Chapter 4 The third plot

Sun Tzu said: "In any method of employing troops, the whole country is the highest, followed by the destruction of the country; the whole army is the highest, and the second is the destruction of the army; First, defeating the army is the second best; therefore, victorious in a hundred battles is not a good man who is good; Therefore, the first step is to attack the army, the second is to attack the enemy, the second is to attack the soldiers, and the second is to attack the city. The method of attacking the city is a last resort. Repairing oars, spraying heat, and equipped with equipment will be completed in three months;If the ants cannot overcome their anger, they will kill one-third of the soldiers, but the city will not be pulled out. This is the disaster of siege. Therefore, those who are good at using soldiers will subdue the enemy's soldiers instead of fighting; pull out the city of people instead of attacking. Also; the gift of destroying people is not long.It is necessary to fight for the world with the whole, so the army can be full without stopping. This is the method of planning an attack.

Therefore, the law of using troops is to encircle it if it is ten, attack it if it is five, divide it if it is doubled, fight it if it is small, defend it if it is small, and avoid it if it is not enough.Therefore, the strength of a small enemy is the capture of a big enemy. A husband and general are the assistants of the country; if they assist Zhou, the country will be strong, and if they assist Zhou, the country will be weak. Therefore, the reason why the king is in trouble is to share the army with the three; if he does not know that the army can advance, it is called advancing; if he does not know that the army cannot retreat, it is called retreating. The power of the three armies, and the appointment of the third division, the sergeants are suspicious.If the three armies are confused and doubtful, it will be difficult for the princes. It is said that the chaotic army will lead to victory.

Therefore, there are five ways to know victory: one who knows what is possible to fight and what not to fight is victorious; one who knows how to use the few is victorious; The way to win. Therefore, it is said: Know the enemy and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles, you will be imperiled in every battle if you do not know the enemy, you will win and lose. Sun Tzu said: "As far as military tactics are concerned, the best strategy is to subdue the enemy's entire country, and it is inferior to defeating this country; the best strategy is to surrender the entire enemy army, and it is inferior to defeating this army; It is only one level away; it is the best policy to make the enemy's entire army surrender, and it is one level away from defeating this army.Therefore, victorious in a hundred battles is not the best of all, but the best is to subdue the enemy without fighting.

Therefore, an excellent military strategist uses political strategy to defeat the enemy, secondly uses diplomatic means to isolate the enemy, thirdly uses military force to conquer the enemy, and the worst is to storm the enemy's fortified cities. It took several months to build the nest carts for Feilou's siege and the ladders for the siege, and another few months to build the earth hills for the siege, the generals couldn't help being angry.Command the soldiers to climb up like ants, and one-third of the soldiers will be killed, but the city will still be invincible.This is the disaster of attacking a fortified city by force. Therefore, those who are good at using soldiers do not subdue the enemy's army by hard blows; they capture the enemy's strongholds by attacking the enemy's country by force, not by force.Victory over the world is not dependent on protracted warfare, but a comprehensive strategy is necessary. Therefore, our army can win all victories without setbacks. This is the principle of strategy to defeat the enemy.

Therefore, in the military method, encircle the enemy if it is ten times larger than the enemy; attack it if it is five times larger than the enemy;Therefore, if a weak army insists on fighting recklessly, it will be captured by a strong enemy. As handsome.It is the assistance of the monarch, if the assistance is comprehensive, the country will be strong, and if the assistance is flawed, the country will be weak. Therefore, there are three kinds of disasters that the monarch may bring to the army: he does not know that his army cannot attack, but he orders it to attack; If the army does not understand the actual situation of its own army, but insists on interfering with the command of the three armies, it will inevitably make the soldiers suspicious and fearful, and the generals and soldiers of the three armies will be confused and suspicious. Disrupting the morale of the army leads to the victory of the enemy.

Therefore, there are five types of predicting victory: those who know what to fight and what not to fight will be able to win; those who know how to fight when there are many soldiers and how to fight when there are few soldiers will be able to win; those who are united and united will be able to win; Those who are unprepared will be victorious; those whose generals are capable and the ruler will not be restrained will be victorious. These five principles are the method of predicting victory. Therefore, if you know both the enemy and yourself, you will not be in danger in a hundred battles. If you don't know the enemy but only know yourself, you will win and lose one time. If you don't know both the enemy and yourself, you will lose every battle. .

This article mainly discusses several main points in the war 1. The idea of ​​attacking soldiers. Second, the relationship between the monarch and the general must be correct. 3. If you know the enemy and know the enemy, you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles. Sun Tzu's thought of going to war in this article can be said to be the great wisdom and great strategy in military strategy.As general military generals, they almost agreed on a death principle; the meritorious deeds of a general should be established on the battlefield, and the monument of a general can only be erected on the bones. In fact, this is a very biased point of view. If he can think about problems from a military point of view, but not good at thinking about problems from a political and strategic point of view, he can only be called a brave soldier of the armed police, not a wise commander who can control the boat of war.

The soldiers who subdue others without fighting are mostly the aura of kings, relying on the will of heaven and the people, while subjugating people with war mostly uses the domineering arrogance of killing people and plundering land. Have a long and safe life. And domineering people, although they also force people to submit, but after all, they plant the fire of hatred, and when the time comes, the rebellion will be rekindled. In a large-scale and protracted war, the relationship between the monarch and the general is also an important factor in determining the outcome of the war. No matter how wise a king is, he is also a king, and he is not a general who commands troops to fight. Therefore, he should not intervene too much in some military operations such as attack and retreat.

As a general who directs a war at the front line, he should not stick to the king's words because of the king's requirements for a war. Instead, he should handle some major military affairs according to the industrialization of the frontline enemy's situation and our situation. Some decisions of the monarch on the front line interfered with his own determination. Napoleon once said: "The commander-in-chief who made mistakes in combat due to the execution of the orders of the monarch or ministers is not exonerated, because the person who issued the orders left. The battlefield is far away, and any commander-in-chief is guilty if he implements a plan that he himself thinks is wrong. He should explain his reasons and insist on changing the plan, instead of becoming a tool to destroy the army."

There is a saying in the military, which is called "the general is not subject to the order of the emperor", which is what it says. Why not?It's not that he disobeyed the leadership and was proud of his troops, but that the actual military situation on the front line did not allow him to do so. However, the monarchs of many countries do not understand this. They may feel that they are wise and directly replace the generals in military command.The result was a big defeat and a loss, and even the bad luck of annihilation of the whole army and the collapse of the country.Like Song Xianggong in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the civil fort change in the Ming Dynasty is the best example.

There are also monarchs and generals who have doubts after conferring, fearing that their generals will make great achievements, and fearing that their arrogance will lead to rebellion. They couldn't deal with the enemy calmly, and some even listened to slander, and beheaded generals and meritorious officials at the moment of decisive victory in the war, or just after victory, such as the murder of Yue Fei in the Song Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang's actions at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty. . Speaking of Zhu Wuzhang, I have to say a few more words. He was also considered an accomplished emperor in history. He came from a poor family background, let cattle go to landlords, later became a monk, and later participated in the uprising of the rebel army. He should be regarded as a poor emperor. But this also determined the narrowness and jealousy in his bones. Once he sat on the throne, he would go on a killing spree, slaughtering heroes, and a fire in Cuihua Building burned to death many brothers who lived and died with him.Several outstanding generals who had made great contributions to the founding of the country were also murdered by him. Chang Yuchun, the commander-in-chief of the three armies, was secretly poisoned by Zhu Yuanzhang. There are flesh wounds.It will cause the old wounds in the whole body to burst, and die of blood. There is also a marshal Xu Da, who has gangrene on his back and is bedridden. After Zhu Yuanzhang heard about it, he sent someone to give him a steamed goose. .Xu Da knew his master's mind, so he had to eat geese and die. These things are recorded in "Twenty-Four Histories" and "Thirteen Dynasties". Before planning an attack, the first thing to do is to plan for politics. Only when the sky is in harmony with the people can we win the victory on the battlefield. So Sun Wu put these two strategies before the battle, which shows that he attaches great importance to these two issues. "Know the enemy and know the enemy, and you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles." The reason why it can become a motto in military campaigns is because it reminds one of the most common laws in warfare. Sun Tzu believes that a general who only understands his own situation but does not understand the enemy can only fight half of the battle; The military strength, firepower, terrain, weather, logistics support, strengths, and even the general's own personality and hobbies are all clear about the enemy and the enemy, and only then can one battle be won and one battle won. August 27, 1969, Beijing, Zhongnanhai. In the clear water waves of the swimming pool, a generous body floated on the water surface as if still. After a long time, the thick arms were raised high and slid slowly. After the surrounding water waves jumped and bumped excitedly, they gradually quietly returned to silence. Floating on the water is one of Mao Zedong's favorite swimming postures.It is also the best way for him to think about the problem. At this moment, he was floating on his back on the water, his eyelids were tightly closed, and he was completely silent, as if he had fallen asleep quietly. In fact, the founder of the republic was full of huge waves in his mind. He was thinking about how to use the rudder and oars in his hand to steer the boat of 800 million people into a safe harbor by avoiding the rapids and dangerous shoals. In March of this year, in the Zhenbao Island area of ​​Hulin County on the northern border, armed conflicts broke out between the border guards of China and the Soviet Union, and dozens of people were killed or injured on both sides. Since then, both sides have actively prepared for war in the border area, increasing troops and building defenses. The more than 10,000-kilometer border defense line seems to be covered with gunpowder and dry sticks everywhere. As long as there is a spark, a big war will break out. In the recent period, according to various intelligence reports, the Soviet Union is preparing to wage a surgical nuclear war against China. The so-called surgical operation is to use small nuclear bombs to carry out devastating strikes on China’s missile and atomic bomb launch bases, thereby depriving China of its nuclear weapons. The ability to fight back. According to reliable information, the Soviet Union has sent Marshal Cuikov, Deputy Defense Minister of the Soviet Union, to report to the United Nations meeting of the United States Chiefs of Staff. That is to say, the timetable for their actions has been scheduled. A few atomic bombs are not scary, and the armored units equipped with thousands of tanks that pose the greatest threat to me are not scary anymore. In the past, our anti-tank weapons could not pass the test, but according to the report a few days ago, since the whole Since the army started fighting tanks, our army's equipment has been greatly improved. On the Sino-Soviet border, the Soviet army has deployed 55 infantry divisions, 12 combat rocket divisions, 10 tank divisions, and 4 air force corps, with a total force of about 1.2 million. A mere army of one million, what is this, I have 5 million troops to contend with, even if its 10,000 tanks break through my first line of defense, the second line of defense... But in the deep predetermined battlefield, they will be wiped out Surrounded by many disasters, by that time, they will have no food, no shelter, no fuel for their cars, no ammunition for their guns, life will be very difficult! 800 million people, 800 million soldiers, thousands of miles of rivers and mountains, thousands of miles of supply lines for the Soviet army, will be cut off everywhere by me, and the first assault troops will be smashed in front of my iron wall.Our actual combat aircraft fleet will beat the Soviet army's belly transport plane to nothing. If Beijing is not protected, neither will Moscow. Hmph, there is no 4 million troops, so don't try to get my idea, and the total strength of the Soviet army is only 3.2 million. Their strategic focus is in Europe, and a large number of their elite troops are also stationed in Europe. If they only focus on fighting with us and lose Europe, they will lose their lives... Mao Zedong waved his arm, and as his body drifted, his thoughts seemed to turn to another point of light—nuclear war! Did Brezhnev really dare to risk the disapproval of the world and push the button of nuclear war? Mao Zedong fell into deeper thinking. Of course Mao Zedong knew the power of the atomic bomb. I remember that when he visited Moscow for the second time more than ten years ago, he had a nuclear war debate with the then Soviet leader Khrushchev. In response to Khrushchev’s fear of the outbreak of nuclear war in the world, Noah’s Ark will completely With the sinking fear of the United States, Mao Zedong delivered a speech that shocked the world. "The atomic bomb is nothing special. I think it is also a paper tiger. The fundamental factor that determines war is people, not one or two new weapons. The atomic bomb must be mastered by people...Nuclear war will definitely kill many people, even if that , we can still win the war in the end..." At that time, Khrushchev opened his mouth half-open in surprise, and his protruding eyes almost popped out of their sockets. Khrushchev did not understand Mao Zedong's words, so many years later, when quoting this passage in his memoirs, he believed that Mao Zedong was a "madman" and a "war madman"... Gomulka of Poland also complained: "You Chinese have a lot of people, so it's nothing to die, but what about us in Poland? We only have a population of 50 million. How can we die?" He also did not understand Mao Zedong's words. But at that time, U.S. President Eisenhower understood. He once sighed and said to General Jerry Persons, White House Chief of Staff: "The greatest power of the atomic bomb is on the launch pad, not after it flies out. Mao Zedong is an extremely difficult to deal with." Intimidation and threats are of no use to him." After saying these words, Mao Zedong did not underestimate the atomic bombs, but mobilized elite generals to occupy the commanding heights of the two bombs. In 1964, there was an atomic bomb that exploded successfully, carrying missiles, and soon there was a hydrogen bomb. So far, China has successfully conducted 7 nuclear tests, and the success of each test shows that China's two-bomb technology has made an amazing leap. Now, no one dares to intimidate the Chinese with the atomic bomb. Of course, Mao Zedong will no longer talk about how many people are prepared to die, but to minimize unnecessary sacrifices. In recent days, Mao Zedong re-read "Twenty-Four Histories", and a passage in "Ming History Zhu Sheng Biography" always lingered in his mind. In the twelfth year of Yuan Zhizheng (AD 1352), there was a drought of locusts in all directions, severe famine, and epidemics of epilepsy. It was the Yuan Dynasty that was weak in discipline, political corruption, internal disputes, and the world's heroes competed, resulting in chaos. During this period, Huangjue Temple in Dingyuan (belonging to Anhui Province) was burned by rebellious soldiers. Zhu Yuanzhang, a monk of the temple, had no choice but to join the rebel army under Guo Zixing and served as the commander of nine soldiers. At this time, Zhu Sheng, a hermit under his tent, analyzed the general situation of the world and pointed out: as enemies, there are Zhang Shicheng in the east, Xu Shouhui and Chen Youliang in the west, Chen Youding in the south, and Fang Guozhen in the southeast. The king can only become the target of public criticism. Now that the general situation of the world is uncertain and the heroes are competing for the throne, it is better to temporarily support Han Lin'er, who is already known as the emperor of Song Dynasty, to cultivate better than all parties, and concentrate on attacking Chen Youliang. This is "build high walls, collect food widely, and slowly become king" Of the policy. Zhu Yuanzhang accepted it, and after that, the friendship was destroyed, and King Shen Xiaoming and Guahao Jiangzhong, the obstacles were eliminated, and he took the throne in the first month of 1368 AD. ... Facing the imminent nuclear war, Mao Zedong received a lot of inspirations from Ming history. In order to reduce casualties, densely populated cities should quickly excavate and build air defense fortifications. When nuclear bombs strike, people can hide underground. The worst thing to do in war is to make enemies on both sides. The United States is eager to withdraw from Vietnam. We should give them a reassurance and tell them clearly that China has no intention of pursuing hegemony in Asia, nor does it intend to fill the gap after the withdrawal of the US military. In the face of the Soviet Union's clamor for war, we can't simply organize defense. We should meet with Zhang Ai to discuss whether we can advance the upcoming underground nuclear test and high-explosive nuclear test for a period of time, so as to touch Brezhnev's nerves. , to see if he still has the guts to touch that nuclear button... Although Mao Zedong was lying on the water and did not move, he was already thinking about the past and the present, and his mind was wandering, and he had the overall situation of a great war in his chest. The reason why a great man becomes a great man is that he has the foresight that ordinary people cannot match.As a famous scholar said: "If history could be reversed, 80% of people would become great men." "Chairman, the Prime Minister is here and is waiting for you in the living room." A staff member interrupted Mao Zedong's thoughts of flying back and forth in the void. Mao Zedong climbed the ladder with his hands, walked to the bank of the pool, wiped off the water stains on his body with a bath towel, put on a bathrobe, and walked into the living room. "Enlai, sit down and talk." Mao Zedong lit a cigarette and said calmly. "Chairman, have you read the emergency report of the four old men?" The four veterans refer to Chen Yi, Ye Jianying, Xu Xiangqian, and Nie Rongzhen. Due to excessive work and anxiety, Zhou Enlai's voice was short and hoarse. "Oh, I've seen it, isn't it just going to be a nuclear war, okay! Let them fight it, the atomic bomb is very powerful, but I am not afraid of it." Mao Zedong smiled lightly, and then said: "Is Brezhnev afraid? Nixon is afraid Not afraid? I don’t know, I want to feel their bottoms!” Mao Zedong spoke loudly today, talking and laughing freely, but Zhou Enlai was like a huge rock hanging in his heart, and his expression was very melancholy. He was worried about Chairman Mao's safety and worried about the upcoming National Day Parade. "Enlai, have you read "History of Ming Dynasty"? I think Zhu Sheng is a very contributive person. He made great contributions to Ming Taizu's achievement of the emperor. By the way, he has the nine-character national policy to set the country, 'Build walls high, Wen Zhengliang, slow to become king' I also have nine words, can I deal with a nuclear war? Listen well, these nine words are 'digging deep holes, accumulating grain widely, and not seeking hegemony'." Zhou Enlai thought for a while, and suddenly his eyes lit up. Mao Zedong smiled brightly, "Is there any suspicion of plagiarism?" Zhou Enlai excitedly said, "Don't seek hegemony, good! The United States should feel at ease now." Mao Zedong shook his head: "Reassurance is not enough. They are the number one, how can they stand by and watch! I want to drag them into the river, to wade through this muddy water!" Zhou Enlai said happily: "If the United States is really dragged in, this scene will be popular." The so-called dragging the United States in is actually to improve the stalemate relationship with the United States and use the power of the United States to contain the Soviet Union. Therefore, shortly thereafter, the American table tennis team visited China, and soon after that, Kissinger’s secret diplomacy: In 1972, US President Nixon came to China for a state visit, and China and the United States signed the "Shanghai Communiqué": Then, the United Nations resumed the official meeting of the People's Republic of China, and the Soviet blockade against China collapsed. Let's talk too much, let's go back to Zhongnan Sea Cucumber's swimming pool. "Sun Tzu said: Therefore, the first is to attack the army, the next is to attack the city," Mao Zedong lit a cigarette, and said in a deep voice: "Blizhnev is a soft ear, I'm afraid he can't control him. Minister of Defense!" Zhou Enlai always kept his mission in mind, and took advantage of this to show his cards, "Chairman, the four old commanders all think that there is a high possibility of a surprise attack by the Soviet army on this year's National Day. one time?" Zhou Enlai's subtext, the chairman of the rally needs to be inspected, and if he wants to inspect, he must go to Tiananmen Square, and when he goes to Tiananmen Square, all the party and government leaders of the country must show up. If they let the atomic background go... the risk is too great. "Oh, don't hold a rally, I don't think it's very good! Are you telling people that we are a little scared? The rally is still going to be held, and I will go to Tiananmen Square. I would like to open my eyes and see how powerful the atomic bomb is. Big." Zhou Enlai knew Chairman Mao's temper. If he said he could not pass the Yellow River, he would not pass the Yellow River. Zhou Enlai's thick eyebrows were tightly locked together. Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the square, how to evacuate if something happens?How to hide? How can Chairman Mao and other leaders on Tiananmen Square safely enter the underground passage? Zhou Enlai repeatedly measured the 5 minutes after the alarm. According to the calculations of relevant military departments, the Soviet Union launched missiles from several missile launch points near our border, and the nearest flight to Beijing only takes six or seven minutes. If the time for issuing the alarm is deducted, there may be only three or four minutes left. Zhou Enlai thought hard about a perfect solution. Mao Zedong glanced at Zhou Enlai, smiled, and said relievedly: "If you are worried, we can put two atomic bombs to scare them first? Let them be nervous for two days. When they understand, our festival is over." Zhou Enlai felt a little relieved, knowingly: "After the release, let's keep it a secret." "That's right, it's called soldiers never tire of cheating!" "Chairman, what time do you think is better to arrange?" "I don't think it can be early or late. The 28th and 29th are fine. I need to discuss this matter with Rong Zhen and Aiping..." ... On September 28 and 29, 1969, the U.S. Seismic Monitoring Station, the Soviet Seismic Monitoring Center, and the satellites of the two countries received huge vibration signals almost simultaneously. They made a judgment immediately, and China successfully conducted an underground nuclear test and a high-explosive nuclear test.This is the 8th and 9th nuclear test conducted by China in history. Many countries in the world, especially the United States and the Soviet Union, are anxiously waiting for China to announce the news and related materials of the nuclear test. The strange thing is that, contrary to the previous seven nuclear tests, China celebrated continuously and enthusiastically. For several days in a row, all Chinese news media remained silent and kept silent about it. Nothing, as if it never happened. There are many discussions and speculations in the foreign media, among which a comment broadcast by the Associated Press is widely recognized. A previous detection method, " This is actually tantamount to warning Brezhnev that if you dare to press the nuclear button, China will strike back immediately. Although China's nuclear power is not very powerful, it is also very terrifying. Sure enough, Brezhnev's hand hesitated for a long time in front of the nuclear button, and finally moved away quietly. On October 1, Mao Zedong and other state leaders boarded the Tiananmen Rostrum and inspected the parade. That night, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others came to Tiananmen Square, sat on the ground among the masses, and watched the festive fireworks and colorful fireworks with great interest. Mao Zedong is really a god-man. 130 years ago, in the United States, a large-scale war broke out—the Civil War, which was actually the second revolution of the American bourgeoisie. There are two sides in the war, one is the slave owner group in the south, and the other is the northern bourgeois group looking for cheap labor and expanding the free trade market. The war went on for 5 years successively. Although the southern army was fighting to maintain the old system, due to the outstanding command of the army commander, General Robert Lee, in the early days of the war, the southern army was victorious, while the northern army was defeated again and again, so that the capital Washington was in a precarious state. among. But in the third year of the war, that is, in July 1863, General Lee stormed Fort Gustie on the eastern battlefield and suffered a disastrous defeat. The Northern Army won a fundamental victory. The decline of the Northern Army stabilized the overall situation. Later, under the leadership of President Lincoln, the northern bourgeoisie, relying on the strength of the people, eliminated slavery in the South and cleared the way for the development of American capitalism. In the first two years of the war, on the eastern battlefield, except for the battle of Antieta, the southern army suffered some defeats, and almost succeeded again and again. The army advanced step by step. On the western battlefield, although the northern army tried its best, However, he was still trapped in being persuaded and beaten, and the situation was very unfavorable. In May 1863, the Virginia Army of the Confederate Army achieved great success in the roundabout and outflanking raid tactics in Zenslerville. After that, the commander of the regiment, Robert Lee, readjusted the commander of the army, and had three armies under his jurisdiction. Lieutenant General James, Ewell and Major General Ambrose served as commanders of the corps. General Lee felt that due to successive years of wars, Virginia's supplies and food were extremely scarce. Therefore, he decided to launch an offensive to the north to seize sufficient supplies and food in the north.At the same time, further consolidate the military advantage of the Southern Army and look for opportunities to strike a more deadly blow to the Northern Army. General Lee's attack to the north also had more important military strategic reasons. On the western battlefield, the situation changed drastically because General Lincoln used General Grant, who was capable of conscripting and fighting. After Grant took office, he achieved initial victory and the army occupied After gaining favorable terrain, he suddenly surrounded the fortress of Vicksburg. General Lee knew in his heart that to break the siege of Vicksburg, a long-distance raid would be impossible. Launch a fierce offensive to relieve the pressure on the western battlefield. General Grant was a notorious alcoholic who often got drunk at critical moments in battle, but Lee knew in his heart that Grant was an outstanding military command genius, and it was a blessing for the army to be led by him. General Lee also admired President Lincoln very much , because it was he who tried his best to defy all opinions, regardless of the small details, and reused Grant, which reversed the defeat of the Northern Army. Lee had also had political imperatives to attack on the Eastern Front, since Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and the defeat at Antietam.The attitudes of Britain and France, which have always supported them, have become more and more ambiguous.Under such circumstances, it is extremely necessary to launch a powerful attack to show the strength of the Confederate Army and force countries such as Britain and France to recognize the legitimacy of the Confederacy's independent government. On June 3, 1863, General Lee led his 75,000-strong army from Fredericksburg, advancing toward Pennsylvania, directly threatening Washington and Philadelphia. On June 3, the cavalry of the two sides encountered each other at Brandy Station. As soon as they fought, the Northern Army hurriedly withdrew. On June 13, the Virginia Second Army led by General Ewell invaded the Shenandoah Valley, defeated the garrisoned U.S. troops, captured more than 4,000 people, and seized a large amount of military supplies, and then continued to advance toward the Potoma River. Facing the oncoming Confederate Army, Washington trembled in the crisis. At a critical juncture, on the one hand, Lincoln mobilized the Army of the Potomac of the Northern Army to gather at Frederick to strengthen the defense there; Hooker's commander succeeded Hooker as commander-in-chief of the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln's decision was very wise. Meade is an excellent commander.He is stable and decisive. He has served as brigade commander, division commander and army commander. He has rich combat experience, has a high prestige in the army, and is trusted by his subordinates and soldiers. An important factor when Lincoln chooses a general is to examine the general's military exploits and at the same time examine the degree of trust his subordinates have in him. Practice has proved that this is a very valuable experience. Only a commander who is truly supported by his subordinates and soldiers has the most basic conditions for him to command and mobilize troops as he pleases and defeat the enemy. The Army of the Potomac was the largest army in the Union Army, with 100,000 troops.However, because they had just been severely injured in the Battle of Censville, their mood was very low, and most of the corps were recruits who had just enlisted in the army, and their fighting qualities were extremely poor. After Meade took office, he immediately adjusted the organization of the Legion, reorganized the new and old soldiers, and used all possible time for short-term repairs and training. By the end of June, the Confederates had passed through Pennsylvania and entered the North, and a force captured Carlisle and then stood by at Fort Harley. Hill's army went straight into Gostiburg, a small town southwest of Harrisburg, in an attempt to capture Yorkshire.Straight to the Susquehanna River, covering the rear of General Lee's army to assemble for Harrisburg. General Ewell, who served as the vanguard, was unstoppable along the way, rushing and killing. For General Meade who had just taken office on the Eastern Front, he undoubtedly encountered the most severe test. After repeatedly studying the enemy's situation and assessing the situation comprehensively, General Meade decided that the army would move from Frederick to Harrisburg, and then approach Gettysburg, where they would start a decisive battle with the Confederate Army. In the immediate aftermath of the battle, General Lee made his first mistake. After entering the north, General Li obviously noticed that his ears were not working, and his eyes were not clear. It was not like fighting in the south that he could get accurate information from the enemy at any time. His cavalry made a reconnaissance attack on the Union Army in order to find out the exact location of the Union Army's main force.However, Stewart, who has won consecutive victories and has a reckless temperament, is very happy.Turning the reconnaissance attack into a large-scale operation, he did not limit the army's attack speed and forward distance, in an attempt to outflank the Northern Army from behind.He didn't wait for them to arrive at the predetermined battlefield before he discovered that the Northern Army had crossed the Potoma River and had engaged General Lee's army in front of them. At this time, Stewart's cavalry division had lost contact with Lee's army, so he had to advance on the eastern front alone. When he arrived at Fort Gustie exhausted, he found that the victory or defeat on the main battlefield was basically determined. The battle on the main battlefield begins with a sudden encounter. While Meade's army was gathering at Fort Gustie, General Lee also led the Virginia Army to Fort Gustie. He ordered the main force to stand by to the west of the castle. Due to the delay in intelligence, there was no news of the cavalry division sent out for reconnaissance. return.So he didn't know that Meade's army was stationed on the plain a few kilometers away from his headquarters. On July 1, a unit of the Southern Army's Hill Division rashly broke into the small town of Gustiburg in order to collect saddles and harnesses. As a result, it was hit head-on by the Northern Army's Budford Division. General Lee knew that At that time, the Meade army had already confronted himself in a fierce battle, and it had become a momentum of bending its bow and bow. It was too late to mobilize troops temporarily, so.This unexpected encounter kicked off a three-day war, and the hasty confrontation was Lee's second mistake. At noon on July 1st, the Confederate Army first launched a ferocious attack and fierce artillery fire, forcing the Northern Army to withdraw from the small town of Gostiberg. After General Lee entered the town and carefully observed the surrounding terrain, he realized that he was in a very unfavorable position. If he wanted to change the crisis, he had to capture the Highland Cemetery Ridge behind the town. The defense of Cemetery Ridge was not a real retreat, so he immediately deployed his troops to capture Cemetery Ridge with all his strength. Cemetery Ridge is a small fishhook-shaped mountain range running north-south, with the protruding side facing the Confederate Army. There is a small bag at each end of the "fishhook", the southern end is called the round top mountain, and the northern end is called the Karpus mountain.Afterwards, when commenting on the success or failure of this battle, modern military strategists pointed out that seizing Cemetery Ridge was the key to the success or failure of this battle. At noon, General Li commanded the army to surround Cemetery Ridge. But at the same time, the Northern Army commanded by Meade took the lead and sent the Second Army commanded by General Hancock to Cemetery Ridge, strengthening the defense force of Cemetery Ridge in time. This is how the largest bloody battle in the Civil War began. The Southern Army mobilized almost all the artillery fire and repeatedly bombarded several high grounds on Cemetery Ridge. The ground troops rushed up with shouts before the artillery fire was extinguished. But the fortifications of the Northern Army are extremely strong, and they are condescending, occupying a favorable terrain. When the soldiers of the Southern Army rushed up the high ridge and exhausted their strength, the Northern Army opened fire accurately from the fortifications, and the Southern Army was like a flock of sheep. The same rush down the mountain. On the hillside of Cemetery Ridge, there were many abandoned corpses, and the trees and grass on the hillside were all burnt, and there was an unpleasant smell of charred and blood in the air. On July 2, the troops commanded by General Early of the Confederate Army broke through the right-wing defense line of the Northern Army and once occupied Karpus Mountain at the northern end of Fishhook. A powerful counterattack drove the position out. Longstreet, a veteran of the Confederate Army, was ordered to attack the left flank of the Northern Army. Because his combat plan differed from General Lee's, the attack on Cemetery Ridge was only reluctantly obeyed. His troops used a wheat field and an orchard under the ridge They approached the commanding height of Lingnan - Little Round Top Mountain very cautiously. Because their offensive was not fierce, their speed was not fast, and their covering firepower was very weak, the Northern Army counterattacked several times. When he encountered setbacks in the first battle, he failed to agree with his main generals. This was the third mistake made by General Li. Longstree also organized several decent attacks, and the situation on Little Round Top was tense for a while, but just when victory was in sight, reinforcements from General Warren of the Northern Army arrived again, and the fifth army force defending Little Round Top Strengthened, Longstreet's expectations were dashed. 7月3日黎明，南军经过一夜苦战，终于攻占了卡尔普高地，然而不到两个小时，北军斯洛卡尔姆率领的第十二军又反击回来，经过一番激战，卡尔普斯高地又为北军夺回。 正在此时，前去执行侦察任务的斯图尔特骑兵师在兜了一个大圈了之后，终于返回了。 如果斯图尔特早些察明敌情…… 如果斯图尔特的骑兵师早些参加进攻战斗…… 也许，战争就分是另一个样子了。 骑虎难下的李将军决定孤注一掷，他集结起最后所有能作战的力量，将1.5万人分编成数十个作战方队，在一阵密集的炮火对射之后。向中央阵地发起了海涛般最为猛烈的进攻。 但是，持有反对意见、对胜利已经不抱希望的朗斯特里消极地只派出一个师加入战团，然后自己躲在一边静观作战的成败。 此时，北军坚固的工事中，享特将军指挥的大炮发挥了巨大的威力，炮弹像急雨冰雹一般在冲击的南方军阵中降落，然后成火山喷发状的爆炸燃烧。 南军的官兵，成片成片地倒毙地公墓岭的山坡上。 终于，有一部分南军冲过炮火编织的死亡线，渐渐靠近了山峰。 守卫在山头的北军，透过弥漫的硝烟迷雾，可以看到南军密集的冲锋线像海浪一样向山头涌来，闪亮的刺刀，飘扬的军旗，嘀嘀的喇叭声，……最后连南军士兵痉挛的面孔都看得一清二楚了。 米德也拼上了最后的力气，下达了全线反击的命令。 随着一声声轰轰隆隆的巨响，伴随着震耳欲聋的枪炮声和挥动着闪着寒光的刺刀的可怖画面，公墓岭上出现了最为惨烈火的一幕。 血雨迸飞，惨号不断，死尸盈野，断肢遍地…… 终于，在李将军的望远镜里，他看到，身着灰色军服的南军如潮一般跑下山来，李将军痛苦地低下了高傲的头颅，他知道，自己的希望破灭了。 这场残酷的大战，双方都付出了巨大的代价。北军投入兵力8.5万人，伤亡2.3万人，南军出动兵力7.5万人，伤亡2万人，北军赢得了这场子战役的胜利，意义自然十分重大，不仅解除了南军对首都华盛顿的军事威胁，而且稳定了人心，争取了国际舆论的支持。 由此为转折点，战场上的敌我态势发生了重大变化，南军由进才转为防御，北军由防御转为进攻。 4个月后，为纪念在这场战役中阵亡和负伤的将士，由国家出资，在这儿建立了一座规模宏大的公墓，在烈士墓落成典礼上，林肯总统发表了一篇不朽的演说，他高度评价了这一战役的伟大意义，热情赞扬了参加这场战斗的全体将士，激情洋溢地称颂了为国捐躯的英烈们的崇高精神。鼓励人民乘胜前进，去夺取战争的最后胜利。 一年半之后，美国南北战争结束，罗伯特·李将军向北军投降，北军取得了最后的胜利。 纵观持续5年的美国南北战争史，显然，葛斯提堡战役具有扭转危局，反败为胜的关键性作用。