Chapter 15 Confucianism

During the Jin and Yuan dynasties, Yuan Yishan [2] was Wenzong, a legacy, and those who wished to compile unofficial history and preserve old chapters. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, quite a few people have loved it.However, there was a doubtful case in his life, that is, whether those who praised the virtues of the traitor Cui Li [3] had nothing to do with him, or were actually written by him. In the first year of Jin Tianxing (1232), Mongolian soldiers surrounded Luoyang; in the following year, Marshal Cui Li, Marshal of the west of the capital, Anping Duwei, killed the two prime ministers, proclaimed himself King Zheng, and descended to Yuan.Fearing or getting a bad name, the group agreed to set up a stele to praise their merits, so there was great panic among the civil servants, because this is related to the reputation of a lifetime, and it is very important for individuals.

The situation at that time, "Golden History" and "Wang Ruoxu [4] Biography" said this-"In the first year of Tianxing, Emperor Aizong returned to Germany. In the spring of next year, Cui Libian and the group will agree. Please build a monument of merit for Li. Zhai Yi Save life by using Shangshu, call it if it is false. At that time, Yi's generation relied on their power to show their authority, and if there were few people, they would slander "k immediately see the slaughter."If you are falsely divided, you will die. I privately said that the left and right ministers, Wai Lang Yuanhao, asked, "I am called to make a monument. If I don't follow, I will die. If I do it, my reputation will be ruined. If I don't, I will be healed."Although, I will tell you with reason. '...Yi's generation couldn't seize it, so he called Liu Qima, a student of the imperial court, to go to the province, so he could ask Zhang Xinzhi to set up a monument and said, 'All the opinions belong to the two monarchs, and they have already given up to King Zheng!Two monarchs have nothing to give up. Qi and others said goodbye.After a few days of urging, Qi made a decision to pay for his questions.If you are not satisfied with your questions, you will do it yourself. If you want to show it as if it is empty, you will delete the numbers altogether, and then stop telling the story directly.After the soldiers entered the city, they failed to stand up. "

Although the stele was "not erected", the problem of "famous festivals" had already occurred at that time. It may be said that Yuan Haowen was made, or Liu Qi[5] was made, and the documents and evidence were compiled by Ling Tingkan[6] of the Qing Dynasty. In the Chronicle of Mr. Yuan Yishan, there are not many records here.After investigation, it is known that the first half of the "Wang Ruoxu Biography" published earlier was based on Yuan Haowen's "Neihan King's Cemetery List", while the second half was all taken from Liu Qi's own "Return to Qianzhi", which was falsely accused. blinded.Ling argued, "My husband erected a stele and wrote articles at that time, but he was afraid of Cui Li's misfortune, so he didn't have to use diction. Uncle Jing is a grass, and he is already enough to ask for it. What's more important?" For example, Wang Ruoxu was definitely a life-long disaster, but he couldn't make more excuses, so that he became a tool for "responsibility", but it can also be said to be very unlucky.

However, there is another important event in Yuan Yishan's life, which can be seen in the biography of "Yuan Shi" and "Zhang Dehui" [7]—— "The ancestors were in Qiandi,...to visit Chinese talents. Dehui named Wei Fan, Yuanyu, Li Ye and more than 20 people....Renzi, Dehui and Yuanyu went to the north, invited the ancestors to be the great masters of Confucianism, the ancestors Accept it because of pleasure. Because of the enlightenment: there are decrees in the tired dynasty, Confucian households and soldiers, and begging for orders to be followed by the secretary. Follow it."

Taking the descendants of Tuoba Wei and Dehui as the "great master of Confucianism" of the "Han'er" from the descendants of Tuoba Wei, it seems a bit ridiculous now, but there seemed to be no dissent at that time.With the removal of the military tax, the "Confucian households" all benefited, and the Qing discussion was carried out on the scholars, and the interests were shared. Although "Confucianism" has been presented, I don't want to talk about it again. From then on, scholar-bureaucrats gradually entered, but in the end they gradually abandoned it because it was impractical.But the road to officialdom is getting worse, and the struggle between the north and the south is also getting worse.Yu Que[8]'s "Mr. Qingyang's Anthology" Volume 4 "Yang Jun Xianmin's Poetry Collection Preface" says: "At the beginning of our country, there was the Jin Song Dynasty, and people in the world only used their talents and had no masters, but most of them used Confucianism. Also. From the Yuan Dynasty onwards, the use of officials began to be used, even if the ministers were in power, they were also regarded as officials,... and the scholars of Zhongzhou, seeing the use of them, they were few.

Moreover, the south is far away, and there are too many scholars who can't take themselves to the capital, and those who embrace their talents often disdain to be officials, so there are very few people who see them.And for a long time, the scholars from the north and the south will also come to each other from the towns, and even if Jin and Qin are incompatible with China, the scholars from the south will be few. " However, in the south, scholars are not neglected.The same book "Send Fan Lizhong to Xiangyang Poem Preface" says—— "Song Gaozong moved to the south, and Hefei became the frontier, and most of the guards were military officials.

... The heroes of the old people all went to become generals, and they worked so hard that they were restrained.There are only three well-dressed families in the county, the Fan family, the Shang family and the Ge family. ...Huang Yuan was ordered to wrap up the military leather, ...the children of the military officials were useless, and they often hid and did not come out.On the first day of the Spring and Autumn Moon, the prefect of the county had something to learn, dressed in deep clothes, wearing a black-horned scarf, holding a bean curd, and those who sang praises and guides were all descendants of the three families, so all their talents had achieved something. Yes. ...Although the way of heaven is full of taboos and evils, the wisdom of Confucianism is deep and far-reaching, as it has been since ancient times. "

This is the good fruit that "Confucian households" have eaten since the "Chinese talents" offered their teachings and sold scriptures.Although he cannot be the master of the king, and is inferior to the officials, he is also superior to the generals and the common people. "Singing praises and guiding the way" is something that those who are not "hidden" dare to look up to. On May 20th and the next day in the 23rd year of the Republic of China, Mr. Feng Mingquan told us a wonderful book on the Shanghai radio broadcast: "Baojingtang Mianjia Xun" (according to "Damei Evening News").This is a book that has never been heard before, but when you see the signature "Yan Zitui" [9], you can realize that it is the "Mian Xue Pian" in Yan Zhitui's "Family Instructions".Those who say "Baojingtang" are probably because they were printed in "Baojingtang Series" by Lu Wen'an [10].There is such a passage in the talk-"Those who have learned art will be safe when they touch the ground. Since the desolation has come, all the captives, even if they are villains for a hundred generations, those who know how to read the "Book of Filial Piety" are still teachers; although they have been crowned for thousands of years, If you don’t know a book reporter, you will never plow the fields and raise horses. From this point of view, don’t you encourage yourself? If you can keep hundreds of volumes of books, you will not be a villain for thousands of years.... As the saying goes, "If you accumulate wealth, you will never be a villain." It’s better to have a thin trick in your body.’ Those who are easy to learn and valuable, have nothing to do with reading.”

This is very clear: there is no better trick to learn than reading, but if you know how to read the "Book of Filial Piety", even if you are captured, you can still be a teacher and rank above all other prisoners.This kind of lesson is deduced from the facts at that time, but it is accurate for Jin and Yuan, and it is also accurate for Ming and Qing Dynasties.Now suddenly broadcasting is used to "train" the audience. Could it be that the speaker has already felt a lot about Fang Lai, so he is planning for the future? "The virtue of Confucianism is deep and far-reaching", that is, seeing the big from the small, from which we can understand "Confucianism" and know the "effectiveness of Confucianism".

May 27th. CC [1] This article was originally published in June 1934 in the second issue of the first volume of the monthly "Literature and History" in Peking, signed by Tang Qi. 〔2〕Yuan Yishan (1190-1257) is Yuan Haowen, courtesy name Yuzhi, nickname Yishan, a native of Xiurong (now Xin County, Shanxi), a writer of the Jin Dynasty.Originally a descendant of the Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty, he once served as a member of the Zuo Division of Xingshangshu Province, Wailang and other positions.Jin died without official.According to the "History of Jin Yuan Deming Biography": "After the soldiers, all the elders are exhausted, and Haowen has become a generation of patriarchs... In his later years, he was especially responsible for his writings, and Jin Yuanshi ruled the world. History works, my own responsibility... I build a pavilion at home and write on it, because it is called "unofficial history". Every Jinyuan monarch and minister's last words go and do, collect what they hear, and get something, they are often recorded in inch-sized paper and fine characters , to more than a million words." Author of "Yishan Ji".

[3] Cui Li (?—1234) was born in Jiangling (now Dezhou, Shandong).Originally a landlord armed officer, Jin Tianxing was appointed as Marshal Ximian when the Mongolian army surrounded Bianjing in the first year of Jin Tianxing (1232).In the next year, he rebelled and sent Liang Wang and the royal family of Jianguo to the Mongolian army camp to beg for surrender.Later, he was killed by a general. 〔4〕Wang Ruoxu (1174-1243) Zi Congzhi, a native of Gaocheng (now Hebei), a writer of the Jin Dynasty.He once served as a direct bachelor of Hanlin.Jin died without being an official. He called himself Hunan Yilao and wrote "Hunan Yilao Ji". 〔5〕Liu Qi (1203-1250), styled Jingshu, was born in Hunyuan, Shanxi, and was a student of the Jin Dynasty.The book Guiqianzhi records many stories about the end of gold, with a total of 14 volumes; "Records of Cui Libei Stories" can be found in the twelfth volume of the book. [6] Ling Tingkan (approximately 1755-1809) was born in Shexian County, Anhui Province and was a Confucian scholar in Qing Dynasty.He is the author of "College Auditorium Collection", "Mr. Yuan Yishan Chronicle" and so on. [7] Zhang Dehui (1195-1274), styled Yaoqing, was born in Jiaocheng, Hebei, Ningxia (now Shanxi) at the end of the Jin Dynasty. Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was the envoy of Xuanfu on the southeast and north roads of the river. It is said that "Yuan Shi" Volume 163.Yuanyu in the following quotation is Yuan Haowen. [8] Yu Que (1303-1358), with the word Tingxin and the word Tianxin, was originally from the Wu nationality (Semu people) of the Tang Dynasty. His father was an official in Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui), so he was born in Luzhou. "Mr. Qingyang Anthology", a total of nine volumes, is his collection of poems and essays. [9] Yan Zhitui (531-after about 590) was born in Linyi, Langya (now Shandong), and was a writer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.He served in Liang, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui and other dynasties.He is the author of 20 articles on "Yan's Family Instructions". 〔10〕Lu Wen'an (1717-1796), styled Shaogong, nicknamed Baojing, was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. "Baojingtang Series" is a collection of 17 ancient books he collated and printed, and his own "Baojingtang Collection" is attached.