Guangzhou is located in the southern part of mainland China, at the northern end of the Pearl River Delta, at the confluence of the East, West and North Rivers.Bordering the South China Sea and backed by Baiyun Mountain, it is located in the subtropical zone, with a warm and humid climate, spring-like seasons and blooming flowers.Guangzhou is a famous historical and cultural city in my country. Its history can be traced back to the Neolithic Age four or five thousand years ago.According to the age calculation of the microlithic site in Xiqiao Mountain, it is about seven or eight thousand years ago.People often call Guangzhou the city of Yangzhou.This name comes from a beautiful myth, which is the widely spread legend of "five sheep hold the valley, and they are extracted in the Chu court".

During the Zhou Dynasty, there was a famine in Guangzhou for years, the fields were barren, the agricultural harvest was lost, and the people had no food and clothing.One day, a melodious music suddenly came from the sky in the South China Sea, and five colorful auspicious clouds appeared. There were five immortals on them, wearing five colored clothes, riding different colored fairy sheep, holding a six-stemmed celestial being in its mouth. The ears of rice come to the court of Chu. The immortal gave the ears of rice to the people of Guangzhou, and wished that there would be no famine in this area.I wish the Immortals flew away in the sky, and the five immortal sheep turned into stone sheep and stayed on the hillside of Guangzhou.Since then, Guangzhou has become the most affluent place in south of the Five Ridges.This is why Guangzhou has the names of "Wuyang City", "Yangcheng" and "Suicheng".There are various theories about the time when the five immortals came.The most widely spread is the Zhou Dynasty.

Some people believe that this legend probably happened in the eighth year of King Zhou Yi (that is, 887 BC).Another way of saying is that the arrival of the five immortals was when Gao Gu from the South China Sea was King Xiang of Chu Wei, that is, the period of King Zhou Xian of the Warring States Period.There is another saying that during the Jin Dynasty, Wu Xiu was the governor of Guangzhou, but before he took office, five immortals rode five-color sheep and carried five grains to the hall of Guangzhou Zhouzhi.Wu Xiu then painted portraits of five immortals on the hall to show auspiciousness and commemoration, and called Guangzhou "the city of five immortals".The Temple of the Five Immortals on the West Huifu Road in Guangzhou today is said to be the place where the five immortals descended. Guangzhou people specially built the Temple of the Five Immortals here to commemorate the five immortals. There are also statues of the five immortals and the five sheep in the hall.

According to the records of "Guangdong Tongzhi", the site of Wuxian Temple has been relocated many times in successive dynasties.In the Song Dynasty, it was in Shixianfang (in the vicinity of the Provincial Finance Department on Beijing Road), and from the late Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, it was on the bank of the ancient West Lake (in the area of ​​​​now Jiaotong Road).In the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1377), Zhao Sijian, the chief minister, changed the original Temple of Five Immortals into Guangfeng Library, and rebuilt the Temple of Five Immortals on the current site of Lupo Mountain in Huifu. On the east side of today's Temple of Five Immortals, there is a huge The footprint-like depressions in red sandstone are called "immortal thumb traces" (thumb traces refer to footprints).

Qu Dajun's "Guangdong Xinyu" says: "There is a huge stone in Suishi Cave, which can be four or five feet wide, with thumb marks on it, and clear water in the marks. Although the drought is endless, it seems that there are springs under it, which is also different. . ” This “fairy’s thumb trace” is actually a trace formed by the erosion of the ancient Pearl River during the flood period.Here in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was included in the Eight Scenic Spots of Yangcheng successively as "Suishi Cave" and "Wuxianxia Cave". On Mukegang, Yuexiu Mountain, Guangzhou, there is a statue of Wuyang Stone built in 1959.This was created by the famous sculptor Yin Jichang and others based on the legend of the five sheep. The statue is 11 meters high even with the base, and it is carved out of more than 130 pieces of granite. It weighs more than 4,000 kilograms.The five sheep are of different sizes. The head of the main sheep is erected high, with tassels in its mouth, looking back and smiling, and visiting the world.The remaining four sheep surround him, playing games, grazing, and lambs sucking the ewe's milk.The five sheep have different postures, beautiful shapes, lifelike, and full of fun, which make people linger and forget to return.The Wuyang stone carvings created from historical legends have also become the symbol of Guangzhou, the city of Yangzhou.

According to the old annals of Guangzhou, King Hui of Zhou ordered Xiongzi Yun of Chu to rule Lingnan, and Nanhai surrendered to Chu and served as the court of Chu, so Guangzhou is also called Chu Ting (or Chu Ting). "Five goats carry valleys in their mouths, gathered in the court of Chu" is a myth and auspicious saying derived from the ancient Guangzhou people's yearning for a better life. It provides some clues for the study of Guangzhou's ancient history.Through this beautiful myth, it reflects the ancient Guangzhou ancestors' pursuit of a stable and better life, and also reflects the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in ancient Guangzhou.

From the fall in October 1938 to September 1945 when the Kuomintang army took over from the Japanese invaders, the people of Guangzhou lived under the iron heel of Japanese militarism for seven years.Seven years of ravages caused Guangzhou's economy to be in depression; Japan's surrender brought "joy and hope" to Guangzhou.However, Guangzhou, like many places in the country, soon fell into a sad and sad predicament step by step due to the dictatorship and civil war policies of the Kuomintang, and the social economy continued to collapse. From the first day the Kuomintang took over Guangzhou, the society was in turmoil and the people complained. The direct reason was political corruption and the resulting vicious circle of soaring prices, inflation, industrial shrinkage, and market depression.

On the eve of Japan's surrender, on August 2, 1945, the price of gold and food in Guangzhou doubled compared to June of the same year due to the current situation, which put the market and citizens in a difficult situation.However, on August 17, the day the Japanese Consulate General in Guangzhou lowered the Japanese flag after the emperor announced his surrender, the prices of gold and rice in the city plummeted, and fell to their lowest point in a year two days later. Unfortunately, the good times did not last long, and prices in Guangzhou began to rise again soon. By January 1946, they had returned to the high prices on the eve of the Japanese surrender, and the rise was out of control. On February 11, 1947, the price of rice rose from 130,000 yuan a day earlier to 280,000 yuan; on November 28, it was 540,000 yuan; on February 23, 1948, it was 1.7 million yuan; on May 5, it was 7 million yuan Ten thousand yuan, and since then it has been increasing astronomically.According to statistics from the Joint Office of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, China Bank, Communications Bank, and Farmers Bank, compared with the first half of 1937 on the eve of the Anti-Japanese War, the general price index in Guangzhou on August 19, 1948 was 4.5 million times higher than that on September 4. It increased to 8.29 million times, a sharp increase of 83% in half a month, which made the citizens feel terrified and unbearable.

Inflation is the twin sister of soaring prices.As Chiang Kai-shek's government put it, "If the printing presses cannot produce enough banknotes to meet the endless (increasing) prices, there can be no stable inflation", but "the rapid inflation of inflation" happens to "necessarily stimulate the inflation of prices." skyrocketing".In the four years following Japan's surrender, Guangzhou, like Shanghai, Beijing and many other places, was under the tremendous pressure of rapid inflation and disorganized financial markets. According to the statistics of the central government of the Kuomintang, if the currency circulation in June 1937 before the Anti-Japanese War was 100, then in August 1945 it was 35,976, in December it was 73,332; in December 1946 it was 264,789; in June 1947 it was 706,025, December is 2177215.

Among them, the increase in June 1947 alone was greater than the total increase in the eight and a half years from June 1937 to December 1945.The root cause of such serious inflation is the civil war launched by the Kuomintang; it was its "military disintegration" in the civil war that prompted the inflation that had been rising due to "the rise of exchange rates and prices" to develop into a "new the height of". When the escalating inflation could not solve the government's financial crisis, Chiang Kai-shek's clique successively adopted methods of currency renovation and foreign borrowing in order to tide over the difficulties.As a result, from the coexistence of French currency and customs gold coupons before the Anti-Japanese War, to the introduction of central and regional currencies such as gold dollar coupons, silver dollar coupons, and Guangdong Dayang coupons after August 1948.However, none of the issuances of these currencies was successful, and they all passed away in an instant.Take the most famous gold dollar bills as an example, although it is stipulated that the gold content per dollar is 0.22217 centimeters of pure gold, and the ratio with the U.S. dollar is 4:1, it also claims that its total issuance is limited to 2 billion yuan, of which 40% Guarantees are gold, silver, and foreign exchange, and the rest are securities and state-owned assets designated by the government.However, it took only eight months since it was announced to start circulation on August 19, 1948. By April 20, 1949, its circulation reached more than 1.5 trillion yuan, and in June it reached more than 130 trillion yuan. Yuan Zhiju.

Because the reputation of the Kuomintang government has been discredited, and it wantonly invested in this currency, which is regarded as the most noble, soon there was a social trend of rejecting gold dollar coupons, forming an irreversible financial crisis.For this reason, currencies such as U.S. dollars, Hong Kong paper and other outdated circulation methods such as old domestic silver coins, nickel coins, and copper plates have flooded into the market together. primitive way of trade. The citizens of Guangzhou simply banned the circulation qualification of the 200-yuan and 1,000-yuan denominations of gold dollar coupons, and bought them as waste paper for 2 cents a catty for papermaking. On June 23, 1949, the Kuomintang government was forced to admit the reality of the bankruptcy of gold dollar bills, and announced that the price ratio between gold dollar bills and old minted silver dollars was 500 million to 1. In fact, some places were selling gold dollar bills at a ratio of 1.5 billion to 1; July On the 18th, it was further announced that the gold dollar coupons would be invalidated, and September 1 was stipulated as the deadline for the gold dollar coupons to be exchanged for silver dollars.So far, the gold dollar coupons, which were originally planned to be popular in the market and made a lot of noise, have no choice but to die. This is the case with gold dollar coupons, and the fate of other currencies can be imagined.The ocean bills issued by the Bank of Guangdong, from the beginning to the end, only took 4 months and 6 days.The Kuomintang government's currency renovation trick was originally thought to be a life-saving straw, but it turned out to be a poison that accelerated its death.It is the short-lived existence of gold dollar coupons that makes China's financial market even more chaotic. In order to get rid of the financial crisis, Chiang Kai-shek once counted on the help of the United States. At the beginning of 1948, he asked the U.S. government to give a total of 1.5 billion U.S. dollars in aid for three years to complete "the difficult task of resisting communism and inflation."But this "task" of Chiang Kai-shek was not and would not be possible to complete. On the contrary, together with the U.S. imperialists, he was soon driven out of mainland China by the Chinese people.However, when he fled the mainland, he robbed a large amount of property to Taiwan. Among them, the central bank alone looted 3.9 million taels of gold, 70 million silver dollars, and 70 million U.S. dollars in foreign exchange, totaling about 300 million U.S. dollars. The gold is more than 200,000 taels. The serious consequences of soaring prices and inflation in Guangzhou are the overall shrinkage of the financial industry, industry, and transportation industry, and the extreme depression of the market.In the less than three years from the beginning of 1947 to the eve of liberation, the number of private banks and banks decreased from 61 to 32, and most of the survivors turned to speculative businesses such as arbitrage. The situation of factory closures was even more serious. First, more than 50 factories closed down in March 1947, and then 90% of the factories closed down from January to June 1948. In March 1949, another sixty or seventy closed down. Even the most powerful The time-honored and well-known "Synergies and Machinery Factory", the GDP of the two and a half years from its resumption of business in July 1946 to the end of 1948 was also lower than that in the second year of its establishment, that is, in 1913; The ratio of the number of merchant ships exported to Huangpu Port to the tonnage of goods between Chinese and foreign merchants was 1:4.86 and 1:2.75 respectively. Obviously, Guangzhou's maritime transportation industry has slipped into a state of crisis. In terms of business, there was a depression. According to statistics, in May 1948, more than a hundred teahouses closed down, accounting for more than a quarter of the industry; , More than 180 flower yarn stores and more than 300 grocery stores were closed; in August, the number of gold stores decreased from 251 to about 200.In the case of the decline of all industries, the living index in Guangzhou was 550,000 times higher than that on the eve of the "July 7th" War of Resistance in June 1948, and it was as high as 1.7 million times in July. The unemployed amounted to 200,000 people), and the people of Guangzhou had no means of living and were pushed to the brink of death, causing the miserable scene of sleeping in the open and starving to death on the streets of Guangzhou. One of the characteristics of the Kuomintang rule is autocracy.In order to complete the great cause of "eliminating the Communist Party", on December 25, 1947, it promulgated the "Regulations on the Emergency Punishment of Crimes Endangering the Country During the Reconnaissance Period".Article 6 of the "Regulations" stipulates: "Those who use words and pictures to promote gangsters (referring to the Communist Party—introducers) shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 7 years." All progressive newspapers and books are included in the ban.In fact, as early as the founding of the Nanjing government, and even during the current Anti-Japanese War against the enemy, it implemented a reactionary policy of press control, dictatorship of public opinion, and strict censorship of books and newspapers aimed at the Communist Party and progressive forces. Under the ideological and cultural autocratic policy of the Kuomintang, Guangzhou's unofficial cultural propaganda has encountered many difficulties, but it is still struggling and struggling tenaciously.After several efforts, the Guangdong District Committee of the Communist Party of China established its own official newspaper "Zhengbao" in Hong Kong on November 13, 1945, and published progressive books and periodicals at the same time to expose the conspiracy of the Kuomintang government to launch a civil war, publicize the policies of the Communist Party of China, and spread Marxism; On January 4 of the following year, under the guidance of the Communist Party and presided over by patriotic democrats, the "Hua Shang Bao" with the nature of the United Front was resumed in Hong Kong, echoing "Zheng Bao".Guangzhou is an important distribution area for these two newspapers.During the entire War of Liberation, there were no less than 30 newspapers and periodicals in Guangzhou that were progressive or contrary to the Kuomintang’s civil war policy. "Free World", "Literary News", "New Century", "Learning Knowledge", "Modern Life", "National", "Daily Tribune", "Jianguo Daily", "Guangzhou Workers", "Observation", "World Knowledge", "Guangzhou Digest", "Truth, Goodness and Beauty" periodicals, "Tiandi News Daily", "Contemporary Daily", as well as literary "Literary Life", "Literary News", "Chinese Poetry", "Crass", " New Music, etc., Hong Kong's "People's Daily", "Sing Tao Daily", etc., are also published in Guangzhou. When the Kuomintang government was actively preparing for the civil war, on January 4, 1946, the Kuomintang party, government and military joint meeting in Guangzhou decided to ban the import of overseas newspapers, ordering all agencies and their subordinate departments not to speak to reporters or leak information. Newspapers can only publish the Central News Agency Telegraph.This strict news blocking policy caused a strange "news shortage" in Guangzhou newspapers.Since then, incidents of sealing up newspapers and books have emerged one after another. On February 13 of the same year, the KMT Social Bureau and the police station went to bookstores to ban four magazines: "Free World", "Literary News", "New Century", and "Learning Knowledge"; After the Kuomintang agents destroyed the offices of Zhengbao and Huashangbao in Guangzhou and the brother book company on May 14, they further nailed down the accounts of Zhengbao, Huashangbao and the Peasants’ and Workers’ Democratic Party on June 29. The official newspaper "People's Daily", "Modern Magazine" run by the Association for Promoting Democracy, the preparatory office of "Modern Daily" initiated by Cai Tingkai, and other newspaper organizations in Guangzhou, as well as Brother Book Company, Minsheng Publishing House, and Guangzhou Books, Newspapers and Magazines Supply Co. , Nanzhong Cultural Enterprise Company, Democracy and Cultural Society, Hong Kong and Guangdong Branch of the All-China Literature and Art Association and other publishing agencies or cultural groups. In total, in June, 13 cultural institutions in Guangzhou were closed, more than 30 magazines were suspended, and more than 300 cultural professionals were arrested. On November 30, the Guangzhou Kuomintang Social Bureau ordered that the sale of "Hua Shang Bao" and all progressive tabloids be prohibited. On June 1, 1947, the military police of the Guangzhou Security Headquarters of the Kuomintang seized the "Daily Tribune" jointly run by progressives such as members of the Communist Party of China, members of the Democratic League, patriotic returned overseas Chinese, and university professors, and arrested more than 60 newspaper staff . On December 1, 1948, the Guangzhou Social Bureau of the Kuomintang ordered the banning of 350 books and newspapers such as "Observation" and "World Knowledge". "Daily" was imported to Guangzhou and other places; on April 28, because "Tiandi News Daily" published the full text of the April 21 Chinese People's Liberation Army marching order across the country, the newspaper was ordered to suspend its publication, and its publisher and editor-in-chief were arrested; on April 29, the Guangzhou police The headquarters also condemned the Kuomintang government for refusing to negotiate peacefully with the CCP with the "Contemporary Daily", forced the newspaper to suspend publication for 7 days, and so on. Although the Kuomintang authorities in Canton have adopted strict authoritarian measures against the ideological and cultural circles in Canton, all these Chinese Communist and other progressive newspapers and books are still active among the people of Canton as long as they are not sealed.With the spirit of being responsible for the fate of the motherland and the nation, the cultural people in Guangzhou, regardless of party affiliation or occupation, united and struggled for the just cause with integrity. Like many cities across the country, there emerged protesters against the Kuomintang civil war and dictatorship, and striving for peace and democracy. "Second Front". In the spring of 1946, groups such as the Southern General Branch and Guangdong Branch of the China Democratic League, the Chinese Kuomintang Association for the Promotion of Democracy, and the People’s Daily, the official newspaper of the Liberation Action Committee, the predecessor of the Chinese Peasants’ and Workers’ Democratic Party, gathered in Guangzhou to communicate with the underground of the Communist Party of China through various channels. The organizations have established a certain connection, and together constitute an important democratic force in Guangzhou demanding to stop the civil war, abolish the one-party dictatorship, and establish a coalition government.They successively took advantage of the opportunity of solidarity with the "January 1st" massacre in Kunming to convene a meeting in Guangzhou and issue a manifesto. On January 30, 1946, they successfully organized a student demonstration at Sun Yat-sen University, demanding that the Kuomintang fulfill the armistice agreement and abolish the one-party dictatorship. , organize a coalition government, stop the news blockade, and drive the U.S. military out of China, etc., causing Guangzhou to resound "the first spring thunder in the land of South China!" With the support of Cai Tingkai and others, another 3,000 college and middle school students demanded a peaceful and democratic petition parade, forcing Sun Ke to meet the students and agreeing to hand over the peaceful petition of Guangzhou students to the highest authority of the Kuomintang.The two student demonstrations played a very good role in publicizing and educating the people in Guangzhou, but it was precisely because of this that the Guangzhou Kuomintang authorities followed up with suppression actions, forcing the peaceful democratic movement in Guangzhou to a low ebb. However, the political situation in Guangzhou did not stabilize for a few days because of the high-pressure policy of the Kuomintang.After three quarters, the peace and democracy movement in Guangzhou was finally broken by the "Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation" in November 1946, especially the incident of Shen Chong, a female student at Peking University, who was raped by American soldiers in Peking on December 24. Quickly embark on a new climax.At that time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China seized the opportunity of the upsurge of the anti-American struggle triggered by the Shen Chong incident, and instructed the party organizations in the Kuomintang-controlled areas to stand at the forefront of the anti-violence struggle, "take a righteous offensive", form "the most extensive lineup", and Under the central slogan of "China", the movement was led to "isolate the United States and Chiang Kai-shek and oppose the United States' colonization of China."The anti-American patriotic struggle first started by the college students in Peking soon spread across the country, forming a massive anti-American patriotic movement involving 500,000 college and middle school students in dozens of large and medium-sized cities, and actively supported by cultural, educational and social elites. sports. When news of the Shen Chong incident reached Guangzhou, anger first boiled over at Sun Yat-sen University.Slogans, leaflets, and wall posters protesting the atrocities committed by the US military and calling for the severe punishment of the murderers abound, and voices of statements and protests abound. On January 4, 1947, more than 300 students assembled and resolved: (1) strike for 3 days, (2) A demonstration was held on January 7, (3) The Sun Yat-sen University "Anti-riot Committee" (also known as the "Shen Case Support Club") was established with 15 students who were members of the Communist Party of China. On January 7th, a parade of more than 3,000 people chanted anti-American slogans all the way, marched mightily towards Shamian, bravely broke through the defense line of the Kuomintang military and police armed with live ammunition, rushed into Shamian in one fell swoop, and passed in front of the consulates of various countries. , posted protest slogans on the wall of the US Consulate, forcing the US Consulate to open the door to accept protest letters from Guangzhou students.This anti-American demonstration achieved a huge victory even better than expected. Many students secretly sought out the Communist Party for this. In order to lay a good organizational foundation for future student movements. On February 28, 1947, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an instruction on the work policy and struggle strategy of the Jiang administration area, requiring "to expand propaganda, avoid head-on confrontation, win over middle elements, use legal forms, and strive to establish a counter-insurgency on the basis of struggle for survival." A broad front against treason, civil war, dictatorship and spy terror". In April and May, students in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places took to the streets to demonstrate and march, putting forward slogans such as "anti-hunger, anti-civil war", "beg for food from the mouth of the gun", "restore the CPPCC line".The just struggle of the students was repeatedly suppressed by the Kuomintang authorities. Among them, on May 20, the Nanjing parade of more than 6,000 students from 16 professional schools in the four cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Hangzhou was the most prominent. During the 6-hour confrontation, 19 people were seriously injured and more than 90 people were slightly injured by the military police, and more than 20 people were arrested. This is the "May 20 massacre". After the "massacre" happened, a student movement "anti-hunger, anti-civil war, and anti-persecution" quickly spread across 60 large and medium-sized cities including Guangzhou. The struggle of Guangzhou university and high school students in support of the student movements in Pyongyang, Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places was carried out under the mobilization of the underground organization of the CCP in Guangzhou. On May 24, the Sun Yat-sen University General Assembly elected a 45-member Sun Yat-sen University Working Committee, including 15 members of the Chinese Communist Party and the Patriotic Democratic Association, and decided to participate in the nationwide unified demonstration on June 2.However, due to the suppressive measures arranged by the Kuomintang authorities in Guangzhou, the demonstration was held on May 31 ahead of schedule.At that time, the university student team first started from Shipai, and gathered students from other colleges and patriotic citizens along the way. The momentum was huge and the crowd was passionate. Slogans such as "anti-civil war", "anti-hunger", "oppose conscription and food, demand democracy and freedom" , resounding over Yangcheng.When the team marched to the long embankment, they were attacked by a large number of thugs armed with sticks and iron tools bought by the Kuomintang authorities. They fought each other for two hours. 21 students were seriously injured, more than 30 were slightly injured, and 48 were arrested; Dozens of Sun Yat-sen University teachers and students were arrested.For this reason, a campaign to rescue the arrested teachers and students was launched in the whole city of Guangzhou until it was successfully concluded in mid-June. It was the patriotic movement of the young students that strongly supported and cooperated with the Chinese People's Liberation Army's anti-Chiang military struggle and accelerated the fall of Chiang Kai-shek's regime.Just as Mao Zedong said: "There are already two fronts in China. The war between Chiang Kai-shek's invasion army and the People's Liberation Army is the first front. Now there is a second front. This is the great righteous student movement and the The sharp struggle between Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary governments"; the Chiang Kai-shek government of "external strength but internal affairs" has "a future that will inevitably lead to the rebellion of all relatives and the destruction of the entire army." Under the impetus of the student democratic movement, the labor movement in Guangzhou and the patriotic and democratic struggles of people from all walks of life have gained new development.The confluence of these democratic movements and the armed struggle of the Chinese People's Liberation Army finally changed the social landscape of China and Guangzhou fundamentally in 1949. From the November 1945 Chongqing Demobilization and Reorganization Conference on the eve of the civil war to the Nanjing Constitutional National Assembly in March 1948, the Chiang Kai-shek regime repeatedly issued orders to "survey chaos" and repeatedly threatened to eliminate the Chinese Communist Party within 3 to 6 months. , and in 1948 established the "National Government Reconnaissance and Mobilization Committee" with Sun Ke as the chairman, in an attempt to reorganize forces and achieve its ultimate goal of eliminating the Communist Party.But Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist cause always backfired, and what he ushered in was just one miserable failure.The People's Army became more and more courageous, and achieved brilliant results. Especially in the 142 days from September 12, 1948 to January 3, 1949, it successfully carried out the three major battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin. It killed more than 1.54 million Kuomintang troops and basically destroyed the military pillar of the Nanjing government, thus laying a solid foundation for the Chinese Communist Party to win the national victory.When the Kuomintang regime was defeated, it moved the central government organization south to Guangzhou as a final struggle.For this reason, it vigorously strengthened its ruling power in Guangzhou. On January 24, 1949, two weeks after the end of the Huaihai Campaign and one week before the end of the Pingjin Campaign, the Central Political Conference of the Kuomintang decided to relocate the central party and government organs to Guangzhou; Guangzhou started to work.The Guangzhou authorities also made corresponding personnel adjustments. Song Ziwen followed Chiang Kai-shek's "retirement" and resigned from the positions of director of the Guangzhou Appeasement Office and chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Government, and ordered Yu Hanmou to be the director of the Guangzhou Appeasement Office, and Xue Yue was the chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Government and the Guangdong Provincial Party of the Kuomintang The directors of the Ministry, Chen Ce, Wu Qiwei, Xu Jingtang, and Liang Huasheng were the deputy directors of the Guangzhou Appeasement Office, and Ye Zhao took over as the Guangzhou Garrison Commander.Their purpose in doing so was to form a Chinese separatist regime with Guangzhou as its capital and to delay the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang.However, all these deeds of the Chiang Kai-shek clique, which is in the past, are nothing more than "shaking the tree" and "blocking the car with the arm of the locust", and there is no doubt that it has failed miserably. After Nanjing was liberated on April 23, the KMT’s fugitive regime in Guangzhou was facing catastrophe, and welcoming the liberation of Guangzhou became the top priority of the CCP’s Guangzhou organization. On May 7, the South China Branch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions to prepare cadres to take over the city and to carry out extensive urban united front work in order to cooperate with the liberation of Guangzhou by the People's Liberation Army.Based on this, the Guangzhou organization of the Communist Party of China decided to shift the focus of its work to the track of protecting factories and schools, welcoming liberation, and preparing to take over; on May 20 and July 1, it issued an outline of "Guangzhou Situation on the Eve of Liberation and Current Tasks" And the "Supplementary Opinions" to this outline pointed out that the situation in Guangzhou at that time was very chaotic, the Kuomintang authorities had implemented layoffs, evacuated, and prepared to wreak havoc during the retreat; armed spies had gone underground, and gangsters were preparing to take advantage of the opportunity; Facing the threat of hunger and unemployment, the general public is extremely dissatisfied with the reality, but they do not understand or even have doubts about our party's policies.To this end, it is necessary to widely publicize our party's "Eight Chapters of the Constitution", that is, the "Chinese People's Liberation Army Announcement" and other urban policies and urban construction guidelines to the general public, mobilize and lead the masses to unite and respond, and defend Guangzhou's factories, schools, Institutions and other property and archives materials, prepare the takeover books of the main departments, break the rumors spread by the enemy, prevent the enemy from sabotage, disintegrate the hostile forces, investigate enemy organizations, and make necessary preparations for the future elimination of counter-revolutionaries. The Guangzhou organization of the Communist Party of China focused on the central task of preparing to take over Guangzhou from the Kuomintang, and led the people of Guangzhou to do a lot of work under extremely difficult circumstances. Among the more important ones are: (1) Actively publicize the party's policies, attack the enemy, and stabilize people's hearts.Through the "Guangzhou Digest", "Guangzhou Students", and "News Guide" led by the underground party, timely reprinted important political articles and statements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, as well as the current situation comments issued by the South China Branch of the "Hua Shang Bao" and "Mass" and other newspapers. , Guiding opinions, such as Mao Zedong's "Carrying the Revolution Through to the End", "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship", "Abandon Illusion, Prepare for Struggle" and "Chinese People's Liberation Army Announcement"; Preparations", "Chiang Party bureaucrats robbed people's property", "Guangzhou public factory buildings were robbed and transported by bandits", "Guangzhou and Puppet Suizhou Bureau repeatedly secretly ordered to destroy the Guangdong-Han Railway", and an open letter from Guangzhou party organizations to all walks of life in Guangzhou Wait, expose the enemy's conspiracy and the various rumors they spread in time, isolate the enemy as much as possible, unite the masses, and lay a better ideological foundation for the liberation of Guangzhou. Chairman Mao Zedong announced to the world the birth of the People's Republic of China Commander-in-Chief Zhu De ordered the entire army to "quickly remove the remnants of the Kuomintang reactionary army and liberate all the land that has not yet been liberated." (2) Organize forces to break into important departments in Guangzhou, investigate and understand the relevant situation, and provide necessary intelligence and security guarantees for the takeover work in Guangzhou.Whether it is the waterworks, power plants, post offices, telephone stations, customs, water and land transportation departments, universities, high schools, etc. that are related to the normal operation of the city, or the important competent authorities of the enemy such as the appeasement office, the Army General Hospital, the police station, and the tax bureau, Even the U.S. Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Administration, as well as certain newspaper offices, hospitals, and factories and enterprises have sent members of the Communist Party or members of the party's peripheral organizations to prepare for the takeover. (3) Using legal means to openly organize struggles to protect factories and schools, maintain social order, and strictly prevent enemy sabotage.They organize forces to inventory the property of the unit, store the necessary grain, non-staple food and daily necessities, and oppose demolition, theft, transfer of equipment and other activities that destroy property. (4) Meticulously carry out the work of dividing and disintegrating the enemy.In order to prevent the enemy from sabotaging, while closely monitoring them, they also carried out division and disintegration work by explaining policies and warnings at any time. For all enemy personnel who may be captured, they are all encouraged to redeem their merits, abandon the dark and turn to the open, and take Necessary measures are taken to ensure their personal safety, while those who are stubborn are isolated and attacked.It is this work of dividing and disintegrating the enemy that has removed many obstacles for the takeover work in Guangzhou. (5) Strengthen education within the party and protect progressive forces.In order to adapt to the complex environment of fighting against the enemy, the Guangzhou organization of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to the education of party members' own political ideology, especially the education of secrecy and revolutionary integrity, and strives to protect the existing progressive forces in Guangzhou. In the middle of the night on July 23, 1949, the Guangzhou Garrison Headquarters of the Kuomintang suddenly dispatched more than 1,000 special agents and military police to surround and arrest Sun Yat-sen University under the pretext of "maintaining law and order", and arrested the so-called "disturbing law and order" teachers and students according to the blacklist 167 people.After hearing the news in Hong Kong, Zhong Ming, the special commissioner of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou, immediately returned to Guangzhou to organize various rescue efforts. It was not until October 12 that the rescue work was successfully completed.Two days later, the enemy fled and the regime changed hands. When Guangzhou was about to be liberated, on October 6, the South China Branch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Notice on the Decision to Establish the Guangzhou City Takeover Committee" and formed the "Guangzhou City Takeover Committee" with Zhu Guang as the secretary.The Guangzhou organization of the Communist Party of China, which has gone through hardships and made positive contributions to take over Guangzhou, will finally usher in the long-awaited glorious moment together with the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the South China Work Group, the South China Work Group organized by the South China Branch, and the Dongjiang Teaching Camp.