Chapter 4 Read "Chu Ci"

Read "Chu Ci" -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ In June of the tenth year, Hongxi and Siyong asked me to give a speech at the reading club, and what I said was my opinion on "The Songs of Chu".It was later recorded in the book, and now it is sorted out as a reading book.I very much hope that those who study "Chu Ci" in middle school will seriously examine my opinion, revise it or disprove it.In general, this long-buried and "acidified" classic of ancient literature can gradually emerge from the miasma, and regain a position in the literary world that does not rely on famous teachings.

Who is Qu Yuan? Who is Qu Yuan?This question has never been asked.Now I not only want to ask who Qu Yuan is, but also whether there is such a person as Qu Yuan.Why do I have to be suspicious, because: First, "Historical Records" is not very reliable, and the biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng are especially unreliable. (Zi) At the end of the biography, there is a saying: "When Xiaowen died, Emperor Xiaowu was established, and Jia Sheng's grandson was appointed to the county guard. For Jiuqing." How could Sima Qian know Xiaozhao's posthumous posthumous law?One is suspicious.After Xiaowen became Emperor Jing, how can it be said that "Emperor Xiaowen collapsed and Emperor Xiaowu established"?Two suspicious.

(Ugly) The narrative of Qu Yuan's Biography is unknown.First he said: "The king was angry and neglected Qu Ping." The second said: "Qu Ping was neglected and no longer in power, so Yu Qi and Gu Fan remonstrated King Huai and said, "Why don't you kill Zhang Yi? King Huai regretted that he could not catch up with Zhang Yi. "And said: "King Huai wants to do it, Qu Ping said: "Qin's country of tigers and wolves is untrustworthy, so it is better not to do it." He also said: "King Qingxiang set up his disciple Lan as his commander. Chu people blamed Zilan to persuade King Huai entered Qin and did not rebel. Qu Ping was jealous of him. Although he was exiled, he cared about the state of Chu. King Xiang, the king was angry and moved. Qu Yuan was sent to the bank of Yinze as far as Jiangbin...." was "sparse", "no longer in power", "envoy to Qi", and "remonstrance" important It's a big suspicious thing.There was no mention of "exile" before, and those who were sent to Qi and those who were able to advise on important matters were naturally never "exiled", but the following suddenly said "although exiled" and suddenly said "relocated", two things are suspicious. The two sentences "Qin, the country of tigers and wolves, cannot be trusted", according to "The Family of Chu", are words of remonstrance. "Why don't you kill Zhang Yi", "Zhang Yi Biography" has no such words, and there is no such thing as "Huai Wang regrets, chasing Zhang Yi is too late", three suspicious.King Huai exchanged it for Zhang Yi's land. According to the legend, "Qin cut the land of Hanzhong".

"The Biography of Zhang Yi" says that "Qin wanted to acquire the land in central Guizhou", and "The Family of Chu" said that "Qin divided Hanzhong into half".Is it Hanzhong or Guizhou?Four suspicious.The former was called Qu Ping, and the second half was suddenly called Qu Yuan, five suspicious. Second, the legendary Qu Yuan, if he really existed, must have never been born before the Qin and Han Dynasties. (Zi) "Qu Yuan" is obviously an ideal loyal minister, but this kind of loyal minister would not have happened before the Han Dynasty, because there would not be such a strange concept of monarchs and ministers in the Warring States Period.Although my opinion is very vague, I think it can be established.

(Ugly) The legendary Qu Yuan is explained based on a "Confucianized" "Chu Ci".But we know that this kind of "confucianized" interpretation of ancient books is the specialty of the Han people, and only those stupid scholars of the Han Dynasty can do this stupid thing! In my opinion, Qu Yuan is a kind of compound, a kind of "arrow stack" character, similar to Huangdi, Zhou Gong, and Greek Homer.What is called an "arrow stack" character?In ancient times, many things were invented by a group of unknown people, but later generations are grateful to report, or for the sake of convenience, they often record many inventions in the merit books of one or two famous people.The oldest one is said to have been invented by the Yellow Emperor.The medieval ones are said to have been invented by Duke Zhou.No wonder Duke Zhou has to feed three meals a day, and shake hair three times a bath!

That small part of southern literature is attributed to Qu Yuan and Song Yu (Song Yu is also a pseudonym). (The same is true of countless "Buddha's sayings" in Buddhism, but Indians deliberately forged them, which are slightly different from these examples.) For example, the straw man used by Zhuge Liang when he borrowed arrows can receive countless arrows, so I call them " Arrow stack". I think that Qu Yuan may be the author of some of the twenty-five "Songs of Chu", and later gradually he was recognized as the author of all twenty-five chapters.But at this time, Qu Yuan was just a literary arrow.

Later, the old scholars of the Han Dynasty read the "great righteousness of the monarch and ministers" of that era into the "Chu Songs", and used Qu Yuan as a representative of loyal ministers. Since then, Qu Yuan has become an ethical arrow. It is probably a sad thing for the southern people that King Huai of Chu entered Qin and never returned.Therefore, there was a ballad at that time that "although Chu has three households, Chu must die when Qin dies".Later, the righteous soldiers who perished in the Qin Dynasty finally rose in the south, and when the Xiang family raised troops, they used the signboard of King Huai of Chu to appeal to the hearts of the people. At that time, there must be stories or myths about King Huai of Chu spread among the people, and Qu Yuan was probably a part of this kind of story.In that story, King Huai of Chu was the main character, and Qu Yuan was probably the supporting role——Zheng Xiu sang Huadan, Jin Shang sang the clown—but after the death of Qin Dynasty, the myth of King Huai of Chu gradually lost its effect and gradually disappeared. So Qu Yuan, who was originally a supporting role, turned into a leading role.Later, this part of the story has been circulated for a long time, and it seems to be true, so Liu Xiang also recorded this story in "Shuo Yuan", and the people who supplemented "Historical Records" also put this story into "Historical Records" by patchwork.There are many people who supplemented "Historical Records", and the latest ones were from the time of Wang Mang, so the "Biography of Sima Xiangru" can quote Yang Xiong's words; It has been one hundred and fifty years since then, and this ideal story of loyal ministers has been established for a long time.

What is "Chu Ci" We can now conclude that the first twenty-five chapters of "Chu Ci" were definitely not written by one person.The twenty-five chapters are: "Li Sao" 1, "Nine Songs" 9, "Heavenly Questions" 1, "Nine Chapters" 9, "Long Journey" 1, "Bu Ju" 1, "Fisher Father" 1, 1, " Big move" one.Among these twenty-five articles, "Tianwen" is unreasonable, humble, and has no literary value. We can conclude that this article was compiled by later generations. "Buju" and "Fisherman" are works with titles, and their opinions and techniques can represent a period when "Chu Ci" has made great progress.The use of "some" and the use of "only" in "Da Zhao" are all variants. "Da Zhao" seems to be an imitation.If it was written by Song Yu, "Da Zhao" was definitely not written by Qu Yuan.

"Nine Songs" has absolutely nothing to do with the legend of Qu Yuan.Looking closely at the content, these nine articles are probably the oldest works, and they are the religious dance songs of the Xiangjiang people at that time.The only ones left are "Li Sao", "Nine Chapters" and "Yuan You". In my opinion, "Yuanyou" was written in imitation of "Li Sao"; "Nine Chapters" was also written in imitation of "Li Sao". In "Nine Chapters", "Huaisha" is recorded in "Historical Records", and the name of "Ai Ying" is found in "Qu Jia Biography", probably Emperor Zhaoxuan of the Han Dynasty did not have the general name of "Nine Chapters". In "Nine Chapters", there may be slightly older ones, and there may be counterfeit ones that came out later.If we don't want to completely discard the legend of Qu Yuan, or we can recognize "Li Sao" as Qu Yuan's work, at most part of "Nine Chapters" can be Qu Yuan's work. "Long Journey" is all imitations of late releases.

We can list the above opinions in chronological order as follows: (1) The oldest southern national literature "Nine Songs" (2) Later——Qu Yuan? "Li Sao", part of "Nine Chapters"? (3) Qu Yuan at the same time or later (4) Later - "Buju" and "Fisherman" after the death of Chu (5) Parts of "Dazhao", "Yuanyou", and "Nine Chapters" written by Han people. "Heavenly Questions" Annotators of Three Songs of Chu The annotators of "Chu Ci" are divided into two schools: Han and Song.Han Confucianism is the most pedantic, with the lowest vision and the lowest knowledge, and they have covered all of them with a miasma.A poem "Guanguan Jujiu" is obviously a poem about lovesickness, but they insisted that it was about stabbing Queen Kang of Zhou, and they also said that it was about the virtue of a beautiful concubine!So they also "acidified" a "Chu Ci".This school, from Wang Yi to Hong Xingzu, all recognized the "Legend of Qu Yuan" and everywhere interpreted Beauty Vanilla as words of loyalty to the emperor and concern for the country, just as the Han people interpreted "Three Hundred Poems" as a beautiful thorn of rotten Confucianism!The Song School, after Zhu Xi, was able to gradually overturn the turban-like commentary.Although Zhu Zi's "Chu Ci Ji Zhu" cannot abandon the legend of Qu Yuan, he can indeed find new insights in "Nine Songs". In "Nine Songs", there is no mention of Qu Yuan's legend in the notes and prefaces of "Madam Xiang", "Shao Si Ming", "Dong Jun", "Guo Shang", and "Hun of Rites"; , although mentioned by chance, but Zhu Zhu can break most of the old theory, it is not easy to come by.We should start with Zhu Zi, refer to the opinions of other schools, and then go further than Zhu Zi, break all superstitious legends, and create a new interpretation of "Chu Ci".

The Literary Value of "Chu Ci" We need to realize that if Qu Yuan's legend is not overthrown, "Songs of Chu" is just a textbook for loyal ministers, but it is not literature.For example, the song "Mrs. Xiang": "The autumn wind curls up, and the Dongting waves come under the leaves". Wang Yi), "Yu Xiaoren uses things, and the gentleman abandons them" (five ministers) and other absurd Neo-Confucianism, then loses its literary interest.Another example: Donate the rest of your sleeves to the river, leave the rest to Lipu, take Tingzhou to Duruo, and leave it to the far away. How beautiful are these four sentences!However, the commentators said: Qu Yuantuo lived with Mrs. Xiang as a neighbor, and Shun returned to welcome her. She was poor and had nothing to rely on, so she wanted to donate her clothes and walk naked, which would suit the nine barbarians.Those who are far away are called high-sage hermits.Although I want to go beyond the Nine Barbarians, I still look for high-spirited people, Pingzhou vanilla to leave them, and cultivate morality together. (Wang Yi) Or it can be said: all the sleeves and sleeves are used by the gods. Now that the wife is gone, the king will turn his back on himself, and it is useless, so he discarded it. ...Du Ruo used the metaphor of honesty: the far away is the god and the king. (five ministers) Or say: Mrs. Yixiang wears her sleeves, and Du Ruo, who is far away, is so good. (Hong Xingzu) After all, is there any interest in literature?Therefore, we must overthrow the legend of Qu Yuan, break all the old annotations of village scholars, and find out its literary interest from "Chu Ci" itself, and then there is hope that the literary value of "Chu Ci" can be restored. August 28, 1922 "Hu Shi Wen Cun Two Collections" Volume 1