Chapter 6 5 Life and Art

5 Life and Art beauty and compassion There was a child who came into my room and tidied up my things.He saw the face of my pocket watch folded on the table and turned it over for me.Seeing my teacup behind the teapot ring, move it to the spout for me.Seeing the shoes under my bed falling one by one, turn them around for me.Seeing that the rope of the vertical banner on my wall was pulled out in front, I moved the stool and hid it behind me.I thank him: "Brother, you clean up for me so diligently!" He answered me: "No, because I felt very uncomfortable when I saw that." Yes, he once said: "The face of the watch is closed on the table, look how stuffy it is!" "The teacup is hiding behind its mother How to teach it how to eat grandma?" "Teach them how to talk by turning the shoes one by one?" "The braids of the stand are dragging in front, like an opium ghost." I really admire the richness of this guy's sympathy.Since then, I have really paid attention to the position of things and considered their comfort.Their positions are comfortable, and our mood is also comfortable when we look at them.So I suddenly realized that this is the state of mind of beauty, the techniques commonly used in literary description, and the problems dealt with in the composition of paintings.It's all about the development of compassion.The sympathy of ordinary people can only be extended to the same kind of people, or at most to animals; but the sympathy of artists is very deep and wide, as deep and wide as the heart of nature, and can be universal to all sentient beings and non-sentient beings.

The next day I went to high school art class, and I gave them the following speech: Things in the world have various aspects, and the aspects that everyone sees are different.For example, a tree may be seen differently by a naturalist, a gardener, a carpenter, or a painter.The naturalist sees its character, the gardener sees its life, the carpenter sees its material, and the painter sees its posture. But what the painter sees is fundamentally different from the first three.The first three have a purpose, and they all think of the causal relationship of the tree. The painter just appreciates the current posture of the tree itself, but has no other purpose.Therefore, what the painter sees is the formal aspect, not the practical aspect.In other words, it is a world of beauty, not a world of truth and goodness.The value standard in the world of beauty is completely different from the world of truth and goodness. We only appreciate the shape, color, and posture of things, let alone their practical value.

Therefore, a dead tree or a strange rock has no practical value, but it is a good subject for Chinese painters.The nameless wild flowers are extremely beautiful in the poet's eyes.Therefore, the world seen by the artist can be said to be a world of equality and equality.The heart of an artist gives warm sympathy to everything in the world. Therefore, the value and class of the ordinary world are completely revoked when they are included in the painting.The painter puts his heart into the child's innocent posture to describe the child, and similarly puts his heart into the sick expression of the beggar to describe the beggar.The painter's heart must always resonate with the object he describes, share sorrow and joy, weep and laugh together; if you don't have this kind of deep and broad sympathy, you can never be a real painter if you just draw with your fingers.Even if he can paint, what he paints is no more than a photograph.

A painter must have such a deep and broad sympathy, so at the same time, he must have a rich and substantial spiritual power.If it is not great enough to resonate with heroes, it cannot describe heroes; if it is not soft enough to resonate with girls, it cannot describe girls.Therefore, a great artist must have a great personality. The artist's sympathy extends not only to persons of the same kind, but also to all living and non-living things in general; dogs, horses, flowers and plants all have souls and can cry and laugh in the world of beauty.Poets often hear cuckoos crying blood, autumn insects weaving, seeing peach blossoms laughing at the spring breeze, and butterflies sending spring back; from a practical point of view, these are all poets' crazy words.In fact, if we can enter the world of beauty and extend its sympathy to all things, we can actually feel these scenes.A painter is the same as a poet, but the painter pays attention to the aspect of his form and gesture.One cannot paint dragons and horses without understanding the vitality of dragons and horses; one cannot paint pines and cypresses without understanding the vigor of pines and cypresses.Chinese painters since ancient times have such clear teachings.Why is Western painting unique?When we painters draw a vase, we must move our heart into the vase and transform ourselves into a vase. Only by experiencing the power of the vase can we express the spirit of the vase.Only when our hearts can radiate with the rays of the rising sun can we describe the rising sun; only when we can dance with the curves of the waves can we describe the waves.This is exactly the realm of "oneness of things and me", and everything is prepared in the artist's heart.

In order to have this deep and broad sympathy, Chinese painters should first burn incense and sit quietly to cultivate their spirits when painting, and then stretch paper with ink to engage in expression.In fact, Western painters also need this kind of self-cultivation, but they have never explicitly mentioned this kind of form.Not only that, ordinary people must have a little bit of sympathetic nature when it comes to the shapes and gestures of things.The layout and decoration of the house, the shape and color of the utensils, so those who require them to be beautiful are in order to adapt to their nature.What we see before our eyes are beautiful forms, our hearts feel comfortable with them; on the contrary, what we see before our eyes are ugly forms, our hearts feel uncomfortable with them.But the degree of empathy varies.I am afraid that there are no people in the world who have no sympathy for the world of all shapes and colors; if there are people, they must be people with extremely low talents, or slaves to reason, those are really so-called "heartless" people.

Here we have to praise children.For children are generally the most sympathetic.And their sympathy extends not only to human beings, but also naturally to cats and dogs, flowers and plants, birds and butterflies, fish and insects, toys and other things. They talk to cats and dogs seriously, kiss flowers seriously, and dolls seriously. The heart of play is more real and natural than the heart of an artist!They can often pay attention to things that adults can't pay attention to, and discover points that adults can't.So the essence of children is artistic.In other words, human beings are originally artistic and sympathetic.Just because I grew up and was oppressed by the wisdom of the world, this bit of my mind was hindered or worn out.Only a wise person can be indomitable. Even though he is oppressed externally, he still retains this precious heart internally.Such a person is an artist.

Western art theorists talk about the psychology of art, and they have the theory of "implantation of emotion".The so-called empathy means that we can transfer our emotions into beautiful nature or artworks, immerse ourselves in them, resonate with them, and experience the taste of beauty at this time.We also know that this kind of self-immersion is most frequent in the life of children.They often immerse their interest deeply in the game, forgetting their own hunger, cold and fatigue. The "Bible" said: "You are not like children, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven." Children are really the golden age of life!Although our golden age has passed, we can re-encounter this happy, benevolent and peaceful world because of the cultivation of art. Art Samadhi on September 8, 1929

Once I saw a square character written by Wu Changshuo.I think it's not good to just look at each stroke; it's not good to just look at each character, each line.However, looking at the whole of this square character, I feel that there is an indescribable benefit.What feels bad when you look at it alone, becomes better when you look at it as a whole, otherwise it is not beautiful. It turns out that this piece of artwork is not a collection of pens, characters, and lines, but an integrated and indivisible whole.Every stroke, every character, every line is organic to the whole, that is, a member of the whole.Whether the characters are large or small, biased or straight, fat or thin, thick or light, rigid or soft, are all necessary for the composition of the whole, and it is by no means accidental.That is, it is natural for the whole, not for the individual.So I imagined: If there is an absolutely perfect work of art, it must have expressed the overall tendency in any word or stroke.If any word or stroke is changed in the same way, the whole cannot be completely changed; if any word or stroke is removed, the whole will not be established.In other words, the whole has been expressed in one stroke, and the whole can be seen in one stroke, but the whole is only an individual.

So it's not enough to just look at one stroke, one word or one line.This is the hallmark of great art.The same is true in painting.This is what is meant by the so-called "vivid charm" in Chinese painting theory.The theory of the Western Impressionist School: "The previous Western paintings were just a collection of many small paintings to form a large painting, which was lifeless. Artistic paintings must be integrated with the pictures." Thinking about this point, the creation of Impressionism It is indeed the progress of Western painting. This is an incredible artistic samadhi.In one point the whole can be seen, but in the whole there is only one individual.The so-called "one has many kinds, two are the same" ("Bi Yanlu"), this is what it means!This principle seems contradictory and mysterious, but it is actually a general characteristic of art. The so-called "unity of diversity" in aesthetics can be clearly explained.Its meaning: For example, there are three apples, and the people at the fruit stand regularly juxtapose them, which is "unity".Only unity is stagnant, dead.Children mess with them, things roll away, that's "variety".Only diversity is loose and chaotic.In the end, a painter came to sketch them and arrange them into a beautiful position that can be painted—two close to the rear side, and the other one slightly away from the front—when viewed just right, it is the so-called "variety" The unity of "is beautiful.To be unified, but also diverse; to be regular, but also irregular;This is the samadhi of art!

Cosmos is one big art.Why do people only know how to appreciate the small art of painting and calligraphy, but not the great art of the universe?Why don't people look at the universe through the eyes of calligraphy and painting? If you look at the universe through the eyes of calligraphy and painting, you will surely discover a greater state of samadhi.The universe is a seamless whole, and all phenomena are the diverse and unified phases of this whole.In a single point of everything, one can see the entire universe; but everything in the universe is just an individual.Blake's "seeing the world in a grain of sand" and Mencius' "everything is prepared in me" are just looking at the universe as a great art!In artistic calligraphy and painting, there is no single stroke that can exist independently.That is, there is nothing in the universe that can exist independently.If it is not for the whole, each individual is illusory and meaningless.So what about this "I"?Nature is not an independent ego, but should be integrated into the whole universe to form this great art.art and life

Shape and color have a marvelous power to govern the hearts of multitudes in silence.For example, the beauty of spring flowers can make people excited, and the beauty of autumn moon can make people calm; people are very happy on sunny days, but they are lazy on cloudy days.Most of the residents in mountain villages are loyal and honest, and most of the residents in water villages are lively. It is also because they often see mountains or water, and their hearts are secretly dominated by their forces, so they develop special temperaments. Those who skillfully match shapes and colors manually are called fine arts.What fits in plane is painting, what fits in three-dimensional is sculpture, what fits in practicality is architecture.Because it is ingeniously coordinated by manpower, its power to control people's hearts is even greater. This is called the affinity of fine arts. For example, many people look at pictures together. If what they see is a landscape painting painted in ink, everyone will feel magnificent; if it is a golden and green flower and butterfly painting, everyone will feel beautiful.Therefore, hanging pictures of mountains and rivers in the hall will make the people in the room feel more solemn; hanging pictures of flowers and birds in the rooms will make the people in the room feel more happy.When a good movie is shown, the guests in the house are silent, but they can hear the slight sound of the machine turning.Because the hearts of thousands of viewers are ruled by the affinity of these movies (movies). Sculpture is three-dimensional, so its affinity is greater. Bronze statues of great men stand in the squares of the city, and their heroic appearance is impressed on the hearts of thousands of people who come and go every day, silently carrying out universal education.It's also like entering a big temple and looking up at the big golden Buddha statue. Although the person is not a religious believer, he will respect him for a while and walk slowly in a low voice.The autocratic emperor of Egypt built a large stone sculpture of a sphinx with a height of 70 days, which was called "Sphinx".The spirit of absolute obedience of the Egyptian people is partly formed by the suggestive power of this great stone carving. Architecture has the largest form in art, and its affinity is also the greatest; and because most of our lives are spent in buildings, architecture has the deepest impact on people's hearts. For example, dignified and elegant school buildings can make students concentrate when listening to lectures, and calm down when studying, which secretly helps a lot in education.In ancient times, the palaces of emperors must be extremely magnificent, so that the subjects will naturally feel fear when they look at the nine-fold city.Religious monasteries must be very tall and majestic, so that monks will naturally return to their hearts when they visit the Mahavira Hall.This is the use of the affinity of architecture to subdue people's hearts.Restaurant seats and hotel rooms are beautifully furnished to promote business.Businessmen will also use the affinity of architecture to dominate the hearts of customers. The relationship between architecture and life is the most intimate. Therefore, in an era of prosperous architecture, its national culture must prosper.The Greek Golden Age had extremely exquisite temple architecture, and the Italian Renaissance had extremely great monastery architecture, which are examples.Modern Europe and the United States are keen on urban architecture, which can also be said to be the appearance of modern people's culture.pictures and life What I want to talk about today is "pictures and life".What is the use of pictures to people?That is, why do people draw pictures, that is, what is the relationship between pictures and life? This problem is actually easy to explain: pictures are for people to see.In order to see, people draw pictures.The relationship between pictures and life is just "look". "Seeing" seems to be a very unimportant thing, but it is as important as the four major things of basic necessities of life.This is not me talking big here, you just have to ask your own eyes and you will know.The eyes are really strange: it seems that he does not want to eat, wear clothes, live in a house, or take the train. In fact, he has a share in the four major matters of basic necessities of life, food, housing, and transportation, and interferes with them.Everyone thinks that the mouth needs to eat, the body needs to be clothed, and life is spent on clothing and food. In fact, the eyes also need to eat and wear, and there are various requirements that are more difficult to serve than the mouth and the body. Therefore, if we want to talk about the relationship between pictures and life, we must first know the temper of the eyes.We can compare the eyes with the mouth: the eyes and the mouth have similarities, differences, and connections. Where is the same place?When we eat food with our mouths, we can nourish our bodies; when we see beautiful scenery with our eyes, we can nourish our spirits. --Nutrition This is the same.For example, when you see a beautiful landscape, you feel happy in your heart; when you see a beautiful picture, you feel happy in your heart.This is all nutritious.So we can say: the mouth is the mouth of the body, and the eyes are the mouth of the spirit—both are organs that absorb nourishment. Where is the difference?There is no need to practice to distinguish the taste of the mouth.No matter which person, as long as he has a raw mouth, he can know whether the taste is good or bad, and he doesn't need to ask a teacher to teach him.So there is no such subject as "eating" in school.On the contrary, the eye's ability to distinguish between beauty and ugliness, that is, the eye's artistic appreciation, must be practiced before it can be improved.Therefore, a special subject of "picture" should be set up in the school to train students' eyes.The difference between the eyes and the mouth lies in the point of practicing and not practicing.For example, now there is a table of delicious dishes, all delicacies from mountains and seas, and a great artist and a primary school student are invited to eat together.They also know how to eat.On the contrary, if you look at a famous painting, ask a great artist to see it, and he will fully understand its benefits.If you ask primary school students to read it, they will not fully understand it, or they will not understand it.It can be seen that the mouth should not be practiced, but the eyes must be practiced.Therefore, the sense of taste in the mouth is called "inferior sense". The vision of the eye is called "higher sense". Where is the connection?It turns out that we eat not only with our mouths, but also with our eyes.So when cooking a bowl of vegetables, the combination of oil, salt, sauce and vinegar must be delicious, and at the same time, the appearance of the bowl of vegetables must also be good-looking.If we put it in a mess, even if the taste has not changed, but we feel unhappy when we see it, and the taste will be worse when we eat it.Conversely, the taste of food is not very good. If the decoration is beautiful, we will feel pleasure when we see it, and the taste will be better.The kitchen steward at the school knows this well.They have to cut corners and materials when cooking, and often pretend to be beautiful.A few slices of meat blown by the wind are covered with cabbage and arranged in a pattern.Two or three copper plates a catty of radishes were cut into geometric shapes and placed in tall bowls, which looked like a plate of diamonds.The students went to the dining room and ate with their eyes first, feeling good.Then eat it with your mouth, and it feels good.If the stewardesses in the kitchen didn't know how to load the dishes, schools all over the world would probably have to make trouble in the dining room every day.Foreigners are especially proficient in this method.Western-style candies are made in various forms and wrapped in five-color paper, gold and silver paper.If you invite a blind man to eat this kind of candy, the taste must be very ordinary. But if you ask Ryoko to eat it, the taste will be much better.Because the eyes help the mouth to eat, so if the form is good-looking, the taste will be better. The eyes are connected not only with the mouth, but with all other senses.Such as clothes.Originally, it was worn for the warmth of the body, but at the same time, it sought the beauty of its material and form.For example, a house was originally built to shelter from wind and rain, but at the same time it seeks the beauty of its construction and layout.It can be seen that life not only eats with eyes, but also wears clothes with eyes and houses with eyes.The ancients said: "The reason why human beings are different from beasts is how much." I think this "how much" is probably in the eyes. Because people have such a pair of eyes, all human life must be interesting in addition to being practical.All things should look good in addition to being useful.A box of running fire, a screwdriver, we also strive to look good in addition to being easy to use.This is a human characteristic.Humans have had this characteristic from a very early age.In ancient times, when people lived in caves and drank blood, people already knew how to decorate.They described the appearance of wild animals on the walls of caves, carved patterns on the handles of stone knives for hunting, and decorated their bodies with various decorations to show that they wanted to look good; this kind of psychology and behavior developed and improved. , It becomes "art." Therefore, art is a kind of culture produced for the requirements of the eyes.Therefore, the basic necessities of life seem to have nothing to do with the eyes on the surface, but in fact everything is related to the eyes.The more civilized and progressive people are, the greater the requirements for eyes.Everyone says the "bread problem" is a major event in life.In fact, life is not only to eat, but also to see; not only for the mouth, but also for the eyes; not only for bread, but also for art.Bread is food for the body, art is food for the soul.Without bread, the human body will die.Without art, the spirit of man will also die--man is just like a beast. What has been said above, in a nutshell, in order to have eyes, one must have fine arts. Now I want to continue to tell you: all fine arts are based on pictures, so everyone should learn pictures.It turns out that there are four kinds of fine arts, namely architecture, sculpture, painting and crafts.Architecture is building houses and the like, sculpture is making bronze statues and the like, pictures don’t need to be explained, and craftsmanship is making utensils and the like.These four kinds of fine arts can be classified in two ways.The first type is classified according to the form of art, such as architecture, sculpture, and crafts, which are expressed in three dimensions, which is called "three-dimensional art".Pictures expressed on a plane are called "plane art".The second type is classified according to the purpose of fine arts. Architecture, sculpture, and crafts are mostly used for practical purposes besides looking at them (for example, houses are for people to live in, bronze statues are for people to worship, teapots are for people to make tea), It's called "applied art".Most of the pictures are only for people to look at, and have no practical use, which is called "appreciating fine arts".From this point of view, pictures are both graphic art and appreciative art.Why is this the standard of all fine arts?There are two reasons for this: First, because pictures can be expressed three-dimensionally on a plane, they have both plane and three-dimensional effects.This is very obvious. A table is drawn on a flat drawing paper, and the four feet are far and near.Draw a corridor, which is several feet long.Draw a railway, and it looks several miles away.Because there are two methods for drawing, which can pretend to be three-dimensional on the plane, and the methods are called "far and near method" and "shadow method".Using the distance method, a one-inch-long line can be regarded as several miles.Using the shadow method, the plane can be seen as volley.Therefore, although a picture is a two-dimensional expression, it includes a three-dimensional study. Therefore, those who study architecture and sculpture must first start with the study of drawing.In the architecture and sculpture departments of art schools, the first-year courses are still pictures, and pictures are often used as a supplement later on.Conversely, those who study painting do not need to study architecture or sculpture at the same time. Second, because the appreciation of pictures can be applied in real life, pictures have both appreciation and practical effects.For example, when painting an apple or a flower, these paintings are only for viewing, and are of no practical use.However, the study of the color of apples can be applied to decorative patterns; the study of the lines of petals can be applied to the form of porcelain.So appreciation is not useless entertainment, but indirect utility.Therefore, in the drawing department of the school, although the pictures of apples, bananas, vases, teapots, etc. are useless, the eye exercises obtained from this are infinitely useful. Because of these two reasons - the picture includes three-dimensional in the plane, and includes practicality in the appreciation - so the picture is the standard of all fine arts.We must have the cultivation of art, as long as we practice drawing.But how to practice is an important thing, please pay attention to it.As mentioned above, pictures have both appreciation and practical effects.Appreciation is beautiful, and practicality is true, so drawing practice must take into account the two conditions of "truth" and "beauty".Specifically: For example, when drawing a vase of flowers, one should carefully observe the shape, size, direction, and color of the flowers, leaves, and vase, so as not to make mistakes in the drawing.This is the work of "true".At the same time, it must be skillfully coordinated and skillfully arranged to make it fit properly. This is the work of "beauty".In other words, we want the vase of flowers to look like the real thing, and at the same time look beautiful.In other words, we want to imitate the shapes and colors of flowers, leaves, and vases, and at the same time create the composition of the painting.All in all, pictures should pay attention to both description and configuration, likeness and beauty, imitation and creation, that is, both truth and beauty.If one side is neglected, it is not a proper practice method. In China, there are many people who have wrong ideas about pictures.Its mistakes come from the above-mentioned neglect of truth and beauty, so there are two kinds.The first type is partial to beauty, and regards pictures as photographs, thinking that the purpose of drawing is to draw in detail, as if it were the real thing.To praise a painting is good, just say "the drawing is very similar".To criticize a painting as bad, it is said that "the drawing is not like".This is to seek truth without seeking beauty, but it is wrong to focus on practicality rather than appreciation.It is not that the picture should not be drawn like it, but it must be beautiful in addition to the likeness.There is no beauty but image, at most it is only worth a photo.Cameras are very cheap now, and you can buy one for three to five yuan.Why do we spend so many precious hours trying to turn our minds into a camera worth only three or five dollars?This is a mistake of neglecting beauty. The second type is partial to the real, and regards the picture as a painting of "qinqi, calligraphy and painting".I think "painting" is a kind of entertainment, a game, and a pastime.So when I was in the painting class, I refused to work hard and just wanted to have fun.If the shape is still not drawn correctly, it is necessary to focus on the meaning of the painting.I don't know how to adjust the paint, but I want to make works.This is the reason why pictures are regarded as "qinqi, calligraphy and painting".It turns out that playing the piano, writing, and drawing are all profound arts.I don't know which ancient person put "playing chess" in it, so that the qin, calligraphy, and painting all took on the nature of entertainment, games, and recreation, and lowered their status. This is really a blasphemy of art. ! "Playing chess" is originally difficult; but its effect is only like sparrows, killing time and distracting boredom, and it cannot be ranked together with music, painting, and calligraphy.If playing chess can be regarded as art, and fork sparrow is also an art, there might as well be a subject of "sparrow" in the school.But many people in our country do regard music and pictures as something similar to sparrows.This is exactly the malpractice of the words "Qinqi, Calligraphy and Painting".The young people of today must correct this notion. Why is the picture different from playing chess and sparrows?It is for the sake that pictures have a kind of spirit—the spirit of pictures, which can cultivate our hearts.This is to apply the true and beautiful spirit like drawing pictures to people's life.How to apply it?We can use mathematics as an analogy: Among the four problems in mathematics, there is the tortoise and crane problem: the tortoise and crane live together in a cage, how many heads and how many feet are there in total, how many are the tortoise and crane?There is also the question of age: how many times the father's year was the child's year a few years ago, and how many times the father's year will be the child's year a few years later?The facts mentioned in this kind of question are rarely encountered in life.Who would be happy to put a tortoise and a crane in the same cage and teach others to guess?And who really wants to calculate how many times the father's year is the child's year?This is just to train people's minds and make them more sophisticated by using such weird questions.Then use this sophisticated mind to apply it to all human life.We can take sports as an example. Sports include high jump, long jump, iron ball throw, discus throw and other martial arts.This is also rarely useful in our daily life.Who often wants to jump high and long jumps, who often wants to throw iron balls and discus?This is just to use this kind of martial arts to train people's physique and strengthen their physique.Then use this strong physique to do all the careers in life.Drawing is like math and sports.Life doesn't have to draw apples, bananas, vases, teapots.The original purpose is to use this kind of research to train people's eyes so that they can be correct and sensitive, true and beautiful.Then use this truth and beauty to apply to people's material life, to beautify the basic necessities of life; to apply to people's spiritual life, to enrich the fun of life.This is the so-called "cultivation of art". The picture is only for "seeing".But because the eyes are the mouth of the spirit, art is the food of the spirit, and pictures are the standard of art, so the matter of "seeing" has such a great significance in life.Those who listened to my speech on the radio today must have a pair of eyes. Please experience it for yourself and see if I am right.artistic effect Art is often regarded as a plaything for entertainment and pastime, so the effect of art is only entertainment and pastime.Some people oppose this statement and defend art, saying that art can beautify life and cultivate the soul.But their so-called "beautification of life" often refers to the decoration of houses and clothes; their so-called "cultivation of the soul" is often a superficial view of arty.As a result, art is regarded as a kind of empty, mysterious and far-fetched thing.This is all due to the fact that the effect of art has not been properly understood. The effect of art on life is actually very simple: it is nothing more than the direct effect of art when we face it, and the indirect influence we receive after studying art.The former may be called the direct effect of art, and the latter may be called the indirect effect of art.That is to say, the former is the effect of "work of art", and the latter is the effect of "artistic spirit". The direct effect is the pleasure we get when creating or appreciating works of art.This joy has two aspects, the first is freedom, and the second is innocence.Try to describe it: The study of art (creation or appreciation) can be free fun.Because our daily life is bound by the environment.Therefore, our minds are not free to relax. When we deal with people and affairs, we must be cautious, distinguish right from wrong, and plan for gains and losses.Our state of mind is martial law most of the time.Only when studying art can one relax one's mind and freely express one's own opinions, hopes and ideals.At this time, we enjoy a kind of comfort, which can adjust the depression of daily life.For example, the beauty of the world is loved by people.But beauty doesn't always come along.The restraints of our lives do not allow us to often seek beautiful scenery.We want to see beautiful scenery in our hearts, but in fact we have to live in the noisy city every day, facing the ordinary, dirty and tired environment.So we asked for a painting.We can freely describe the desired beauty in the painting.Snow is not easy to keep, but we can make it last all year round, and it is not cold.The rainbow disappears in an instant, but we can make it last forever, and we can appreciate it indoors or at night.The bird will fly away when it sees people, but we can make it stay on the branch forever, and it will not be surprised when people come.The big waterfall is rare, but we can move it to the living room or bedroom.Whether you describe the above-mentioned scenery by yourself or appreciate the description of others, it can also give people a kind of comfort, that is, the joy of liberation and freedom.This is about painting.From the point of view of literature: literature is an art of time, more vivid than painting.Therefore, we can sing the joys and sorrows of life more freely in literature, so as to get rid of the depression of real life.For example, we often suffer from hunger and cold in this world. We want to get rid of it, but in fact we cannot.Therefore, the joy of abundance is described in literature, which makes people love and encourage each other to realize the realization of this happiness together.Countless poems describing Tian Jiale in ancient times are examples.Another example is that our world often suffers from wars.We want to persuade people in the world not to invade each other and to live and work in peace and contentment, but in fact we cannot.Therefore, we describe the ideal and happy social life in literature, so that people can share love, encourage each other, and jointly plan the realization of this kind of happiness.Tao Yuanming's is an example.We read such lines as "suddenly enlightened, the land is flat and open, and the houses are like houses. There are good fields and beautiful pools of mulberry and bamboo. The traffic on the rice paddies, the chickens and dogs hear each other....the yellow hair hangs down, and they are happy." We are very happy in our hearts, as if It's like being a fisherman or a resident in Taohuayuan. In addition to these sentences, we can also imagine other free and happy lives to develop our ideals.Some people say that these literatures are just to satisfy one's hunger and to comfort one's self.In fact, this is not the beginning of the realization of the ideal.Utopias are different from ideals.Utopias are like games, ideals are rational.As long as the direction is good, the ideal may be lofty.The higher the ideal, the more joy of freedom in creation and appreciation. Secondly, the study of art can be an innocent pleasure.We usually take life naturally, but because of our habits, we often cannot see the truth of itself.Only in art can we see the natural truth of all things.For example, when we see the rising sun, we think, this is a sign to teach people to stand up.Seeing the field, I thought, this is someone else's real estate.Seeing cattle and sheep, he thought, this is someone else's livestock.When I see a poor man, I think, he is poor.From the point of view of habit, such thinking is not wrong; however, it is not the truth of these phenomena themselves.Because getting rid of the habit, these are incredible phenomena, how can it be so simple and arbitrary?The rising sun is clearly such a bright and splendid, mysterious and great natural phenomenon!Is it a mark set up to teach people to stand up?Fields are clearly part of the natural landscape, so what does it have to do with other people's industries?Cattle and sheep clearly have their own meaning of life, are they born to be killed and eaten by others?The poor are obviously the same people, why should they suffer?It turns out that the Creator created all things, each with its own life, each with its own meaning of existence, and it was not originally created by humans.Later, animals like "humans" became smart and advanced, occupied the earth, and used other species on the earth to support themselves.Over time, it becomes a habit, and it is assumed that all things are designed for human beings; fruits are for people to eat, cattle and sheep are for people to kill and eat, and the sun, moon and stars are for people to tell the time; Within oneself, it is also customary to fabricate the classes of rich and poor, high and low, and everyone takes it for granted.From this point of view, the human animal has been fascinated by habit and has become a state of unrequited love, committing the problem of megalomaniac.In this way, how can we see the truth of life itself in our daily life?Art is like an antidote to unrequited love and megalomania.It is only in art that human beings break away from all the obsessions of habit and express the truth of the universe itself.The Chaoyang in the painting is majestic, majestic and eternal, which is the truth of Chaoyang himself.The field in the painting has mountains and waters, green smiles and red frowns, which is the posture of the earth itself.Cattle and sheep in art can worry or be happy, have intentions and feelings, and this is the life of the cattle and sheep.The poor men and women in the poems are like ice and frost, like jade and flowers, detached from the net of worldly sophistication, this is the true face of human beings.Therefore, only in art can we see the natural truth of all things.When we break the traditional habits of daily life and create art and appreciate art with a new and pure vision, our mood suddenly becomes bright, free and innocent.It's like working for six days until a Sunday, when I feel the freedom of my time.It's like waking up from a long night's dream, and only then did you return to your true self.Therefore, when we create or appreciate art, we can enjoy freedom and innocence. This is the direct effect of art, that is, the effect of art on people's hearts. The indirect effect is the influence on the mind after we study art well, in other words, it is to realize the spirit of art and express this spirit in all thoughts and actions.At this time there is no need for art, because the whole life has become art.这效果的范围很广泛，简要地说，可指出两点：第一是远功利，第二是归平等。 如前所述，我们对着艺术品的时候，心中撤去传统习惯的拘束，而解严开放，自由自在，天真烂漫。这种经验积得多了，我们便会酌取这种心情来对付人世之事，就是在可能的范围内，把人世当作艺术品看。我们日常对付人世之事，如前所述，常是谨慎小心，辨别是非，打算得失的。换言之，即常以功利为第一念的。人生处世，功利原不可不计较，太不计较是不能生存的。但一味计较功利，直到老死，人的生活实在太冷酷而无聊，人的生命实在太廉价而糟塌了。所以在不妨碍实生活的范围内，能酌取艺术的非功利的心情来对付人世之事，可使人的生活温暖而丰富起来，人的生命高贵而光明起来。所以说，远功利，是艺术修养的一大效果。例如对于雪，用功利的眼光看，既冷且湿，又不久留，是毫无用处的。但倘能不计功利，这一片银世界实在是难得的好景，使我们的心眼何等地快慰！即使人类社会不幸，有人在雪中挨冻，也能另给我们一种艺术的感兴，像白居易的讽喻诗等。但与雪的美无伤，因为雪的美是常，社会的不幸是变，我们只能以常克变，不能以变废常的。又如瀑布，不妨利用它来舂米或发电，作功利的打算。但不要使人为的建设妨碍天然的美，作杀风景的行为。又如田野，功利地看来，原只是作物的出产地，衣食的供给处。但从另一方面看，这实在是一种美丽的风景区。懂得了这看法，我们对于阡陌、田园，以至房屋、市街，都能在实用之外讲求其美观，可使世间到处都变成风景区，给我们的心眼以无穷的快慰。而我们的耕种的劳作，也可因这非功利的心情而增加兴趣。陶渊明《躬耕》诗有句云："虽未量岁功，即事多所欣"，便是在功利的工作中酌用非功利的态度的一例。 最后要讲的艺术的效果，是归平等。我们平常生活的心，与艺术生活的心，其最大的异点，在于物我的关系上。平常生活中，视外物与我是对峙的。艺术生活中，视外物与我是一体的。对峙则物与我有隔阂，我视物有等级。一体则物与我无隔阂，我视物皆平等。故研究艺术，可以养成平等观。艺术心理中有一种叫做"感情移入"的（德名Ｅｉｎｆuｌｕｎｙ，英名Ｅｍｐａｔｈｙ），在中国画论中，即所谓"迁想妙得"。就是把我的心移入于对象中，视对象为与我同样的人。于是禽兽、草木、山川、自然现象，皆有情感，皆有生命。所以这看法称为"有情化"，又称为"活物主义"。画家用这看法观看世间，则其所描写的山水花卉有生气，有神韵。中国画的最高境"气韵生动"，便是由这看法而达得的。不过画家用形象、色彩来把形象有情化，是暗示的；即但化其神，不化其形的。故一般人不易看出。诗人用言语来把物象有情化，明显地直说，就容易看出。例如禽兽，用日常的眼光看，只是愚蠢的动物。但用诗的眼光看，都是有理性的人。如古人诗曰："年丰牛亦乐，随意过前村。"又曰："惟有旧巢燕，主人贫亦归。"推广一步，植物亦皆有情。故曰："岸花飞送客，樯燕语留人。"又曰： "可怜汶上柳，相见也依依。"并推广一步，矿物亦皆有情。故曰："相看两不厌，只有敬亭山。"又曰："人心胜潮水，相送过浔阳。"更推广一步，自然现象亦皆有情。故曰："举杯邀明月，对影成三人。"又曰："春风知别苦，不遣柳条青。"此种诗句中所咏的各物，如牛、燕、岸花、汶上柳、敬亭山、潮水、明月、春风等，用物我对峙的眼光看，皆为异类。但用物我一体的眼光看，则均是同群，均能体恤人情，可以相见、相看、相送，甚至于对饮。这是艺术上最可贵的一种心境。习惯了这种心境，而酌量应用这态度于日常生活上，则物我对敌之势可去，自私自利之欲可熄，而平等博爱之心可长，一视同仁之德可成。就事例而讲：前述的乞丐，你倘用功利心、对峙心来看，这人与你不关痛痒，对你有害无利；急宜远而避之，叱而去之。若有人说你不慈悲，你可振振有词："我有钞票，应该享福；他没有钱，应该受苦，与我何干？"世间这样存心的人很多。这都是功利迷心，我欲太深之故。你倘能研究几年艺术，从艺术精神上学得了除去习惯的假定，撤去物我的隔阂的方面而观看，便见一切众生皆平等，本无贫富与贵贱。乞丐并非为了没有钞票而受苦，实在是为了人心隔阂太深，人间不平等而受苦。唐朝的诗人杜牧有幽默诗句云： "公道世间惟白发，贵人头上不曾饶。"看似滑稽，却很严肃。 白发是天教生的，可见天意本来平等，不平等是后人造作的。 学艺术是要恢复人的天真。 １９４１年１月２０日作 艺术的园地 艺术的园中，旧时只有八个部分。就是绘画、雕塑、建筑、工艺、音乐、文学、舞蹈、演剧。现在应该添辟四部，就是书法、金石和照相、电影。前两者向来被忽视。因为这两者在西洋是没有的，西洋的艺术之园中不设此两部。中国旧时的艺术之园中，把"金石书画"三部分看作一部，使金石和书法附属于绘画，至于照相，从前不入艺术之园，或称之为"准艺术"。电影因为新兴，亦未被列入艺术之园的部类中。 其实，如果工艺（就是器什等日用品）列入艺术，照相也应该列入。如果演剧列入艺术，电影更应该列入。 所以现代的艺术之园，共有十二部门。用一个字代表一门，即书、画、金、雕、建、工、照、音、舞、文、剧、影。 现代艺术的园地中，有这一打东西蓬勃地发展着，光景何等热闹啊！ 学习艺术，当然不是定要全部修习这十二门艺术。如果要做艺术专门家，一个人一生，只能修习数门或一门，甚至一门中的一部分。 但是，各种艺术都有共通的关系。所以修习一种，对于其他各种不能全不顾问。尤其是中学生，需要获得各种常识，来建造健全人格的基础。故对于各种艺术，应该都知道一点。 现在先就艺术的十二部门的状况，大约地讲说一番。好比游园，我们先走上一个高岸，鸟瞰全景，就园中各部的风光，大约地领略一番。 第一境，书法。这一境域，位在艺术的园地的东部最深之处，地势最高，风景最胜，游客差不多全是中国人，日本人有时也跟着中国人上去玩玩，西洋人则全无问津者。虽说游客全是中国人，但大多数的中国人，步到坡上就止步，不再上进。真能爬上高处，深入其境的人，其实也不很多。所以这在艺术的园地中，为最冷僻的区域。多数的游客，还不知道园中有这么一个去处呢。 我为什么这样地比方呢？因为书法这种艺术，是我们中国所特有的，西洋向来没有书法艺术。日本人模仿中国人写汉字，但是写得好的极少。中国人虽然人人会拿毛笔写字，但大多数是实用的，不是艺术的。换言之，大多数人写字只求划平竖直，清楚工整，便于实用；而不讲求笔情墨趣，间架布局，以及碑意帖法等艺术的研究。因此，西洋人根本不知道有这一种艺术，中国人也多数不把它当作艺术看。尤其是到了现代，学校功课繁忙，社会国家多事。许多青年学子，没有时间，或者没有机会去认识、欣赏或研究这种艺术。又因为这是实用工具的缘故，被现代生活的繁忙加以简笔化，实用化，通俗化；商业竞争又给它图案化，广告化，奇怪化…… 几乎使它失去了原来的艺术性。现在我讲艺术，首先提到书法，而且赞扬它是最高的艺术。一般人听了这话，也许不相信。其实我这话根据着艺术的原则。艺术的主要原则之一，是用感觉领受。感觉中最高等的无过于眼和耳。诉于眼的艺术中，最纯正的无过于书法。诉于耳的艺术中，最纯正的无过于音乐。故书法与音乐，在一切艺术中占有最高的地位。故艺术的园地中，有两个高原。如果书法是东部高原，那么音乐就是西部高原。两者遥遥相对。 第二境，绘画。这一境域，也在园的东部，位在第一境之次。其地势不及第一境之高，而其地带却比第一境广大。在全园地中，这一境域范围特别广。游人也特别多。有许多人，专为游览此境而入艺术之园。游览别的境域的人，也必先到这境里来观瞻一番，然后他去。游客中，全世界各国的人都有。而中国人享有特权：这第二境虽与第一境毗连，而接壤之处没有界限。中国人到这第二境去游玩时，这界限便撤消，第一境与第二境相连通，任中国人随意游览。日本人托中国人的福，有时也得享受这特权。然能享受的人极少。 我为什么这样说呢？因为绘画在艺术中为最发达的一种。 全世界各民族都有绘画艺术。全世界的艺术家中，画家亦占有多数。绘画是造型艺术（书法、绘画、金石、雕塑、建筑、工艺等，凡专用眼鉴赏的，总称为造型艺术）的基础。所以凡学造型艺术的人，必须先学绘画，或者参考绘画。中国自古有"书画同源"之说。就是说描画要参考书法的用笔，方才画得出神气。所以中国的画家大都能书，书家大都能画。画要参考书法；而书不一定要参考画法。所以书法比绘画更为高深。反之，绘画比书法更为广大。这就是说，在质的方面，书胜于画；在量的方面，画胜于书。这两者在艺术中，一高一广，都很重要。 第三境，金石。这是艺术之园的东部最精小的一个区域，位在书画两境之旁，琼楼玉宇，中有雕阑画栋，备极精巧。这一区范围虽然最小，而层楼宝塔，直指云霄。其高度不亚于第一境。或曰，比第一境更高。因为地方太小太高，所以游人很少，只有几个中国人上去游览，直上最高层的也不多。中国人到此境内，也享有特权：即得撤去其与第二境、第一境的界限，而遨游于这三境之中。 读者大概都知道：金石，就是刻图章，是中国特有的一种极精深的艺术。在数方分的面积中，用刀刻上几个字，要它们布置妥帖，笔法典雅，全体调和，自成一个圆满无缺的小天地，原是难能可贵的事。专长这种艺术的人，叫做金石家。金石家大都兼通书画。故"书画金石"，向来并称。最近这方面的大家，像吴昌硕便是。他能画，能书，又能治金石，三种作品都很高明。最近逝世的弘一法师，即李叔同先生，也是三才兼长的一人。此外在中国还有许多专家。但因为这种艺术太精深，能欣赏的人甚少，所以不能发达。这是几方分的面积中的工夫，没有高度发达的审美眼，简直不能欣赏。所以这一区域，在艺术之园中，最为幽寂。 第四境，雕塑。此境与第二境接壤，是艺术之园中的一个动物院。第二境平旷，包含森罗万象；此境崎岖，多畜禽兽动物。这动物院没有独立的门。要游览此境，必须先入第二境，由第二地转入此境。 原来雕塑与绘画是姊妹艺术。绘画表现平面美，雕塑表现立体美。绘画取材极广，人物、动物、植物、矿物、天体，以及超自然界各种现象，均得入画。雕塑则取材较狭，大多数是人物，动物之像。要学雕塑，必须先学绘画。即由平面空间美的研究进入于立体空间美的研究。 这里要附记一笔：第二境（画）近来扩充一个新境地，位在园的东偏，外边向大众行道开放，内边与第二、三、四境（画、金、雕）交通。有人特称此境为"木刻境"，实则附属于第二境，故不另立，但附记于此。读者如欲游览此境，请从第二境转入。 第五境，建筑。此境位在第四境外边，离艺术之园的大门不远了。全园之中，此境最为繁华，各种供给都有，恰是园中的一个招待所。同时，因为繁华的缘故，缺乏自然之趣。 所以有许多游客，不爱向此境游览。这境地有一个特点，即与"工业的园地"接壤，而且交通往还甚密。因此，游客往往对它歧视，以为它不是完全属于"艺术的园地"的。 读者都知道：建筑是实用物之一。艺术约分二大类：一类是有实用的，还有一类是但供欣赏而无实用的。书画金石等，都属后者；建筑则属于前者。在艺术上，称无实用的书画金石等为"纯正艺术"，称有实用的建筑等为"应用艺术"。 因为前者可作美的独立的表现。后者美只是房屋上的装饰。又称前者为"自由艺术"，后者为"羁绊艺术"。因为前者可以自由创作，后者被住居的条件所拘束，不能自由创造美的形式。况且工事方面，属于土木工程。故建筑被人视为"半艺术"。这半艺术，其实对人生关系甚大。因为建筑庞大而永久，其形式的美恶，对于人群的观感影响甚大。希腊全盛时代，曾利用最美的殿堂建筑的亲和力来统制人群的感情，使全国民众和谐团结，所以这种半艺术也不可忽视。 第六境，工艺。这境域更在第五境的外面，靠近艺术之园的大门了。繁华亦更甚于第五境。第五境是园中的招待所，这第六境可说是园中的市场。其与"工业的园地"的交通往还，也同前者一样地密。总之，各种情形，都与前境相似，只是零碎琐屑，规模较小而已。 工艺美术，如器具、纺织、日用品之类的制造，是属于工业的；但其形式的美，是属于艺术的。故工艺与建筑同为羁绊艺术或应用艺术。这两种艺术，都受实用条件的拘束。所以在艺术的园中，这二境位在大门口最浅显的地方。 第七境，照相。此境狭小简陋，向在艺术之园的大门以外，最近因为境内景象同第二境（画）有些相似，故被列入艺术的园地内，靠着园门，好比门房。这境域虽然狭陋，但近来努力模仿第二境，有时倒也足供游览。游客以西洋人为多数。有的西洋人，对于这第七境，竟用对第二境同样的兴味来欣赏。 照相，原来是工艺之一；最近模仿绘画，就得了"美术照相"的名称，而抬高了地位。同时在绘画方面，最近盛行一种如实描写的绘画，叫做"写实派"的，竟同照相类似。因此西洋人对于照相，有了与对绘画同样的兴味。但照相的制作，毕竟机械力居多，而人力居少。故作品中客观模仿的分子太多，主观创造的分子太少。故其艺术的价值低浅。只能派它做艺术之园的门房。 以上七境，都位在艺术之园的东部，由深而浅，自成系统。这东部七境，有一共通点，即都是静穆的境地。--这都是用眼睛观赏的。 还有五个境域，位在艺术之园的西部，也自成系统。待我一一说明如下： 第八境，音乐。这一境域，位在艺术之园的西部最深之处，地势最高，风景最胜，与东部的第一境（书法）相对峙。 但这所谓风景最"胜"，并非普通的好景。这境中并无固定的具体的楼台亭阁，花卉草木；只是云烟缥缈，波澜起伏，光色绚烂，气象万千，远胜于固定的具体的风景。第一境也有这种胜景，但与此境情形稍异：第一境是静止的，此境是流动的；第一境游客甚少，此境游客非常热闹。古今东西各国的人，都爱向此境游览。据孔子说，中国周朝时代，曾经有人深入此境，登其极顶。西洋也有许多意大利人与德意志人，遨游于此境的高处。但是多数的游客，不肯深入直上，大都爬到此境的坡上就止步。所以此境的热闹部分，只在低近之处。其高深的地方，同第一境一样地岑寂。 读者大约可由过去的经验领会得音乐境地的美妙。我明白告诉你，书法与音乐，是艺术中最精妙的两种。一切艺术中，表现的精微，前者诉于视觉，后者诉于听觉。表面形式各异，内容精神实同。你如不相信，我可举实例为证：用笔描写有名目的形状（例如画一朵花），笔墨受形状的拘束，难得自由发挥感兴。反之，描写无名目的线条（例如写字），就可在线条本身上自由发挥感兴了。表现有意义的声音（例如作诗，作文），声音受意义的拘束，难得自由发挥感兴。反之，表现无意义的声音（例如奏乐曲），就可在声音本身上自由发挥感兴了。故在艺术的本质上，书法高于绘画，音乐高于文学。 第九境，舞蹈。此境位于第八境之次，与第八境为贴邻。 据说在古代，第八、九两境不分界限，共通为一。后来虽然分别为二，但也时时交通。凡欲游览第九境，必须开通第八境的界门，徘徊往来于二境之间，同时并赏两地的风光。 舞蹈，就是用身体的姿态来表现种种情感。比较起音乐的用声音表现情感，工具简单而笨重，故需要音乐的帮助。但不用音乐帮助的默舞，也自有其独特的舞蹈美，被称为无声的音乐。读者须知道，人的身体，是艺术表现的工具之一，与声音、线条、色彩等同列。舞蹈便是以人体为工具的一种艺术。 第十境，文学。此境位在第八、九两境之次。地势不及第八境之高，而地带广大得多。这是西部最广大的区域，与东部最广大的第二境（画）相对峙。全境之中，此二境最广，亦最宏富。宇宙间森罗万象，人世间种种现状，此二境中无不包含。所异者，第二境皆静止相，此第十境则动静诸相具有。第十境的范围，实比第二境更广。所以有许多人，不当它是艺术之园中的一部分，而把它看作独立的一园。此境因范围太广，故内中又分做小部分，曰文、曰诗、曰词、曰曲……。游客，世界各国的人都有，大都每人只能专游一部分。 因为地方太广，游了一部分，大都没有余力再游其他部分了。 第十一境，演剧。此境位在前三境（音、舞、文）之次，而与前三境相通。此境范围之大，与第十境相去不远。景物的宏富，亦与第十境相似。所异者，前境多抽象，此境多具象；前境单纯，此境复杂。以上所述十境中的景象，在第十一境中差不多齐备，所以有人称此境为"综合"境。 第十二境，电影。这实在不是一个境域，却是艺术之园的大门西首的一面大镜子。这镜子很大，立在第十一境（剧）的旁边，能把第十一境中的景象完全映出。艺术之境中，向来没有这面镜子，是最近新设立的。虽只薄薄的一片，却能总摄西部四境（音、舞、文、剧）的景象。所以近来游客特别众多。 最后三境，关系密切。因为文学中的戏剧与演剧、电影，根本是同一作品，作不同的表现。原来文学这种艺术，表现力最大。它是用言语为工具的，故宇宙界、人世界一切动静，都是它的题材。它虽然没有颜料，不能描一朵花，但它能用言语代替颜料，譬如"海棠经雨胭脂透"。它虽然没有音符，不能奏一个曲，但它能用言语代替音符，譬如"银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣"。所以文学可说是万能的艺术。但其缺点，只是几句空言，要人想象出来；却没有具体的表现。演剧便是弥补这缺点的。它把文学中要人想象的东西，实际地演出，使鉴赏者不必想象而可看到实物，因而获得更强大的效果。 故曰，文学是脑筋中演出的剧，演剧是舞台上演出的剧。 至于电影，原来是演剧的复制。但凭仗机械的方法，能作演剧所不能作的表现，是其特长。这是艺术中后起之秀。其将来的发展，未可限量呢。 这算是艺术之园的一张地图。总之，东部七境皆静景，西部五境皆动景。此真可谓气象万千，美不胜收。况且园门无禁，昼夜公开。爱美诸君，盍兴乎来！ 漫画集《人间相》序言① 在上世，绘画用于装饰。故原始之绘画为图案，如五云万字、龙鳞凤彩之类，皆世间之调和相也。当盛世，绘画用以赞美。故人称美景曰"如画"，如明山秀水、佳人才子之类，皆世间之欢喜相也。至末世，绘画用为娱乐。故俗称描画曰"画花"，如草木虫禽、风花雪月之类，皆世间之可爱相也。吾画既非装饰，又非赞美，更不可为娱乐，而皆世间之不调和相、不欢喜相、不可爱相，独何欤？东坡云："恶岁诗人无好语"，若诗画通似，则窃比吾画于诗可也。 ①此文后来作为《丰子恺漫画全集·都市相》的序言。 《画中有诗》自序 余读古人诗，常觉其中佳句，似为现代人生写照，或竟为我代言。盖诗言情，人情千古不变，故好诗千古常新。此即所谓不朽之作也。余每遇不朽之句，讽咏之不足，辄译之为画。不问唐宋人句，概用现代表现。自以为恪尽鉴赏之责矣。初作《贫贱江头自浣纱》图，或见而诧曰："此西施也，应作古装；今子易以断发旗袍，其误甚矣！"余曰："其然，岂其然欤？颜如玉而沦落于贫贱者，古往今来不可胜数，岂止西施一人哉？我见现代亦有其人，故作此图。君知其一而不知其他，所谓泥古不化者也，岂足与言艺术哉！"其人无以应。 吾于是读诗作画不息。近来累积渐多，乃选六十幅付木刻，以