Chapter 7 Talk outside the door

at the beginning I heard that the heat in Shanghai this year is unprecedented in sixty years.Go out to make a living during the day, and bow your head back home at night. The room is still hot, and there are mosquitoes.At this time, there is only heaven outside the door.Because of the seaside, there is always some wind, so there is no need to fan.Although they knew each other a little, neighbors who lived in nearby pavilions or lofts that they seldom met also sat out. Some of them were shop assistants, some were proofreaders in bookstores, and some were skilled draftsmen.Everyone has been exhausted and sighed, but at this time they still have some free time, so we also have free time to talk about.

The scope of idle days is not small: talk about drought, talk about begging for rain, talk about hanging your arms, talk about three-inch weirdos, talk about foreign rice, talk about bare legs, [2] also talk about ancient Chinese, vernacular, and popular language.Because I have written several vernacular essays, they especially want to listen to me about ancient essays, so I have to say a lot.After going on like this for two or three nights, I was distracted by other topics, and the talk was finally over.Unexpectedly, after a few days, some of them asked me to write them out. Among them, some believed me because I had read a few ancient books, some believed me because I had read a little foreign books, and some believed me because I read ancient books as well as foreign books; but a few of them did not believe me because of this, saying I am a bat.When I mentioned ancient prose, he laughed and said, You are not the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties[3], can you believe it?When I talked about the popular language, he laughed again: You are not a working class, so what kind of overseas dialect do you speak?

This is also true.When we talked about drought, we talked about a gentleman who went to the countryside to investigate the disaster. He said that some places should not have a disaster, but now there is a disaster because the farmers are lazy and do not collect water.However, in one newspaper, it was recorded that an old man in his sixties died of his son's lack of strength to carry the water.The master and the countryman really have such a difference of opinion.Then, I am afraid that my night talk will end up being nothing more than the empty talk of a loafer outside the door. After the hurricane, the weather became cooler, but I finally wrote it according to the wishes of the few people who wanted me to write it. It is much simpler than spoken English, but roughly the same. It can be regarded as a copy for us first-class people.At that time, I was only relying on memory, citing ancient books indiscriminately, and the words were deaf, and it didn’t matter if I was wrong. It made me hesitate when I wrote it on paper, but I also suffered from the fact that I didn’t have the original book to be right, so I had to ask readers to correct me at any time. ·One·Nine·Three·Four·Year, ·August·Month·Ten·Six·Night,·Write·Finish·and·Record.What is the word man-made?

What is the man-made word? We are used to hearing one thing, which is always a story created by a sage in ancient times. Of course, we have to ask this question about words.But immediately there was a reply that the source was forgotten: the characters were created by Cangjie[4]. This is the opinion of ordinary scholars, who naturally have their own references.I have also seen a portrait of this Cangjie, an old Toutuo with four eyes.It can be seen that in order to create characters, the appearance must first be amazing. People like us who only have two eyes are not only lacking in ability, but also unworthy of appearance.

However, the person who did [5] (I don't know who it is) is quite clever. He said: "The ancients ruled by knotting ropes, and the sages of later generations changed them with letters." He didn't mention Cangjie, only "the sages of later generations" , Don’t talk about creation, just talk about transformation, he is really very cautious; maybe he unintentionally didn’t believe that there was a person who created many characters alone in ancient times, so he just made such a vague sentence. However, what is the role of the person who uses the contract to replace the knot?writer?That's right, judging from the fact that the so-called litterateurs most want to show off their words, and they can't do anything without the pen holder, it seems that he must be thought of first; he should indeed do something for his fellow eater.But it is not.People before history, although they sang during labor and courtship, they did not draft or keep manuscripts, because they would never have dreamed of selling manuscripts of poems or compiling complete works, and there were no newspapers or bookstores in the society at that time. Words are useless.Judging from what some scholars have told us, the person who spent a lot of time on the writing must have been a historian.

In the primitive society, there were only witches before, but when they gradually evolved, things became more complicated. Some things, such as sacrifices, hunting, wars, etc., gradually needed to be remembered. "In addition, he also tried to remember things, which is the beginning of "History".Moreover, "ascension to heaven"[6], in his job, he also had to burn to God the book that recorded the major events of the chief and his rule, so he had to do the same thing—although this is probably a later date. thing.Later, the division of responsibilities became clearer, so there were historians who specialized in taking notes.Writing is a necessary tool for historians. The ancients said: "Cangjie is the history of the Yellow Emperor." [7] The first sentence is not credible, but it is very interesting to point out the relationship between history and writing.As for the later "writers" who used it to write "Ah, my love, I'm going to die!"

Those good sentences are nothing more than ready-made, "what's the point"!How did the three characters come from? Ordinarily, the book contract was obviously tied with a knot; the country people there often said, "Tie a knot on the trouser belt!" Saints, do you also use a long rope and tie a knot for one thing?I'm afraid it won't work.I can only remember a few knots, if there are too many knots, it will be bad.Or is it just the "eight seals" [8] of Emperor Fuxi, a group of three ropes, with no knots is "Qian", and a knot in the middle is "Kun"?Probably not.Eight groups are okay, but sixty-four groups are difficult to remember, not to mention there will be five hundred and twelve groups.Only in Peru there is still the word "Quippus"[9], using a horizontal rope, hanging many straight ropes, and pulling them back and forth to tie them together. The net is not like a net, but it seems to be able to express more. the meaning of.I am afraid that our ancient rope knotting is also the same.But since it was replaced by Shuqi, and it is not the ancestor of Shuqi, we might as well leave it alone for the time being.

Xia Yu's "岣嵝列"[10] was forged by Taoist priests; the oldest inscriptions we can see on the actual objects are only oracle bones and Zhongdingwen from the Shang Dynasty.But these are already very advanced, almost no original form can be found.Only on the bronze wares, sometimes some realistic graphics can be seen, such as deer and elephants, and from these graphics, clues related to characters can be found: the basis of Chinese characters is "pictographic".The bison painted in the cave of Altamira in Spain[11] is the relic of the famous primitive man. Many art historians say that this is exactly "art for the sake of art", and the primitive man painted it for fun. .But this explanation is too "modern", because the primitive man did not have as much leisure as the writers and artists of the 19th century. He painted a cow for a reason, for it was about bison, or hunting bison, and banning bison thing.People often open their mouths to look at the advertisements for cigarettes and movies on the walls of Shanghai. In a primitive society where things are rare and strange, such a miracle created a sensation.When they read it, they knew that bison can be moved on other planes with lines. At the same time, they seemed to know the word "ox", and they also admired the author's talent. The surname is also lost.But in the society, there was more than one Cangjie. Some carved pictures on the handles of their knives, and some drew pictures on the doors.The origin of Chinese characters may not escape this example.

Naturally, there should be continuous additions later, which the historian himself can do. New characters are sandwiched between familiar characters, and they are pictographic, so it is easy for others to guess the meaning of the characters.Until now, China is still giving birth to new characters.However, trying to create a new Cangjie will fail. Zhu Yu of Wu and Wu Zetian of Tang both created strange characters,[12] and their efforts were in vain.Now the Chinese chemists are the most able to create characters. Many names of substances and compounds are not easy to recognize, and even the sounds are difficult to pronounce.To be honest, I get a headache when I see it, and I feel that it is far less refreshing to use the universal Latin name. If you can’t recognize twenty or so letters, please forgive me and say: Then, chemistry is probably not good at learning.

Four writing is drawing Both "Zhou Li" and "Shuowen Jiezi" [13] mentioned that there are six ways to form characters. Let's not talk about it here, but only talk about things related to "pictographic". Pictograms, "Take the body near, and take things far away" [14], that is, draw an eye as "eye", draw a circle, and put a few rays of light as "sun", which is naturally very clear and convenient.But sometimes you have to hit a wall, such as drawing a knife edge, what should you do?If you don’t draw the back of the knife, you can’t show the edge of the knife. At this time, you have to be creative and add a short stick to the edge of the knife, which can be regarded as indicating the meaning of "this place" and creating a "blade".This is already a bit of a tricky look, not to mention there are intangible events, so I have to come to "Xiangyi" [15], also called "knowledge".Putting a hand on the tree means "picking", and putting a heart between the house and the rice bowl means "OE". There is food and shelter, and OE is safe.But to write "Ning Ke" Ning, you have to put a line under the bowl, indicating that this is just the meaning of the sound of "OEs". "Knowing" is more troublesome than "pictographic", and at least you have to draw differently.For example, for the word "treasure", you need to draw a roof, a string of jade, a fou, and a shell, four things in total; I think the character "fou" is composed of two shapes of a pestle and a mortar, so there are five things in total.Just to draw this character, it takes a lot of work.

But it still doesn’t work, because some things can’t be painted, and some things can’t be painted. For example, pines and cypresses have different leaves, which can be separated, but writing is writing after all, and it can’t be as delicate as painting. go down.It is "harmonic sound" that breaks the deadlock, meaning and image are separated from each other.This is already "recording the sound", so some people say that this is the progress of Chinese characters.Yes, it can be said to be progress, but the foundation is still painting.For example, "Vegetables, from the grass, picking up the sound", draw a nest of grass, a claw, and a tree: three things; "Sea, from the water, every sound", draw a river, a lady wearing a hat (?), Also three.In short: If you want to write, you have to draw forever. But the ancients were not stupid, they have long changed the image to be simple and far away from realism.Seal characters are rounded and folded, and there are still traces of pictures. From the official script to the current regular script [16], they are far from the image.However, the foundation has not changed. After the world has changed, it has become a pictographic character that is not pictographic. Although it is relatively simple to write, it is very difficult to recognize. You have to remember one by one out of thin air.And some characters are still not simple, such as "" or "Zhang", if you ask children to write them, it is difficult to write them in a half-inch square grid without practicing for half a year and June. There is another layer, the word "harmony" and because of the changes in the pronunciation of ancient and modern characters, it is somewhat less "harmonious" with the "sound".Now who else pronounces "slippery" as "bone" and "sea" as "every"? The ancients passed on the text to us, which was originally a great legacy, and we should be grateful.But now that it has become pictographic characters that are not pictographic or homophonic characters that are not very homophonic, this thank you has to hesitate for a while. Were the five ancient languages ​​consistent? At this point, I want to guess whether the ancient Chinese and Chinese are consistent. Although the current scholars do not have a clear conclusion on this issue, they seem to agree with him from his tone; the older they are, the more consistent they are. 〔17〕However, I have some doubts, because the easier it is to write, the easier it is to be consistent with the spoken language, but Chinese is such a difficult pictographic character, perhaps our ancients have always abstracted words that are not important. went. The "Book of Books" [18] is so difficult to read, it seems that it can be used as evidence of the oral language, but the actual oral language of the Shang and Zhou people has not yet been studied, and it may be more complicated.As for the ancient books of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, although the author also uses some of his local dialect, the writing is roughly similar, even if it is similar to the spoken language, it is also the vernacular of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, not the common language of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties.Not to mention the Han Dynasty, although Sima Qian [19] was willing to translate difficult words in the "Book of Books" into modern characters, he only used a little common language under special circumstances. For example, Chen She's old friend saw He is the king, and he said in surprise: "Hey, Shezhi is the king and Shenchen" [20], and the four characters "Shezhi is the king" in it, I suspect that Tai Shigong added pruning. Then, the nursery rhymes, proverbs, and folk songs recorded in ancient books should be old-fashioned sayings at that time.I find it hard to say.Chinese writers are quite fond of revising other people's writings.The most obvious example is the "Song of the King of Huainan" [21] among the Han people. The same song in the same place is recorded differently in "Han Shu" and "Pre-Han Ji" [22].On the one hand - A foot of cloth can still be sewn; a bushel of millet can still be pounded. The two brothers are incompatible. On the one hand— A foot of cloth is warm and childlike; a bucket of millet is full and fluffy. The two brothers are incompatible. By comparison, it seems that the latter is what it really is, but perhaps some of it has been deleted: it is just a synopsis.Later, the quotations and story books of the Song Dynasty, the dramas of the Yuan Dynasty and the Kebai in the legends are also summaries, but they use more common words and fewer words are deleted, which makes people feel "clear as words". My guess is that the Chinese language and writing have always been inconsistent. The main reason is that the characters are difficult to write, so I have to save some.The summary of the oral language at that time is the ancient writing; the summary of the ancient oral language is the ancient writing of later generations.Therefore, when we write ancient prose, we use pictographic characters that are no longer pictographic, or homophonic characters that may not necessarily have homophonic sounds, to describe on paper a summary of the oral language of the ancients, whom no one speaks or understands much.Do you think it is difficult? Sixth, the article has become a rare commodity. Words germinate among the people, but later they must be taken over by the privileged.According to the author's speculation, "in ancient times, knotting and governing", then the connecting rope is already a tool for the ruler.When they fall into the hands of Wu Shi, let alone, they are all under the chief and above all the people.As society changes, the range of people who learn to read and write has also expanded, but it is mostly limited to the privileged.As for civilians, they are illiterate, not because of lack of tuition fees, but because of limited qualifications, they are not worthy.And not even the books.Before engraving was developed in China, there was a good book, which was often "the secret pavilion of the Tibetan, and the assistant was in the third hall" [23], and even a scholar still didn't know what it was written in. Because writing is the property of the privileged, it acquires dignity and mystery.Chinese characters are still very dignified, and we often see baskets on the walls with the words "respect the writing paper" written on them;Since words contain dignity, then, knowing words, this person also has dignity.The new dignified people are constantly emerging, which is not good for the old dignified ones, and if there are more people who know words, the mystery will also be damaged.The power of the talisman comes from the fact that no one except the Taoist knows what it looks like.Therefore, for text, they must control it.In the Middle Ages of Europe, articles and learning were all in monasteries; in Kroatia[24], in the nineteenth century, only priests could read and write, and the spoken language of the people had regressed to just enough for the old life.When they innovated, they had to borrow many new words from foreign countries. Our Chinese writing, for the public, in addition to the restrictions of status and economy, there is also a high threshold: difficult.This threshold alone would not be easy to cross without spending more than ten years of work on him.Those who have crossed over are the scholar-officials, and these scholar-officials try their best to make writing more difficult, because this can give him a special dignity that surpasses all other ordinary scholar-officials.Yang Xiong of the Han Dynasty liked strange characters, and he had this problem. When Liu Xin wanted to borrow his "Dialect" manuscript, he almost jumped to Huangpu. [25] In the Tang Dynasty, Fan Zongshi’s articles were constantly clicked by others [26], and Li He’s poems were so incomprehensible to others [27], all for this reason.Another method is to write the characters in such a way that others do not recognize them. The lower one is to find a few ancient characters from the "Kangxi Dictionary" [28] and insert them into the article; the upper one is Qian Ji's seal characters. I wrote Liu Xi's "Shiming" [29], and recently, Mr. Qian Xuantong copied "Primary School Answers" for Mr. Taiyan according to the words "Shuowen". [30]. Words are difficult, articles are difficult, and these are the original ones; above these, scholar-bureaucrats have deliberately made it difficult, but they still think that it is destined for the masses, how can it be done.But the literati and bureaucrats also wished this to be the case. If the characters were easy to read, everyone would know them. If the characters were not dignified, so would he.Those who speak the vernacular are not as good as the classical Chinese start from here; now when talking about the popular language, those who say that the public only needs to be taught "a thousand-character class" [31], the root of the meaning is still here. seven illiterate writers The summaries of ancient Chinese written in such a difficult language, we used to call it "wen", but now we call it "literature" in a new style. Their translation of English Literature.Those who know how to write such "wen" can now write vernacular, so they are called "literators", or "writers". The condition for the existence of literature is first of all to be able to write, so, of course, there will be no writers among the illiterate group.Yet writers do.Don't laugh at me too early, I still have something to say.I think that human beings created creations before there were words, but unfortunately no one wrote them down, and there is no way to write them down.The primitive people of our ancestors could not even speak. In order to work together, they had to express their opinions, so they gradually developed complex voices. , one of them called "Hang Yu Hang Yu", then this is creation; everyone should admire it, and if it is applied, it is equal to publication; if it is preserved with some kind of mark, it is literature; Literary scholars belong to the "Hangyu Hangyu School" [33].Don't laugh, this work is indeed very naive, but there are many places where the ancients are inferior to the present, and this is one of them.It's the Zhou Dynasty's "Guanguan Jujiu, in the river island, a fair lady, a gentleman likes a good man", it is the first article in [34], so we have to kowtow in admiration, if there has never been such a story before. A poem, now the new poets use this meaning to write a vernacular poem, try to submit it to any supplement, I think 9 out of 10 will be stuffed into the wastebasket by the editor. "Beautiful young lady, she is a good couple for the young master!" What are you talking about? Even the things in "National Style", many of which are also works of unknown authors who are illiterate, because they are relatively good, they are passed on by word of mouth.The royal officials [35] detected it and recorded it as an administrative reference. In addition, it is unknown how many were eliminated.The two epic poems written by the Greek Homer—let us assume that there was such a person for the time being—were also originally oral recitations, and the existing records are other people's records.The "Midnight Song" and "Duquge" [37] from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Qi Chen, and the "Zhuzhi Ci" and "Liuzhi Ci" [38] from the Tang Dynasty were originally created by Anonymous and collected by literati. And after polishing, leave it handed down.This embellishment, of course, has been passed on, but it is a pity that it must have lost a lot of its original colors.Up to now, there are folk songs, folk songs, fisherman's songs, etc. everywhere, which are the works of illiterate poets; fairy tales and stories are also passed down, which are the works of illiterate novelists; they are all illiterate writers. However, because there is no record of the work, it is easy to be destroyed, and the scope of distribution cannot be very wide, so few people know about it.Occasionally, when a literati sees something, they are often surprised, and inhale it into their own works as new nourishment.When old literature is in decline, a new transformation occurs due to the absorption of folk literature or foreign literature. This example is common in the history of literature.Although an illiterate writer is not as delicate as a literati, he is vigorous and fresh. For such works to be shared by everyone, first of all, it is necessary for the writer to be able to write, and at the same time, readers must be able to read and write. In a word: hand over writing to everyone. Eight how to explain? The fact of handing over writing to the public has existed since the end of the Qing Dynasty. "Don't beat the drums, don't beat the gongs, listen to me sing a Taiping song..." is a popular song issued by the government to educate the public; [39] In addition, the scholar-bureaucrats also ran some vernacular newspapers, [40] but the idea is that as long as everyone listens To understand, not necessarily to write. "A Thousand Characters for Common People" has a little possibility of writing, but it is only enough to keep accounts and write letters.If you want to write what you think in your heart, its limited number of words is not enough.For example, a prison does give people a piece of land, but it has restrictions. They can only walk, stand, sit, and lie down in this circle, and they must not run outside the set iron fence. Lao Naixuan and Wang Zhao[41] both have simplified characters, and they have made great progress, and they can write according to the sound.In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Education wanted to make alphabets. Both of them were members. Mr. Lao sent a representative, and Mr. Wang came personally. In order to solve the problem of saving and abolishing the sound, he fought with Mr. Wu Zhihui[42] and won the battle. The husband's belly was sunken, and the cotton pants fell down.But in the end, after careful consideration, something called "phonetic alphabet" was made.At that time, many people thought that Chinese characters could be replaced, but in fact it was not possible, because after all, it was just a simple square character, just like the Japanese "kana" [43], and it was okay to put a few or note it next to the Chinese character. , If you want it to be handsome, its ability is not enough.It will be messy to write and look dazzling.Members at that time called it "phonetic alphabet", and they were well aware of its capabilities.Looking at Japan again, some of them advocate the reduction of Chinese characters, and some advocate the Latin phonetic alphabet, but none of them advocate the use of only "kana". Even better is to spell it in Roman characters. Mr. Zhao Yuanren has studied it best. I don't quite understand it.It is good to use the Roman alphabet commonly used in the world - now even Turkey has adopted it - a string of words, very clear.But for a layman like me, it seems that the spelling is too complicated.To be precise, of course it has to be complicated, but if it is too complicated, it becomes "difficult" again, which hinders popularization.It's better to have something else that is simple and not ugly. Here we can study the new "Latinization" method. There is a small volume of "Latinization of Chinese Calligraphy" in "Daily International Anthology" [44], and a copy of "Chinese Calligraphy" in the appendix of the sixth and seventh issue of the second year. "Science" [45], all introduce this thing.The price is cheap, and those who are interested can buy it.It has only two thousand and eight letters, and its spelling is easy to learn. "Man" is Rhen, "house" is Fangz, "I eat fruit" is Wochgoz, "he is a worker" is Tashgungrhen.Now I am experimenting in overseas Chinese, and the only ones who have seen the results are only northern dialects.But I think, after all, there are still a lot of people in China who speak the northern dialect—not Beijing dialect.For the present plan, just add or subtract a little to make it fit the unique sound of each place, and then it can be used in any remote area. Then, as long as you know the twenty-eight letters and learn a little spelling and writing, anyone but lazy and imbecile can write and understand.Moreover, it has another advantage, that is, it can be written quickly.Americans say that time is money; but I think: time is life.Spending other people's time for no reason is actually tantamount to murdering someone for money.However, people like us who sit and enjoy the cool breeze and talk about the day are exceptions. What about nine specializations and universalization? When I got here, I ran into another big problem: the Chinese language is very different everywhere. Just giving a crude distinction, there are five kinds of northern dialect, Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect, Lianghu and Sichuan Gui dialect, Fujian dialect, and Cantonese dialect. Among these five types, there are small differences.Now write in Latin, putonghua, or local dialect?If you want to write Mandarin, people don't know it; if you write local dialect, people in other places will not be able to understand it.This is a big bad! What I mean is: in the initial period of enlightenment, each locality wrote its own dialect, and there was no need to worry about the incompatibility with other locales.Before Latin writing was used, our illiterate people did not use Chinese characters to communicate with each other, so the new disadvantages are not at all, but there are new benefits, at least in the same language area, they can communicate with each other. Opinions were exchanged, intellectuals absorbed—of course, someone had to write useful books.The problem is that the popular language here and there should be specialized or popularized in the future. In dialect and native language, there are some meaningful words, which we call "refined words", which are very interesting to use, just like classical Chinese, and the listeners also find it interesting.Each local dialect, the grammar and vocabulary are further refined, and what makes them develop is specialization.This is very beneficial to literature, and it can be more interesting than articles that only use general words.But specialization has the danger of specialization.I don't know about linguistics. When looking at living things, once you become specialized, you will often perish.Many animals and plants before humans were too specialized, lost their variability, and could not cope with changing environments, so they had to perish. ——Fortunately, we humans are not specialized animals, please don’t worry.The masses have literature and want literature, but they should never sacrifice for literature. Otherwise, his absurdity is no different from living sages who want 8 out of 10 Chinese people to be illiterate and martyred in order to preserve Chinese characters.So, I think, dialects are used in the beginning, but on the other hand, ordinary grammar and vocabulary should be added gradually.Using the inherent ones first is the popularization of the local language, and adding new ones is the popularization of the national language. The plan discussed by several scholars in the study room may not work, but it is not a good way to let everything take its course.Now on the docks, in public institutions, and in colleges and universities, there is indeed something that looks like Putonghua. Everyone speaks, neither "Mandarin" nor Beijing dialect. Dialects, even if it is difficult to speak and listen to, can still be spoken and understood.If it is sorted out and helped to develop, it is also a branch of the popular language, and it may be the main force in the future.I said to "add something new" to the dialect, and the source of the "new" is here.When this kind of natural and artificial words becomes common, our popular language will be roughly unified.After that, of course.After a long period of time, the language became more consistent, as good as "refined words", and something more alive than "classical" gradually formed, and literature became more brilliant.Immediately it cannot be done.Do you think that the Chinese characters regarded as treasures by the Guocui family have been developed for three or four thousand years, and this is why there are so many strange achievements? As for the question of who should do it, it goes without saying: enlightened scholars.Some people say: "The affairs of the masses should be done by the masses themselves!" [46] That is of course not bad, but it depends on what role you are talking about.If you are talking about the masses, then one thing is right, the right thing is to do it yourself, and the wrong thing is to push away the helpers.If it is a scholar, it is completely different: he is using beautiful words to control the words and protect his honor. ten don't panic ·But·yes,·this·not·must·act·do,·only·to·one·said,···················································· up. ·First·first·is·say·promote·advocate·large·public·language·wen·of,·is·literary·art·of·politics·administrative·propaganda·communist·such as·Song·Yang · of · flow" [47], The original intention lies in the rebellion. ·Give·bring·on·a·top·with·color·hat,·is·extremely·simple·simple·against·to·law. ·Not·over·one·face·that is·to say, for·for·your·self·tai·ping,·n·ke·China·country·has·percent·eight· · Ten · of · literate · blind. Then, if you make oral publicity, then you should make eighty ten percent of the deaf children in China · Already. · But this does not belong to the scope of "Talking · Wen", and there is no need to say more about it. ·Specially ·for · writing · learning · hair · worry ·, · I · now · see · see · have · two · kinds. · One · kind · is · fear · large · public · if · if · all · can · read, · write, · become · big · family · all · change · into · literature · learning · family · became [48]. ·This is really a good person who is afraid of falling from the sky.As I said last time, among the illiterate masses, there have always been writers.I haven't been to the countryside for a long time. In the past, when the farmers had a little time to spare, such as enjoying the shade, some people would tell stories.However, this speaker is probably a specific person. He is more knowledgeable, speaks skillfully, and can make people listen, understand, and find it interesting.This is a writer, copying his words is also a work.If there is a person whose language is tasteless and who prefers to talk, everyone will not listen to him, and will send him a lot of cold words-sarcasm.We have learned classical Chinese for thousands of years, and vernacular for more than ten years. Anyone who can write is a writer?Even if they all become writers and are not warlords or bandits, it will not do any harm to the public, they just read each other's works.There is another kind of fear of the decline of literature.The masses are not well-educated in old literature, and compared to the meticulous literature of scholar-bureaucrats, it may appear so-called "low-down", but it is not infected with the chronic diseases of old literature, so it is vigorous and fresh.Anonymous literature such as "Midnight Song" will give old literature a new force, as I have said before; now people have also introduced many folk songs and stories.There are also dramas, such as the autobiography of the impermanent ghost [49] quoted in "Mulian Saves His Mother". It is said that because of sympathy for a ghost, he was temporarily put back in the sun for half a day, but he was punished by Yama, and he was no longer lenient. "Even if you have an iron wall! Even your royal relatives! ..." How humane, how knowledgeable, how law-abiding, and how resolute, can our writers do it? This is the work of real farmers and artisans, played by them at their leisure.Many stories are run through through Mulian's tour, except for "The Little Nun Going Down the Mountain", which is completely different from the engraved version of "Mulian's Rescue Mother" [50].Among them is a section of "Wu Song Fighting the Tiger", in which A and B are two people, one strong and one weak, pretending to be playful.First, A pretends to be Wu Song, and B pretends to be a tiger, and they are beaten to death by A. B blames him, and A says, "You are a tiger. If you don't beat me, you killed me?" B had to ask for an exchange, but was bitten again. As soon as he complained, A said, "You are Wu Song. If you don't bite, you beat me to death?" Allegorically, this is no less. If we collect them all over the country, I am afraid that there are still many works of this kind.But naturally, there are drawbacks.It has always been blocked by difficult words and articles, and isolated from modern thoughts.Therefore, if Chinese culture is to advance together, it must promote popular language and popular literature, and calligraphy must be Latinized. The 11th public is not as stupid as the scholars imagined. However, this time, as soon as the public language was proposed, some fierce generals appeared. The origin is different, but they all attack the vernacular, translation, Europeanized grammar, and new words. .They all hold the banner of "the masses" and say these things are not understood by the masses, so they are unacceptable.Some of them were originally remnants of classical Chinese, and they used this to attack the vernacular and translation in person first, which is the old magic of "distance communication and close attack" passed down by ancestors; Those who boast in this empty field are actually good friends of classical Chinese, so I don't want to talk about it here.What I want to talk about now is only those well-intentioned but wrong people, because they either underestimate the public or themselves, and still commit the old problems of ancient scholars. Scholars often look down on others, thinking that they can understand newer and more difficult words and sentences, but the public can't understand them, so they must be thoroughly eliminated for the sake of the public;When this opinion develops, he will unconsciously become the quintessence of the new country.Or they hope that the popular language will be promoted quickly among the masses, advocating that everything should suit the appetite of the masses, and even say that they must "catering to the masses" and deliberately curse a few more words to win the favor of the masses.Of course, he has his own painstaking efforts, but if this continues, he will become the new helper of the public. 说起大众来，界限宽泛得很，其中包括着各式各样的人，但即使“目不识丁”的文盲，由我看来，其实也并不如读书人所推想的那么愚蠢。他们是要智识，要新的智识，要学习，能摄取的。当然，如果满口新语法，新名词，他们是什么也不懂；但逐渐的检必要的灌输进去，他们却会接受；那消化的力量，也许还赛过成见更多的读书人。初生的孩子，都是文盲，但到两岁，就懂许多话，能说许多话了，这在他，全部是新名词，新语法。他那里是从《马氏文通》或《辞源》〔５３〕里查来的呢，也没有教师给他解释，他是听过几回之后，从比较而明白了意义的。大众的会摄取新词汇和语法，也就是这样子，他们会这样的前进。所以，新国粹派的主张，虽然好像为大众设想，实际上倒尽了拖住的任务。不过也不能听大众的自然，因为有些见识，他们究竟还在觉悟的读书人之下，如果不给他们随时拣选，也许会误拿了无益的，甚而至于有害的东西。所以，“迎合大众”的新帮闲，是绝对的要不得的。 由历史所指示，凡有改革，最初，总是觉悟的智识者的任务。但这些智识者，却必须有研究，能思索，有决断，而且有毅力。他也用权，却不是骗人，他利导，却并非迎合。他不看轻自己，以为是大家的戏子，也不看轻别人，当作自己的喽罗。他只是大众中的一个人，我想，这才可以做大众的事业。 十二煞尾 话已经说得不少了。总之，单是话不行，要紧的是做。要许多人做：大众和先驱；要各式的人做：教育家，文学家，言语学家……。这已经迫于必要了，即使目下还有点逆水行舟，也只好拉纤；顺水固然好得很，然而还是少不得把舵的。 这拉纤或把舵的好方法，虽然也可以口谈，但大抵得益于实验，无论怎么看风看水，目的只是一个：向前。 各人大概都有些自己的意见，现在还是给我听听你们诸位的高论罢。 CC 〔１〕本篇最初发表于一九三四年八月二十四日至九月十日的《申报·自由谈》，署名华圉。后来作者将本文与其他有关于语文改革的文章四篇辑为《门外文谈》一书，一九三五年九月由上海天马书店出版。 〔２〕这些是常见于当时上海报刊的新闻。一九三四年夏，我国南方大旱，国民党政府于七月间邀请第九世班禅喇嘛和安钦活佛在南京、汤山等地“作法求雨”。八月初，国民党政府行政院秘书长褚民谊为女游泳选手杨秀琼打扇、驾车，被称为“吊膀子秘书长”。上海“大世界”游艺场利用旱灾展出一个所谓“旱魃”的矮人，称“三寸怪人干”，招揽游客。五月，美国政府颁布《白银法案》后，国际银价上升，国民党官僚资本集团趁国内粮价飞涨，大量输出白银，从国外购进大米，牟取暴利。六月，国民党江西省政府根据蒋介石“手令”，颁布《取缔妇女奇装异服办法》，规定“裤长最短须过膝四寸，不得露腿赤足”，当时重庆、北平等地也禁止“女子裸膝露肘”。〔３〕唐宋八大家明代茅坤曾选辑唐代的韩愈、柳宗元和宋代的欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩八个古文家的文章编为《唐宋八大家文抄》，因有“唐宋八大家”的说法。〔４〕仓颉相传为黄帝的史官，汉字的创造者，东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》：“黄帝之史仓颉……初造书契”。《荀子·解蔽》中则说：“好书者众矣，而仓颉独传者壹也”，认为仓颉是文字的搜集和整理者之一。又《太平御览》卷三六六引《春秋孔演图》：“苍颉四目，是谓并明。” 〔５〕即《周易》，是我国古代记载占卜的书。可能萌芽于殷周之际，并非出自一人之手。这里引的两句，见该书《系辞》篇。〔６〕“升中于天”语见《礼记·礼器》：“升中于天，因吉土，以飨帝于郊。”据汉代郑玄注：“升，上也；中，犹成也；燔柴祭天，告以诸侯之成功也。” 〔７〕“仓颉，黄帝史”语见《汉书·古今人表》。史，即史官。〔８〕伏羲我国传说中的上古帝王，相传他教民结网，从事渔猎畜牧。“八卦”，相传为他所作。说：“古者包牺氏（按即伏羲）之王天下也……近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。”卦，即挂，悬挂物象以示人吉凶，有乾（O）、坤（O）、震（O）、民（O）、离（O）、坎（O）、兑（O）、伲∣）八种式样。《易传》认*素灾饕笳魈臁⒌亍⒗住⒎纭⑺⒒稹山、泽八种自然现象。 〔９〕“打结字”古代秘鲁印第安人用以帮助记忆的一种线结，以结绳的方式记录天气、日期、数目等等的变化。线的颜色，线结的大小和多少，都表示着不同的意义。 〔１０〕“岣嵝碑”又称禹碑，在湖南衡山岣嵝峰，相传为夏禹治水时所刻；碑文共七十七字，难于辨识。清末叶昌炽《语石》卷二载：“（韩愈诗）'岣嵝山尖神禹碑，字青石赤形模奇。'郎瑛、杨用修诸家各有释文，灵怪杳冥，难可凭信。不知韩诗又云：'千搜万索何处有，森森绿树猿猱悲。'是但凭道士所言，未尝目睹。”此碑在明朝以前，不见于记载，故多疑为伪造。 〔１１〕亚勒泰米拉洞在西班牙北部散坦特尔省境，发现于一八七九年。洞窟中有旧石器时代用三种颜色画成的壁画，画的都是野牛、野鹿、野猪和长毛巨象等动物。 〔１２〕关于朱育、武则天造字，据《三国志·吴书·虞翻传》注引《会稽典录》：“孙亮时，有山阴朱育，少好奇字，凡所特达，依体象类，造作异字千名以上。”《新唐书·后妃列传》：武则天于“载初中，……作白、一四、埊、……十有二文。太后自名白。”但《资治通鉴·唐纪二十》载：天授元年，“凤阁侍郎河东宗秦客，改造'天'、'地'等十二字以献，丁亥，行之。太后自名'白'”。〔１３〕《周礼》儒家经典之一，记述周王朝官制和战国时代各国制度的资料汇编，大约成书于战国时期。《说文解字》，东汉许慎撰，我国第一部系统介绍汉字形、音、义的著作。这里讲的汉字六种构成法，即《周礼》和《说文解字》中所记载的“六书”。《周礼》中所说的有：象形、会意、转注、处事、假借、谐声。《说文解字》中所说的稍有不同，是：指事、象形、形声、会意、转注、假借。〔１４〕“近取诸身，远取诸物”语见。〔１５〕“象意”《汉书·艺文志》：“六书，谓象形、象事、象意、象声、转注、假借，造字之本也。”据唐代颜师古注：“象意即会意也。” 〔１６〕篆、隶、楷是汉字演进过程中先后出现的几种字体的名称。篆书分大篆小篆，大篆是从西周到战国通行的字体，但各国有异。秦始皇时统一字体，称为小篆。隶书开始于秦代，把小篆匀圆的笔画稍改平直，到汉代才出现平直扁正的正式的隶书。楷书始于汉末，以后取代隶书，通行至今。 〔１７〕这里指胡适。胡适著的《国语文学史》于一九二七年出版时，黎锦熙在该书的《代序》中说，这部文学史所以始于战国秦汉而不包括，是因为胡适要从他认为语言文字开始分歧的时代写起。《代序》不同意战国前语文合一的看法。一九二八年胡适将此书修订，抽去《代序》，改名《白话文学史》出版，在第一章说：“我们研究古代文字，可以推知当战国的时候中国的文体已经不能与语体一致了。”仍坚持他的战国前言文一致的看法。 〔１８〕《书经》即《尚书》，儒家经典之一。我国上古历史文件和部分追述古代事迹的著作的汇编。 〔１９〕司马迁（约前１４５—约前８６）字子长，夏阳（今陕西韩城）人，西汉史学家、文学家。曾任太史令。他所撰的《史记》，是我国第一部纪传体通史（从上古起到汉武帝止）。 〔２０〕“夥颐，涉之为王沉沉者”语见《史记·陈涉世家》。据唐代司马贞《索隐》：“服虔云：楚人谓多为夥。按又言'颐'者，助声之辞也。”又据南朝宋裴骃《集解》：“应劭曰：'沈沈，宫室深邃之貌也。'” 〔２１〕《淮南王歌》淮南王指汉文帝之弟刘长，他因谋反为文帝所废，流放蜀郡，中途绝食而死。后来民间就流传出这首歌谣。〔２２〕《汉书》东汉班固编撰的西汉史，是我国第一部纪传体断代史。《前汉纪》，即《汉纪》，东汉荀悦撰，编年体西汉史，内容多取材《汉书》，有所增补。这里所引的前一首见《汉书·淮南王传》，末句无“能”字，《史记·淮南衡山列传》所载与引文同；后一首未见于《前汉纪》，汉代高诱的《淮南鸿烈解叙》载有此歌，首句作“一尺缯，好童童”，末句作“兄弟二人，不能相容”。 〔２３〕“藏之秘阁，副在三馆”秘阁、三馆都是藏书的地方。《宋史·职官志》载：“国初以史馆、昭文馆、集贤院为三馆，皆寓崇文院。太宗端拱元年（９８８）诏就崇文院中堂建秘阁，择三馆真本书籍万余卷，及内出古画墨迹，藏其中。” 〔２４〕克罗蒂亚通译克罗地亚，现在是南斯拉夫联邦人民共和国的成员国之一。 〔２５〕杨雄（前５３—１８）一作扬雄，字子云，蜀郡成都（今属四川）人。西汉文学家、语言文字学家。著有《法言》、《太玄经》及其他文赋。《汉书·扬雄传》载，“刘棻尝从雄学作奇字”，据唐代颜师古注，奇字即“古文之异者”。《方言》，全名《轩使者绝代语释别国方言》，相传为扬雄所作，共十三卷，内容杂录中国各地同义异字之字一万一千余。刘歆（约前５３—２３），字子骏，沛（今江苏沛县）人，西汉学者。他在《与扬雄从取方言书》中说：“属闻子云独采集先代绝言，异国殊语，以为十五卷，其所解略多矣，而不知其目……今谨使密人奉手书，愿颇与其最目，得使入篆，令圣朝留明明之典。”扬雄在《答刘歆书》中却说：“敕以殊言十五卷，君何由知之？……天下上计孝廉及内郡卫卒会者，雄常把三寸弱翰，赍油素四尺，以问其异语，归即以铅摘次之于椠，二十七岁于今矣；而语言或交错相反，方复论思详悉集之……诚欲崇而就之，不可以遗，不可以怠。即君必欲胁之以威，陵之以武，欲令入之于此；此又未定，未可以见，今君又终之，则缢死以从命也。而可，且宽假延期，必不敢有爱。”“跳黄浦”是通行于上海的话，意即自杀。 〔２６〕樊宗师（？—约８２１）字绍述，河中（今山西永济）人，唐代散文家。曾任绵州、绛州刺史。他的文章艰涩，难以断句，如《绛守居园池记》的第一句“绛即东雍为守理所”，有人断为“绛即东雍，为守理所”，也有人断为“绛，即东雍为守理所”。〔２７〕李贺（７９０—８１６）字长吉，昌谷（今河南宜阳）人，唐代诗人。他的诗立意新巧，用语奇特，不易理解。《新唐书·李贺传》说他“辞尚奇诡，所得皆惊迈绝去翰墨畦径，当时无能效者。”〔２８〕《康熙字典》清代康熙年间张玉书、陈廷敬等奉旨编纂的大型字典，四十二卷，收四万十千余字，康熙五十五年（１７１６）刊行。 〔２９〕钱坫（１７４４—１８０６）字献之，江苏嘉定（今属上海市）人，清代汉学家。善写小篆。刘熙，字成国，汉代北海（今山东潍坊）人，训诂学家。所著《释名》，八卷，共二十七篇，是一部解释字义的书。〔３０〕钱玄同（１８８７—１９３９）名夏，字德潜，浙江吴兴人，文字音韵学家。他曾用《说文解字》中的篆体字样抄写章太炎的《小学答问》，由浙江官书局刊刻行世。太炎，即章炳麟（１８６９—１９３６），浙江余杭人，清末革命家、学者。他所作的《小学答问》是据《说文解字》解释本字和借字的流变的书。 〔３１〕“千字课”一九二二年陶行知等人创办的中华平民教育促进会编纂《平民千字课本》，作为成年人补习常用汉字的读本。后来一些书店也仿照编印了类似读本。一九三四年八月十五日《社会月报》第一卷第三期发表彭子蕴的《大众语与大众文化的水准问题》一文，其中说：“现在市场上有一种叫做《平民千字课》的书，是真用来教有所谓大众的”。 〔３２〕“文学子游子夏”语见《论语·先进》，据宋代邢癿疏：“若'文章博学'，则有子游、子夏二人也。”子游、子夏，即孔丘的弟子言偃、卜商。 〔３３〕“杭育杭育派”意指大众文学。这里是针对林语堂而发的。林语堂在一九三四年四月二十八、三十日及五月三日《申报·自由谈》所载《方巾气研究》一文中说：“在批评方面，近来新旧卫道派颇一致，方巾气越来越重。凡非哼哼唧唧文学，或杭育杭育文学，皆在鄙视之列。”又说：“《人间世》出版，动起杭育杭育派的方巾气，七手八脚，乱吹乱擂，却丝毫没有打动了《人间世》。”〔３４〕我国最早的诗歌总集，编成于春秋时代，共三○五篇，大抵是周初到春秋中期的作品，相传曾经孔丘删定。〔３５〕王官王朝的职官，这里指“采诗之官”。《汉书·艺文志》说：“古有采诗之官，王者所以观风俗、知得失，自考正也。”〔３６〕荷马的两大史诗指和《奥德赛》，约产生于公元前九世纪。荷马的生平以至是否确有其人，欧洲的文学史家颇多争论，所以这里说“姑且当作有这样一个人”。 〔３７〕《子夜歌》据《晋书·乐志》：“《子夜歌》者，女子名子夜造此声。”列为“吴声歌曲”，收“晋、宋、齐辞”的《子夜歌》四十二首和《子夜四时歌》七十五首。《读曲歌》，据《宋书·乐志》：“《读曲哥（歌）》者，民间为彭城王义康所作也。”又引《古今乐录》：“读曲歌者，元嘉十七年（４４０）袁后崩，百官不敢作声歌；或因酒宴，止窃声读曲细吟而已，以此为名。”收《读曲歌》八十九首，也列为“吴声歌曲”。〔３８〕《竹枝词》据：“《竹枝》，本出于巴渝。唐贞元中，刘禹锡在沅湘，以俚歌鄙陋，乃依骚人《九歌》作《竹枝》新辞九章，教里中儿歌之，由是盛于贞元、元和之间（７８５—８２０）。”《柳枝词》，即《杨柳枝》，唐代教坊曲名。白居易有《杨柳枝词》八首，其中有“古歌旧曲君休听，听取新翻《杨柳枝》”的句子。他又在《杨柳枝二十韵》题下自注：“《杨柳枝》，洛下新声也。”〔３９〕光绪三十二年（１９０６）起，清政府为了推行所谓“通俗教育”，将一些官方发布的政治时事材料，用白话编成通俗的故事和歌谣进行宣讲。“太平歌”以“莲花落”形式编写，一般都用文中所引的三句开头，是当时钦颁的通俗歌谣之一。 〔４０〕白话报戊戌变法后，各地报刊风起云涌，其中以白话写作的也不少，如杭州的《白话报》（１９０３）、上海的《中国白话报》（１９０３）和《扬子江白话报》（１９０４）等。〔４１〕劳乃宣（１８４３—１９２１）字季瑄，浙江桐乡人。清末任京师大学堂总监督兼署学部副大臣，民国初年主张复辟，后来避居青岛。他的《简字全谱》系以王照的《官话字母》为依据，成于一九○七年。其他著作有《等韵一得》、《古筹算考释》等。王照（１８５９—１９３３），字小航，河北宁河人。清末维新运动者，戊戌政变时逃往日本，后又自行投案下狱，不久被释。他的《官话合声字母》于一九○○年刊行。其他著作有《水东集上下编》八种。 〔４２〕吴稚晖（１８６５—１９５３）名敬恒，江苏武进人，国民党政客。一九一三年二月，北洋政府教育部召集的读音统一会正式开会，由他和王照分任正副议长。因为浊音字母和入声存废问题，南北两方会员争论了一个多月。后来该会除审定六千五百余字的读音以外，并正式通过审定字音时所用的“记音字母”，定名为“注音字母”。到一九三○年，“注音字母”又改称“注音符号”。 〔４３〕“假名”日文的字母，因为是从“真名”（即汉字）假借而来的，所以称为“假名”。分片假名（楷体）和平假名（草体）二种。〔４４〕《每日国际文选》一种“每日提供世界新闻杂志间各种论文之汉译”的刊物，一九三三年八月一日创刊，孙师毅、明耀五、包可华编选，上海中外出版公司印行。《中国语书法之拉丁化》由焦风（方善境）译自苏联的世界语刊物《新阶段》，是《每日国际文选》的第十二号，一九三三年八月十二日出版。 〔４５〕上海世界语者协会编印的世界语月刊，创刊于一九三二年十二月。《言语科学》是的每月增刊，创刊于一九三三年十月；它的第九、十号合刊（即一九三四年六、七月号合刊的增刊）上载有应人（霍应人）作的《中国语书法拉丁化方案之介绍》一文。 〔４６〕“大众的事情，要大众自己来做！”在当时大众语文学的论争中，报刊上曾有过不少这类议论，如吴稚晖在一九三四年八月一日《申报·自由谈》发表的《大众语万岁》一文中说：“让大众自己来创造，不要代办。”章克标在《人言》第二十一期（一九三四年七月七日）中说：“大众语文学是要由大众自己创造出来的，才算是真正的大众语文学。” 〔４７〕“文艺的政治宣传员如宋阳之流”这是反动刊物《新垒》主编李焰生在《社会月报》第一卷第三期（一九三四年八月十五日）发表的《由大众语文文学到国民语文文学》一文中的话：“所谓大众语文，意义是模糊的，提倡不是始自现在，那些文艺的政治宣传员如宋阳之流，数年前已经很热闹的讨论过”。宋阳，即瞿秋白。他曾在《文学月报》第一卷第一号、第三号（一九三二年六月、十月）先后发表《大众文艺的问题》和《再论大众文艺答止敬》两文。〔４８〕大家都变成文学家了这是一九三四年八月一日、二日《申报·电影专刊》署名米同的《“大众语”根本上的错误》一文中的话：“要是照他们所说，用'大众语'来写作一切文艺作品的话，到了那个时限，一切的人都可以说出就是文章，记下来就是作品，那时不是文学毁灭的时候，就是大家都成了文学家了。”〔４９〕《目连救母》《盂兰盆经》中的佛教故事，说佛的大弟子目连有大神通，尝入地狱救母。唐代已有《大目乾连冥间救母变文》，以后曾被编成多种戏曲，这里是指绍兴戏。无常鬼，即迷信传说中的“勾魂使者”，参看《朝花夕拾·无常》。 〔５０〕《目连救母记》明代新安郑之珍作。刻本卷首有“主江南试者冯”写于清光绪二十年（１８９４）的序言，其中说：“此书出自安徽，或云系瞽者所作，余亦未敢必也。”序言中也说到“小尼姑下山”：“惟一折，较为憾事；不知清磬场中，杂此妙舞，更觉可观，大有画家绚染之法焉，余不为之咎。” 〔５１〕伊索（Ａｅｓｏｐ，约前六世纪）相传是古希腊寓言作家，现在流传的，共有三百余篇，系后人编集。〔５２〕梭罗古勃（PGQGRST，１８６３—１*梗玻罚《砉撕托∷导遥有长篇小说《老屋》、《小鬼》等。《域外小说集》（一九二一年上海群益书社版）中曾译载他的寓言十篇。 〔５３〕《马氏文通》清代马建忠著，共十卷，一八九八年出版，是我国最早的一部较有系统的研究汉语语法的专著。《辞源》，陆尔奎等编辑，一九一五年上海商务印书馆印行，一九三一年增出“续编”，是一部说明汉语词义及其渊源、演变的工具书。