On October 29, 1911, the Taiyuan Uprising succeeded.When the news reached the capital, the Qing government ordered the sixth town stationed in Baoding to control Wu Luzhen's march into Shanxi to suppress the revolution.Wu Hongchang's Department of the Twelfth Association of Wu Zhi's vanguard arrived in Jingxing on October 31, and confronted the Shanxi People's Army at a distance. Wu Luzhen, courtesy name Shouqing, was born in Yunmeng, Hubei, and graduated from Hubei Wubei Academy. In 1900, he and Tang Caichang organized an independent army and conspired to revolt in Datong County, Anhui. After failing, he went to Japan to study in the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer Academy and was a student in the third period.After returning to China, he served as the Minister of Border Affairs of Yanji and the Deputy Commander of the Capital, and was later transferred to the Commander of the Sixth Town.Wu Suhuai had great revolutionary ambitions. Unexpectedly, after the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as a cabinet minister.Wu Luzhen had opinions on Yuan Shikai. He and the anti-Yuan faction of the Beijing royal family believed that "Yuan must be destroyed when the Qing Dynasty is destroyed".Before leaving, Wu conspired against Yuan with upright officials Zaitao and Liangbi.

On November 3, Wu Luzhen arrived at the front line of Jingxing, and immediately arranged to cooperate with the army and the people of Shanxi to realize the plan to overthrow Yuan.After reaching an agreement with the army and civilians in Shanxi, in order to confuse the Qing government, Wu Luzhen called the Qing cabinet again, falsely claiming that "the revolutionary army will not be able to support it when it is engaged in battle with the revolutionary army, and it will retreat to Niangziguan. One battalion of mountain cannons and one standard of infantry" to increase the strength of the troops.

On November 4, the Qing government appointed Wu Luzhen as governor of Shanxi.At 1 p.m. that day, Wu Luzhen and Yan Xishan arrived at Niangziguan by train respectively, and the two sides held a meeting.Wu Luzhen first stated at the meeting: The Qing court appointed me the governor of Shanxi, which was a means of winning over, and I would never take office.I stand on the standpoint of the Great Revolution and am very willing to cooperate with Shanxi.The location of Shanxi is important, and if Shanxi is restored, China will be restored. The important thing is that the uprising should be timely and shake the Qing Dynasty... As a result of the talks, it was decided to form the Yan-Jin coalition army. The deputy governor and deputy commander-in-chief, Wen Shouquan, was the chief of staff of the coalition army; it was decided that the Shanxi People's Army would first send two battalions to Shijiazhuang, put them under the command of Wu, and then join forces in Beijing to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.On the same day, Wu Luzhen's Ministry intercepted in Shijiazhuang the ordnance, food and clothing transported by the Qing government to the front line of Hubei by the Beijing-Han Railway.

Wu Luzhen's actions aroused the hatred and anger of the Qing government, so Wu Luzhen was urged to take up his post in Shanxi as soon as possible to relieve the obstacles in the middle section of the Beijing-Hanzhou Railway and communicate with the Qing army on the front line in Wuhan.At this time, Yuan Shikai, who supervised Xiaogan, Hubei, was unable to go to Beijing to take up the post of prime minister because Wu guarded Shijiazhuang, and hated Wu for withholding military equipment, food and clothing.So he secretly bought Zhou Fulin, the former Twelfth Association Commander who was dismissed by Wu Luzhen, with 30,000 taels of silver (one said 20,000 taels), and tried to assassinate Wu.Zhou Qian went to Shijiazhuang to conspire with Ma Huitian, a fellow from Northeast China who was the captain of Wu Luzhen Guard.In the middle of the night of November 6, while Wu was in office, Ma shot Wu to death in the station office. Staff officer Zhang Shiying and adjutant Zhou Weizhen were martyred at the same time.

After Wu Luzhen was assassinated, in order to deal with the enemy, Yan Xishan sent Nan Guixin to Shaanxi to ask for help from the revolutionary army, and at the same time sent Chang Yue, Jia Demao and others to Shijiazhuang to talk to Duan Qirui, the commander of the sixth town of the New Army, and sent Taiping County (now Xiangfen) Juren, the military government counselor Dong Guie went to the south of Shanxi, and the counselor Hu Mou went to the north of Shanxi to appease. At this time, the Qing government was also doing everything possible to restore its rule in Shanxi. On November 14, Qu Benqiao was sent as Shanxi Propaganda Envoy to induce surrender. On November 15, Zhang Xiluan was appointed governor of Shanxi, and Cao Kun's third town troops were led to Shijiazhuang to attack Niangziguan.Under such circumstances, Yan Xishan sent Qiao Xu to lead the second bid to Niangziguan for reinforcements.A few days later, Yan Kai, Zhao Daiwen, and Ma Kaisong waited until Niangziguan to supervise the battle.

On December 8, Lu Yongxiang, leader of the Fifth Mixed Association of the Third Town, led his troops from Shijiazhuang to Jingxing.That night, he was attacked by the Shanxi People's Army.The next day, the artillery of the Qing army was deployed in Caizhuang, and dozens of people from the militia went to grab the artillery, causing casualties on both sides. On December 10, the Qing army bombarded the Xuehuashan civilian army positions, and the civilian army rose up to resist, causing more than 500 casualties, and the Qing army also died more than 500 people. On December 11, the Qing army captured Niangziguan, and Yan Xishan, Yao Yizhi and others retreated in panic.

After Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan on December 12, he evacuated as planned.People from northern Jin such as Zhao Daiwen led their troops out of the city to the north; while people from southern Jin such as Wen Shouquan, Yang Pengling, and Li Mingfeng led their troops to the south.After the militiamen left one after another, people in Taiyuan panicked. Some fled outside the city, and some hid in foreign churches. There were more than a thousand people in the Catholic Church on Shanbeimen Street.The market is chaotic and most shops are closed.Shuangfu Match Company in Sanqiao Street changed to fly the Japanese flag, and Maoerxiang Longji Cigarette Factory changed to fly the British flag.Outlaws are ready to move.It turned out that the officials of the Qing government immediately revived, their mended clothes and tops appeared on the street again, and some braids were dragged behind their heads again.The white flag of "Eight Diagrams and Taiji Picture" hoisted by the military government was also changed to a yellow dragon flag.It turned out that Shanxi Qing government officials Wang Qingping, Li Jianduo, Luo Chengxiang, Lian Yin, Wang Dazhen, Zhou Bo, etc. used the original seal to issue a notice to comfort the people, and the finance, police and other yamen and supervisory offices also resumed work.At the same time, the civilian army was ordered to surrender, and a yellow cloth with the seal of the table and government office was issued to the defectors for identification.In the city of Taiyuan, there is an atmosphere of restoration.

Wang Qingping, a former official of the Qing Dynasty, said arrogantly in a joint telegram to Zhang Xiluan: "The soldiers and civilians of the Three Jin Dynasties will see the sun again, and all of them will celebrate with their heads." On January 5, 1912, Lu Yongxiang led the No. 1 Infantry Brigade of Wang Chengbin's No. 3 Brigade and Horse Brigade, and two Brigades of Shanpao Workers and Supplies each to occupy Taiyuan. On January 10, under the protection of the Wuwei Army, Zhang Xiluan also arrived in Taiyuan from Shijiazhuang.At this time, Liu Xunxun, a member of the Shanxi League who had returned to the south, protested to Tang Shaoyi, the peace representative of the Qing government, pointing out that Zhang Xiluan's entry into Jin was a breach of contract and dishonesty, and asked Tang to call Yuan Shikai to order Zhang to leave Jin.After Zhang Xiluan left Jin Dynasty, Li Shengduo took charge of the governor.

On February 12, 1912, the North-South peace talks ended and the Republic came to fruition.The Qing emperor announced his abdication, and Yuan Shikai succeeded as the interim president of the Republic of China.Yan Xishan and others heard the news that the whole country had declared a republic in Hequ, and also received a telegram from Li Shengduo "deeply looking forward to coming to the south to discuss everything", so they urged the army to go south at the same time. On February 18, 1912, Yan led his troops to Xinzhou.On the same day, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to Li Shengduo, Lu Yongxiang, and Wang Ruxian, the commander of the military guards: "Yan Xishan's army...don't let them return to Taiyuan....If Yan proceeds without authorization, I hope that all battalions will be strictly resisted." Yan Xishan had to stay there. Xinzhou.

Yan Xishan knew that in order to gain the right to rule Shanxi, he must gain Yuan Shikai's trust.So he sent Yuan's disciple Dong Chongren from Dingxiang to Beijing to talk to Yuan, and at the same time asked Sun Yat-sen for help.Sun Ji telegraphed Yuan Shikai and proposed to withdraw the troops and let the governor of Shanxi return to Taiyuan.Its message is: "Learning from President Yuan Da of Beijing: Shanxi has repeated calls. Please inform us to withdraw Taiyuan soldiers and call back the governor of Shanxi Province. Before checking, the Qing soldiers were indeed in Jin, and they did act barbarously, which greatly shocked the public opinion. Now the Chinese are a family, and the Qin soldiers are willing to withdraw from Tongguan. , why is it alone in Jin Province. If the governor of Jin returns to Jin and Li Shengduo is still the chief of civil affairs, then the first thing is peace and quiet! I sincerely announce that I will wait for your reply. Sun Wen."

Under the efforts of Mr. Sun Yat-sen and Yan Xishan's loyalty to Yuan Shikai, Yuan appointed Yan Xishan as the governor of Shanxi on March 15, 1912. On April 4, 1912, Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan. At this point, the Revolution of 1911 came to an end in Shanxi.Members of the Shanxi League, bourgeois intellectuals, and the broad masses of workers, peasants, and soldiers ran and shouted, and the fruits of the bloody battle fell firmly into Yan Xishan's hands. The merits of the Shanxi People's Army in the Revolution of 1911 not only lay in overthrowing the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty in Shanxi, but also played a major role in ending my country's 2,000-year feudal monarchy and establishing the Republic of China. When Sun Yat-sen visited Taiyuan on September 19, 1912, he made a positive evaluation of it.He said: "Last year's Wuchang Uprising succeeded within a short period of time. This is really the power of Shanxi...Why? Guangdong was the first province of the revolution, but it failed repeatedly. The Qing government was very strict in defense and could not use it a little bit. Others can be done. It can be imagined. Even if it were not for the Shanxi uprising and the severance of communication between the north and the south, the affairs of the world would be unknown.” However, in Shanxi, in order to achieve his goal of returning to Taiyuan to monopolize the power of Shanxi, Yan Xishan was eager to show his loyalty to Yuan Shikai, flatter and flatter him. On the one hand, it shows the incompleteness of the Revolution of 1911 in Shanxi; on the other hand, it also reflects the weakness of the Chinese bourgeoisie, which cannot completely complete the historical mission of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. On March 15, 1912, Yan Xishan became the governor of Shanxi in the smoke of the Revolution of 1911, and he got a delicious peach.This is something he never dreamed of.In order to keep this hard-won fruit, Yan Xishan used various excuses and opportunities to continuously squeeze out and persecute a large number of meritorious people who participated in the Shanxi Revolution of 1911, eliminate dissident forces in Shanxi, and pave the way for him to separate Shanxi and implement dictatorship. After Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the 1911 Revolution, he used various means to suppress the revolutionary forces. In March 1913 (the 2nd year of the Republic of China), he personally directed the murder of Song Jiaoren. After the "Song Case" occurred, the condemnation of Yuan Shikai continued to increase throughout the country.However, some warlords who manipulated local provincial powers sided with Yuan Shikai and supported Yuan's approach.Yan Xishan also actively catered to Yuan Shikai, and signed the telegrams sent by the warlords of various provinces to the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the House of Representatives to express support for Yuan Shikai's dictatorship. In November 1913, Yuan Shikai became the official president after suppressing the Second Revolution.He ordered the disbandment of the Kuomintang and the disqualification of members of the Kuomintang, so as to achieve the purpose of canceling the Congress and establishing a dictatorship.Yan Xishan hastily took corresponding measures in Shanxi.When Shanxi received Yuan's order, Yan Xishan immediately ordered the police department to seal up the Shanxi branch of the Kuomintang, and sent special personnel to the provincial council and various post and telecommunications offices to investigate whether the Shanxi members of the Kuomintang kept in touch with the outside world. Examined and prosecuted the Membership Certificate. In January 1914, Yan Xishan sent a letter to Yuan Shikai, reporting in detail the situation of Shanxi's liquidation of the Kuomintang.In doing so, Yan Xishan not only flattered Yuan Shikai, but also further eliminated the dissident forces in Shanxi, which can be said to kill two birds with one stone.Yan Xishan not only followed Yuan Shikai in politics and military affairs, but also actively participated in Yuan Shikai's activities of respecting Confucius in the ideological field, following closely in his footsteps. In February 1913, Yan Xishan and others initiated the establishment of the "Zongsheng Society" in Taiyuan Confucian Temple, establishing the largest Confucian society in Shanxi.The honorary president of Zongsheng Society is Xie Rongren, and the vice presidents are Zhao Daiwen and Liu Jinxun.Later, Yan Xishan founded the "Xin Xin Society" and personally served as the president of the society. He regularly lectured on scriptures and worshiped the saints, vigorously spread the way of Confucius and Mencius, and acted as an advocator for Yuan Shikai's reverence for Confucianism. In June 1914, Yuan Shikai changed the provincial governors to generals, and awarded Yan Xishan "Tongwu General" to manage Shanxi affairs.Feeling so honored, Yan Xishan deliberately erected a gatehouse by the river where he was originally from, engraved with the five characters "Tongwu General's Mansion". In August 1915 (the 4th year of the Republic of China), Yang Du and others initiated the "Preparation Council" under Yuan Shikai's instruction, advocating the constitutional monarchy to save the country and publicizing the restoration of the imperial system.On September 3 of the same year, Yan Xishan called Yuan Shikai and tried his best to flatter Yuan Shikai. He believed that "with the feelings of China, it is absolutely inappropriate to continue to use the republic system. It is not enough to establish a country and save the nation unless it adopts the constitution of the monarchy of Germany and Japan." Yuan Shikai acted against the trend, and praised the restoration of the monarchy indiscriminately. In October 1915, according to the instructions of the Beijing imperial faction, the military and political chiefs of all provinces across the country organized the National Assembly to represent the public opinion and persuade them to advance. In late October, 102 representatives from seven constituencies in Shanxi Province voted under the auspices of Yan Xishan and Shanxi governor Jin Yong.The ballot papers were printed in advance, and only voters were allowed to fill in the word "yes", and other words were not allowed to fill in. The result was unanimously voted to support Yuan Shikai and proclaim himself emperor. On December 12, 1915, Yuan Shikai, in defiance of the world, formally accepted the "Decree of Recommendation" in Beijing and proclaimed himself emperor.This clumsy move against the trend of history has aroused fierce opposition from the people across the country.In Shanxi, in Taiyuan, the provincial capital, the anti-Yuan struggle was also launched.As the governor of Shanxi, Yan Xishan, faced with the wave of protests against Yuan from all over the country, not only did not wake up, but still followed Yuan Shikai and suppressed the anti-Yuan activities of Shanxi patriots.After the Cai E uprising in Yunnan, the political situation in Taiyuan was firmly controlled by Yan Xishan.At that time, the telecommunications bureaus and post offices in various places had commissioners sent by the provincial government to review the correspondence and telegrams. Many people were arrested for no reason because they were suspected of communicating with Yunnan. On June 6, 1916 (the 5th year of the Republic of China), Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang warlord who delusionally tried to turn the wheel of history back, died in the desperate situation of betrayal and besieged on all sides.Yan Xishan is very good at speculation.During Yuan Shikai's reign, on the one hand, he tried his best to rely on Yuan Shikai to maintain his position in Shanxi; on the other hand, he did everything possible to deal with the impact of various political forces from outside the province.After Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy failed, Yan Xishan felt very disappointed.Because he tried his best to follow Yuan Shikai, the "revolutionary" cloak he originally wore as a member of the alliance was almost washed away, making it impossible to cover his body.The people of Shanxi and the whole country clearly saw that Yan Xishan, who ascended to the throne of Shanxi during the Revolution of 1911, was originally of the same breed as the feudal warlords all over the country. Under such circumstances, Yan Xishan, who is good at speculative drilling, took advantage of the chaotic political situation in the country after Yuan Shikai's downfall. The new backer among the forces, he took refuge in Duan Qirui to consolidate his dominance in Shanxi. First of all, Yan Xishan drove away Yuan Shikai's minion in Shanxi—Jin Yong, who was the governor of Shanxi.Secondly, Yan Xishan excluded Huang Guoliang, Kong Geng and others who held considerable power at that time.Huang Guoliang and Yan Xishan had been classmates twice at the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer School in the Military Military Camp in Shanxi, and had also paid homage to the League Brothers.After the Revolution of 1911 in Shanxi, Huang Guoliang also served successively as the Director of the Military and Political Department of the Dudu Mansion, the Staff of the Dudu Mansion, and the Commander of the 12th Mixed Brigade because of his contribution to the revolution.After Yuan Shikai's death, Huang Guoliang prepared to expand his armaments. He wanted to expand a brigade into an army and build a large camp in the southern suburbs of Taiyuan that could accommodate three or four thousand people.Yan Xishan was very dissatisfied with this, thinking that Huang Guoliang's move was intended to replace him.Later, President Li Yuanhong sent a representative to Taiyuan and lived in Huang Guoliang's residence. Yan was very suspicious that Huang Guoliang secretly contacted the central government to attack him internally and externally.Therefore, Yan Xishan ordered Secretary-General Jia Jingde to draft a telegram and send it to the Beijing government, asking the Beijing government to remove him under the pretext of "Huang Guoliang's military arbitrariness. Huang Guoliang.After the telegram was sent out, Yan Xishan called Zhang Dasan, Commander of the Gendarmerie, and handed him a letter saying "Huang Guoliang will be dismissed as soon as he writes it, and he must leave Taiyuan on the same day."That night, Zhang Dasan sent a company of military police to surround Huang Guoliang's residence, and restricted the brigade officers and soldiers from meeting him.Huang Guoliang was forced to leave Taiyuan early the next morning and arrived in Beijing.Yan is about to fill the vacancy of the brigade commander and appoint Kong Fanyu to act as his agent.In this way, Yan Xishan eliminated important people who he considered to be a serious threat to him. In July 1916 (the 5th year of the Republic of China), Duan Qirui's cabinet changed the names of the military and political chiefs of each province, from generals to governors, and governors to governors.Yan Xishan was appointed governor of Shanxi, and Shen Mingchang was appointed governor.Yan Xishan turned to Duan Qirui even more, so as to consolidate the ruling power in Shanxi that he had worked so hard to win. In July 1917, Zhang Xun took advantage of Li Yuanhong's invitation to Beijing for mediation, and supported Puyi to restore the imperial system.Yan Xishan was awarded the post of governor of Shanxi during the enfeoffment of the restored dynasty.At that time, in order to cope with the sudden change, Yan Xishan hastily summoned provincial military and political officials to discuss countermeasures, and decided to keep silent for the time being and wait and see. On July 3, Duan Qirui swore an oath in Machang, sent a telegram to oppose Zhang Xun's restoration, and ordered all provinces to send troops to join forces in Beijing.Yan Xishan immediately replied to Duan Qirui, expressing his support, and took the opportunity to expand Shanxi's troops into four brigades, with Shang Zhen, Ma Kaisong, Kong Fanyuwei, and Zhao Daiwen as brigade commanders, and Shang Zhen led the first mixed brigade. Set off north to show support. On August 1, Duan Qirui once again served as the prime minister of the Beiyang warlords.Because Yan Xishan actively supported Duan Qirui's actions, Yan's temporary governor became a real post.So far, Yan Xishan has justified the military and political power of Shanxi in one body. After Yan Xishan took sole control of the military and political power in Shanxi, in order to further consolidate his rule, he implemented the so-called "administration of the people" in Shanxi. In May and June of 1918, Yan Xishan convened successive political meetings with officials at all levels in Taiyuan, the provincial capital, to compile the so-called "Using Civil Politics Big Steel". On the one hand, they strengthened the monitoring and control of the people of Shanxi, trying to use political militarism to build Shanxi into an independent kingdom of the Yan family. In October 1937, the Japanese army invaded Shanxi in two ways, one of which was blocked at Xinkou;Yan Xishan took the lead in fleeing southward with his military and government officials. Yan's army was distraught and defeated. After the Japanese invaded and occupied Taiyuan, they established a brutal warlord rule and a traitor puppet regime, and set up police secret agencies to suppress the people and so-called local security forces to maintain their colonial rule.With Taiyuan as the center, the Japanese army attacked from all directions, and carried out frantic raids and massacres against the Japanese soldiers and civilians.They also set up a "captive camp" in Taiyuan (in Xiaodongmen), which was a hell on earth where Japanese imperialists brutally killed Chinese anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians.The Japanese invading army detained Eighth Route Army cadres, soldiers, local party and government workers, as well as arrested underground party members and patriots here for a long time, brutally tortured and destroyed them, and killed them in batches. On July 7, 1942, Comrade Zhang Youqing, secretary of the Shanxi Provincial Working Committee, was tortured to death here. Many of the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians who were unfortunately arrested during the enemy's "mopping up" were taken to Taiyuan and imprisoned in the "engineering team" (that is, the prisoner camp). About 70% of them were due to hunger, plague and being pumped. There was so much blood that they became seriously ill or died. Some people were buried alive and tortured to death by the Japanese invaders. In March 1941, the Japanese army buried more than 130 people alive in the backyard of the "engineering team"; in June, the "engineering team" was tortured to death by the enemy in the middle of the night. more than one person.Sometimes the enemy also used their dogs to torture the suffering people, and buried the lower body of the captured people in the ground, so that the dogs would eat the upper body, dripping with blood, which was horrible. In July 1942, the Japanese army took more than 200 captured soldiers away from the "engineering team" and ordered their recruits to practice "practice", and stabbed them to death with bayonets one by one as "living targets"...According to more reliable It is estimated that in the past eight years, the Taiyuan "engineering team" killed more than 120,000 anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians. While killing the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians, the Japanese invaders plundered Taiyuan's industries economically. In addition to taking away more than 3,000 machines, they also changed the original Taiyuan arsenal into a Japanese arsenal for repairing guns and guns. It was changed to the Japanese Army Field Garment Factory.In addition, the cigarettes from Taiyuan Jinhua Cigarette Factory, the cement from the cement factory, the porcelain from the kiln factory, the rails from the railway factory, etc., also became supplies that directly served the Japanese army. The entire Taiyuan factory actually became a "military depot" for the Japanese army. ".At the same time, relying on the bayonet of "Bushido", Japanese monopoly capital successively established the "Miscellaneous Grain Group", "Fur Group" and "Timber Group" in Taiyuan to control the main materials, and grasped the economic lifeline of the city.Japanese goods, from silk and linen products to medical equipment, from daily necessities to canned seasoning, flooded into Taiyuan like a tide, carrying out economic plunder.Especially after the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army implemented material management and material control on the market, resulting in the depression of private businesses in Taiyuan, and they closed down one after another. Complementing economic looting is cultural aggression.During this period, schools at all levels in Taiyuan were forced to increase Japanese classes, and a large number of teaching materials with patriotic content were deleted. "Sino-Japanese cooperation" and "coexistence and common prosperity" have become the basic content of instilling enslaving ideas in young people.The Japanese army vainly intended to use these means to make the Chinese forget the language and characters of their motherland and become complete slaves of the country. The rule of the Japanese invaders brought endless disasters to the people of Taiyuan.It is the working class that suffers the worst persecution.During the Japanese occupation, the labor intensity of the workers was more than 12 hours, and the wages they received, under the circumstances of the skyrocketing prices, could hardly even feed themselves, let alone support their families.In particular, the situation of coal mining workers in Taiyuan is even more miserable.Many farmers and urban poor were driven to the mines in the east and west mountains, where they worked day and night like cattle and horses, and were often whipped and killed by the Japanese army and traitor lackeys.In the suburbs, the Japanese and puppet troops were ruthless, raped, looted, and committed all kinds of crimes. Especially in remote mountainous areas, the vicious invading army adopted the brutal "three alls" (burn, rob, and kill) policy, causing the majority of peasants to be ruined and displaced. The brutal massacre by the Japanese invaders aroused the incomparable anger and resistance of the people of Taiyuan.The Xishan coal mining area is another hell on earth where the Japanese invading army slaughtered the people of Taiyuan.In the Gaojia River on the right side of Baijiazhuang Village, thousands of coal miners were tortured half to death by heavy labor, and were thrown into the river ditch one by one, then stabbed with bayonets and let the wolf dogs bite them. It became a "mass grave" full of blood and tears.In order to rescue the suffering people, in the autumn of 1944, the Eighth Division of the Communist Party of Shanxi and Suizhou adopted the night attack tactics of cooperating with the inside and the outside, and pulled out the stronghold of the Japanese and puppet troops in Xishan in one fell swoop, destroying their bunkers. After the victory of the Eighth Route Army's "Night Attack on Xishan", the arrogance of the Japanese invading army was severely frustrated. In August 1945, when the Japanese invading army was preparing to rebuild the bunkers and build more forts, the Emperor of Japan announced his unconditional surrender. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Yan Xishan, who had always been engaged in speculation and drilling, stole the fruits of victory in the Anti-Japanese War, fled back to Taiyuan, and once again rode on the people's heads to do his best. The civil war broke out in June 1946. The People's Liberation Army led by the Communist Party became stronger and stronger, and the Kuomintang reactionary army was defeated steadily.Yan Xishan's rule was in turmoil, and the day and night were poor.In order to make a final struggle, he took off the cloak of "benevolent and benevolent governance". From the second half of 1946 to 1948, he adopted a series of violent measures such as "integration of soldiers and peasants" and "instruction of the Three-Self" to massacre Communists and The masses of the people dream of using fascist means to maintain their reactionary regime that is about to collapse.In industrial and mining enterprises, Yan Xishan forced workers to tighten their belts, speed up production, and develop the arms industry; in the suburbs, he enforced the extremely reactionary "combination of soldiers and farmers." The so-called "combination of soldiers and farmers" means that in the rural areas, the middle-aged men of registered service age will be unified, and every 6 people will be organized into a soldier-farmer mutual aid group. One of them will serve as a standing soldier and enter the camp to fight, and the other five will be called national soldiers who will farm at home. Each soldier provides 3 shi of high-quality grain and 5 catties of cotton every year to support the standing soldiers and their families.Young people who go out to work, do business or study are called back by their family members to draw lots to serve within a time limit.With the village as the unit, the land is divided into several equal parts and handed over to the militiamen to take over the land. The militiamen who take over the land must pay land rent to the landlords and retain the land ownership of the landlord class. This is what Yan called "land The essence of “village public ownership”. The "combination of soldiers and peasants" promoted by Yan Xishan in the suburbs of Taiyuan and in the counties of Jinzhong turned peasants into serfs. Leaving home and leaving home, it is difficult to return home.All the villages that practice the "combination of soldiers and farmers" have barren fields, overgrown with thorns, closed doors and closed households, and people are in panic.Farmers held tears and held grudges, and there were rumors everywhere that "the combination of soldiers and farmers is good, and weeds grow everywhere", "the cornucopia of soldiers and farmers, there is no food and no one", "there is a lot of wormwood in the field, there are many sick people in the village, and there are many women in the family. "Wait for the song.In those tragic days, many farmers in the suburbs of Taiyuan were forced to sell their wives and children, struggling to death. In 1948 alone, no less than 6,000 farmers died of starvation or murder in the suburbs.Among the 26 households in Jinci Nanda Temple, 5 households sold their wives, 9 households sold their sons, and 28 people died of starvation. In urban areas, Yan Xishan implemented the notorious "civilian economy" policy.Through the executive agency of the "civilian economy", Yan Xishan controlled the entire Taiyuan market, manipulated prices, hoarded them, and prices rose again and again.At the peak, the price of grain in Taiyuan was more than 2,200 times higher than that in Shanghai at that time, ranking first in the country.People can't buy 2 catties of miscellaneous grains with one silver dollar.Especially on the eve of liberation, Yan Xishan's "wartime mobilization work group" went from door to door and robbed citizens of food, clothing, sacks, door panels, shoes and socks... Under such circumstances, some poor citizens ate bean cakes, and some Eat chaff, some even starve to death.Shocking "human flesh buns" appeared outside the Xinnan Gate in Taiyuan.Contrary to the miserable situation of the poor citizens, Yan Xishan and his bureaucrats, after more than three years of frenzied plundering, transported more than 45,000 taels of gold to Shanghai alone. During this period, Yan Xishan also carried out an unprecedented brutal and inhuman spy rule in Taiyuan. Since the autumn of 1945, Taiyuan has not only successively established reactionary party and group organizations such as the Kuomintang, the Three Youth League, and the Comrade Association, but also established many spy organizations, such as the special police command office controlled by Liang Huazhi, the police department of Yang Zhenji, and Wang Jingguo. Meng Jifeng's "Returning to Gan Gang".In addition, there are various secret service agencies such as the Sui Department's Chamberlain Office and the Yellow River News Agency.Centering on the Special Police Command Office, together with the employee welfare office of the factory, the political training office of the school, and the intelligence teams of various agencies and stores, a huge spy network has been formed to monitor and suppress the people's every word and deed. Many innocent people may be taken away by the spies at any time, put in prison cells, and even died unexpectedly.The special police department alone executed more than 5,000 people secretly in just over three years.Among them, there are staunch and unyielding Communist Party members, ordinary workers, farmers and progressive intellectuals, as well as school teachers, students and housewives.Taiyuan has become a dead city of white horror. In order to fight the civil war, Yan Xishan built military strongholds in various counties in Jinzhong. At the same time, he built military strongholds in Taiyuan in the south to Wusu Airport, north to Zhoujiashan, east to Hanshan, west to Shiqianfeng, 50 kilometers from east to west, and 40 kilometers from north to south. , and built square, round, and triangular battle towers, totaling more than 5,000.During the construction of these fortifications, many people suffering from hunger and cold were caught by Yan Jun on the construction site. Under the whip and sticks, they served for years without pay, sweated, bent over tired, and even died of torture.The numerous blockhouses have become a symbol of disaster for the people of Taiyuan. After 1947, Yan Xishan carried out the so-called "Three-Self Teachings" in Taiyuan, brutally murdered Communist Party members and revolutionary masses, and crazily clamored "I would rather kill a thousand by mistake than miss one", and urban and rural people died under the chaos innumerable.From the countryside to the industrial and mining areas, from the suburbs to the urban areas, among the series of tyranny that Yan Xishan implemented, the most cruel was the "Three-Self Teaching Committee" he set up ingeniously.This organization was formed in Taiyuan in 1947 by Liang Huazhi, Bo Yuxiang, Li Jiang, Li Peide, Zhang Fengxiang and others, with Liang Huazhi in charge.There are branches in every county (city). This is a hell for the massacre of Communist Party members, progressives and revolutionary masses. Yan Xishan's so-called "political innovation and transformation of cadres' consciousness" is to "struggle against oneself and reincarnate oneself; fight against the same level at the same level, transform the same level; fight against the superior at the lower level, transform the superior; In the form of "Three-Self Teachings" and "Confession and Reincarnation", the "Eradication of Fakes" was widely carried out in various units in Taiyuan and even in some counties in Jinzhong. The "Three-Self Teachings" are very cruel. At the "Confession and Reincarnation" conference, many fake officials were forced to beat themselves in the face with the palm of their hands in order to express their "reincarnation".Then they beat each other and spit on each other, and no one dared to wipe the saliva on their faces.Those who were suspected of collaborating or who did not confess were stabbed indiscriminately with awls, sticks, and stones until their skin was ripped apart and blood dripped, and some even had their skulls cracked and died unexpectedly. At that time, Yan Shusong, the director of the Northwest Manufacturing Factory (that is, the Taiyuan Arsenal before the Anti-Japanese War), was the grandson of Yan Xishan's family.In accordance with his grandfather's "pass the sieve and then pass through the sieve" policy of "elimination of counterfeits", he conducted a comprehensive review of 1,800 employees and found 120 so-called "pretenders".Based on his report, Yan Xishan concluded that 70% of the Communist Party in Taiyuan City were in factories, 20% were in schools, and 10% were in government agencies. The chairman of Shanxi Province trained by the Communist Party must also be in factories.Therefore, he agreed with Liang Huazhi to focus on the factories in the "suppression of counterfeits", and set up special anti-counterfeiting agencies in the factories of Northwest Industrial Company. Welfare room". The "welfare room" has a director and two secretaries who lead the so-called trade union and comrades' association. Yan Xishan’s "Three-Self Instructions" cadre manual stipulates: during the Japanese puppet period, factory workers are suspicious; those who entered the factory before and after the "recovery" were suspicious; . Yan Xishan's procedure for carrying out the "Three-Self Training" in each factory is "mobilization, struggle, training, and handling." The so-called "mobilization" means that all the employees of the factory are gathered together, and the director of the "welfare office" gives lectures to slander and slander the Communist Party.Furthermore, the traitor is invited to the rostrum, wearing colorful silk and red flowers on the chest, expressing the "glory" of "confessing and reincarnating", and tempting the participants to learn from it.In the end, it was announced the end amid the shouts of "If you don't confess thoroughly, you will die in a mess", "If you have a relationship (referring to the connection with the Communist Party), it doesn't matter if you have a relationship."There are "secret drop boxes" at the exits of the venue, forcing everyone to write a note to report the Communist Party. The so-called "struggle" means that after the mobilization, the "welfare office" divides the employees of the factory into three groups according to the usual investigation.The first group is those whose homes are in liberated areas, interlaced areas, and other provinces; the second group is those whose homes are within the province’s Yan administration area; the third group is employees’ family members.The first group is the focus of the training, 10 to 20 people form a group, and the instructor of each group is a special agent who has received "oven training". "Confession and reincarnation" must be passed by everyone and confessed to themselves.The instructors, team leaders, and plainclothes secret agents who were considered to have not confessed thoroughly organized the backbone to fight. First, the confessors were allowed to beat themselves, and then they named and forced the workers to beat each other. "Call for training" until the arrest standard time. The so-called "calling and training" is more vicious than group struggle.The workers called it "passing the gate of hell".The summoning and training is carried out by professional special agents.As soon as the trainees enter the training room, they are immediately ordered to stand or kneel on the ground and recite the "Chronology of Free Flow", while the trainees watch their faces, feel their heartbeats, look for loopholes, and see maggots; Abnormal, rapid heartbeat, reciting and writing contradictory, was immediately brutally beaten with sticks, and did not stop until he admitted that he was sent by the Communist Party, or that he had done work for the Eighth Route Army. The so-called "handling" means sending the identified "communist elements" to the secret service for punishment through "calling and training". The torment and persecution suffered by the workers during the above-mentioned four "passes" is really unbearable to see and hear.Yang, a female worker at the Jinhua Cigarette Factory, was only 15 years old. She had never seen the Eighth Route Army or the Communist Party. Because she did not speak at the struggle meeting, she was asked by the dean: "Why did you not speak? Do you know the Eighth Route?" She still Bowing his head and saying nothing, the dean fabricated the facts out of thin air, saying that Yang had been instructed by his uncle to put poison in the tea stove.Therefore, a factory-wide meeting was held to fight, and Yang suffered a nervous breakdown, vomited blood, and died of injustice.Yang Ladi, a female worker at the Northwest Paper Mill, talked to a fellow worker named Yu Sanmao for a while after work, but stopped talking when he saw someone coming, so she became the target of struggle. The reactionaries threatened her to slap her own mouth, put a stool on her head, held a stool in each hand, and lifted it up and down. On the same day, her mother-in-law was also implicated in this and was forced to "confess" in the village.At night, the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law met to talk and knew that what they said was contradictory. They were so scared that they cried all night. Early in the morning, they left a 6-year-old child and jumped into the Fen River hand in hand to commit suicide.When Fan Ermi, a Xishan coal mine worker, was called for training, the trainer insisted that he had sent information to the Eighth Route Army, and ordered the thugs to be beaten with random sticks, then scalded with fire pillars, and finally pierced his belly with bamboo sticks. He was tortured to death.Shi Zhen, chairman of the Iron Army Foundation of Yongxingbao Street in Yan Xishan, insisted that Zhang Ren, the porter, was a "dark way" who forced women and children to be beaten to death in the struggle meeting. Shi Zhen got annoyed at the beating, and rushed over, grabbed a stick, and beat him hard with his own hands. In an instant, Zhang Ren's skull was blown apart. In the Northwest Paper Mill, 1/3 of the employees in the factory were insulted and beaten during the "Teaching of the Three-Self".According to the statistics of Yan Xishan's Shanxi Provincial Government at the end of 1947, a total of 80,000 people were insulted, beaten, scolded or killed in the "Three-Self Teachings" in the counties of Jinzhong, of which more than 3,000 were beaten to death with sticks . Yan Xishan further strengthened his secret service organization while promoting the tyranny of "integration of soldiers and peasants" and "Teaching of the Three-Self". “特种警宪指挥处”(简称“特警处”)，梁化之任处长，徐端代处长。内设秘书室和组训、情报(内设线索、情报两组)、审理、宣教、联络、视导、参谋、总务等科，直辖“特宪队”、“感训队”、“军政干部训练队”、一、二、三“特招室”、“资源调查社”和特务连等。 “特警处”是阎锡山接收了日本的各种杀人工具，集国民党特务刑罚之大成而建立的。它在各机关、学校、工厂、商店、饭馆、剧院和旅店内部，都秘密发展“细胞”，组成了一个庞大的特务网。 “特警处”规模庞大，权力无限，可以随时逮捕任何军政官员。至于审讯、暗杀共产党以及所谓“有伪装嫌疑”的人民群众，更是家常便饭。为了锻炼特工人员的胆量，“特警处”经常用活人进行演习。有一次，阎军司令部特高组采取绳勒、活埋、刺杀、斩首等手段，杀害了4名同共产党有联系的伪军人员。在演习时，梁化之、徐端命令其全体特工人员到现场实地观察，研究杀人方法。 “特警处”是阎锡山“对外斗争、对内控制”的主要工具，有专职特工人员5000余名，数以千计的“特务细胞”，遍布太原全城。他们以尾随监视、投亲访友、蹲门等候、叛徒劝降、封官引诱等手段，侦探破坏共产党的地下组织，对坚贞不屈的革命人士，则用绳勒、活埋、强迫服毒和打毒剂针等手段秘密处死。据统计，1946年3月到1948年，在全省侦察大小案件370余起，逮捕共产党员、进步人士和无辜群众3300多人，其中，被秘密处死的达370多人。“特警处”这个庞大的杀人机构，使古老太原城，变成了特务横行的恐怖世界。 在这黑暗险恶的环境中，共产党太原地下组织同阎锡山特务组织进行了顽强不屈的斗争。 1947年8月，刘文瑞被“特警队”逮捕后，向阎“特警队”供出王天庆、王麟庆、乔亚、卫兴华、杨盛钦等同志。有一天，赵宗复在旧省政府开会，临走时，梁化之对他说：“宗复，刘文瑞提供的情况很不少，进山问题已大体弄清，就连杨吉贞老兄的儿子也是共产党。”“真的吗？我对这些情况一无所知。”赵宗复回答了这么一句，赶快回到学校，立即通知乔亚说：“刘文瑞表现很不好，敌人随时都会搜捕我们。我们的应变办法是：第一，王天庆是根据地派来的重要干部，咱们受损失再大也得保护他；第二，你们不能动，要准备口供应付敌人。”并让乔亚立即转告王麟庆：“我们被敌人发觉了，你和王天庆要赶快返回根据地。这是命令，不准迟疑！” 王麟庆接到乔亚送来赵宗复的命令，立刻赶到阎锡山的机甲车队，不料王天庆已经被“特警处”逮捕了。乔亚、卫兴华也同时被捕。不过，他们被扣了一个多月就放出来了。乔亚和卫兴华很快能够获释，主要是因为除了王天庆外，谁也不知道他们是共产党员，而王天庆不管敌人动用什么刑罚，始终不透露一点口供。特警处特务把王天庆送到“特招室”加以优待，企图软化，而王天庆却编了一套假履历，痛斥敌人说：“我是老红军，你们一千年也争取不了我！”特务们见王天庆骨头很硬，不可能争取叛变，很快就把他暗杀了。 特种警宪指挥处在暗杀王天庆之后，又杀害了太岳军区太原情报站政委周爱莲、站长齐作云和徐惠云，以后又将乔亚、王麟庆、刘鑫、冯碧川、朱锁只、芦玉山等一批革命同志逮捕，残酷杀害。这些革命同志为了共产主义事业，在敌人的屠刀面前，大义凛然，视死如归，充分表现了共产党员的英雄气概。 1945年8月，日本天皇宣布无条件投降。阎锡山返回太原的第二天，就在日伪汉奸为他召开的欢迎会上强调：“行者(指从晋西回来的人)、居者(指在太原当汉奸的人)一样有功。行者虽然经过8年跋山越岭的辛苦，但居者也遭受8年多的精神痛苦，千万不要自划鸿沟，自行隔离，我们的共同敌人是共产党和八路军……”同时把4万伪军和5000日俘改编成省防军，任命日本战犯岩田为绥靖公署顾问兼炮兵副司令，开始对太原人民进行更凶恶、更残暴的血腥统治。 在工矿企业中，阎锡山强迫工人勒紧裤带加速生产枪炮子弹等军火，以备内战之用。在郊县农村，他强制推行“兵农合一”暴政，使农村经济快速走向破产。所谓“兵农合一”就是将役龄壮丁(18岁～47岁)6个编为一组，1人当常备兵入营打仗，其余5人为国民兵在家种地，每人每年出优待粮3石、棉花2．5斤养活常备兵及其家属，常备兵服役3年，概不发饷。“兵农合一”是阎锡山征兵、要粮的“法宝”，一下子就增加了5万常备兵，然而却把成千上万的农民变成农奴，有多少人被迫卖妻卖子，又有多少人挣扎在死亡线上。仅1948年一年，太原近郊饿死和被杀害的农民就不下6000人，晋祠南大寺一村26户就有“卖妻子的5户，还有28人活活饿死”。当时农村的粮食产量差不多比抗战前降低一半，民谣“兵农合一好，荒草长下一人高”、“兵农合一聚宝盆，家败人亡鬼吹灯”正是当时的真实写照。在城区太原，用“平民经济”控制市场，操纵物价，囤积居奇，使物价一涨再涨。 当时用一块银元买不到1公斤杂粮，价格超过当时上海的2200多倍。尤其是在临解放前，“战时动员工作团”挨门挨户搜查抢夺老百姓的粮食、衣物、麻袋、门板、鞋袜……贫苦市民有的吃豆饼，有的吃糠皮，甚至有全家饿死的。当时太原城新南门(首义门)外竟出现了骇人听闻的“卖人肉包子”事件，而阎锡山及其帮凶却依然是花天酒地。他们在太原疯狂掠夺3年后，仅运到上海去的黄金就有45000多两。 抗战以前，阎锡山为了巩固军阀封建统治，采取诱骗政策，迷惑群众笼络人心。如今内战期间，人民军队越战越强，阎锡山统治已是日暮途穷，他一改往日面孔，脱下“仁慈善政”的外衣，开始实行种种残暴的特务统治，梦想用法西斯特务手段维护即将崩溃的政权。当时太原除国民党、三青团、同志会等反动党团组织外，还有梁化之的特种警宪指挥处、杨贞吉的警务处、王靖国的铁纪团、孟际丰的返干团、徐端的黄河通讯社等特务机构。他们以特种警宪指挥处为中心，与各工厂的职工福利室、各学校的政训处、各机关商店的情报小组结成庞大的特务网络，对人民群众进行监视和镇压。 抗战胜利后，国共两党签订了停战协定，分别与美国三方面组成“军事调处执行部”(三人小组)。军事调处期间，马歇尔、张治中、周恩来曾来太原视察，阎锡山“密令各行政区的专员、县长，反动地主、富农及其他反动分子冒充老百姓的名义，写了许多控告共产党的信件，在马歇尔等到达太原的那天，阎锡山命梁化之派人将这些无中生有的控告信堆集于马歇尔等下榻的正大饭店楼梯两侧，梁化之还组织许多特务分子伪装成工人、农民、学生、商人，直接向马歇尔投递了一些捏造的控告信。 同一天，阎锡山还诱使一些不明真相的学生，夹杂着部分地主、反动分子，沿着飞机场到正大饭店的道路，呼喊口号。阎锡山积极准备内战，大肆修建军事据点，在太原周围东至罕山、西至石千峰、南至小店、武宿，北至黄寨，方圆东西50公里、南北40公里的土地上修建了5000余座钢筋混凝土碉堡，有方碉、圆碉、三角碉、梅花碉、子母碉、人字碉……另外还在城外南、北飞机场、丈子头、剪子湾、牛驼寨、淖马、石嘴子、风梁阁等数十处要塞修筑大型主碉堡。这些碉堡之间各以壕沟连通，再加上无数的地堡、劈坡、暗道以及地雷、手榴弹等火力点，构成了严密的军事防御阵地，成为全国闻名的“反共模范堡垒”。在修筑这些军事建筑时，许多饥寒交迫的人民被抓到工地，在皮鞭棍棒的威逼下，经年累月地无偿服役，他们流尽了汗，累弯了腰，甚至受尽折磨而死。这时的太原城，好像是一座充满了白色恐怖的人间地狱。 虽然阎锡山千方百计想把太原城变成“铁打的江山”，但历史的发展总是不以人的意志为转移的。从1945～1948年，人民解放军相继解放了晋南、晋东南、晋北以及晋中各县，至1948年秋，太原已成为孤城一座，处于人民解放军包围之中。在此期间，太原的工人群众在地下党组织的领导下，同阎氏官僚政府进行了增加工资、反对减员的斗争，街头巷尾经常出现“打倒阎锡山”、“欢迎解放军”、“欢迎共产党”的标语，许多工厂学校开始酝酿护厂护校活动，风雨飘摇的阎锡山统治已接近于全面崩溃。有不少的进步学生离开太原，走向解放区，更多的人留下来进行艰苦的革命斗争。