people who want to buy books.I don't know what to buy because women don't buy makeup, but books. After careful inquiry, I found out that the distinction between high and low has always been based on a few books.It is their custom that no matter rich or poor, those who are highly educated are valued, and those who do not study are considered cheap.Even women are like this.When you are a little older and have talent and fame, someone will ask for a marriage.If you don't have talent and learning, even if you are born in a rich family, no one will marry him.Therefore, both men and women in their country have to study since childhood. Is this a utopia where women learn to develop?Li Ruzhen wanted us to pay special attention to this utopia, so he especially described two women from the country of black teeth, Ting Ting and Hong Hong, who was "dumbfounded" from the Celestial Dynasty, "the face was red for a while, and the hair was white for a while. Just sweat."The old lady from the women's school, who is deaf, never heard what they were talking about. He only thought that Duo Jiugong was afraid of the heat, so he took out a sweat towel to wipe his sweat, and said: The small room condescends, causing Daxian to be heated, and he is very disturbed.But sweat is the body fluid of human beings, so it is better to be patient.Probably Daxian likes to eat ephedra on a regular basis, so it is so.If you have this painful sweat today, even if you have dysentery and malaria, you can rest assured. In the future, it is best to eat less of sweating things like ephedra. Later, the duojiugong managed to escape from the encirclement of the two female students.Tang Ao said: "My younger brother asked Jiugong to come up. He wanted to see how ugly people in other countries are, but he only cared about the words. We haven't seen how ugly they are, but now they have seen the ugliness in our belly first." . Complimenting the two women of the Black Tooth Kingdom in this way is just that the author wants us to pay attention to the utopia that promotes women's education. Li Ruzhen again raised a very important issue of women in a very strange background: he raised the issue of the "double standard" of male and female chastity in the bandit village of the Two-Face Kingdom.People from the Two-Faced Kingdom "all wear Haoran scarves, covering the back of their heads and only revealing a front face"; under the Haoran scarf "hides an evil face, with mouse eyes and eagle noses full of flesh." (Chapter 25) When they saw people in silk shirts, they would also be "pleasant and courteous"; (Chapter 25) This is a kind of "two-sided standard".However, the cruelest "two-faced standard" is in the issue of male and female chastity.Men expect their wives to be chaste, but they themselves can take concubines and whores; polygamy is permitted by etiquette, but it is a great crime for women to have multiple husbands; if a woman has love with other men, if her husband forgives them, society will The society will give him the honorary title of "turtle", but if the husband takes a concubine, the wife "should" forgive and not be jealous. Jealousy is a woman's evil virtue, so the society will give him the title of "jealous woman", "hagsha" and so on. Honorable title, this is called "two-faced standard of chastity".In ancient Chinese history, this issue has also been raised, for example, Xie An's wife said "Zhou Po makes rituals".Yu Zhengxie, a scholar at the same time as Li Ruzhen, also pointed out that "jealousy is not a woman's evil virtue".But among the people who have been discussing etiquette for three thousand years, no one can be as clear and forthright as Li Ruzhen.In the fifty-first chapter, the bandit from the Two-faced Kingdom wanted to take Tang's boudoirs and others as concubines, which aroused the wrath of his wife in charge of the village.The lady beat her husband forty times and counted his crimes: That being the case, why do you only want to ask for a concubine?If I wanted to ask for a male concubine, I would treat you coldly every day, would you be happy?You men, when you were poor and lowly, used to talk about ethics; but once you are in the rich and honored place, you have a lot of cold looks, and you forget your true colors.Not only neglecting relatives and condescending friends, all kinds of pride, but also disregarding the feelings of dross.This is really an act of robbery, and it should be broken into pieces. You still only want to buy a concubine, how can there be a way of loyalty and forgiveness?I don't hit you for anything else, I only hit you, I only know myself, I don't know anyone else; I'm willing to beat you until you lose all pride and forgiveness comes out of my heart.I fought today, and I won't take care of you afterwards. In short, if you don't ask for a concubine, it's fine. If you want to ask for a concubine, you must first ask for a male concubine for me, and then I will do so.My male concubine was called "Mian Shou" by the ancients.For the face, whichever is more beautiful; for the first mile, whichever is more beautiful.This allusion is not invented by me, it has existed since ancient times. Readers should remember that this long passage of precepts was addressed to the bandits of the Two-Faced Kingdom.In Li Ruzhen's eyes, all men who "only know themselves, but don't know anyone else" are robbers, and they are all robbers from the two-faced country. No, a kindness and forgiveness popped up in my heart." ——What is "the Way of Loyalty and Forgiveness"?Use a simple standard of chastity to promote yourself and others; what a man does not want, do not do to a woman, and what he hates to a wife, do not take from a husband.This is called "The Way of Loyalty and Forgiveness"! However, women's studies and women's rights, in our "heavenly kingdom", it is really not easy to find a historical and institutional basis.Li Ruzhen had no choice but to pick Wu Zetian's fifteen years (690-705) from the three thousand years of history as his historical background.In the three thousand years of history, there are indeed many female empresses who listen to politics behind the curtain.However, there are only two empresses, Empress Lu and Empress Wu, who do not use the name of their sons as female emperors.Empress Lu was originally an ignorant woman, and her politics were really not commendable; Wu Zetian was not the case, she was a woman with literary genius and political skills.Although she has been slandered by many corrupt scholars for more than ten years of politics, she should be regarded as the governance of the Tang Dynasty.She can promote literature, she can promote art, she can appreciate talents, and she can make a group of literati and politicians bow down under her crown.Li Ruzhen seized this official female emperor and boldly swept away all rumors that slandered Wu Zetian's personality in official and unofficial history.In Li Ruzhen, there are only compliments but no slander for Wu Zetian. This is Li Ruzhen's extraordinary insight. Li Ruzhen obviously used Emperor Wu Zetian to vent his anger on Chinese women, so it seems that in the fortieth chapter, he tried his best to describe his virtuous policy towards women.The twelve favors he wrote are: (1) Respecting virtuous and filial women. (2) Women who reward "fraternity". (3) A sign of chastity. (4) Reward women who live a long life. (5) The empress dowager abandoned her parents because of her inner palace, and her strengths are deep in the palace.Afterwards, selection and release will be carried out for a period of five years. For domestic and foreign soldiers and civilians, all servants who have not been married beyond the age of 20 will be asked by their parents to take them back and marry them. If there are no parents or relatives, the master will choose a spouse on his behalf. (6) Promote the "pension" method.He ordered counties and counties all over the world to set up nursing homes.All women beyond forty, who have no food and clothing, or who are disabled, sick, and poor, are allowed to sign up for admission to the hospital, and the official will support them for the rest of their lives. (7) The Empress Dowager sent her to a nunnery or sold her as an actress because of the poor family, or because of lack of food and clothing, poverty and infertility, or because of lingering illness and no medicine, so she was sent to a nunnery or sold as an actress. Pitiful.Today's prefectures and counties are ordered to set up Yunu halls.All young girls from infancy to teenagers, no matter they are sick, disabled, poor or infertile, are allowed to be sent to the church and sent to nurses to take care of them.Those who are willing to take back the foster care are also at their disposal.All the daughters raised in the hall are expected to be in their 20s, and each of them is given a discretionary makeup, and the official is a marriage. (8) The queen mother depends on her husband for food and clothing all her life. If her husband dies and she is widowed, she has no husband to rely on for food and clothing, and she is alone. Who will pity the hunger and cold?According to the investigation of today's order, all women who are hard-working and chaste, and whose family is poor, no matter whether they have children or not, they will be given a monthly salary to support themselves. （9）太后因古礼女子二十而嫁，贫寒之家往往二旬以外尚未议婚，甚至父母因无力妆奁，贪图微利，或售为侍妾，或卖为优娼，最为可怜。今命查勘，如女年二十，其家实系贫寒无力，妆奁不能婚配者，酌给妆奁之资，即行婚配。 （10）太后因妇人所患各症，如经癸带下各疾，其症尚缓；至胎前产后，以及难产各症，不独刻不容缓，并且两命攸关。故孙真人著《千金方》，特以妇人为首，盖即《易》基乾坤，《诗》首《关雎》之义，其事岂容忽略？ 无如贫寒之家，一经患此，既无延医之力，又乏买药之资，稍为耽延，遂至不救。妇人由此而死者，不知凡几。亟应广沛殊恩，命天下郡县延访名医，各按地界远近，设立女科，并发御医所进经验各方，配合药料，按症施舍。 （11）略。 （12）略。 这十二条之中，如（5）、（7）、（10）都是很重要的建议。第十条特别注重女科的医药，尤其是向来所未有的特识。 但李汝珍又要叫武则天创办男女平等的选举制度。注意，我说的是选举制度，不单是一个两个女扮男装的女才子混入举子队里考取一名科第。李汝珍的特识在于要求一种制度，使女子可以同男子一样用文学考取科第。中国历史上并不是没有上官婉儿和李易安，只是缺乏一种正式的女子教育制度；并不是没有木兰和秦良玉，吕雉和武则天，只是缺乏一种正式的女子参政制度，一种女子选举制度。一方面可提倡女子教育；一方面可引导女子参政。 所以李汝珍在黑齿国说的也是一种制度，在武则天治下说的也只是一种制度，这真是大胆而超卓的见解。 他拟的女子选举制度，也有十二条。节抄于下：（1） 考试先由州县考取，造册送郡；郡考中式，始与部试；部试中式，始与殿试；…… （2）县考取中，赐文学秀女匾额，准其郡考。郡考取中，赐文学淑女匾额，准其部试。部试取中，赐文学才女匾额，准其殿试。殿试名列一等，赏女学士之职；二等赏女博士之职；三等赏女儒士之职。俱赴鸿文宴，准其年支俸禄。其有情愿内廷供奉者，俟试俸一年，量材擢用。 ... （3）殿试一等者，其父母翁姑及本夫如有官职在五品以上，各加品服一级；在五品以下，俱加四品服色；如无官职，赐五品服色荣身。二等者赐六品服色，三等者赐七品服色，余照一等之例，各为区别，女悉如之。 （5）试题，自郡县以至殿试，俱照士子之例，试以诗赋，以归体制。（因为唐朝试用诗赋） （6）凡郡考取中，女及夫家，均免徭役。其赴部试者，俱按程途远近，赐以路费。 但最重要的宣言，还在那十二条规例前面的谕旨：大周金轮皇帝制曰：朕惟天地英华，原不择人而畀；帝王辅翼，何妨破格而求？丈夫而擅词章，固重圭璋之品；女子而娴文艺，亦增苹藻之光。我国家储才为重，历圣相符；朕受命维新，求贤若渴。辟门吁俊，桃李已属春宫：“内则”遴才，科第尚遗闺秀。郎君既膺鹗荐，女史未遂鹏飞。奚见选举之公，难语人才之盛。昔《帝典》将坠，伏生之女传经；《汉书》未成，世叔之妻续史。讲艺则纱幮绫帐，博雅称名；吟诗则柳絮椒花，清新独步。群推翘秀，古今历重名媛；慎选贤能，闺阁宜彰旷典。况今日灵秀不钟于男子，贞吉久属于坤元。阴教咸仰敷文，才藻益征竞美。是用博谘群议，创立新科，于圣历三年，命礼部诸臣特开女试。……从此珊瑚在纲，文博士本出宫中；玉尺量才，女相如岂遗苑外？不焕新猷，幸昭盛事。布告中处，咸使闻知！ 前面说“天地英华，原不择人而界”，后面又说“况今日灵秀不钟于男子”， （此是用陆象山的门人的话）这是很明显的指出男女在天赋的本能上原没有什么不平等。所以又说：“郎君既膺鹗荐，女史未遂鹏飞。奚见选举之公，难语人才之盛。”这种制度便是李汝珍对于妇女问题的总解决。 有人说：“这话未免太恭维李汝珍了，李汝珍主张开女科，也许是中了几千年科举的遗毒，也许仍是才子状元的鄙陋见解。不过把举人、进士的名称改作淑女、才女罢了。用科举虚荣心来鼓励女子，算不得解决妇女问题。” 这话固也有几分道理。但平心静气的读者，如果细读了黑齿国的两回，便可以知道李汝珍要提倡的并不单是科第，乃是学问。李汝珍也深知科举教育的流毒，所以他写淑士国（第二十三、二十四回）极端崇拜科举——“凡庶民素未考试的，谓之游民”——而结果弄的酸气遍于国中，酒保也戴着儒巾，戴着眼镜，嘴里哼着之乎者也！然而他也承认科举的教育究竟比全无教育好的多多，所以他说淑士国的人：自幼莫不读书，虽不能身穿蓝衫，名列胶庠。只要博得一领青衫，戴个儒巾，得列名教之中，不在游民之内。从此读书上进固妙，如或不能，或农或工，亦可各安事业了。 人人“自幼莫不读书”，即是普及教育，他的最低限度的效能是：读书者甚多，书能变化气质，遵着圣贤之教。那为非作歹的，究竟少了。 况且在李汝珍的眼里，科举不必限于诗赋，更不必限于八股。他在淑士国里曾指出： 试考之例，各有不同。或以通经，或以明史，或以词赋，或以诗文，或以策论，或以书启，或以乐律，或以音韵，或以刑法，或以历算，或以书画，或以医卜。要精通其一，皆可取得一顶头巾，一领青衫。若要上进，却非能文不可。至于蓝衫，亦非能文不可得。 这岂是热中陋儒的见解！ 况且我在上文曾指出，女子选举的制度，一方面可以提倡女子教育，一方面可以引导女子参政。关于女子教育一层，有黑齿国作例，不消说了。关于参政一层，李汝珍在一百年前究竟还不敢作彻底的主张，所以武则天皇帝的女科规例里，关于及第的才女的出身，偏重虚荣封赠，而不明言政权，至多只说“其有情愿内廷供奉者，俟试俸一年，量材擢用”。内廷供奉究竟还只是文学侍从之官，不能算是彻底的女子参政。 然而我们也不能说李汝珍没有女子参政的意思在他的心里。何以见得呢？我们看他于一百个才女之中，特别提出阴若花、黎红红、卢亭亭、枝兰音四个女子。他在后半部里尤其处处优待阴若花，让他回女儿国做国王，其余三人都做他的大臣。最可注意的是他们临行时亭亭的演说：亭亭正色道：“……愚姊志岂在此？我之所以欢喜者，有个缘故，我同他们三位，或居天朝，或回本国，无非庸庸碌碌虚度一生。今日忽奉太后敕旨，伴送若花姊姊回国正是千载难逢际遇。将来若花姊姊做了国王，我们同心协力，各矢忠诚，或定礼制乐，或兴利剔弊，或除暴安良，或举贤去佞，或敬慎刑名，或留心案牍，扶佐他做一国贤君，自己也落个女臣的美号。 日后史册流芳，岂非千秋佳话！ ..." 这是不是女子参政？ 三千年的历史上，没有一个人曾大胆的提出妇女问题的各方面来作公平的讨论。直到十九世纪的初年，才出了这个多才多艺的李汝珍，费了十几年的精力来提出这个极重大的问题，他把这个问题的各方面都大胆的提出，虚心的讨论，审慎的建议。他的女儿国一大段，将来一定要成为世界女权史上的一篇永垂不朽的大文。他对于女子贞操、女子教育、女子选举等等问题的见解，将来一定要在中国女权史上占一个很光荣的位置。这是我对于的预言，也许我和今日的读者还可以看见这一日的实现。 一九二三年二月至五月 "Hu Shi Wen Cun Two Collections" Volume 4