Chapter 5 Buy "Primary School Encyclopedia"

Thread bound books are really unaffordable.The price of the printed edition in Qianlong period was almost equal to that of the Song edition at that time.The Ming version of novels skyrocketed after the May 4th Movement; from this year onwards, Hong Yun is afraid that it will be his turn to write short essays.As for the books banned in the Qing Dynasty[2], they were treasures after the Ming and Yuan revolutions. Even if there were not enough books, they often cost more than a hundred to tens of dollars.I have always visited second-hand bookstores, but I never dared to think too much about such precious books.Before the Dragon Boat Festival, I was wandering around Sima Road, and accidentally bought a kind called "Primary School Encyclopedia". banned books.

The editor of this book, Yin Jiaquan, was born in Boye; his father, Yin Huiyi [3], was a well-known filial son, and Emperor Qianlong once praised him in poems.He himself is also a filial son, a Taoist, and an official who is a senior inspector of Dali Temple.Please also ask the children of Qi Ji [5] to also read Zhu Zi's "Primary School" [6], and "Hemeng Zhu's criticism: the performance is true. This is it." This book was completed two years later, and Jia Shu's " Six volumes of "Primary School", "Textual Research" and "Explanation", one volume each of "Orwen", and two volumes of "Houbian", combined into one letter, it is "Daquan".It was also submitted, and finally on September 17, the 42nd year of Qianlong, the decree was issued: "Okay! I understand. I appreciate it." That was obviously approved by the emperor.

By the forty-sixth year of Qianlong's reign, he had already retired and returned home, but the so-called "even if you are old, you can get it" [7]. disaster.In March of this year, when Qianlong traveled to Baoding, Yin Jiaquan asked his son to send a memorial to ask for a posthumous posthumous title for his father. Zhu commented that "Yu Zhan is a national code, so how can you ask for it in vain. This memorial should be handed over to the Ministry of punishment, and I will read you as my father." Personal affair, please forgive me. If you don’t live in peace, your crime will not be pursued! This is it.” However, he did not expect to encounter such a big nail, so there is another book, which is to ask for "I Chao" Famous official Tang Bin, Fan Wencheng, Li Guangdi, Gu Eighth Generation Zhang Boxing[8] and others worshiped the Confucian Temple, "As for my father Yin Huiyi, since he was praised and called filial piety in the imperial poems, he is already in the department of virtue, so he can worship it himself, not by the minister. Dare to ask.” This time something really went wrong, and Zhu’s criticism on March 18 was: “It’s unforgivable to bark so much! I respect you.”

The certain method in the Qianlong era was that anyone who was convicted of a crime by writing should be punished while being searched. This is not focusing on his family property, but checking the collection of books and other writings. If there is no "barking", they can be punished together. .Because Qianlong's opinion is that if he dares to "bark wildly", he must not stop at one or two, and must be thoroughly investigated.Of course, Yin Jiaquan could not escape without exception. At the same time as his arrest, his hometown in Boye and his apartment in Beijing were both raided.There are quite a lot of books and other works, but there are actually no obstructive works.But at that time, it could not be counted in this way. After repeated interrogations by the university scholar Sanbao[9] and others, it was determined that "Yin Jiaquan should be executed according to the law of rebellion according to the decree". For the crime of Ling Chi, he will be sentenced to death by hanging instead, and his family members will also give him grace to save him from sitting." That's the end.

This is also beyond the expectation of Yin Jiaquan, who is famous as a Confucian and a filial son. This time, only one person was strangled in the literary prison. Compared with other cases, it is definitely not a large prison. However, Emperor Qianlong took great pains and published several articles.Judging from these writings and memorials (all see the sixth series of "Qing Dynasty Literary Prison Files"), although the accident this time came from his "restlessness", the main reason was that he claimed to be a Confucianist and invited him to study. Sacrifice famous ministers: This is a big "unforgivable" place.Although the Qing Dynasty respected Zhu Zi, it stopped at "respect" and did not allow "imitation", because once imitating, one must give lectures, so there are theories, there are disciples, there are sects, and there are sect disputes. This is enough to be the burden of "peace and prosperity".What's more, to be an official with such a "famous Confucianist" can't help calling himself a "famous minister" and "arrogant self-esteem".Qianlong did not admit that there would be "famous ministers" in the Qing Dynasty. He himself was the "British Lord" and "Ming Jun". Therefore, under his rule, there could be no treacherous ministers. There were neither particularly bad treacherous ministers nor particularly good ones. All the famous ministers are good or bad, slaves who don't care about good or bad. [10] Especially attack Mr. Taoism, so it was a trend at that time, that is, "sacred will".What we often see is the constant repulsion in the "Summary of the General Catalog of Siku Quanshu" edited by Ji Yun and in [11] written by himself.This is what caters to this trend. If you think that he is amiable and approachable, that's why you hate Mr. Daoxue's Xi Ke, it is a misunderstanding.The Three Treasures of the Great Scholars are also very aware of this trend. When Yin Jiaquan was interrogated, they once said: "Investigate that the criminal is so violent and illegal. If he is convicted and punished immediately, it will not be enough to vent public anger and please people. The criminal was once a third-rank official. Correspondingly, according to the regulations, the prisoner will be interrogated strictly, subject to the criminal law, and asked what his intentions are, and the confession will be recorded, and the memorial will be recorded, and then the order will be established and the sentence will be enough to show the punishment." Later, it was finally used. No, I haven't checked it, but looking at the recorded confession, it is very hard to use his "ugliness" to overthrow his Taoist strategy.Now copy three of them below——

"Question: Yin Jiaquan! In your book, Li Xiaonv did not write a single article in her old age, saying, 'I am over 50 years old, and I am still waiting for writing. My wife Li Gong is virtuous after hearing about it. I want a lady to help me, but Zhongnv refuses to accept it' and other words. This virgin Since you are determined not to marry and you are over fifty years old, why do you ask your woman to send a matchmaker to make a match and ask him to be a concubine? Is such a shameless thing done by a decent person? According to confession: I said Li Xiaonv's year Over fifty, still waiting for writing, Yuanyuan knew during the day that there was a woman named Li in Xiongxian County, who kept her virginity. My wife wanted to hire him as a concubine. I was waiting in Beijing at the time, so I didn't know; later my wife told me, I just found out, so I wrote this article for him to praise him. In fact, I have never met him. But he is over fifty, and I will ask him to be a concubine, and I will write it in the article. This is what I am Shame is gone, what else is there to argue about.

"Question: You were begging for Lingzi in front of the emperor. You said you didn't have Lingzi, so you went back and couldn't see your wife and children. You are hypocritical and afraid of your wife. After all, the emperor didn't give you Lingzi. How did you go back? According to the confession: I was at home at the time. At that time, I once told my wife that I wanted to see the emperor to ask for Lingzi, so I was presumptuous at that time and asked for grace in vain, thinking that I could go home with Lingzi and boast. Later, the emperor didn't reward me, and when I returned home, I felt really shy and couldn't see my wife.This is all my hypocrisy, I am afraid of my wife, it is true.

"Question: Your woman is usually jealous, so she took a concubine for you, and I wanted to marry this fifty-year-old woman for you. Knowing that this woman would never marry, he got the name of not being jealous. It's always you who is a hypocrite." If you are used to deceiving the world, your woman will also learn from you. Don’t you know? Confession: My woman wants to find a concubine for me. Since this fifty-year-old woman from the Li family has made up her mind not to marry, she will definitely not be mine. Concubine, my woman knows it well, so I use this to gain the reputation of not being jealous. All the things I do on a daily basis are deceitful, so my woman also learns to do such deceitful things, and it is hard to escape the emperor's insight."

Another important thing is to destroy the books related to him.There are really too many writings by him. There are 86 kinds of books and seven stone carvings that should be "destroyed", all of which are works; there are six kinds of books that should be "destroyed", all of which are ancient books, and there are his prefaces and postscripts. Although "Primary School Encyclopedia" is nothing more than a "sparse collection", it is included in the list of "destroyed". [12] But the "Primary School Encyclopedia" I obtained was carved in the 22nd year of Guangxu and completed in the 25th year, and the old copy of "Xuantong Dingsi" (actually the sixth year of the Republic of China) was re-educated by Zhang Xigong. Postscript Yun: "The world is not as old as it is, and those who are willing to read this book can transfer it..." There is also Liu Antao postscript: "Lately, Lingyi has become more and more serious, and there are noisy rumors, which are obviously contrary to the book. Sing a hundred harmonies,... tame the family and the country are harmed by it, and the sages and sages since the Tang and Yu three generations have been wiped out with the legacy of nourishing righteousness. The extreme will be restored, and the hearts of the world will be seen...." For the sake of The literary inquisition made scholars dare not study history, especially dare not talk about modern affairs, but on the other hand, it also made them ignorant of the past. The books that the Qianlong Dynasty tried their best to "destroy" even old people could no longer understand them, and they were less than 130 years old. , It has been revered as a treasure again.Isn't this also "recovery after stripping the extreme" [13]?I'm afraid it was unexpected by Emperor Qianlong who left the old people.

However, Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, especially the latter two emperors, had a great deal of respect for the "cultural unity" of "literature, art, policy" or "speaking". System" [14], but really tried their best.Literary inquisition is only a negative aspect. On the positive side, it is like the imperially appointed Siku Quanshu [15], which selects and rejects all the works of the Han people. Most of the books taken, which involve gold and yuan, are revised. as a final copy.In addition, the "Seven Classics", "Twenty-Four Histories", "Tongjian", [16] the poems of scholars, and the quotations of monks are also unwilling to let go. Not to be ravaged by the premises anymore.Moreover, they are foreign monarchs who are proficient in Chinese. They criticize the culture and human feelings of the conquered Han people from the perspective of the winners. They also despise, but also fear. It is a tricky kind, and the results, from the perspective of Manchuria, cannot be said to be ineffective.

Now this influence seems to have faded, and the old people's reprint of "Primary School Encyclopedia" is a proof, but it can also be seen that the fooled spirit is finally not sober.Recently, the market prices of small works by Ming people and books banned in Qing Dynasty are so high that poor scholars dare not peep at them. 17] ... etc., but it seems that no one cares about it, and its cheapness is lower than that of all other books.If someone with a heart collects them, checks them one by one, and compiles them into a book about controlling the Han people, criticizing culture, and using literature and art, I think we can not only see the broadness and viciousness of that strategy, but also understand it. Can understand how we were tamed by alien masters, and the origin of the servility left over to this day. Naturally, this is by no means as interesting as reading the text of spirituality [18], but it is also very beneficial to know a little bit about the history of the so-called spirituality that has evolved into the present.July 10th. CC [1] This article was originally published in the third issue of the fortnightly "New Language" on August 5, 1934, signed by Du Deji. 〔2〕The Qing Dynasty banned books. In order to implement cultural control, the Qing government, when compiling the "Siku Quanshu", "destroyed" and "destroyed" books that were considered "paradoxical" and "violating words and sentences" respectively (that is, " All Destroyed" and "Destroyed"). "Prohibited books" refers to these books that should be destroyed; as for the catalog of banned books, there are several kinds later, such as "Completely Destroyed and Destroyed Bibliography", "General Catalog of Prohibited Books", "Biography of Violations" and so on (all collected in Yao Jinyuan Collection of Qing Dynasty "Straight into Zhai Series"). [3] Yin Huiyi (1691-1748), styled Yuanfu, was a Taoist in the Qing Dynasty and served as a minister of the Ministry of Officials.He has written several books on Interpretation Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism, as well as Chronicles of the Virtuous Mother, etc. 〔4〕The chief executive of the central judicial organ of Dali Siqing was regarded as the "Zheng Sanpin" according to the official system of the Qing Dynasty.Jichae Luoxue, that is, the supervisor of the school for the children of the offshoots of the Qing Dynasty royal family, according to the "Qinghuidian": It is based on the ancestor Xuan Emperor (that is, Aixinjueluo Takshi, the father of Qing Taizu Aixinjueluo Nurhachi) The descendants of the branches are called the "clan", and the descendants of the uncles and brothers of Emperor Xianxuan are called "Jueluo". 〔5〕The Banners were registered in the Manchu military and production units in the Qing Dynasty, and were divided into eight banners.In addition, there are Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners. 〔6〕Zhu Zi is Zhu Xi (1130-1200) whose character is Yuan Hui, a native of Wuyuan (now in Jiangxi), an acting scholar of the Song Dynasty, and an official to Baowen Pavilion. "Wait. "Primary School", edited by Zhu Xi and Liu Zicheng, consists of six volumes. It is a collection of fragments from ancient books that conform to feudal morality. 〔7〕 "When you are old, you need to get the precepts" see "The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi": "A gentleman has three precepts... and when you are old, the vigor of the blood is weakened, and the precepts are obtained." [8] Tang Bin (1627-1687), named Kong Bo, was born in Suizhou (now Sui County, Henan Province), and was an official to the Minister of Rites.Fan Wencheng (1597-1666), courtesy name Xiandou, was born in Shenyang.Li Guangdi (1642-1718), courtesy name Jinqing, was born in Anxi, Fujian Province, and was a bachelor of Wenyuan Pavilion.Gu Badai (?—1709), from the beginning of writing, a Manchurian inlaid yellow banner, an official to the Ministry of Rites.Zhang Boxing (1651-1725), courtesy name Xiaoxian, was born in Yifeng (now Lankao), Henan, and was an official to the Ministry of Rites. 〔9〕Three Treasures (?—1784) Manchurian Zhenghong Banner, Qianlong Shiguan to Dongge University Bachelor. 〔10〕Emperor Qianlong said in the "Yin Jiaquan's Exemption from the Crime of Ling Chi": "In ancient times, in the name of giving lectures, it led to the opening of cronies. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, people in Donglin gave lectures, so that the country's affairs went from bad to worse. It can be used as a lesson... and There is a section of his book "Records of Words and Deeds of Many Officials"...the people of this dynasty flaunt the contemporary figures. In the future, Yi and other descendants will have grievances and grievances from then on, and the door will gradually open. Yi Tuoyan imitated Zhu Zi's "Records of Words and Deeds of Famous Officials". Zhu Zi lived in the Southern Song Dynasty when he was in decline, and he was in the lower position. His comments are all fair. Now Yin Jiaquan wants to show his selfishness when the country is in full swing. Conjectures, unreasonable discussions, confusion of right and wrong, and chaos in politics." He also said in "Ming Pi Yin Jiaquan's Advertised Crimes": "I thought that the dynasty's disciplines were cleaned up, and there were no famous ministers and no treacherous ministers. Why, dry gangs Above, there will be no famous or treacherous ministers in the imperial court, and they will also be the blessings of the country." [11] Ji Yun (1724-1805), styled Xiaolan, was born in Xianxian County, Zhili (now Hebei), and was a writer in the Qing Dynasty.From the official to the Minister of Rites, he was once the chief editor of Siku Quanshu. "Summary of General Catalog of Siku Quanshu", 200 volumes, is the bibliography of "Siku Quanshu", completed in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782). , Note novels, five kinds in total, twenty-four volumes.Ji Yun said in the "Introduction" of Confucianism in the subsection of "Summary of the General Catalog of Siku Quanshu": "At that time, the so-called Taoists were divided into two schools, and their pens and tongues fought against each other. Since then, Zhu and Lu are the only contenders in the world; Families line up and cronies rise up, revenge and revenge, and those who spread for hundreds of years." In the book, there are more dissatisfaction with Taoists, such as: "Lecturers are always responsible for others." "A Confucian scholar is quite lecturing... The precipice is too extreme, and he uses ruthless judgments to blame people." "Lecturers are strict in their arguments, so that those who stumble temporarily have no way to redeem themselves." And so on. [12] With regard to the destruction of "Primary School Encyclopedia", in May of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781), he issued an edict: "Books such as "Primary School" were written by predecessors, so there is no need to destroy them. (Referring to Yin Jiaquan) Those who edited and postscripted in an orderly manner shall be destroyed as a whole." In the "List of Yin Jiaquan's Books that Should Be Destroyed" by the Military Aircraft Department at that time, the book "Primary School Encyclopedia" was marked with "Yin Jiaquan's sparse compilations should also be destroyed ". 〔13〕"Extremely stripped must be restored", "Peel" and "Fu" are the names of the two hexagrams. against the original). "Book of Changes Fu Gua" says: "Repeat the way, come back in seven days...repeated, can you see the heart of heaven and earth?" [14] "Cultural control" At that time, the Kuomintang government implemented a reactionary cultural policy of "suppressing communism", and publicized it in their publications (such as the fourth issue of the second volume of the "Sweat and Blood" monthly magazine in January 1934). It was named "Cultural Bandit Suppression Special Issue", and in August of the same year, the eighth issue of the second volume of "Future" monthly magazine was also "Cultural Control Special Issue").Lu Xun used words such as "literary and art policy" and "cultural control" to expose it here, but they were deleted when they were published. 〔15〕Sikuquanshu was compiled in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1772), and it took ten years to complete.A total of 3503 kinds of books were collected, 79337 volumes, divided into four parts: classics, history, Zi and Ji. [16] "Seven Classics" refers to "Yi", "Shi", "Spring and Autumn", "Zhou Li", "Yi Li" and "Book of Rites".The three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong were annotated and compiled into "Zhouyi Zhezhong", "Book of Legends Collection", "Shijing Legends Collection", "Spring and Autumn Legends Collection", "Zhouguan Yishu", "Ritual Yishu" , "Book of Rites and Yi Shu" seven kinds, collectively known as "Yu Zhuan Qi Jing". "Twenty-Four Histories", during the Qianlong period, it was stipulated that the twenty-four biographical history books from "Historical Records" to "Ming History" were "official histories", that is, "Twenty-Four Histories of the Imperial Order". "Tongjian", a chronological history book compiled by Sima Guang and others in the Song Dynasty, started from the Warring States Period and ended in the Five Dynasties.Emperor Qianlong ordered his ministers to compile another chronological history book from ancient times to the end of Ming Dynasty, and he personally "evaluated it in detail", which is called "Yubi Tong Jian Ji Lan". 〔17〕 "Donghua Lu" edited by Jiang Liangji in the Qing Dynasty, thirty-two volumes.It is excerpted from the real records and other documents from the six dynasties of Qing Taizu Tianming to Sejong Yongzheng.Later, it was supplemented by Wang Xianqian and expanded into 195 volumes, and added historical materials of the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang dynasties, which were combined into "Nine Dynasties Donghualu", with a total of 425 volumes.Later, he supplemented "Xianfeng Dynasty Donghualu" and "Tongzhi Dynasty Donghualu" with 100 volumes each; after that, Zhu Shoupeng edited "Guangxu Dynasty Donghualu" with 220 volumes. "Shangyu Eight Banners" contains the imperial edicts and memorials and other documents on the government affairs of the Eight Banners in the Yongzheng Dynasty. 13 volumes of "Report on Flag Affairs". "Yongzheng Zhu's Edict", 360 volumes, contains the memorials of more than 200 "officials" who were approved by Yongzheng Zhu. 〔18〕Xingling writing refers to Lin Yutang's articles advocating "Xingling" at that time.In "You Bu Wei Zhai Essays·Papers" published in the fifteenth issue of the second volume (April 1933), he said: "The article is the expression of the individual's soul. The soul is a thing, and only I know it. The parents who gave birth to me didn’t know it, and neither did my wife who shared the same bed. However, the life of literature rests on this.”