Chapter 28 Generalization and generalization

Generalization and generalization Knowledge must come along with the object, and when the object changes, the habit and method of seeking knowledge should also change accordingly.Objects of knowledge can be roughly divided into two categories: natural and human.Or divided into two categories of matter and life.Biology should be classified as nature in the first category, which is different from humanities.In the second category, it is listed with the humanities, but different from the material.If we put all knowledge into a simple sequence, from nature to humanities, mathematics and geometry should be the first, that is, the most abstract science of image and number.Next is physics and chemistry, and then astronomy and geology, all of which are inanimate substances.Biology followed, followed by humanities.In the humanities, each department can be subdivided into a series of its own.

The science of image and number has the characteristic that it is the most abstract and least concrete, and therefore the most deducible.Two plus two makes four, and the three angles of a triangle equal two right angles.These are not bothering to verify one by one, one place is the same everywhere, one moment is the same, all the time is the same.If there are humans on Mars, and they also invented mathematics and geometry, it must still be the case.Therefore, it is easy for people to imagine that it exists as a prior experience. This is also called innate, which means that it does not bother human beings to experience repeatedly.This kind of knowledge can be generalized, and one can generalize.Human beings are accustomed to such knowledge and love to use deduction.But these are only limited to the scope of the science of imagery, not physics and chemistry.Physics and chemistry are also based on abstract forms, and can also be deduced by formulas of images and numbers.But it already has substance, content, and has gradually been concretized.Astronomy and geology are more specific and have more content, so the scope of deduction must be narrowed.For example, in terms of weather, you cannot infer the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean based on the weather on the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean, and you cannot infer the vicinity of the equator based on the weather near the Arctic Circle.If you excavate the formation in one place, you can't infer another place.You have to classify various astronomical and geological specific phenomena, and then derive general general knowledge from these classifications, and then deduce what you don't know based on this knowledge.In fact, the same is true for the original form of the science of xiangnumerology. You first add two to two to know that it equals four, and then add two to another to verify whether it becomes four.But there are no exceptions to the science of elephant and number, so if you push it over and over again, this knowledge can be extended infinitely, beyond your experience, and it is absolutely credible.You lift up the lever and divide water into hydrogen dioxide, and the same is true for these things. You don't need to test again after one test.This kind of knowledge, because it does not tire of many experiences, and because it is not shaken by new experiences, it feels reliable, it has an objective existence, it feels like it is absolutely established and independent, it feels like a kind of self-evident. the truth.Today the sun rises from the east, and tomorrow the sun rises from the east, but you can never say that the sun will always rise from the east after thousands of lifetimes.The sky and the earth have changed, and the sun can no longer rise from the east.But if there is mathematics in another world, you can still imagine that the mathematics in their world is still two plus two equals four.It turns out that the study of elephant and number is originally a kind of static study.The reason why you can be static is because you have abstracted all the concrete and made it into a form, and there is no content, so you can naturally be static.If you add specific content, it will change immediately.One drop of water is added to two drops of water, where are three drops?Two matches that are burning, and two more, burn together, and suddenly there is no match, where are four?There are three birds on the tree, one shot kills one, how can two remain?Some physics and astronomy just apply those methods like mathematics to abstract the concrete, get rid of the content, and turn it into a pure form, so that we can deduce based on it, and it is suitable for the application we need, so that it can be realized. The natural science that shocked the world today.In fact, a lot of modern natural sciences have used comprehensive knowledge, and the importance of induction can not be ignored in modern natural sciences.But after all, abstraction is more important than concrete, weight is more important than quality, generalization is more important than generalization, deduction is more important than induction. Human beings still yearn for those objective self-evident truths that transcend experience, and the science of imagery is still the main backbone of all natural sciences today. .

Speaking of biology, this has added life to natural matter.The difference between life and inanimate, until now, no one can tell clearly.At least life has experience, while matter can only change, so it is difficult to say that there is experience.The east wind blows to the west wind, and the upper water flows to the lower water. It is only a change, and it is only a form. It cannot be said that the wind and water have their own internal experience in the change.A living thing is like the lowest-level protozoan amoeba, and a higher-level one is like a clump of fresh moss or a blade of grass. You can't say that it never has a kind of awareness, so you can't say that it never has an experience.The more life evolves, the more vivid, complex, and subtle the internal experience of life becomes, so the spiritual world develops from the physical world.All changes in the material world are purely formal, while all changes in the life world are endowed with content in the form, that is, experience is accompanied by the change.The accumulation of experience becomes the spiritual world.Let me ask how the knowledge of this world can still be controlled and generalized by using the purely formal, contentless, and super-empirical, static-determined formulas such as the science of numbers.For our knowledge of biology, we can only list all the phenomena of all living things, as long as they can be known, and make various classifications and arrange them in various sequences to explain, imagine, and penetrate into their interiors to engage in reconstruction. experience.This is only a comprehensive and probable knowledge, and it must not lead to a generalized and necessary theory.

There are human beings in life, and the evolution of human life has history and culture.All the knowledge of the so-called humanities must be comprehensive, and can only obtain a general and probabilistic imagination and explanation.Moreover, the humanities are no different than biology. In each category, there are great individual differences, and there are obvious standards and leading superior personalities.For example, if you study politics, in political experience, there are many outstanding figures with standard leadership.For example, if you study religion, there are many outstanding figures with standard leadership in religious experience.Within each category, there are quite a few categories.How can you stay lingering on those empty, purely formal, abstract, rigidly deduced inevitable theorems like the science of numbers, to grasp the ever-changing probabilistic activity knowledge of human affairs? ?

Westerners have long been interested in the abstract science of imagery and numbers.In Plato's academy, geometers who don't understand big books are not allowed to enter our school.Later medieval theology and modern natural science are irrelevant.Even their philosophies almost all stand at a certain point and make straight-line inferences, logical inevitability and super-experiential deduction, moving forward infinitely.Cosmological metaphysics occupies most of the pages.Leaving little place to fall into the theory of life, thinking that such a way can cover life.It wasn't until Hegel's philosophy of history that he officially put his mind on the humanities.However, he uses philosophy to tell history, but still does not use history to create philosophy.His famous dialectics is still a set of abstract spirits like mathematics as the backbone.Marx's historical materialism began to directly lead to action from the humanities, and there was a Russian-style proletarian revolution.This is a set of revolutions that apply the spirit of science.To be honest, it is to use a set of natural science spirit to revolutionize the humanistic society.First deduce a set of theories straight from a certain point, and then use revolutionary means to realize it from this set of theories.Everything that does not fit the theory of this straight line is excluded.The so-called bold assumptions of natural scientists and careful verification are all used.The theory of proletarian revolution is a bold assumption.Strictly stipulating the line in the revolutionary process, unifying theories, liquidating reactionary ideas, and controlling the pace of the revolution are a set of efforts that natural scientists carefully verify in the laboratory.Helpless is to invade the natural sciences into the humanities.A set of experiments in a natural science laboratory may fail, and if it fails, it can be experimented again.If this set of spirits is applied to the humanities, the future of human culture will be more blessed than the cursed.

The Chinese have always seemed to be lagging behind in natural sciences, but their mental habits and methods of seeking knowledge seem to be closer to the humanities and more appropriate.They respect experience and like to summarize bit by bit of experience. They are unwilling to build a system based on a certain point of experience or even a certain concept, and they dare not use a straight-line deduction to draw a logical conclusion.Only a limited magnification is made on each point of experience to make a small circle of probable inferences.Between points, there is always room for loosening and moving.It is not easy to organize those little experiences under a certain theory.Theory never runs away from experience.It is not easy to organize and systematize theory.Their theories are just tacit understanding, not a straight-forward push forward.They like to use a living perspective to go deep into a thing and have a sympathetic re-experience.They often value excellent individuality, leadership and standardization, so they don't like to make formal categories, and they focus on quality rather than quantity.I often like to look at the whole as a whole, and don't like to divide or slant.Although matter is natural, it is easy to be transformed by manpower.Although the spirit is humanistic, it must be cultivated from nature.Westerners emphasize nature, so they often use ideals to create humanities.Orientals value humanities, so they often love to use sympathy to protect nature.The mental habits are different, and the methods of seeking knowledge are also different, so the cultural achievements of the two sides are also different.Under the leadership of Westerners in modern times, humanistic knowledge was backward and out of touch with the advanced knowledge of natural science.How to master the mastery, we Orientals should also do some responsibility!