Chapter 3 Say Confucianism-2

In the time of Confucius, there were "Gentleman Confucianism" and "Little Man Confucianism".Let's first talk about what the life of a "little man Confucianism" is like. There is a paragraph in "Mozi is not Confucianism" describing Confucianism at that time: Husband (husband is the other) adorns rituals and music to prostitute, long bereavement and false mourning to slander relatives; life is poor and high law (Bi Liu according to "Confucius's Family", Xie Haoju is proud and stubborn), doubling his life and abandoning his affairs And Ansao.Greedy for food and drink, lazy for work, trapped in hunger and cold, in danger of freezing and starving, there is no way to violate (avoid) it.If it is popular, I will hide from the mouse, but I will watch it from the sheep, and I will rise up (capital means Ben).The gentleman laughed, and said angrily, "How can an undisciplined man know a good Confucian!"

Husband (he) (Sun Yerang school, the word "spring begging" is suspected here), summer begging for wheat grain.The five grains are harvested, and the big funeral follows, and the sons and daughters all follow the surnames, so they get tired of eating.After Bi Zhi's death, it is enough to die.Guorenjiajie (financial) I think that I respect people's wildness.When the rich are mourning, they talk about happy days, "This is the end of food and clothing!" Although this is said by an anti-Confucian sect, there is also circumstantial evidence from Confucianism itself. "Xunzi Confucianism" says:

Feng Yiqian ("Han Shi Wai Zhuan" blog) belt, Xieguo its crown (Yang Jing's annotation quotes "Shuo Yuan" Chun Yu finished describing "The Citian of the Neighboring Garden, I wish you, the crab and snails are suitable for He, and the sweaty ones are a hundred. Car." "Crab snails cover the highlands, and the current crown cover is also comparable to it."), slightly follow the previous kings and follow the techniques of troubled times; floating learning miscellaneous, do not know the law and follow the king's system, do not know the etiquette and righteousness, but kill poetry and books. ...call the former king to deceive the foolish, and ask for food and clothing.If you have accumulated enough to exhaust your mouth, you will be eloquent.Follow his eldest son, serve as his envoy, and take (Wang Nian and Sun Yun: Ju read as mutual reconciliation) as his guest, Lun Ran is like a lifelong captive and dare not have other ambitions. ——It is also a vulgar Confucian.

Comparing Mozi's words with Gou Qing's words in the late Warring States period, we can believe that there existed this kind of vulgar Confucianism between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which is probably what Confucius called "Little Man Confucianism." From this description, we can see that there are several key points in their lives: first, they are very poor, and often "suffer from hunger and cold, and are in danger of being cold and starved"; A parasitic class that eats without farming.Second, they are quite despised and ridiculed, because they depend on others for their food and clothing; however, they themselves still have a kind of stubborn legacy, "Living their lives, slowing down the poverty, and living in a high place", although they are poor, they still refuse to give up Their food - even begging - life.Thirdly, they also have their occupation, which is a religious occupation: they are familiar with rituals and music, and they have to consult them for important matters of funeral and sacrifice.Because people have to ask them to attend funerals, they have a very high social status although they are poor.Those who scold them can say that they "respect people because of their wildness"; but they themselves can be said to rely on their knowledge to be "the end of food and clothing".Fourth, they themselves practice the system of "long mourning", and their most important livelihood skill is to "cure funerals" for others.They are the priests taught by the ancestors of the Yin nation, which is the profession of Confucianism.

From the life of this "little man Confucianism", we can better understand the ancient meaning of "Confucianism": Confucianism is the priest of the Yin nationality, relying on their knowledge of rites and rites for food and clothing. In fact, all Confucians, regardless of whether they are gentlemen or petty Confucians, no matter how high or low their character is, their way of life is the same.They all rely on their knowledge of etiquette for their food and clothing. They are all priests taught by the ancestors of the Yin nation. They practice Yin rites and wear Yin clothes.In the period when the Yin and Zhou peoples had lived together for six to seven hundred years, and the cultural segregation had gradually disappeared, they were not only priests of the Yin people, but gradually became the teachers that the Yin and Zhou peoples needed.

"Zuo Zhuan" records that in the seventh year of Zhao Gong, Yi Zhizi hated himself for not being able to be courteous. He Jiyu said to follow Confucius and "learn the etiquette to determine his position".Confucius, who was a teacher by profession, said: I have done more than that by myself, and I am not without a sea. Shuxiu is ten condensed milk, the thinnest gift. "Good at Bow" has the words "an ancient doctor, Shu Xiuzhi can't compete after asking", which proves that Shu Xiu is a gift.Confucius has the reputation of "erudition" and "knowledge of etiquette", and he also has the spirit of "insatiable in learning and tireless in sea people". It is said that he has as many as 3,000 disciples.This is his profession.

Confucius also paid great attention to funeral rituals. When he was the governor of Zhongdu, he ordered a four-inch coffin and a five-inch coffin (see "Tan Yin You Ruo Hua").He recognized the three-year mourning as "the common mourning in the world", and established the theory of three-year mourning, saying that it was because "the child was born for three years and then escaped from the arms of his parents" (17).This can all show that he is the defender of the religion of the Yin nation, which is exactly the true nature of "Confucianism". "Tan Yin Ji" seven days before his death, he said to his disciple Zi Gong:

Xia Hou's funeral was on the east steps, but it is still yesterday.Yin people are buried between the two inspections, and they are sandwiched between the host and the guest.Zhou people were buried on the west steps, so they are still among the guests.And Qiu Ye, a native of the Yin Dynasty, dreamed of sitting between two photos in the night of the past.King Fuming is not happy, but who in the world can give him the throne?I'm about to die? Judging by his tone, he is not only himself; Lu Sheng also considers himself a Yin native, and he also has the idea of ​​​​the leader of "Tianxia Zongyu". (see next chapter)

The life of him and his senior disciples depended on the two professions of apprenticeship and respect.Probably the etiquette and customs at that time, whenever there is a funeral, an expert in etiquette must be invited. "Tan Yin said: Du Qiao's mother's funeral, there is no one in the palace, and the gentleman thinks it's for sale. ("Qijing Kaowen" Gong fears that the book is full of benefits, and there is the word "gentleman", but he doesn't have it.) "Kuu" means cold and cheap.At that time, the Zhou nationality had lived with the Yin nationality for 600 years, and the degree of assimilation was already very deep. Therefore, the Tu nationality, the doctor of the state of Lu, also transmitted the custom of paying attention to funeral rites.For a family with a great funeral, the filial son should "be in a coma and no longer know the etiquette", so there must be experts to guide him, which is exactly the "end of food and clothing" of Confucianism.The funeral of Duqiao's mother was considered as pathetic by the "gentlemen" at the time without using "face".

The funeral ceremony of Confucius is found in "Tan Yin": (refer to "Zeng Zi Wen" cited in Chapter 6 below, and it is recorded that Confucius "buried from the old road and young") Guo Zhaozi's mother died, and he asked Yuzi to open his mouth: "When the tomb is buried, where will the man and the woman be?" According to "Tan Yin", Situ Jingzi is a doctor of Weiguo.Confucius was in the state of Wei, and he still had funerals for people. We can infer that he often had funerals for people in the state of Lu. (Appropriately, the fake book "Family Language" also adopts the story of Confucius' prime minister Situ Jingzi's funeral.)

"Tan Gong" said: The old man of Confucius had a large population, his mother died, and the master helped him to wash the seeds.Yuan Rang Dengmu said: "It's been a long time, but I don't rely on the sound." The song said: The spotted raccoon head, The scroll in the hand of the woman. The master passed it for the sake of those who heard it.The follower said, "You can't do it yourself?" The master said: "Qiu heard that, those who are relatives should not lose their relatives, and those who are therefore should not lose their reasons." This friend who doesn't abide by etiquette doesn't seem to welcome Mr. Kong Er's help very much; but he misses his old friend and wants to help him heal. His disciples are courteous to others, and the "Arbitrary Citations" records the most.The death of the mother of Guozhao's family cited above means that Zizhang was the prime minister. "Good at Bow" says: If there is a funeral, the mourner will hang on.Zi Youbai, from the left. Ban is phase.And said: When Zipu died, the weepers shouted "Mie/Zigao Ri, "If it is wild! "Cryers change it. This seems to be because Zigao was courteous, so he corrected his master's mistake. "Quoting and remembering: At the funeral of Confucius, Gongxi Chi became aspirational.Decorate the coffin wall, set the wings, set up the drape, Zhou Ye.Set Chong, Yin also.Silk training facilities, Xia Ye. Zi Zhang's funeral, Gong Mingyi is the ambition.The danzhi of the various curtains, the ants are knotted in the four corners, and the Yin scholars are also. According to "Jixi Ritual" in "Tu Funeral Rituals", "Shang Zhu" is used for decoration and setting of drape.It can be seen that Gongxichi and Gongmingyi are "Zhi", which are to perform the duties of "Shangzhu" mentioned in "Funeral Rites" (Zheng Xuan's note, "Zhi refers to chapter knowledge". When referring to Ji Xili, it can be seen that Zheng's note does not indeed).From this point, it can be deduced that the "Confucians" at that time were not only "Yin scholars", but also "Shang Zhu". "Mozi Non-Confucianism" describes those Confucianists who rely on funerals for others to get food and clothing. This point must be read in conjunction with "Tanyin and "Scholar's Funeral Rituals Fengjixili" before we can understand. "Earth Funeral Ritual" and "Jixi Ritual" (the second part of "Sex Funeral Ritual") let us know that the funeral at that time had to use "Zhu", and its duties were the most onerous.In the two chapters of "Du Funeral Rites", it is clearly stated that "Shang Zhu" is used ten times, and "Xia Zhu" is used five times, which is generally called "Zhu" twenty-two times.The old annotations thought that the general term "Zhu" is "Zhou Zhu", which is quite groundless. After careful examination of these two articles, it is absolutely useless to refer to Zhou Zhu; the general term "Zhu" refers to "Xia Zhu" (" Zhushou Jinjinzhi"), there are two places that refer to "Shang Zhu" ("Zhu Youshoulai, laid in Beibei"; and the next article "Zhu Jiang, and Xia Zhu handed over to the next step"). Others are not clear Both Xia and Shang probably refer to "Shang Zhu", because although this kind of native funeral ceremony has occasional miscellaneous usages and Zhou etiquette, its fundamental etiquette is still Yin etiquette, and of course the Yin people are the main ones for the ceremony. Lord. Only when we understand the importance of "Shang Zhu" in the funeral ceremony at that time can we understand that the "phase" of the mourning family recorded in "Shan Bow" is not only the "dismisser" when the guests come to mourn, but also the "dismisser" "), and not only as a consultant to guide etiquette. In fact, there is also the most onerous duty of "Zhu". Because this kind of duty is the most onerous, those Confucianists can rely on it as "the end of food and clothing." In "Sandalwood Bow".We can already see that in the era when Confucius was the great disciple, there was already a lot of controversy about the funeral. 1. The ceremony of Xiaolian, Zi Youri, "in the east." Zeng Zi said, "in the west." 2. Wei Situ Jingzi died, Zixia hanged himself, and the master passed by before he was young.Ziyou hangs on Yan, the master is small and restrained, the son swims out, and weeps instead.Zi Xia Ri asked, "You're happy to hear that?" He said, "I heard that Masters: If the master has not changed his obedience, then he will not follow the scriptures." 3. Zengzi hanged himself after attacking Qiu, and hanged himself when he visited Yangqiu.Zengzi pointed to Ziyou and showed it to others, "Quick husband, for those who are accustomed to etiquette, how can you hang him like Yang Qiu!" "The master calls, restrains, bares, and wraps hair. Ziyou rushes out, and wears the fur belt to enter. Zeng Zi said, "I have passed, I have passed; husbands and wives are also." " 4. Zengzi hangs in the negative summer, the owner is the ancestor, fills the pond (Zheng's note, filling the pond should be a laying ceremony, the sound is wrong), pushes the burden and vice versa, descends the woman and then salutes.Follower Day, 'Ren Yu,' Zeng Zi said, "The record of the husband and ancestor. Moreover, Hu Qi can't turn against him? The follower asked the disciples again, "Li and?" "Zi You said, "The food is in the environment, the small one is collected indoors, the large one is collected yesterday, the funeral is in the guest seat, the ancestors are buried in the courtyard, and they are buried in the tomb, so it is far away."Therefore, there is a funeral and there is no retreat. " 5. Uncle Gong had a half-brother who died, and asked Yu Ziyou, and Ziyou said, "Is his great achievement equal?" , "I haven't heard of it before. The people of Lu are all in decline." Di Yi's line is in decline.Di Yi's question is also about the decline of all points. After reading these debates, we really can't help but feel that "I can't do my best in my life, and I can't practice my etiquette back then".At the same time, we feel that this kind of caressing about etiquette is quite unlike Confucius' style of study.Confucius himself was able to understand "the foundation of etiquette". He once said: Ritual, rather than extravagance, is better than frugality.Mourning is better than easy. (There are many old sayings about the word "Yi". According to the sentence "Yi Qitian Chou" in "Mencius", Zhu Zi taught Yi to rule, which is called "Jie Wen Si Shu.) The reporter seems to have not fully understood these two sentences, so the text is not very clear.But a bold and bold Zilu understood and said: I have heard from all the masters: In funerals, it is better to have more than enough ceremonies rather than insufficient mourning, rather than to have more than enough mourning.Sacrificial rites, rather than being insufficient and benefiting more than enough, are not as if ceremonies are insufficient but singing is more than enough. (Zhi Yin said that this is the "principle of etiquette" that Confucius answered Lin Fang's question. There was also Zizhang, who was "imposing", and he said: When a scholar sees danger and accepts orders, he sees righteousness, sacrifices and respects, mourns and mourns, that's all. (nineteen) "Sacrifice respect, mourn mourning", that is, "the foundation of etiquette".We see that Confucius said to Zilu: "When the mouth is quiet and the water is full of joy, this is called filial piety; if the hands and feet are closed, and they are buried without stopping, and they are called wealth, this is called propriety" ("Shan Yin; in the same book, Confucius replied Ziyou asked about the funeral furniture, and agreed with this section); and also saw that when he was in Weiguo, when he met! The funeral of the people in the Japanese Museum, "a moment of mourning and weeping", they "get rid of the inspection and put it on the monument"——this can be seen He is an old man who can see his greatness, and he is not sticking to the details of etiquette. The most interesting thing is this story in "Good at Bow": Confucius was in Wei (which is also the center of a section of culture), and there were mourners, and the master appeared, saying, "It's so good! It's enough to be the law. . . . "Will it be dangerous if it is too fast?" (After the burial, "return to the essence, and sacrifice it in the funeral palace at mid-day, and make it safe" as the sacrifice.) The son said, "I know it, but I can't do it. " Confucius admired the man's attitude, but his disciples could only care about the form of etiquette.Therefore, his big disciples are all "accustomed to etiquette", and they can only point fingers at the funerals of those high-ranking officials and rich people, evaluating etiquette, comparing the pros and cons of Xiqiu and Jieqiu, and debating whether the foundation of Xiaolian should be in the East or in the West. . The records in "Tan Gong" are enough to make people bored and disappointed, and make people feel that Confucius's family style is really unique! After reading this record, we can imagine the background of those Confucians.Confucius and this group of senior disciples were originally Yin Confucian merchants, Confucius was just a farsighted leader who came out of that profession, and most of his disciples were still people in the profession of mourning and ceremonies. It is beyond the ethos of "respecting people because of their wildness".Although Confucius taught them: A woman is a Confucian gentleman, not a Confucian villain. But the boundaries between "gentleman" and "little man" are difficult to draw.Since they have to rely on funeral rituals as "the end of food and clothing", they often can't talk about integrity.For example, at the funeral of Zhaozi's mother in the state of Qi, he asked Zizhang: Funeral and tomb, where are men and women settled? Zizhang said: The funeral of Situ Jingzi, the master, the man Xixiang, the woman Dongxiang. But the master disapproved of this method, saying: Ka, don't say that I am mourning. (Zheng read this sentence directly: "Sneeze, don't! I will also touch it when I am mourning." Said back: "Qing, the voice of the eyes. No, the words of the prohibition. Si, all of them. Touching the sun inkstone, inkstone, seeing also Guo Zhaozi claims to be a great master of Qi, and if there is something to do, people will pay attention to it." Chen Tan Cong Zheng said. Hao Jing and Yao Jiheng read "I am mourning also in Spar Zhuanzhi" as a sentence, interpreting "Zhaner" as Zhanzhaner, See Hang Dazong's "Continued Rites Collection". I can't agree with the old saying, so I changed it to read it this way. He seems to say: "Fuck, don't let people say that our family's funeral is so poor!" A small mistake. "Good Bow" said: "The funeral of Du Qiao's mother, there is no phase in the palace, and the gentleman thinks it is for sale. ") Er Zhuanzhi. The guest is the guest, and the host is the master. Women follow men, and they are all Xixiang. If the master wants to do that, the big hat of "Master" can't be suppressed, and the "imposing Zhang Ye" has no choice but to follow him.In fact, this group of great Confucians themselves really has a way of attracting insults.Xiangyin remembers another very interesting story: When Jisun's mother died, Duke Ai mourned.Zengzi and Zigong are in awe.The boudoir is the king, and Funey is also.Zengzi and Zigong entered his stable to cultivate Keyan.Zigong entered first, and heard people said, "The people from the countryside have already been informed."When it comes to sneaking inside, all the high officials set up positions, and the public lowers them to the first class and bows to them. ——The gentleman said: "The way of making decorations is perfect, and those who practice it are far away." Ji Sun was the most powerful person in Lu State at that time, and his mother's funeral can be said to be a "big funeral".The two great Confucians rushed over, but unexpectedly, because the king was inside, their boudoirs wouldn't let them send them, so they went to Jisun's stable to repair their appearance; Zengzi's decoration was even better, and his girlfriend dared not stop him, so he sneaked in.The monarch and the doctor inside saw a guest coming in at this time, and they must be honored guests.Who would have thought that it was just two refitted Confucian scholars who came to help the master with funeral rituals!We have read the records of this kind of sacred door, and then recalled the "Mozi is not Confucianism" that "the five grains are harvested, and the funeral follows, and the sons and surnames follow, and they are tired of eating and drinking." In the situation of "Shuo Xi", we really cannot but feel that the difference between "Gentleman Confucianism" and "Little Man Confucianism" is very subtle!In the section "How is Chier" in the "Yijin" chapter, Chi's so-called "Duanzhangfu, I wish to be a small Xiangyan", is also an example of "Xiangli". "Xiangdang" has a chapter "Junjun envoys concubines", which is also an example of Xiangli.Shizhi, 1953, 10, 7) For the above-mentioned life of "Confucianism", we only use those historical materials that we think are the most credible.We are unwilling to quote those who deliberately slander Confucianists, but describe unreasonable materials, and remember that "great Confucians made their fortunes through poetry and etiquette".If anyone still thinks that my description of the life of "Confucianism" is a bit close to deliberately slandering the sages of Confucianism, then I have to ask him to calm down and think about what Confucius himself said about his life: If you go out, you will be the minister, and if you are in, you will be the father and brother; if you don't dare not be reluctant in the funeral, if you are not sleepy because of wine, what is it for me? (Nine) Here, we can see the outline of a "Confucian" life.Indulging in alcohol is a bad habit of the Yin people (see the "Jiu Yu Bu Duan" quoted in the previous chapter), it is written that Confucius "does not get tired of drinking" and "the only thing that can't be drunk is too much." It can also be seen that alcoholism was still a social problem at that time. "Don't dare not to grieve for funerals" is the professional life of "Confucianism". "If you come out, you will be a public servant" is also an aspect of the parasitic class who don't learn from crop gardens. Four In the first three chapters, we explained the origin of "Confucianism".Confucianism is the land of etiquette of the Yin people. Under the difficult political situation, they continued to preserve the religious ceremonies of the Yin people and continued to wear the clothes of the Yin people.They were the priests of the Yin people, and gradually became the teachers of the vast majority of the people in the course of six or seven hundred years.Their occupations are still attending funerals, attending ceremonies, and teaching; but their etiquette has gradually spread to the ruling class, and their disciples who come to learn from them already belong to the Zhou and Lu princes (such as Exploitation, He Ji, and Nangong Shi); Those who asked about the ceremony were not only the powerful ministers of various countries, but also the monarch of Qiluwei. This is the broad sense of "Confucianism".Confucianism is a teacher of an ancient religion. Apart from attending funerals and ceremonies, they also perform other religious duties.Remembering the life of Confucius, there is a saying: The human body of the township, "Confucius" stood on the previous steps in court clothes. The row is a ritual to cast out demons. "Tan Gong" said: In the drought of the year, Mu Gong called the county magistrate and asked, saying, "If it doesn't rain for a long time, I want to be bold and ridiculed?" Violent witches and Xiruo?" Said, "The sky does not rain and looks at the foolish woman, is it not enough to ask for it?" "Move the market and Xiruo?" Said, "The emperor collapsed, and the street market for seven days .The houses of the princes, the alley market for three days. Is it possible to move to the city for it?" Xianzi was seen six times in "Shan Gong". On one occasion, he criticized Ziyou and said: "Uncle Taizai, he only treats people with courtesy!" "Biography" has Xiancheng, the word Ziqi. "Tan is called Xianzi Suo).Even if it does not rain for a long time, the ruler of the state has to consult the Confucians.This shows that the Confucians at that time were teachers and advisors in various fields.Funerals are their specialty, music and dancing are their specialty, teaching is their profession, and the villagers fight ghosts, and the monarch prays for rain, they also have things to do——they really want to know everything and be omnipotent.It is recorded that the people of Daxiang said that Confucius was "learned but not famous", and Confucius said to his disciples: What do I do?Do you want to rule?Do you shoot?I am in charge. Also remember: The Taizai asked Yu Zigong, "Master, the sage is happy? How can he be so capable?" Zigong said, "Because the heavens favor the sage, he is so capable." On the day Zigong heard about it, "Do you know me? Less is cheap, so many can be despicable. How gentle is a gentleman? Not too much." The career of Confucianism requires knowledge and versatility, so "Confucianism" in a broad sense is a general term for warlocks. But how did this "Confucianism" in a broad sense and of ancient origin become the private name of Confucian scholars?This is certainly a great personal achievement of Confucius, and there are also very important historical reasons for it.Confucius is the rejuvenating leader of Confucianism, not the founder of Confucianism.The expansion of Confucianism was a great historical trend five or six hundred years after the fall of Yin; Confucius was only the greatest representative of this historical trend, and his achievements were only a solemn and splendid success of this five or six hundred years of historical movement. This historical movement is the national movement of the Yin adherents.After the collapse of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, in those hundreds of years, the number of people was large, the potential power was huge, and the culture continued to exist.But the political power is all in the hands of the victorious nation, and the political center of the Yin nation is only Song State, which is surrounded by "Zhu Ji".The situation of the Song Dynasty is very difficult; let us look at the tripod inscription of Zheng Kaofu, a three-dynasty assistant in the Song Dynasty in the eighth century before: "One life is bent, another life is stunned, three lives are bent, and walk along the wall. ", this is how meek and humble!The reason why the Song Dynasty can survive for a long time may be due to this kind of judo passed down from generation to generation.After the Zhou family moved to the east, there were many events in the east, and the state of Song gradually raised its head.In the middle of the seventh century BC, after the death of Duke Huan of Qi, the state of Qi was in chaos. Duke Xiang of Song invited troops from the princes to attack Qi, and Duke Xiao of Qi received him.After the success of this incident (642 B.C.), Duke Xiang of Song had a great desire for politics, and he wanted to succeed Duke Huan of Qi as the leader of China.He arrested Shengzi and Yingqi; he also asked the Hu people to arrest Bizi, which son he would use as a sacrifice to the next difficult society, "wanting to belong to Dongyi".It seems to be an old custom of the Yin and Shang Dynasties to employ people to sacrifice to the society. "Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong ten years, "Ji Pingzi cut down the camp, took beasts, and sacrificed captives. He began to employ people and made the society." This kind of restoration of a barbaric old custom has the meaning of pleasing the people.Song Xianggong has his eyes on the Yin Shang in the east!Japan and soil, so it is necessary to restore the vulgar customs of a Yin Shang religion to curry favor with the people of the East.At that time, there was no hegemony in the east, and no one was competing with his family for supremacy; the only thing he worried about was the state of Chu in the south.Sure enough, at the meeting of Yu, the Chu people arrested Duke Xiang and released him later.He hasn't realized it yet, and he still wants to make martial arts and establish hegemony.In the Battle of the Lake (638 B.C.), the Chu people defeated the Song soldiers, Song Xianggong was injured, and almost became a prisoner for the second time.Before the Battle of Dangliu, Da Sima Gujian (Da Sima is the son of Muyi, that is, Yuyu. "Gu" is an adverb describing the word "Jian". Du Yu misunderstood "Gu" as public interest and solid. School Records Song Family "As a remonstrance to Yu Yu, not mistaken) said: "Heaven has abandoned business for a long time. The king will prosper, and you can be forgiven." (Du Yu misread "Fuke. I have been forgiven." Read one sentence. Ziyu first opposed Xiang Gong's alliance. When it came to the general battle, he advocated giving the Chu soldiers a quick blow. Therefore, the following article advocates going before the Chu army is ready. Mr. Ding Shengshu said that the word "Fu" is "" The combination of the two characters "不之". The word "空" in this sentence refers to the enemy. Since we are going to do a great job of rejuvenating Yin and Shang, we must not let the enemy go this time.) Here, the big question of revitalizing the Yin and Shang Dynasties was suddenly raised. It can be seen that Song Xianggong's ambition was a movement to revive the nation.Unfortunately, his "female benevolence" made him miss the opportunity; after a big defeat, he still had to defend himself, saying that a gentleman is not seriously injured, and he is not a chicken. ... Although the widow is subjugated, he will not be in the ranks without drumming. "In addition to the subjugation of the country", this also shows that the descendants of the Yin and Shang Dynasties did not forget the pain of subjugation.Three hundred years later, Song Jun pretended to be the king of Song, defeated Qi Fang in the east, defeated Chu in the east, and defeated Wei in two.But soon it also failed.The political revival of the Shang nation was finally hopeless. However, in the hundreds of years after the subjugation of the Yin and Shang nation, they seemed to have kept their dream of national rejuvenation, and gradually developed a prophecy of "savior of the world". An example is the suspense of the birth and salvation of the "Messiah" (Messiah) of the Hebrew (Jewish) nation, which later led to the great movement led by Jesus.This kind of suspense (the so-called "suspension" in Buddhist scriptures, that is, prophecy) was originally just suspense about a future national hero who will lead the people who have suffered from subjugation for a long time and accomplish the great cause of national revival.But as time went by, the dream of political revival finally disappeared, so the content of this prophecy gradually changed, the color of political revival gradually faded, and the meaning of religious or cultural revival gradually increased.The "Messiah" of the Jewish nation was originally a revival hero, but later became a savior. Saints, the change is huge.Looking at the history of the stock nation after its subjugation, it seems that they also had a suspenseful record of a national hero reviving the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and a prophecy of the revival of a sage. Let us try to put aside all the old sayings and re-read the "Zhi Bird" chapter of "Ode to Shang": The mysterious bird of destiny, descended to give birth to Shang, and lived in Yin soil.The ancient emperor ordered Wu Tang to rule in all directions. After Fang's life, he was dying.After the Shang Dynasty, he was ordered not to die, and he was the grandson of Wuding. The grandson of Wu Ding - the king of Wu was invincible.The dragon flag is ten times, and the great essence is the inheritance. The national line is thousands of miles, and the Weimin stops.Zhaoyu breaks the four seas, and the four seas come to fake. Come only Qiqi, Jingyuan Weihe.Yin is ordered to be salty, what is Bailu? This poem is said to be Ji Gaozong's poem.But the old theory can't explain the "Wu Li grandson" in the poem.It also cannot explain the "King Wu" of the "Grandson of Wu Ding".Zheng Xuan interpreted it as "Gaozong's grandson has martial arts and kingly virtues in the world, and he is invincible." Zhu Shuai said: "Wu Wang, Tang Hao, and his descendants also call themselves.It is said that the grandson has won the martial arts, and now those who inherit the name of Tang are invincible in martial arts. "Who is this? Duan, since Wu Ding, the national power has gradually declined; according to historical records, there is no longer an invincible "King Wu". I think this poem is a kind of prophecy: first describe the "right domain and other four directions" "Wu Tang, the second prophecy of a "police field everywhere" "Wu's grandson-Wu Wang". There are two old theories about "Da Jing": "Han Poetry" says that Mu is the "Great Sacrifice" and Zheng Xuanxun's box is "Shuji". There is "Da Jing is inheritance", which teaches millet; and "Hui Ma" has "Da Jing is inheritance", which is taught as a great sacrifice in "Han Shi". In fact, there is no such sentence in "Lie Zu").I think the word "Mu" is the word "vinegar", that is, the word "difficult".Difficult words include writing as mountains, and words that are damaged are refined."Melancholy Book·Big Talk", "There are great difficulties in the West, and the people of the West are not quiet." And bear the "big hardship"; can start a country in the world from the comparison of thousands of miles.This is the ZTE hero that the Yin nation suspends. (Zheng Xuan interpreted "Ten Vehicles" as "two queens, a great country of eight states", and each country has one vehicle, so it is called Ten Vehicles!) But for a long time, this invincible "King Wu" never appeared, and Song Xianggong's dream of rejuvenating Yin and Shang was blown to pieces.So the prophecy of this national hero gradually turned into a prophecy of a savior. "Zuo Zhuan" (the seventh year of Emperor Zhaogong) records that Yi debtor named him a doctor when he was about to die: Wu Chuang generals have masters, such as Confucius, the queen of the sages, and died in the Song Dynasty.Why did his grandfather and father confer the title of Duke Li in the Song Dynasty?As for Dai Wuxuan, the father of Zhengkao, the three Ziyi shared his tripod inscription: "One life is bent, another life is stunned, and three lives are good. If you walk along the wall, you will not dare to leave the sea. Chun Yu, the alliance So, use the tide to make the mouth." The same is true for the total.Tibetan grandson Han has a saying: "A sage has a bright virtue, if he is not in the world, there will be a master later." Will he be in Confucius? Meng Xizi died in the twenty-fourth year of Duke Yang (518 BC), when Confucius was thirty-four years old.If this record is credible, it can be seen that the ruling class of Lu State had noticed Confucius' reputation and his family background at that time; they said that he was "after the sage" and that he was "after the sage". "Achieved". (Appropriate press, twelfth, "Zi Zhang asked, how can a scholar be said to be a master? In Japan, what is the so-called master? Zi Zhang is against the field, you must hear it in the state, and you must hear it at home. . . 2..." This It can explain the ordinary imagery of "master" and "master". According to Bozi's quotation of Zang Sunge, Zang Sunge himself was also called a "sage" at that time. "Zuo Zhuan" (the 22nd year of Xianggong) said: Zang Wu stretched out the rain to Yushu, and Yushu would drink wine in his eyes, saying, "How can you use a saint! I will just drink wine. Rain is going, why is it holy!" When Zang Sunge left the country, Confucius was only two years old.What he said, "If a sage has virtue, if he is not in the world, there will be Daba later", of course he did not say it for Confucius, but it is just a general theory.But his words may be hinted by a prophecy among the Yin people in Lu State at that time who expected the birth of a saint.This is of course just my conjecture; but Meng Tiaozi said, "I heard that there is a special master named Kongqiu", which means: "I heard outside legends that there will be a master called Confucius. "It can be seen that he heard the people outside say that Kong Qiu, a descendant of the Yin and Shang Dynasty, is a master or saint who will prosper; this kind of legend has nothing to do with Zang Suntong's prophecy, but judging by Yibeizi's tone, it seems that the people have already He thought that Confucius, who was in his thirties, fit a certain record, so he thought of the record of Zang Sunyan, a sage who is not accepted by all countries, and said, "To order him to be in Kongqiu's place is to say: this The prophecy is about to be fulfilled by Confucius. That is to say: the folks have said that this Kongqiu is a master who will prosper, and Zang Sunyan also said this, and now it is about to be fulfilled. Therefore, we can assume that among the majority of the oriental stock nations, there has already been a big prophecy of "there will be those who will achieve".In the popular atmosphere of this prophecy, Zang Sun, the "sage" of the state of Lu, also had a prophecy that "after the sage, there must be a master".We can guess that the form of the folk prophecy is roughly: "Five hundred years after the Yin and Shang Dynasties, a great sage came out." If we try to read "Mencius", we can know that "five hundred years" is not my nonsense.Mencius said to his disciple Chong Yu when he was most unhappy to leave Qi: In five hundred years, there must be a king, and there must be a famous person in the period.From Zhou, it is more than seven hundred years old.If it is counted, it will be too much; if it is tested at the time, it will be enough.Datian did not intend to rule the world.If you want to rule the world peacefully, you should divide the world, who else but me? (Song Sun Chou, part 2) In this passage, we can see that "five hundred years will lead to the prosperity of the king" is a popular prophecy in ancient times, so Mencius is very surprised why this "five hundred years" prophecy has not come true yet.But he always believed in this five-hundred-year suspense.So the last chapter of Mencius says: From Yao and Shun to Tang, they were more than five hundred years old. ...From Tang to King Wen, they were over five hundred years old. ... From King Wen to Confucius, more than five hundred years old. ...From Confucius, as of now, it is more than a hundred years old.It is not far away to go to the world of saints, and it is very close to the residence of saints, but if there is no peace, there will be nothing! (under "Devotion") Such lingering reminiscences are not accidental, but the result of a great national legend that has been popular for hundreds of years. Confucius was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (551 B.C.), more than 500 years after the demise of Yin Wudu.Probably, the prophecy that "there will be a king in five hundred years" has a long history, so Song Xianggong (the Battle of Autumn in 638 BC) was in the fifth century after the fall of Yin, and his ambition to revive the Yin and Shang was exactly that prophecy. born below.By the time of Confucius' birth, decades had passed since the prophesied period of five hundred years, and the aspirations of the Yin people were at their peak.During this period, a bright and wise young man suddenly appeared from a direct descendant of Yinwei Gongsun. However, his versatility enabled him to overcome a very uncomfortable situation as a young man, made people forget his origin, and made his villagers praise him in unison: Great Confucius!Learned without fame! Such a person, because of his extremely humble background, people are particularly amazed at his genius and high academic ability, especially recalling the long and great legacy of his ancestors.So when he was young, he was already the favorite of the people; the folks have been faint, and there are legends: "In five hundred years, there will be a saint, and now he will be in Kongqiu!" The powerful ministers also commented behind their backs: "After appointing someone, there must be someone who is successful, and now he will be in Kongqiu!"