Chapter 24 diaphragm

The prison of writing in the early years of the Qing Dynasty was not brought up again until the end of the Qing Dynasty.The most active is that several people in the "Nanshe" [2] compiled the collections of the victims; there are also some overseas students who are also striving to withdraw their documents from Japan [3].It was not until Meng Sen's "Heart History Series" [4] was published that we understood the more detailed situation. Everyone's opinion has always been that the disaster of writing originated from laughing and cursing the Qing Dynasty.However, it is not always the case.

In the past two years, the story of the Palace Museum seems not to be convincing[5], but it has printed a good book for us, called "Qing Dynasty Literary Prison Files"[6], which has been published in eight volumes last year.Among them, there are all kinds of cases, and the most interesting one is "Feng Qiyan's Annotation of the Two Classics of Yi Poetry, which he wants to submit to the case" in February of the forty-eighth year of Qianlong. Feng Qiyan was a student in Linfen County, Shanxi. Hearing that Qianlong was going to pay a visit to the Tailing Mausoleum[7], he wandered on the road with his book in his arms, intending to present it. Unexpectedly, he was arrested for "looking suspicious".That work uses "Yi" to explain "Poetry", but it is actually a nonsense, and there is no need to copy it here, but there is a long section of "autobiography" at the end, but it is very special——

"Also, when I come here, I don't want to do anything, and I have nothing else to ask for. There is only one matter that is unresolved. Please explain the reason to your majesty. Your name is Feng Qiyan, and your name is Nanzhou. The third aunt's family saw a daughter who could be married, but her hatred was not strong enough to do so. This girl was named Xiaonv, and she was seventeen years old. She was just waiting for writing, and when she was still writing, she was originally from Dongguan Chunniu Factory Director Xing. She is the second daughter of Zhang Shouyi. I went to Chen Du's fifth aunt's house again and saw a girl who could be married, but her hatred was not strong enough to do it. The girl's name was Xiaofeng, and she was thirteen years old. At the time of the writing, she was the second daughter of Du Yue, who was named Ruisheng in the downtown area of ​​Dongcheng, Beijing. If you use your majesty's power, send one officer and choose a fast horse to drive to Linyi recently, and ask the magistrate of Linyi: "Is there really Zhang Shouwei in the Dongguan Chunniu Factory Changxing?" Things are harmonious. If two things are harmonious, the minister's wish will be completed. However, when the minister comes, I don't know whether your majesty accepts the minister's words, but must these things be stronger? When I talk about it, I will talk about it Of."

Is there any malice in this?It's just that I became a fan of the popular novels of gifted scholars and beautiful ladies at that time, and wanted to become famous in one fell swoop, with the emperor as a matchmaker and my cousin in my arms.Unexpectedly, the outcome was not so good. Yuan Shoutong, the governor of Zhili, proposed to charge him with the crime of "reading his first submission, daring to be in front of the Holy Lord, mixing up the scriptures, and using the last wording, which is especially arrogant. The crime of checking his affection is more The guard of honor in conflicts is even more important. Feng Qiyan, who committed a crime, should be sent to Heilongjiang and other places to serve as slaves to armored men. When the Ministry returns to Japan, it will be dispatched as usual with the tattooing of the Ministry." went.

In other cases, though not so elegant, there are quite a few cases that are not reactionary.Some are reckless;And the fate is probably very tragic. Either Ling Chi, extermination of the clan, or immediate beheading, or "beheading the prisoner"[8], still can't survive. A cursory look at all these things first makes us feel the cruelty of the Qing Dynasty, and secondly, the pity of the dead.But on second thought, things are not that simple.The reason for these tragedies is only for "diaphragm". The Manchurians themselves strictly divided masters and slaves, and the ministers must be called "slaves" when they played a role, while the Han people just called them "ministers".This is not because they are "Yanhuangzhizhu" [9], who are given special preferential treatment and are famous for their reputation. In fact, they are different from the "slaves" of the Manchus, and their status is even lower than that of "slaves".Slaves can only obey, and are not allowed to speak; of course, comments are not allowed, and self-praise is also not allowed.For example: "Master, the corner of your robe is a bit torn. If you drag it on, it may become even more torn. You'd better mend it."The speaker thinks he is being loyal, but in fact he has committed a crime, because there are other people who allow him to speak such words, and not everyone can speak.If you talk nonsense, it means "Yuezu conspired on behalf of others", and of course "you deserve what you deserve".If you think you are "loyal and offended", it is just your own muddleheadedness.

However, the founding kings of the Qing Dynasty were very smart. Although they had made up their minds, they didn't say it the same way. They used the ancient Chinese saying: "Love the people like children" and "Treat people equally."Some ministers, scholar-bureaucrats, understood this mystery and couldn't believe it.But some simple and stupid people were fooled. They really thought that "Your Majesty" was their own father, and acted affectionately to please them.Where did he want the conquered to be his son?So kill it.Soon, the sons were so frightened that they stopped talking, and the plan was successful; it was not until the Guangxu period that Kang Youwei wrote a letter[11] that they broke through the "law of the ancestors".However, this mystery seems to have not yet been explained.

In the inaugural issue of "Literary Scenery", Mr. Shi Zhecun was very dissatisfied with those who were "offended by loyalty".This is not in "Yan's Family Instructions" or "Wen Xuan" [13].June tenth. CC [1] This article was originally published in the first issue of the Shanghai "New Language" bimonthly on July 5, 1934, signed by Du Deji. [2] The "Nanshe" literary group was founded in Suzhou in 1909 by Liu Yazi and others.The society advocated the anti-Qing revolution in poetry and prose. After the Revolution of 1911, its members were divided and disintegrated in 1923.Collections of the victims of the Qing Dynasty literary prison compiled and printed by Nanshe members, such as Wu Yan's "Wu Chiming Collection", Dai Mingshi's "Dai Brown Fu Collection" and "Relics Records", Lu Liuliang's "Lv Wan Village Handwritten Writers" Training" and so on, most of them were included in the "National Quintessence Series" edited by Deng Shi and Huang Jie. 〔3〕Some students studying in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty collected the works of the adherents in the late Ming Dynasty from Japanese libraries, such as "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou", "Jiading Tucheng Jilue", "Zhu Shun Water Collection", "Zhang Cang Water Collection" and so on.After printing, it was imported into the country to advocate the anti-Qing revolution.

〔4〕Meng Sen (1868-1937), styled Shusun, nicknamed Xinshi, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu, and a historian.He once studied in Japan and later served as a professor in the History Department of Peking University. "Xinshi Congkan", a total of three episodes, was published from 1916 to 1917, and the contents are all notes related to textual research; among them, there are records about the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty, including the Zhu Guangdan case and the Kechang case three ( Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi Wei), the case of "Zha Siting's test of Jiangxi's proposition intentionally satirized", the case of "Zi Guan", and the case of "Xianxianlu" in the appendix.When discussing the case of Wang Xihou being killed because of his "Zi Guan", he said: "Xihou is a man, and Gai is also a corrupt Confucian with a head scarf. He is similar to Dai Mingshi, and he definitely does not mean to belittle the Qing court. He pretends to be an ancient prose, while Wang is proud of his Neo-Confucianism. Both are good at writing. He has been writing for a long time, and he is full of knowledge everywhere. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, he eagerly wanted to collect his legacy. The reason why Dai killed himself. Because of writing and writing Putting "Kangxi Dictionary" as a family statement, and other families are among the few horses in Pingqian, this is the reason why this king has been devastated."

[5] refers to the theft and sale of cultural relics from the Palace Museum.The Palace Museum is an institution that manages the Forbidden City of the Qing Dynasty and its buildings, antiquities and books.When Yi Peiji was the dean from 1932 to 1933, many antiquities were stolen and sold, and Yi Peiji was sued for this. 〔6〕 "Qing Dynasty Literary Prison Archives" edited by the Archives of the Palace Museum and published by the National Peking Research Institute. The materials in it are compiled from three Qing Dynasty documents: the archives of military planes in the Palace Museum, the memorials of Zhu's criticisms deposited in the palace, and the veritable records.The first series was published in May 1931.The case of Feng Qiyan can be seen in the eighth series of "Qing Dynasty Literary Prison Archives" (published in July 1933). 〔7〕Qin Mausoleum The mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng (Yinzhen) of the Qing Dynasty is located in Yi County, Hebei. 〔8〕"Beheading the Prisoner" Qing Dynasty legal system: convicts sentenced to death who are not executed immediately will be temporarily imprisoned until the autumn trial (in mid-August every year, the Ministry of Punishment and other officials will discuss the trial records of each province in detail and ask for a ruling) before making a decision. It is called "Jianhou", which is different from "cutting the supervisor" and "strangling the supervisor". 〔9〕 "Yanhuang Zhixuan" refers to the Han nationality.Yanhuang, the legendary ancient Chinese emperors Yandi and Huangdi.

〔10〕The phrase "can't think of his position" can be found in "Book of Changes Gen": "A gentleman can't think of his position." Leader of the Restoration Movement in the late Qing Dynasty.After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the Qing government signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with Japan in 1895, which was humiliating and humiliating. Kang Youwei and more than 1,300 people from various provinces who participated in the examination in Beijing at that time jointly wrote a letter to Emperor Guangxu demanding "Rejecting peace, moving the capital, and reforming the law" became the prelude to the Reform Movement of 1898.

[12] Shi Zhecun said in the article "Book Prohibition and Leftist Thought" in the first issue of "Literary Landscape" (June 1934): "Some time ago, the government suddenly banned The publication of more than 100 kinds of literary and artistic books...Mr. Shen Congwen once published an article discussing the issue of this banned book in the ninth issue of the eleventh volume of the "Guowen Weekly" in Tianjin....But in the "Social News" in Shanghai However, in the twenty-seventh and eighth issues of the sixth volume, a rebuttal to Mr. Shen Congwen's article was published consecutively....Mr. Shen Congwen, just like me, used the metaphor of burning books and burying Confucianism, and his original intention was to hope that the government would use historical facts Yin Jian, out of prudence... He is not ignorant of the government's last resort to ban left-leaning books, but he also hopes that the government can have a more appropriate and effective method than this;... However, the author of "Social News" However, he wrote this verdict: "From Shen Congwen's ... tone, we already know what Shen Congwen's position is. Since Shen Congwen is standing on the counter-revolutionary position, what exactly is Shen Congwen's position?" Why wait for us to make a judgment?'" 〔13〕A collection of writings by Zhuang Zhou, a representative of the Taoist school in the Warring States period, and his followers. "Wenxuan", that is, "Zhaoming Wenxuan", a total of 30 volumes, is a collection of poems and essays from Qin and Han Dynasties to Qi and Liang compiled by Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.In September 1933, when the "Da Evening News" solicited the so-called "recommended bibliography", Shi Zhecun once encouraged young people to read these books.The author has criticized it in "Zhun Fengyue Tan·Three Senses of the Old" and other articles, you can refer to it.