Chapter 23 Miscellaneous Answers to a certain newspaper (excerpt) (September 3, 1906)

The meaning of this question is very complicated, and it is beyond the scope of a short article. This is a brief description of its conceit. If it is detailed, it will be discussed later. If China is engaged in legislation today, it is another question whether it should take part in the spirit of socialism advocated by contemporary scholars; it is another question whether China's social and economic organization should be fundamentally revolutionary or not. This cannot be confused.Now solve the first problem first, and then attach the first problem. I think that China today has reasons why it is not necessary to carry out a social revolution, there are reasons why it is not possible to carry out a social revolution, and there are reasons why it is not possible to carry out a social revolution.

Before this thesis, the concept of revolution must be presented first.There are two kinds of changes in all things, one slow and one urgent.The degree of change is slow, depending on the surrounding conditions, and the direction of life gradually tends to a new aspect. Its changing era does not cause too much damage and pain. It is like a plant. From the outside, it is always the same, and the inside changes in real time. If this is called development, it is also called Development of Evolution.On the contrary, the change is extremely rapid and does not correspond to the surrounding conditions. The old system order is suddenly destroyed, and the social chaos and suffering are caused by it. If this is the case, it is called a revolution.I think that the economic society of Europe and the United States today is in a predicament where revolution cannot be avoided; while the economic society of China should only make up for it a little bit so that it can develop and evolve along the track, and the dangerous revolutionary method is not applicable. .Please make sense.

What is the so-called need for social revolutionaries in China?The economy and society of the Bou people have accumulated into today's state, all because of the revolution.Today's theory of social revolution is the reaction of the previous revolution.China can avoid the previous revolution, so there is no need for another revolution.Why does the husband say that the current economic and social state of the Europeans is all due to the revolution?At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, there were no more than 40,000 landowners in France, 19,000 in England, 26,000 in Austria, and 20,000 in the Germanic states. , other countries are abbreviated as Yes.At that time, the total number of people in Europe was more than 160 million, and among the 160 million people, there were less than 200,000 landlords.Most of the peasants in Europe before this were in the status of slave farmers, and they belonged to the rich and poor class, and they were suspended at the same time as the high and low classes.Fortunately, the development of individual land private rights is very slow, and it has not completely escaped the era of tribal land ownership. The land was gradually changed to private land, and the land is seven million acres. One acre is about four mu and six cents of my own.) Therefore, the poor have to rely on it for a little bit.Besides agriculture, the handicraft industry is also quite developed.It is customary to have a so-called industrial combination, which is similar to the association of various industries in our country.For agriculture and industry, the government formulates various laws to protect and interfere with them. Therefore, although it cannot make rapid progress, it is still peaceful and orderly. This is the outline of the old European social organization.And Simia Danxing, who attacked government interventionism, and took free competition as the principle, saying that society is like water, and if it is allowed to compete, supply and demand will be matched, and the bottom will be balanced.Once this theory comes out, it will be invincible all over the world.The governments of various countries are also gradually being moved. What used to be excessive interference has turned into excessive laissez-faire.The impact of its sudden change has already been dramatic.At the same time, James Watt invented steam (1769), and soon after Richard invented the spinning machine, he was the two masters of Smith and Watt. , and the era of the Industrial Revolution (The Industrial Revolution) is over.In the past, human beings devoted all their tendons to making things. Although they occasionally added ox horsepower, etc., there were almost no instruments that used natural forces.As for the invention of the steam engine, ordinary people regard the increase of manpower by twelve times, or hundreds to thousands of times, and try to see how it affects the organizers of society, and the method of production is clearly a new era.If one person can produce the products of the previous twelve or even hundreds of thousands of people, the value of the products will be reduced suddenly, and the former handicraftsmen will not be able to compete with them, and will go out of business.Previously, those who practiced an art, all the benefits they gained belonged to their own hands, and even if their prices rose, the income would follow suit. There is absolutely no such thing as class in the industrial world.With the advent of machines, countless skilled people suddenly lost their jobs and had to invest in companies with machines in order to make a living.And the labor force used by machines is completely different from the labor force used in the old society.Those who have learned a skill in the past ten years have not used it at all, and women and minors are more convenient and applicable than strong men, and strong men are more likely to lose their jobs.In the past, workers made something by themselves and sold it for their own value, but now the degree of division of labor has improved.It is better to call it a joint force than a division of business.The completion of every thing must pass through the hands of several people. If you want to point out that something is made by someone, it is impossible to get it.In addition to the workers, those who provide their capital and equipment must receive a certain amount of remuneration.Therefore, the desire for fair distribution is ultimately unpredictable, and the simplest method is adopted as a last resort, the leasing and banking system.That is to say, those who contribute capital hire a certain number of workers, and each person is given a certain amount of mediocre money per day to make a tool, and all the gains will go to the employer.And between the employer and the employed, that is, between the capitalist and the laborer, there are two insurmountable classes, which people in the old society never dreamed of.If the new phenomena in the material world are enough, if the ideological world is not supported by new theories, the radical changes will not be so extreme.Previously, under the industrial combination system, the price of goods was regulated by custom or by law. If one person suddenly lowered the price in an attempt to monopolize, he would immediately be outclassed by his peers and unable to survive on his own. The same is true for the quality of his goods. , the rate is the same, and the room for competition is very narrow.And with the rise of machinery, the production volume has suddenly increased by several times. Unless its value is lowered and its quality improved, there will be no way to sell it.The theory of free competition should be spoken out to help, and the previous customary laws will be destroyed and will not be reused.Manufacturers only work hard day by day, focusing on machines and machines, improving and improving, and their momentum continues to be infinite until today; the general public can obtain cheap and high-quality things because of this; and the wealth of society is also increasing day by day. His merits and virtues are definitely not under Yu's.However, if you want to produce cheap and high-quality things for the good of the society, if those without capital compete with those with capital, those without capital will surely lose; If the investor competes with the larger capitalist, the second largest capitalist will surely lose.They compete with each other, like fighting quails, all the quails are killed, and only one quail survives.When it dies, it will feel great pain, sacrifice countless capital, sacrifice the labor of countless people, and then form a class of the so-called rich today. (Large capital competes with small capital, and small capital is all at a loss, so it is called sacrificing an infinite amount of capital. Even though a person without capital has skills and cannot survive by himself, this sacrifices labor. When small capital competes with large capital, each Those who employ labor and small capital fail, and the employed laborers are subsequently unemployed. This is the second sacrifice of labor. Therefore, it is called sacrificing the labor of countless people.) Woohoo!Once the success is achieved, the bones will be destroyed, and today's European economy and society deserve it.However, after a military general succeeds, those below him will still have time to recuperate; after a general succeeds economically, those below him will sink forever and cannot extricate themselves.The scourge of the autocracy of the rich is more severe than the flood and beast, and the theory of social revolution cannot but prosper.The root cause is that the changes in the previous industrial organization were not based on evolution but on revolution, like the sudden arrival of a storm, those who respond to it are in a hurry, at a loss, and let it go naturally, so they are close to each other. One side and out of control.As for the so-called bewilderment, one is on the side of the government, and the other is on the side of the people.On the one hand, the government is too laissez-faire, and does not interfere even though there are points that should be interfered; on the other hand, the majority of the people cannot observe the trend of the trend and do not follow new ways to live.R.T. Eey, a great American economist, said: "When the industrial revolution is approaching, the workers will be able to unite a large number of workers if they have knowledge and insight, install machines, and innovate their manufacturing methods according to the times. It is the combination of localities, that is, a kind of cooperative factory. Gore, the transition of industrial organization can be smooth and smooth, and then the disturbing revolution can be avoided. It is a pity that we can't see it like this, stick to it Therefore, in the end, these sharp weapons were only used by a few ambitious people, and it is a pity that they have been tamed to the point where they are hard to return to today." The meaning is that if the working class of today can understand this meaning at that time, it can rank itself among the capitalists. column, and odd win won't be monopolized by a few.This is a kind of exploration theory.Although, I think that most people in Europe at that time saw the result and this, and in the end there were very few people who could be saved from the trend of the gap between the rich and the poor.Why?The phenomenon of the gap between the rich and the poor has been established before the industrial revolution, and after the industrial revolution, its foundation has been consolidated, and its degree has become more and more obvious.Before Guedanwatt and Smith were born, the land of the whole of Europe was already in the hands of a few people, and the capital of the whole of Europe was naturally in the hands of a few people.For the rest of the people, most of the peasants have the nature of being sub-farmers, and the income is poor enough to support themselves.Those in business and industry rely on their skills to make ends meet. Although they can be independent, their wealth will eventually be minimal.The catcher machine is booming and the competition is strong. If you want to combine capital to engage in business, a large amount of the combined capital must be occupied by the old capital; most of the rest of the middle class and below, even if they are all combined, they are still not enough to fight against Bishi. one.Therefore, the result of the industrial revolution is not that the rich became rich after the revolution, and the poor became poor. In fact, the rich before the revolution became richer, and the poor before the revolution ended up poor.The current economic and social organization of our country is different from that of Europe before the industrial revolution. There are many families of the middle class, but few families of the extremely wealthy.There are several reasons why it can cause this good phenomenon.One is that there is no aristocratic system.All European countries have nobles, and most of them have fiefdoms.The few nobles are the landlords, and the majority of the common people are incapable of standing up.Of the three elements of production, one has been monopolized by a few people. (Economists say that there are three elements of production, one is land, the other is capital, and the third is labor.) Therefore, the nobles are also rich, and the trend is the same.In China, since the Qin Dynasty, the aristocracy has been wiped out, and although it has been reduced to ashes and ashes since then, it cannot last forever.As far as this dynasty, the roots and plants have become more and more clean. Although the prince is expensive, he still has a salary but no food.The white house is a gentleman, he is used to it, he is shabby and shabby, he can climb up to eight seats in a blink of an eye, he is a grand old man, and he will return to the field to be Wu Qimin.Because of this, there is no class in the whole country.And the merger of R & F is also because it is not dramatic.The second is the continuous method of running average.It is an old custom in European countries that the eldest son succeeds in large numbers.Since the French Revolution, although efforts have been made to rectify this disadvantage, it has not been completely eliminated so far.If the husband and the eldest son succeed each other, their property will be accumulated forever without being divided. If the mother’s wealth is thicker, the profits produced will be greater. It will be very effective in increasing the total reproduction of a country, but it will be too dry. It is a common misfortune that the wealth and power of a country will always be gathered in the hands of a few people.Since the Han Dynasty, our country has practiced the law of equal succession (there is no other textual research on this matter), and all the property of the grandfather is shared by the descendants.Its disadvantages are also that the mother's wealth is broken and scattered, not for production, but for consumption. As the saying goes, "a person does not have three generations of wealth."The reason for this position is that those who have a capital of ten thousand gold have five sons, two thousand, and their sons have five sons. Long sleeves are not good enough for dancing.The difficulties of the wealthy people in our country are not due to the poor protection of the poor in the Liang Dynasty, but also because of the system.Although, for this reason, although the production aspect is getting shorter and faster, the distribution aspect is very even, and the very poor and the very rich classes can't grow by themselves, and this is also a mutual dependence of interests.The third is that the taxation is extremely light.The European countries were heavily suppressed by the noble churches before, and the donations were tedious, and there was no talent. The uncles and monks were not obliged to pay taxes, and all the burdens were entrusted to the gangsters.And after repeated religious revolutions and political revolutions, the accumulated disadvantages can only be eliminated, and the industrial revolution has also occurred at the same time, and there is no room for the poor to revive.In China, there is no aristocratic church in between, and the only country that takes from the people.But the sages of ancient times have always used thin poems as their teachings; the emperors of all dynasties, those who love themselves a little, are awe-inspiring in the ancient precepts and dare not violate them, and they have heard about rent reduction and tax reduction; Thin.Before the rise of lijin, the people who had no land could not pay a single baht to the government for life, and they could enjoy all of what they worked hard for.Husband's wealth comes from savings, which is the general meaning of economics; and what is saved must be the balance of consumption, which is also the general meaning of economists.However, there must be more than what can be brought in, and then there is something to be said about the management of production.In the European society before the eighteenth century, Qimen entered at the age of one, while the government, aristocracy, and church accounted for more than half of them, and the rest only supported animals. Fortunately, Gaiyun.In China, if you work hard, you can have it yourself. If you use frugality to supplement hard work, you can become a middle class after a few years of accumulation.Therefore, the beauty of saving has been invented by scholars in Taixi, and the government has set up more agencies to persuade it, but its effect is not great. Seeing that everyone in China can do it, if it is natural, it is also because of its system.The more people who save diligently and thriftly save, the more middle-class households there will be.All of this shows that my country's current economic and social organization is completely different from the economic and social organization in Europe before the Industrial Revolution.And I have no two classes of existence of the extremely poor and the extremely rich, and the reasons are all the same.Although, in the future, our country will have to use machinery to engage in production, and it is inevitable.If machines are used for production, large capital must be combined, while small capital will be eroded, and the economic and social organization has to be changed because of this, and it is inevitable.However, can we avoid the evil results of the European industrial revolution (that is, the evil causes of today's social revolution)?Said: Although it cannot be completely avoided, it must not be as good as that.The social revolution theory of the Gaeu people today is all derived from the imperfection of the current economic and social organization, and the imperfection of the current economic and social organization of the Europeans is also derived from the imperfection of the economic and social organization before the Industrial Revolution.Although our country's current economic and social organization is not perfect, it is definitely superior to that of Europe before the industrial revolution.Therefore, although the problem of production will evolve in the future, the problem of distribution can follow this evolutionary track, and two revolutions can hardly be avoided. (The previous industrial revolution of the Europeans can be called the revolution of production; the future social revolution can be called the revolution of distribution.) Let me explain the reason: if the method of production changes, it cannot win without big capital, and big capital must not We can do what we can alone, so we started as a joint-stock company (Co., Ltd.).This is the relic of the past of the Europeans, and our country will have to learn from it in the future.However, if the Europeans create such companies through IPO, those who apply for the IPO and become shareholders are the few wealthy families in the old days; in China today, the IPOs that create such companies, and the people who apply for the IPO and become shareholders are now the majority of the middle class. and also.This difference in starting points and the uneven distribution in the future are a few signs of this.How can the Fuou people be happy to give up the rights of the shareholders to the rich families, so that as Yili said, the workers can organize a joint manufacturing society? No one can see this, and there is no social organization like the previous one. , the rich and the poor have already been divided into two ways. Although the poor are united, it is still helpful to use thousands of people to fight against the one or two people of the Longbo country.Therefore, the rich people in the past became richer because of the industrial revolution; the poor people in the past became poorer because of the industrial revolution. (Although there are some people who went from poor to rich and from rich to poor after the Industrial Revolution, there are exceptions.) Why?Non-big capital can't get a surprise win, and the company is where the big capital is.Those who have shares in the company will get rich day by day.Those who have no shares in the company will be poor every day, and the company's shares are held by a few people, and the majority of people will have to live in poverty.The situation in China is different.Try to prove it with recent facts.The Guangdong-Han Railway issued 20 million shares, which is already full, and its largest shareholder holds only 250,000 or 300,000 yuan, and the number of them is no more than one or two people. Those who hold less than ten shares are the majority (5 yuan per share) ).The company has 4 million shares in total, and it has more than one million shareholders.This is a sign of the good economic and social distribution of our country in the past, and it is also a sign of the good economic and social distribution of our country in the future.Sincerely let the talents be appointed, and there are perfect laws to maintain it, prevent the fraud of the parties involved, and prevent the speculation of the ambitious, the more prosperous the company will be, the more profitable it will be, and the more shareholders will receive.If the number of shareholders is numerous, there are few large shares and many small shares, the distribution will be uneven rather than expected.In the future, everyone will know that it is not enough to make profits without the combination of capital, and the whole country's middle-class households will use their savings to invest in the company; the production method will change drastically and advance; the distribution method can still be followed without fail. The future of our country's economic circles can really follow the track, and it will be developed and evolved rather than revolutionary.Today, Europeans and Americans see that the rich and the poor are inextricably linked, so some people advocate the idea of ​​using the company to save money on behalf of the workers, saving a part of their mediocre money on behalf of the company, and accumulating it as the company's share capital, and the company will make profits in the future. If Peter divides it, laborers will also be capitalists, and the gap may be gradually eliminated.However, in Europe and the United States where the accumulation is hard to return, such supplements cannot be effective.But in our country, this matter comes from nature and does not require manpower.After the industrial revolution, half of those who receive mediocre money have the qualifications of capitalists. This can almost be detected by today's phenomena. (It goes without saying that it is impossible for all the laborers to have shares in a certain company. However, there will be no poor people in the whole country. Even after extreme socialism, it will be difficult. But making the non-poor the majority, that is, economic This is an excellent phenomenon in society.) There is no other reason for this. Today's economic and social organization is relatively perfect in terms of distribution, which is far beyond the reach of the old Western and Western societies.The degree of danger for the future society to be conceived by the present society is not too great.And ignorant people falsely cite the evil phenomena that Europeans have passed by to frighten each other, which is called unfounded worry.However, it is not just relying on the imperfection of the current economic and social organization to be self-sufficient.One of the reasons why the Pio people have caused today's evil phenomenon is that one was conceived by the old society, and the other is also fostered by the government's misuse of academic principles.Now that I have this natural beauty, I review his malpractice for more than a hundred years, familiarize myself with the source of his illness, search for his treatment methods, and apply what is available first (the details are detailed below), Then it can also eliminate troubles before they happen, and I know that I can avoid the same track.It is said that there is no need for social revolutionaries.

What is the so-called infeasible social revolutionaries in China?The theory of social revolution expects the trend of distribution to be equal. To put it bluntly, it restrains the arbitrariness of capitalists and seeks the interests of laborers.In Europe and the United States, it is the holy medicine of sincere doctors, but if it is used in today's China, it is feared that the benefits will not be enough to compensate for the disease.I think that to plan the future of China's economy today, rewarding capitalists should be the first priority, and protecting laborers should be the second priority.Let me explain the reasoning: Today, if there are great powers in the East and West, why is it that the issue of China is the biggest problem in the world?Everything depends on international economic competition.According to the common law of economics, if the rent and the mediocrity are thick, the profit will be low, and if the rent and the mediocrity are small, the profit will be high. (The income from land is called rent, the income from labor is called mediocrity, and the income from capital is called winning. This is also named after the strict translation of "Yuanfu". The Japanese translate it as land generation, labor and silver, and profit.) Therefore, those who own capital often use Mao to move To benefit from the land where the rent and mediocrity are both low, if not, also seek the one that is low.Since the Industrial Revolution, Europeans have been troubled by excessive wealth day by day, and their mother's wealth has increased year by year, but their business has not increased.In Europe, the rent of land and the mediocrity of labor are increasing day by day, and capitalists cannot use them to win, but instead tend to the new places of America and Australia.In this new land, the land rate has not been utilized, and the rent can be low, but the population is so small that it cannot be lightened. Therefore, recruiting Chinese laborers to fill it, the rent will be two times lower and the win will be doubled.It has not been a few decades, but the United States and Australia used to be the tail of the old land, and now they themselves suffer from excess capital.On the one hand, it cuts off the capital of the old land, so that it cannot invade the new land in order to win, and the capitalists in the old land are ill;Since then, Japan has made rapid progress, and within ten years, its capital has been eight or nine times that of its predecessor.And the capitalists in Japan are also sick, so they don't care about each other, and look at the world.Nowadays, there is no place like China where rents are low, so the best market for capital to win is no better than China.It is for this reason that all countries in the world regard the China issue as the only major issue.When the people of our country are here, if we can combine capital, use the Western civilization weapon (machine), and use our inherent low rent and mediocrity in order to win, then the country's wealth can rise rapidly. Ten years later, the world will not be able to resist.Otherwise, given the slight sluggishness of capital, the stars are not clustered, and cannot be engaged in major undertakings, and the countries in the East and West are driven by economic regulations, bringing their excess capital to us, like a flood, like a beast. How will it resist it when it comes out?It has been a long time since my empty words were invincible to the facts. In the past two years, the theory of reclaiming rights and interests has permeated the country, vying for roads and mines, talking more than crucian carp, but I have never seen a road that can be built by itself, and a mine that can be opened by itself .However, the Japanese South Manchuria Railway Company has used hundreds of trillions of capital to sell its brains in the eastern provinces, and the branches and roads are often fake capital from outsiders, and the imports of manufactured products from various countries are pouring in, robbing our people. Those who are in the old industry are also unnoticed by vulgar ears.Since the innovation of production methods, only capitalists can eat the benefits of civilization, while non-capitalists are against the harm of civilization. This is what people who talk about people's livelihood in the world know.Zeng Yisi From now on, if there are no big capitalists in China, there will be big capitalists from other countries to replace them, and after the big capitalists have gained power, those who have no capital or those who have capital but are not big can only pretend He died at his feet, never to be revived.Today's laborers in Europe and the United States, it is so difficult to see the sun, but when the capital forces of other countries are filled in our country, that is the day when our 400 million compatriots will spend their lives as horses and cattle.At that time, whoever returned to poverty and who returned to wealth in the whole country could only be divided into two classes in China's economic circles: those who benefited from civilization were foreigners; those who suffered from civilization were Chinese people only.At that time, it is really necessary to unite the whole country to promote social revolution.Although, it's too late, it's too late, it's not my reason to listen to the alarming words!Fu Ning does not see that there is a little vitality in the economic circles of the whole country today, only the foreign market, and the Chinese in the foreign market are all foreign businessmen.The halo of the moon knows the wind, and the moistness of the moon knows the rain, and what's more, the wind and rain have already struck!If China wants to solve this extremely dangerous problem today, the only way to reward capitalists is to combine their savings and adopt new production methods invented by Westerners for more than a hundred years to engage in production. The country cherishes it. And protect it, so that its business can develop to resist the outside world, so that other capitalists will hear about it, envy its benefits, and take the lead in trying to gather together to resist the trend of foreign competition from all aspects, which may be beneficial.Although in the first few years, I sacrificed the interests of some other people, but for the sake of the country, I will not hesitate.Today, I am alarmed for no reason, talking in my sleep and dreaming, advocating this theory of social revolution, which is contrary to the interests of the whole country, in order to exclude capitalists.Sleeping holidays, but the people follow their teachings, inciting laborers to demand less time and increase mediocrity, otherwise the alliance strikes to coerce them; capitalists suffer from this loss, no longer able to compete with their counterparts in other countries, and die because of it; The other capitalists are still trying to punish and brag about it, stagnate, and sit back and listen to foreign capital forces, submerging the market of our whole country. Submit under the whip of a foreign race to cover his mouth.Now those who hold the theory of social revolution, the crime of subjugation of the country is really beyond heaven.This is not my reason for harsh words, but actually living today and advocating this theory of social revolution that is not suitable for the survival of the country, the result is bound to be the same.To sum it up, my opinion on economic issues can be expressed in simple words, saying: what China urgently needs to study today is the issue of production, not the issue of distribution.why?Those who have problems with production also have problems with international competition; those who have problems with distribution have problems with domestic competition.Whether the production problems can be solved or not depends on the survival of the country.If the production problem is not solved, there will be no redistribution problem for me to solve in the future.From this point of view, although the current problem of production is solved, the wealth of the country falls into the hands of a few people, and the hidden danger of distribution problems will be a disaster in the future. But don't worry about it.Confucius stood with his disciples, arched to the right, and the second and third sons also respected the right; Confucius said: "The second and third sons are addicted to learning, and I have a sister who died." Husbands and Americans advocate social revolution because they have to do so in response to the current situation. , It's sister mourning Shangyou and the like.The current situation in our country is in a position of positive and negative. Hearing one or two theories, they are chased by barking shadows and barking. Even though we worship Oufeng, why should we go to this extreme!If a husband is not lost and learns people to be right, it is just for laughing, and it is not harmful to the real thing; if the disease is abnormal and he tastes the medicine of others, he will hate his life.Today's advocates of social revolution are of this kind, and the so-called unfeasible social revolutionists are like this.

What is the so-called incapable of social revolution in China?If you want to make a social revolution, if you don't have a perfect body, you can't reap the merits; and a perfect social revolution, even at the current level in Europe and the United States, may not be able to be carried out after a hundred years, let alone in China now.Social revolutionaries are full of rumors today, and the only reason for this is state ownership of land.The ignorance of state ownership of land is one of the conditions of social revolution, not the whole of it.Socialists in various countries have repeatedly proposed the proposal of nationalization of land, but this is only a starting point for progress, and it does not mean that there is nothing left to do without it.Nowadays, the social revolutionaries advocated by the Manchu family say that Europe and the United States cannot solve social problems because they cannot solve the land problem. If they can only solve the land problem, then the social problem is the solution of all problems. This is due to the unknown society. What is doctrine. (The details are refuted below.) The most complete theory of social revolution in modern times has the greatest purpose of citing production organs as state-owned.The reason why land must be state-owned is that it is one of the important production organs.However, in addition to land, there is another important organ of production, that is, capital.And inferring the root cause of the uneven social distribution in Europe and the United States, and balancing the two, capital takes the initiative.Since the method of production has changed, those without capital must never compete with those with capital, and those with small capitals must never compete with those with large capitals. The direct power of capital is beyond words.If we talk about its indirect power, then what is the reason why land prices and rents soar?It is also the result of development.What is the reason why the city is developed?It is also the result of capital expansion.In Europe, before the Industrial Revolution, the land had been occupied by a few people for a long time, but social problems did not occur at that time and they occur today.And as capital is colonized and improved, the value of the land will increase accordingly. Landlords who can occupy power in the production world are also gifted by capital. (For example, a certain family said in a speech: "The Duke of Westminster, the British landowner, had a fief in the west of London. Later, due to the expansion of the city of London, the land was enclosed. His family's land rent accounted for a quarter of London's land rent. Countries are equal." It is important to know that the expansion of the city of London is due to the expansion of capital; the reason for the rise of London's land rent is due to the expansion of capital. Without the expansion of capital after the Industrial Revolution, Westminster today would not be as rich as the enemy country Also. Other similar phenomena can be explained in this way.) Moreover, the capitalists can often buy undeveloped land at a low price, and reap the benefits from the developed ones with the power of capital. Dominate the land too. (Twenty years ago, American Zhan Tubier bought the land in Wentiana Province and Washington Province, and built the Great Northern Railway to run through it. At that time, these lands were all infested by Indian red barbarians, and there was almost no It is worth a penny; in today’s busiest city, the land price is as high as that of New York and Chicago. Almost all capitalists in the Pacific and West do not use this technique.) Those who want to solve social problems should put capital problems first. The first meaning is to solve the land problem as the second meaning.Moreover, the question of land, even if it is said to be a subsidiary of the question of capital, is not necessary.If it is a workshop, if it is a tool (machine), its nature is also close to that of the land, and they are all appendages of capital.In essence, all production organs must be state-owned, and then it can be called a complete social revolution; if a part of them is state-owned and most of them are still privately owned, the goal of the social revolution will not be achieved. .But what about the economic organization of the new society for a complete theory of social revolution?To explain it in simple terms, it is also said: the country is the landlord and the capitalist, and the citizens are all laborers, that is, all production enterprises are monopolized by the state, and the citizens are not allowed to compete for it.Husbands are also laborers, so why are they suffering now and willingly after the revolution?It is true that in the current economic and social organization, the results of labor are obtained by the landlords and capitalists, but what the laborers get is not even a fraction.If after the revolution, although part of the fruits of labor were given to the country, the part they would get for themselves would be more important than it is today.And part of what the country cuts off from me is still used by the society, but in fact it is only used by me.In this way, the distribution will be extremely even, and the world will be at the bottom of Datong.The true spirit of this theory of social revolution, and what I used to call this doctrine as the most noble and beautiful person in the future world (see No. 4 of this year's newspaper), is also good.And let me ask, is China able to do this today?Here in Europe and the United States, there are problems of evolutionary stagnation when free competition is eliminated, different remuneration due to skills or average remuneration, which is appropriate, equal remuneration to curb labor motivation, and occupation should be allocated by The issue of coercion versus self-choice, and other issues of this type are not discussed in detail.All these problems have not been fully resolved by European and American scholars, and this is one of the reasons why this doctrine is difficult to implement.Let’s not talk about this in today’s China. There is only one simplest and simplest question, which is: If a country is to carry out social revolution and build a society, it must regard the country as a company, and it must be a unique company. The nature of this company depends on the people of the whole country. Food, clothing, housing, and even the occupations performed, all interference and responsibility.Just as the newspaper said, the people of our country are already very developed, but is this kind of government suitable for existence?Is there anyone who is enough to do this?If there is, can it be guaranteed that it will not abuse its power and tyranny to think that the people are ill?Can it be done, but can it last without any harm?There is absolutely no need for noble academic theory to prove this problem, even if a five-foot child can distinguish it.If commentators must say that China can build such a government today, they will make unreasonable words, and I will follow them.If it is known that it cannot be done, then the theory of social revolution can be abolished from now on.Husband theorists clearly know that the social revolution cannot be carried out, so they are reckless and destructive, stealing a part of their doctrine as a banner, hoping to deceive the ignorant people in the world.You know that every doctrine established must have its consistent spirit, and stealing a section may not be justified by its spirit.The theory of social revolution that he has been arguing about, since Sun Wen advocated it, and a certain newspaper, No. 10, contains Sun Wen's speech, which is probably the center of his argument. Now it can be refuted as evidence that China cannot carry out social revolution.

Refutation of Sun Wen's Speech on Social Revolution Theory Original text: "Our revolution this time not only wants to be a country of the people, but also a country of society. This is definitely beyond the reach of Europe and the United States. The reason why Europe and the United States cannot solve social problems is that they have not solved the land problem. As civilization progresses, land prices are increasing. Up, (abridged in the middle) The Duke of Westminster, a British landowner, had a fief in the west of London. Later, due to the expansion of the city of London, he encloses that land. His family’s land rent accounts for a quarter of London’s land rent. Equal. The inequality between the rich and the poor has reached such a level.”

Rebuttal: Europe and the United States can't solve social problems because they haven't solved the capital problem.If the capital problem cannot be solved, even if the land problem is solved, the result will be the same as the present society, but only fifty steps or a hundred steps away.With the advancement of civilization, land prices are rising day by day, of course; however, land prices are rising every day because of the expansion of real capital.To put it bluntly, those who progress in civilization are also called progress in capital.If all capital and land can be owned by the state, this problem can be solved satisfactorily without any regrets. This is also true of socialism held by European and American scholars in modern times.If it is not possible, but the capital of a country is in the hands of the majority and not monopolized by the minority, then this problem can also be solved to some extent.This is what I hope for the future society of China.If it is as Sun Wen said, it will not be resolved by one point. (details below)

Original text: "The capitalists in China have not yet been born, so the land price has never increased for thousands of years. This is different from other countries. But after the revolution, it cannot be the same as before. For example, the land price in Hong Kong and Shanghai is several times higher than that in the mainland. A hundred times, because of the advanced civilization and convenient transportation, it has risen to this level. If the whole country is improved in the future, the land price must rise with the civilization. At that time, the land that used to be worth ten thousand silver will rise to tens Fifty years ago in Shanghai, the Huangpu beach land was of little value, but recently it has increased by hundreds of thousands of yuan per mu. This is the most obvious evidence. From this point of view, the rich will become richer in the future. , the poor are getting poorer day by day, ten years later, social problems will become more serious day by day.”

Refutation: This situation is true, but the method of treatment mentioned below is not.又彼举地价之涨以为将来富者日富、贫者日贫之表征，乃举其果而遗其因，知其偏而不知其全也。盖地价之涨，乃资本膨胀之结果而非其原因，而资本家但使拥有若干之债券株式，就令无尺寸之地或所有之地永不涨价，而犹不害其日富也。孙文误认土地涨价为致富之惟一原因，故立论往往而谬也，此俟下段详驳之。但如所述，香港，上海地价，比内地高数百倍，孙文亦知其何为而有此现象乎？痛哉！此外国资本之结果也。黄浦滩地，每放［亩］值百数十万元，然除税关及招商局两片地外，更无尺寸为我国人所有权矣（其或我国人所有而挂洋牌者则不可知），孙文其知之否耶？孙文亦知中国没有资本家出现，故地价没有加增，然则地价之加增，由资本家之出现，其理甚明。使资本家永不出现，则地价其永不加增矣。而曰革命之后却不能照前同样，吾不知彼革命之后所以致地价之涨者，其道何由？吾但知资本家之一名词，孙文所最嫌恶也，恶其富之日以富，而使他部分之贫日以贫也。如是则必压抑资本家使不起，然后民生主义之目的乃克达，如是则以彼前所论之，吾果不知革命后之地价何由而涨也。吾则谓今日乃经济上国际竞争你死我活一大关头，我若无大资本家起，则他国之资本家将相率蚕食我市场，而使我无以自存。夫所谓蚕食我市场者，非必其买收我土地，建工场于我国中而始能然也。昔日本越后，有煤油矿，所出颇丰，美国斯坦达会社者，世所称煤油大王也，欲夺其业，乃拚著五百万美元之亏衄，贬价而与之竞，越后矿卒不支，降于斯坦达而受其支配矣。使越后矿之力，能拚著亏衄一千万美金以与之竞，又安见斯坦达之不反降于彼也。吾以为今后中国经济上之国际竞争，其浴血淋漓之象，必当若是矣。现在各国制造品之输入我国者，滔滔若注巨壑，徒以我地广人众，虽十倍其分量，犹能容受，而我国又未尝自制造以相抵制，故各国各占一方面以为尾闾，而未至短兵相搏之时。一旦我国睡狮忽起，改变生产方法以堵其进途，彼时各国资本家，必有瞠目相视，攘袂竞起，挟其托辣斯巨灵之掌，以与我殊死战者。我国如能闯过此难关，乃可以自立于世界。以我之租庸两薄，求赢较易，复鼓吹人民爱国心以助之，则凯歌之奏，固亦非难。而其第一义所最急者，则有大资本以为之盾也。不此之务，而惟资本家独占利益是惧，鳃鳃然思所以遏抑之，其结果也，能遏抑国内之资本家使不起，不能遏抑国外之资本家使不来。无贫无富，同即憔悴；丈寻之潢，龙虾争沫；彼时噬脐，嗟何及矣。夫印度人民，至今岂尝有社会问题劳其解决者，而其生计现象何如矣。孙文欲印度我乎？吾之经济政策以奖励保护资本家并力外竞为主，而其余皆为辅。苟持论反于吾之政策者，吾必认为国贼，竭吾力所及以申讨伐，虽殉之以身，亦所不辞。

原文：“解决的方法，社会学者（按此语误，岂有倡民生主义之人，而不知Ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓｍ与Ｓｏｃｉｏｌｏｇｙ之分耶？抑笔记者之陋也。）兄弟所最信的，是定地价的法。比方地主有地价值一千元，可定价为一千，或多至二千。就算那地将来因交通发达，价涨至一万，地主应得二千，已属有益无损。赢利八千，当归国家。这于国计民生，皆有大益。少数富人把持垄断的弊窦，自然永绝。这是最简便易行之法。欧美各国，地价已涨至极点，就算要定地价，苦于没有标准，故此难行。至于地价未涨的地方，恰好急行此法，所以德国在胶州，荷兰在爪哇，已有实效。中国内地文明，没有进步，地价没有增长，倘若仿行起来，一定容易。兄弟刚才所说，社会革命，在外国难，在中国易，就是为此。行了这法之后，文明越进，国家越富，一切财政问题，断不至难办。现今苛捐，尽数蠲除，物价也渐便宜了，人民也渐富足了。把几千年捐输的弊政，永远断绝，漫说中国从前所没有，就欧美日本，虽说富强，究竟人民负担租税，未免太重。中国行了社会革命之后，私人永远不用纳税，但收地租一项，已成地球上最富的国。这社会的国家，决非他国所能及，这社会革命的事业，定为文明各国将所取法的了。” 驳曰：嘻嘻！是即孙文新发明之社会革命的政策耶！吾反复十百遍而不解其所谓。请一一诘之。不知孙文所谓定地价的法，将于定地价后而犹准买卖乎，抑不准买卖也？彼既自言为土地国有主义，则此问殆可无庸发，不过费索解已耳。姑舍是，则不知政府于定地价时随即买收之乎，抑定地价后迟之又久然后买收之乎？若于定地价时随即买收之，既买收后即当不复许买卖。夫物之不可交换者，即无价格之可言，此经济学之通义也。土地既非卖品，则初时以一千收入者，得强名为值一千，以二千收入者，得强名为值二千耳，而何从有将来价涨至一万赢利八千以归国家之说也？若迟之又久然后买收之，则何必预为定价？其所以预为定价者，恐此地于未买收以前，因买卖频繁而价涨，而将来买收之费将多也。殊不知既定价之后，则买卖必立时止截，如甲有地定价二千，因交通发达，而乙以四千购诸甲，及政府从乙手买收时，则仍给原定价二千耳，如是则谁肯为乙者。故定价后迟之又久然后买收者，谓以财政所暂不逮而姑为先后，斯可耳。若既定价后，则土地立失其有价值之性质，而断无复涨价至一万赢利八千以归国家之理，又可断言也。如是则国家欲缘此而于财政上得一时之大宗收入，万无是理。而惟有责效于将来。将来之效如何，则国家自以地主之资格，征地代（租）于其民，即彼所谓但收地租一项已成地球最富之国是也。然收租之率，将依买收时之价值而勒定之乎，抑比例交通发达之程度随时而消长之乎？如勒定之，则有昔沃土而后为荒村，昔瘠壤而后为闹市者，亘古不变，安得谓平。此于国计民生，两无利益，殆非必彼之所取也。如随时而消长之，则将以何为消长之标准耶？吾为彼计，厥有二法：一曰国家自估价者。如此地当买收时，值价一千，其地主岁收租一百，今估量交通发达之后，此地应值价一万，则国家岁收租一千，此一法也。然官吏能无舞弊以厉民否耶？民能服官吏所估之价与否耶？夫现在各国之收地租，大率以地价为标准，如日本所谓土地台帐法是也。政府略勘定全国之地价，第其高下，而据置之以收租，经若干年，地价既涨，则改正而增收之，所谓地价修正案是也。然必有交换然后有价格，有价格然后可据之为收租之标准，而民无异言。若土地国有后，无复价格之可言，则除估价之外，实无他术，而民之能服与否，则正乃一问题也。二曰参用竞卖法。国家悬一地以召租，欲租者各出价，价高得焉，此亦一法也。此法最公，民无异言。然豪强兼并，必缘兹而益甚，且其他诸弊，尚有不可胜穷者。要之，无论用何法，谓国缘此得莫大之岁入，可以为财政开一新纪元，则诚有之，若绳以社会主义所谓均少数利益于多数之本旨，则风马牛不相及也。Why?必有资本者乃能向国家租地，其无资本者无立锥如故也；又必有大资本者，乃能租得广大之面积与良好之地段，而小资本者则惟跼蹐于硗确之一隅也。诚如是也，则富者愈富贫者愈贫之趋势，何尝因土地国有而能免也。抑孙文昔尝与我言矣，曰：“今之耕者，率贡其所获之半于租主而未有已，农之所以困也。土地国有后，必能耕者而后授以田，直纳若干之租于国，而无复有一层地主从中朘削之，则农民可以大苏。”（此吾与足下在精养轩所辩论者，莫赖也。）此于前两法之外别为一法者也。此颇有合于古者井田之意，且于社会主义之本旨不谬，吾所深许。虽然，此以施诸农民则可矣。顾孙文能率一国之民而尽农乎？且一人所租地之面积，有限制乎，无限制乎？其所租地之位置，由政府指定乎，由租者请愿乎？如所租之面积有限制也，则有欲开牧场者，有欲开工厂者，所需地必较农为广，限之，是无异夺其业耳。且岂必工与牧为然，即同一农也，而躬耕者与用机器者，其一人所能耕之面积则迥绝，其限以躬耕所能耕者为标准乎，将以机器所能耕者为标准乎？如以躬耕为标准，则无异国家禁用机器；如以用机为标准，则国家安得此广土。如躬耕者与用机者各异其标准，则国家何厚于有机器者，而苛于无机器者也，是限制之法终不可行也。如无限制也，则谁不欲多租者，国家又安从而给之，是无限制之法亦终不可行也。要之，若欲行井田之意，薄其租以听民之自名田，则无论有限无限而皆不可行。Why?即使小其限至人租一亩，而将来人口加增之结果，终非此永古不增之地面所能给也。复次，如所租之位置由政府指定也，则业农、牧者欲租田野，业工、商者欲租都市，政府宁能反其所欲而授之？若位置由租者请愿也，则人人欲得一廛于黄浦滩，政府将何以给其欲也，是又两者皆不可行也。此段所论利病，乃以吾昔日所闻于孙文者而反诘之，若孙文不承认其曾有此言，或今日已变其政策，则吾言皆为无效。要之，仅言土地国有而不言资本国有，则共所生出之政策，不出两途：其一则吾前所举示之二法也，其二则吾所述孙文畴昔语我之一法也。使孙文能于此二者之外，别有其途，则请有以语我来。而不然者，由后之说，则四冲八撞，无论何方面皆不可以实行；由前之说，则是国家营利之目的，而于社会主义风马牛不相及也。

单税论（即孙文所谓一切苛捐尽数蠲除，但收地租一项也）之主唱者，为显理·佐治，其所著《进步与贫因》一书之结论，曾极言之。后之论者，认为财政学上一种学说而已，若以解决社会问题，则未之许也。盖社会革命家所以主张土地国有者，以凡一切生产机关皆当国有，而土地为生产机关之一云尔，惟一切生产机关皆国有，国家为唯一之地主，唯一之资本家，而全国民供其劳力，然后分配之均，乃可得言。而不然者，生产三要素，其土地国家掌之，其资本少数富者持之，其劳力多数贫者供之，及夫合三成物，得价而售，其售所获，当以几分酬土地之一要素而归诸国家，当以几分酬资本之一要素而归诸彼少数者，当以几分酬劳力之一要素而归诸此多数者，此其界限甚难分析。（实无从分析。）其究也，仍不能不采现社会所行之地代（即租）制度，与赁银（即庸）制度。不过现行之地代，少数地主垄断之，土地国有后之地代，唯一之国家垄断之，其位置虽移，其性质无别也。而资本家实居间以握其大权，盖纳地代而得使用国家之土地者，资本家也；给赁银而得左右贫民之运命者，亦资本家也。夫欧美现社会所以杌陧不可终日者，曰惟资本家专横故。使徒解决土地问题而不解决资本问题，则其有以愈于今日之现象者几何也。且社会主义之目的，在教自由竞争之敝而已，生产机关皆归国家，然后私人剧烈之竞争可不行，若国家仅垄断其一机关，而以他之重要机关仍委诸私人，国家乃享前此此机关主人所享之利，是不啻国家自以私人之资格，插足于竞争场里，而与其民猎一围也，是亦欲止沸而益以薪已耳。是故以土地国有为行单税之手段，而谓为财政上一良法也，是则成问题。（能行与否，应行与否，又当别论。）若以简单之土地国有论，而谓可以矫正现在之经济社会组织，免富者愈富贫者愈贫之恶果也，是则不成问题也。夫有朝衣朝冠而不韈不履者，则行路之人莫不笑之。孙文之民生主义，正经类也。孙文乎，苟欲言民生主义者，再伏案数年，其可也！孙文又谓，欧美各国，地价已涨至极点，就算要定地价，苦于没有标准，故此难行，而引以证明社会革命，在外国难，在中国易，就是为此。此真可谓奇谬之谈。谓欧美地价，涨至极点，孙文能为保险公司保其不再涨乎？吾见伦敦、巴黎、柏林、纽约芝加高之地价，方月异而岁不同也。且谓价已涨者则无标准，价夫涨者则有标准，是何道理。吾国现在之地价，则涨于秦、汉、唐、宋时多多矣。吾粤新宁［会］、香山之地价，则涨于二十年前多多矣。若因其涨而谓其无标准，则我国亦何从觅标准耶？若我国有标准，则欧美各国，果以何理由而无标准？吾以为欲求正当之标准，亦曰时价而已。我国有我国之时价，欧美有欧美之时价，吾苦不解其难易之有何差别也。若曰我国以价贱故，故买收之所费少而易，欧美以价高故，故买收之所费巨而难，则何不思欧美国富之比例，与吾相去几何也。要之，孙文所以言中国行社会革命易于欧美者，实不外前此与吾言“大乱之后人民离散，田荒不治，举而夺之”之说，此足下已亥七月间与吾在住吉亭三更拥被时所言，青眼虎（此绰号足下当能记之）在旁知状，足下宁能忘耶！今抵死图赖，不肯承认，此乃足下羞恶之心，自知忏悔，吾方喜足下之进化，何忍责焉，而惜乎虽忏悔而仍不足以自完其说也。 孙文又谓德国在胶州，荷兰在爪哇，行之已有实效，而欲我中国仿行起来。嘻，非丧心病狂，而安得有此言也。孙文亦思胶州之在德国，爪哇之在荷兰，果居何等位置焉否也？吾固尝言以土地国有行单税制，为财政上一有研究价值之问题。政府垄断生产之一要素，自兹可无患贫，为政府计则良得，但不知其影响于国民者何如耳。夫德、荷政府，则朘胶州爪哇之脂膏以自肥者也，孙文欲胶州爪哇我全国耶！吾真不料其丧心病狂一至此极也。夫中华民国共和政府而忧贫也，则所以救之者亦多术矣，而何必以僇亡之余自拟者。 又孙文之言，尚有可发大噱者，彼云“英国一百年前，人数已有一千余万，本地之粮，供给有余。到了今日，人数不过加三倍，粮米已不够二月之用，民食专靠外国之粟。故英国要注重海军，保护海权，防粮运不继。因英国富人，把耕地改做牧地，或变猎场，所获较丰，且征收容易，故农业渐废，并非土地不足，贫民无田可耕，都靠做工糊口”云云。谓英国注重海军，其目的乃专在防粮运不继，真是闻所未闻。夫经济无国界，利之所在，商民趋之，如水就壑。英国既乏粮，他国之余于粮者，自能饷之，非有爱于英，利在则然耳，虽无海军，岂忧不继。若曰战时不能以此论，则当日俄战役中，我国人之以米饷日本者，又岂少耶。虽买十分有一之兵事保险，（恐为俄舰捕虏或击沈，故买兵事保险。其价视寻常保险加数倍。）犹且为之矣。夫英所以注重海军者，一则因沿海为国，非此不足以自存；一则因殖民地夥多，非此不足以为守。此则虽小学校生徒，类能解之者。而其不得不并力于殖民地，又资本膨胀之结果也。如孙文言，岂谓英国苟非改农地为猎牧地，国内农产，足以自赡，而即无待于海军乎？此与本问题无关，本不必齿及，所以齿及者，以觇所谓大革命家之学识有如是耳。又彼谓英国并非土地不足，只缘以耕地改猎牧地，致贫民无田可耕，以此为贫富悬绝之原因。此亦大不然。英国土地之大部分，向在少数贵族之手，即不改为猎牧地，而贫民之有田可耕者，本已甚希。夫隶农，虽耕焉，而不可谓有田也；即非隶农，而受人之庸钱以耕人田，仍不可谓有田也。彼美国之农地，可谓极广矣，而耕者率立于一农业公司支配之下，计日以给其劳力之直而已。盖自生产法一变以后，前此之小农小工制度，忽易为大农大工制度，两者职业虽殊，而变化之性质无别也。夫受农业公司之支配以为人耕田，与受工业公司之支配以为人制器，两者果何所择？而孙文谓，贫民无田可耕，都靠做工糊口，工业却全归资本家所握，工厂偶然停歇，贫民立时饥饿。且使全国无一工厂，其大工悉举其资本以为大农，而激烈竞争之结果，终必有所废乃能有所兴，而农业公司有停歇者，贫民遂可以免于饥饿乎？要之，但使资本在少数人手里，而绝对放任其竞争，则多数贫民，自必陷于困苦，初不问其以此资本经营何业也。至英国以农地变为猎牧地，此自是彼资本家应于其国经济之现状，见夫业此焉而可以得较厚之赢也，则群焉趋之，此亦如荷兰之资本家率业船，比利时之资本家率业铁，凡以为增殖资本之一手段而已，而未尝因其趋重何业，而影响及于贫民生计也。（影响所以及于贫民生计者，以资本在少数人手之故，而非因其以此业之资本移于彼业，而遂生影响也。）如孙文言，岂谓今日英国，但将猎牧地反为农地，而贫民遂可以家给人足乎？吾以为今日各国所通患者，皆土地不足也，匪独英国。而孙文谓英国并非土地不足，可谓异闻。夫土地之面积，自数十万年前既已确定，造化主不能因吾人类之增加，而日造新壤，计口分以授之，此玛尔梭土之人口论，所以不胜其杞人之忧也。即使无工业革命之结果，而人浮于地，固已为病。欧人所以当四百年前，即汲汲以殖民为务，其动机皆坐是也。即如孙文所述，英国今日人口三倍于百年前，则百年前本地之粮供给有余者，而今日之需要三倍之，其将何以自存。即不改为猎牧地，而英民遂得免于饥饿乎？夫英民今日得免于饥饿者，虽谓全食工业革命之赐焉可也。自机器出而英人首利用之，英自此冠带衣履天下，各国之需要，而英人供给之；供给必有报酬，而英人享受之；英自是废农不务。英对于他国，以械器易粟；他国对于英，以粟易械器。交易之间，而英大获其赢，所获之赢，资本家垄其泰半，而贫民亦得饡其余。然无论所垄者所饡者，则皆他国人所以饷英也。夫英之所以有今日，徒以废农故也。如孙文言，以废农为今日贫民饥饿之原因，寝假英人悉废其诸业而复于农，英政府复采孙文之土地国有策，凡能耕者则授之以田，斯可谓不病贫民矣，然三倍于昔之人民，能有三倍于昔之土地以给之乎？百数十年后人民复三倍于今，更能三倍其三倍之土地以给之乎？毋亦日迫之于饥饿而已。孙文所谓并非土地不足，徒以贫民