Chapter 24 Chapter 23 Entering Tibet, the red flag is planted on the roof of the world

With the victory of the Chinese People's War of Liberation advancing across the country, the rule of the Kuomintang regime on the mainland is faltering, and the liberation of the entire mainland of China is just around the corner.The imperialist forces that have coveted Tibet for a long time have intensified the pace of planning "Tibetan independence", attempting to split Tibet from China and bring it into the sphere of influence of the West.The United States, which intervened later, wanted to use Tibet as a base to contain the new China in the Cold War. In late June 1949, under the careful planning of Li Jisheng, the representative of the Indian representative office in Lhasa, the Kashag in Tibet launched another "expelling Han incident".Li Jisheng secretly told Liuxia Tudeng Taba, director of Tibet's "Foreign Affairs Bureau", "There are many Communist Party members in Lhasa. If we keep them here, they will act as internal agents and bring in the Communist Army." List of Communists.This falsified information made the upper echelons of Tibet panic and uneasy.Li Jisheng also directly spoke to Daza Regent: "At the moment when China's political situation is undergoing major changes, you must immediately expel the Han people from Lhasa. If you don't do this, you will inevitably introduce the Communist Party through internal and external cooperation."Therefore, after an urgent discussion, the Kashag decided to "summon" Chen Xizhang, the acting director of the Tibetan Office of the Mongolian-Tibetan Committee of the Kuomintang government, on July 8. Leaving Lhasa within two weeks, at the same time notifying the Executive Yuan of the Kuomintang government in Guangzhou.At that time, there were more than 300 people from the Tibetan Office of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission and its affiliated primary schools, radio stations, and meteorological observation stations. Under the threat of the Tibetan army, they evacuated Tibet in batches via Yadong.This is a serious step in blatantly plotting "Tibetan independence".At this time, the Executive Yuan of the Kuomintang government, which had moved to Guangzhou, immediately issued a statement: "The local authorities of Tibet, this measure is far from reasonable, whether it is reasonable or legal."At the same time, the Executive Yuan sent a letter to the Kashag saying that it was "deeply appalled" by this matter and "hope that the previous discussion will be revoked immediately and the inherent relationship between China and Tibet will be restored quickly."

The Tibetan authorities severed the telegraph connection with the central government, but maintained close postal and telecommunication exchanges with Britain and India.After foreign countries learned of the "expelling Han incident" in Lhasa from Li Jisheng's telegram, British Reuters said on July 27: "Britain has never recognized China's claim that Tibet is a part of China and is under Chinese rule." On August 10, the U.S. Press also said: "Tibetan authorities may completely break away from China's nominal suzerainty by taking advantage of China's difficulties."This move by the Tibetan authorities is also a blatant challenge to the victory of the Chinese people's revolution.

As early as April 1949, before and after the Chinese People's Liberation Army launched the cross-river operation, and when Chiang Kai-shek fled Nanjing, the Republican Party of the United States attacked President Truman for "losing China."Out of the needs of internal affairs, the U.S. authorities have changed their previous attitude of clearly stating that Tibet belongs to China, and began to pay attention to the issue of "Tibetan independence".Ruth Pekan of the Department of Far Eastern Affairs of the U.S. State Department issued a policy commentary saying: "Once the Communist Party wins in China, the U.S. should not continue to believe that Tibet is within the purview of the Chinese authorities."She advocated the immediate dispatch of American officials to Lhasa to establish secret contacts in advance.After being contacted by the U.S. embassy in India and Shakabpa, an official from the Tibetan Kaxag, CBS broadcast commentator Lowell Tomas and his son entered Tibet in August.They held secret talks with Regent Dazha and senior Kaxag officials to encourage Tibet to establish skilled guerrillas and receive technical training and military assistance.Thomas and his son returned to the United States after two months of activities in Tibet and were received by President Truman.Later, he suggested to Secretary of State Acheson that the United States should provide Tibet with more modern weapons to help them resist the CCP's military forces entering Tibet.

The Tibetan local authorities were flattered by the American visit and eagerly hoped for American support and assistance. On November 19, U.S. diplomats met with Kashag official Sokhang and a representative of the powerful Bangdacang family in New Delhi.Sokang told the men that the United States was "the strongest and most powerful country" and that it was Tibet's only hope.In this way, the United States gradually replaced the United Kingdom as the main supporter of the Tibetan separatist forces. In order to speed up the pace of military expansion, war preparations and improvement of Tibetan military equipment, the local Tibetan authorities contacted the Indian government, and India sent people to Tibet to discuss military aid and military expansion. In September, India sent its political commissioner in Sikkim, Dayal, to Lhasa with Nehru’s letter to the Dalai Lama and Regent Daza, and conducted specific consultations with the Kashag to determine the types and quantities of arms that the Tibet Kashag would purchase from India. , including 40 mortars, 20,000 rounds of artillery shells, and two million rounds of bullets for rifles and submachine guns. On September 16, a meeting of Tibetan officials discussed and approved the specific military expansion measures proposed by Kashag and Khenpo Kitjo.The main contents are: expanding the Tibetan army by 10,000 people; establishing a military pay bureau to uniformly allocate food saved in various places; further strengthening relations with India; signing a new treaty with India, etc.Before and after that, the Tibetan army has gradually expanded from 11 regiments to 16 regiments, with the main force deployed on the west bank of the Jinsha River and the front line in northern Tibet.The Tibetan local authorities tried in vain to prevent the liberation of Tibet by force.

From the end of 1949 to the beginning of 1950, under the direct instigation and planning of Li Jisheng, the Indian representative in Lhasa, the Kashag decided to send several "goodwill missions" to the United States, Britain, India, Nepal and other countries in order to seek support for its "independence". support and military assistance. On December 2, 1949, the Tibetan "Diplomatic Bureau" sent by the mission to the United States wrote to President Truman of the United States: "Recently the Chinese Communist Party has claimed that Tibet is a part of China and has occupied Xinjiang, Xining and Xikang and other places. At this extremely critical moment, we have sent Khenqiong Tudeng Sangye and Dingjia Dorje Gyaltsen to your country to ask for assistance from your government.” The missions sent by Tibet to other countries also carry There is a letter with the same wording.When the Tibetan local authorities were in contact with these countries, British Reuters disclosed this information to the outside world.In this regard, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China immediately and severely condemned the illegal actions of the Tibetan local authorities.The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on January 20, 1950, pointing out that: Tibet is the territory of the People's Republic of China, and the Lhasa authorities have no right to send any "missions" without authorization, let alone to demonstrate its so-called "independence"; "The Central People's Government will Such behavior of betraying the motherland by the Lhasa authorities cannot be tolerated, and any country that receives such an illegal "mission" will be considered hostile to the People's Republic of China." Due to the solemn position of the Chinese government, and the United States, Britain and other countries considering their Therefore, they all expressed that they would not accept the "Missions" in Tibet.In this way, the Tibetan "mission" to Britain, the United States, and Nepal failed to take place, and only the "mission" to India secretly went to New Delhi.

The imperialists and the local government of Tibet are planning the "Tibetan Independence" activities so intensively, which seriously threatens the integrity of China's territorial sovereignty and the security of Tibet.The Chinese people, including the Tibetan people, who have suffered so much from imperialist aggression must not tolerate the success of the plots of reactionary forces at home and abroad to split the motherland.The Communist Party of China authorized Xinhua News Agency to publish an editorial on September 2, "Foreign invaders will never be allowed to annex China's territory—Tibet."After summarizing the process of Western powers’ aggression against Tibet over the past century, the editorial pointed out: “They want to deny that Tibet is part of China’s territory. There is no 'foundation' in domestic and foreign documents."Liberating Tibet "is the unswerving policy of the Chinese people, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese People's Liberation Army. If any aggressor does not understand this," he will "be beaten to death with the iron fist of the great Chinese People's Liberation Army." . On September 7, the "People's Daily" published a signed article "The Chinese People Must Liberate Tibet", exposing the imperialist conspiracy and expressing the firm stand of the Chinese people for liberating Tibet. The Chinese people firmly oppose the splitting of Tibet.Tibetan patriots issued speeches and statements one after another, expressing great indignation at the various crimes committed by the Tibetan authorities in collusion with imperialism, and earnestly looking forward to the early liberation of Tibet by the People's Liberation Army.

As early as the eve of the proclamation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, after Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily published editorials and signed articles on the "expelling the Han incident", Sangye Yuexi (Tianbao), a Tibetan cadre who participated in the Long March, died on September 1949. He published an article in "People's Daily" on August 8, exposing the conspiracy of the Tibetan local authorities to create the "expelling the Han incident", pointing out that Tibet is a part of China, and any reactionary plot to sell Tibet will be opposed by the Tibetan people and will fail completely.The Tenth Panchen Lama Erdeni Chokyi Gyaltsen, who was detained in Qinghai, called Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De on October 1, saying: "The Northwest has been liberated, and the Central People's Government has been established. Anyone with blood should be encouraged together. In the future, the people’s well-being can be expected, and the country’s rejuvenation is expected. The liberation of Tibet is just around the corner.” On December 2, Khenpo Yixi Chuchen, a close attendant of Reting Living Buddha, the former Tibetan Regent, who was persecuted by pro-British elements and fled to the mainland, went to Xining, Qinghai To the People's Liberation Army to accuse the imperialists of the crimes of undermining the internal unity of Tibet, and demand the rapid liberation of Tibet.The famous Tibetan Buddhist master Sherao Gyatso delivered a speech in Xi'an, condemning the imperialists' plot to carry out the so-called "independence" of the Lhasa authorities. In February 1950, representatives sent by well-known Tibetans from Xikang Province to Ganzi Baili Temple Geda Living Buddha, the leader of Yulong District in northern Kangxi Xia Ke Daodeng, and the giant businessman Bang Daduoji in Kangnan arrived in Beijing to pay tribute to Chairman Mao of the Central People's Government and confide in Tibetans The compatriots urgently demand liberation, and express that they will support the People's Liberation Army in marching into Tibet as they did when they supported the Red Army going north to resist Japan.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong considered the timing and strategy of liberating Tibet from a far-sighted perspective based on the international, domestic and Tibetan situations.As early as February 4, 1949, when Mao Zedong talked with Mikoyan, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in Xibaipo Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, he pointed out: "China's affairs in the mainland are easier to manage, just send the army. ""The Tibet issue is not difficult to solve, but it must not be too fast or too reckless, because: (1) transportation is difficult, the army is inconvenient to move, and there are more troubles in supplying supplies; (2) ethnic issues, especially those controlled by religion. In Tibet, it will take time to solve it, and we need to move forward steadily, and we should not act too hastily.” With the victories of the Liberation War, the consideration and planning of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for solving the Tibet issue have gradually become clear and specific. On August 6, Mao Zedong pointed out in a telegram to Peng Dehuai, the commander and political commissar of the First Field Army: "The Panchen Lama is now in Lanzhou. When you attack Lanzhou, please pay great attention to protecting and respecting the Panchen Lama and the Tibetans in Gansu and Qinghai. Prepare for the problem.” On September 26, Zhu De, the commander-in-chief of the People’s Liberation Army, made three solemn promises at the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the first of which was to guarantee the liberation of all territories including Tibet and Taiwan, and complete the reunification of China. great cause. On October 1, the People's Republic of China was established, and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army issued an order to the entire army: "Quickly wipe out the remnants of the Kuomintang reactionary army and liberate all lands that have not been liberated." On October 13, in Mao Zedong’s telegram regarding the Southwest and Northwest combat deployments, it was officially stated that “the total force to manage Yun, Guizhou, Sichuan, Kang and Tibet is the Second Field Army and the Eighteenth Corps, with a total of about 600,000 people. Southwest The bureau's division of labor is that Deng (Xiaoping), Liu (Bocheng), and He (Long) will serve as the first, second, and third secretaries. He is the commander of the (Southwest) Military Region, Deng is the political commissar, and Liu is the director of the Southwest Military and Political Committee (later officially Chairman).” On November 23, Mao Zedong and Zhu De replied to the Panchen Lama’s phone call on October 1, clearly stating: The Central People’s Government and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army will surely satisfy the Tibetan people’s desire for early liberation.

Since Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang in the Northwest were all liberated before the end of October, the war has ended, and the battle for liberating the Southwest is going on fiercely. In addition, the road from Qinghai to Tibet is relatively flat, and the Panchen Lama is on the way again. For Qinghai and other reasons, Mao Zedong considered changing the task of liberating Tibet to the Northwest Bureau. On November 23, Mao Zedong called Peng Dehuai and pointed out: "The settlement of the Tibet issue should be completed in the autumn or winter of next year. Judging from the current situation, the Northwest Bureau should be assigned the main responsibility, and the Southwest Bureau should take the second responsibility. Because the war ended earlier in the northwest than in the southwest, some people said that the road from Qinghai to Tibet was flat and easy, and the Panchen Lama and his group were in Qinghai. It is impossible to solve the Tibet issue without sending troops. There is the Southwest Road. Therefore, the Southwest Bureau should start to manage Tibet after Chuankang is pacified."

In December 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union. When passing through Manzhouli, he wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Southwest Bureau.The general idea of ​​this letter is that India and the United States are both planning Tibet, and the issue of liberating Tibet must be resolved. It is better to enter Tibet sooner rather than later, otherwise the night will be long and dreamy. After Peng Dehuai received Mao Zedong's telegram on November 23, he sent Fan Ming, head of the Liaison Department of the Political Department of the Field Army, to investigate the situation in Tibet and the route to Tibet.One month later, Fan Ming handed over an investigation report.Based on this, Peng Dehuai reported to the Central Committee and Chairman Mao on December 30.Mao Zedong immediately called the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Peng Dehuai, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng, and He Long from Moscow on January 2, 1950, and entrusted the Southwest Bureau with the task of marching into Tibet.He pointed out that although Tibet has a small population, its international status is extremely important. We must occupy and transform it into a people's democratic Tibet.In the telegram, a detailed strategic plan for marching into Tibet was made: Since entering Tibet from the northwest is only possible for four months from mid-May to mid-September each year, and the roads are blocked by heavy snow for the remaining eight months, they will enter Tibet from Xikang The time is probably the same.And if we do not march to Tibet from mid-May to mid-September this year, we will have to postpone the march until 1951.I think that if there are no insurmountable difficulties, we should strive to start marching into Tibet in mid-May this year and occupy the whole of Tibet before October.For this reason, it is suggested that: <A> ask Comrades Liu, Deng, and He San to have a meeting in the shortest period (for example, mid-January) to decide on issues such as the troops entering Tibet and the responsible cadres who will lead and manage Tibet, and start to arrange immediately Everything; <B> immediately occupy Dajianlu, and use it as a base to plan for entering Tibet; <C> within three and a half months from now (early January) to mid-May, the troops designated to enter Tibet should strive for Divide into two roads from Dajianlu, advance to the border area of ​​Xikang and Tibet, repair the road or cart road, and prepare to enter Tibet in mid-May; <D> collect Tibetans and train cadres; <E> learn about Tibet There are only 6,000 troops, and they are dispersed. It seems that there is no need for the three armies I proposed in the last telegram, but only one sufficient army or four divisions with a total strength of about 40,000 troops will be enough. Only special political training is required and equipped with excellent weapons; <self> troops entering Tibet can be changed every three years to boost morale.

A historical feat that has attracted worldwide attention has kicked off. "Landlord" ordered Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping, leaders of the Southwest Bureau, received a telegram from Mao Zedong, who was visiting the Soviet Union, and began to discuss the issue of candidates to enter Tibet.Tibet is a very special place, with an area of ​​more than 1.2 million square kilometers, an average altitude of over 4,000 meters, and extremely difficult transportation. It is known as the "roof of the world".In addition, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were continuous foreign aggression and frequent internal strife. Some separatists in the upper class of Tibet were at odds with the central government in the interior. After the establishment of the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang, although officials were stationed in Lhasa, they did not station troops, and administrative affairs were left to the local government.Before the founding of New China, Tibet had been infiltrated by foreign forces.Now, when it comes to marching into Tibet, who will lead the army is very unusual and must be carefully considered.Deng Xiaoping smoked a cigarette, pondered for a long time, and said to Liu Bocheng: "Let the 'landlord' go!" "Who?" Zhang Guohua was born in Yongxin, Jiangxi on October 22, 1914. In March 1929, he served in the troops of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo in Jinggangshan.After Mao Zedong went to Jinggangshan, Zhang Guohua served as the company instructor of the Fifth Regiment of the Second Division of the Fourth Red Army. During the Long March, he served as the political commissar of the Political Education Brigade of the First Red Army. The second regiment also served as the political commissar of the Yunxi Military Division, the political commissar of the Seventh Detachment of the Luxi Military Region, and the political commissar of the Fourth Teaching Brigade. On February 18, 1949, the Eighteenth Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, composed of the troops of the Henan, Anhui, and Soviet Military Regions and the 20th Brigade of the First Column of the Central Plains Field Army, was commanded by Zhang Guohua, the commander of the Henan, Anhui, and Soviet Military Regions, and Tan Guansan was the political commissar of the army. .Zhang Guohua was only 35 years old when he became the first commander of the 18th Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.However, such a young army commander has trained a large number of cadres.Back then, after the second and third fields launched the Battle of Crossing the River, Nanjing was soon liberated, and a group of cadres were needed to take over.Liu Deng decided to draw personnel from the camp schools of each army to take over Nanjing.At the deployment meeting, when Zhang Guohua reported that there were more than 4,500 personnel in the camp schools of the Eighteenth Army, the audience was in an uproar, because this number had already exceeded the total number of personnel in the camp schools of other armies in the Second Field.Someone began to whisper: "Mr. Zhang is so rich, he is really a 'landlord'!" Zhang Guohua's nickname of "landlord" has since taken root. On January 8, 1950, Zhang Guohua was called to the temporary office of the Southwest Bureau of Zengjiayan, Chongqing.Liu Bocheng first conveyed to him the spirit of Mao Zedong's telegram.Deng Xiaoping said that Zhang Guohua could command the Tenth Army, the most combat-effective unit of the Second Field, to march into Tibet.Zhang Guohua thought for a long time, and finally made up his mind: "I still lead the 18th Army to undertake the mission of entering Tibet." On January 15, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping conveyed the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong to the 18th Army, and officially issued the order to march into Tibet. At the same time, they organized a meeting of leading cadres above the 18th Army Division to deploy work.Liu Bocheng said very seriously and humorously: "You are all young, and you are the princes from all walks of life who marched into Tibet. Tibet is a very special and sensitive place. In history, some emperors and generals used troops many times, some capsized and lost troops. If you don’t fight, you will retreat. We are the people’s army, and we must embody the image of the king’s teacher and the benevolent teacher in every way.” On January 18, the Eighteenth Army held a mobilization meeting, and Deng Xiaoping participated in it.Zhang Guohua spoke first.He stood up and said: "In the past, we were elated when we were able to liberate a provincial capital and wipe out tens of thousands of enemies with our brother troops. We felt very great. But now our 18th Army is the main force in marching into Tibet. It is not just to liberate a provincial capital, but to Liberate the whole of Tibet, drive the imperialist forces out of Tibet, and complete the great cause of reunifying the motherland. Should we go there to build the party and start the work of the party, isn't that something we should be proud of?" Deng Xiaoping affirmed Zhang Guohua's mobilization speech in the form of leading applause, and wrote an inscription to the soldiers of the 18th Army: Accepting and completing the most difficult tasks given by the party is the supreme glory of every Communist and every revolutionary soldier! 30,000 people want to enter Tibet, Pepsi needs a spectrum.When Zhang Guohua was thinking about "playing scores", something happened that he didn't expect: the number of deserters increased sharply.It turned out that most of the commanders and fighters of the 18th Army expressed their obedience to go to Tibet happily, but some "deserters" who didn't want to go to Tibet secretly talked about the disadvantages of going to Tibet, and they didn't find the symptoms in time at first. Every day, only the squad leader and the deputy squad leader were left in one squad. Even the team cadres dared not sleep at night, and they took turns guarding the door.Zhang Guohua thought that the Eighteenth Army was a glorious army that fought against the Japanese army and Chiang Kai-shek. Even in the harsh and cruel environment of advancing into the Dabie Mountains, there was no desertion. Today, when I went to Tibet to complete a more glorious task, something happened The deserter incident, has this team changed?Zhang Guohua was so angry that his tiger eyes widened, wishing he could go and catch the deserters himself: "Go, catch them all back to me!" The words of the army commander were orders, and the troops immediately set up a "grabbing team" to attack from all directions, and brought back many deserters.The deserters were brought back here, and the "deserters" in the cadre team appeared on the other side.Liu Jieting, deputy political commissar of the 154th Regiment of the 52nd Division of the 18th Army wrote a letter stating that "due to poor health, I do not want to enter Tibet."Zhang Guohua's hand holding the letter began to tremble, and Tan Guansan also lost his composure as a political commissar, "If he doesn't go, he will be bound to Tibet!" Zhang Guohua was stimulated by the word "tied" from the political commissar's mouth, but his own thoughts Activated: It is an honor to enter Tibet, and these people cannot be allowed to tarnish the reputation of the 18th Army.Therefore, Zhang Guohua decided: All deserters are not allowed to go to Tibet, and they will return to the place on the spot.This trick really works.Back then, who would dare not hold the "honor" above their heads!Besides, "people with problematic thinking" are not welcome anywhere.Those who desert are in a hurry, for fear of being eliminated, leaving a stain on their own history, and they will not be able to turn around in the future.As a result, people who "wrote blood letters" came in droves, and the cadres had to turn their heads and do the ideological work of those who left their places to work.But Zhang Guohua kept his promise: No deserters are wanted! On March 18, the advance team of the 18th Army, led by Deputy Political Commissar Wang Qimei and Chief of Staff Li Jue, set off from Leshan as scheduled.Before departure, Zhang Guohua repeatedly reminded Wang Qimei and Li Jue: "When troops enter Tibet, they must resolutely implement Chairman Mao's instructions of 'invading Tibet and not eating places', 'especially respect the religious beliefs and customs of the local people, protect temples, and not live in temples. , don’t live in the sutra halls of Tibetan people’s homes, and even if it’s raining and hailstorms, don’t go into the temple to interfere with lamas’ chanting, at most, take shelter under the eaves of the temple’.” Wang Qimei and Li Jue strictly implemented the ethnic policy, and were supported by the local tribesmen and living Buddhas.Later, Deng Xiaoping reported the situation of entering Tibet to Mao Zedong. After listening to the report, Mao Zedong remained silent for a long time, and finally decided to approve the purchase of 30 high-altitude transport aircraft to support the 18th Army entering Tibet. In early July, all the troops of the Eighteenth Army led by Zhang Guohua arrived in Ganzi.Wherever the troops went, Qiu committed no crimes.All of this is in the eyes of Living Buddha Geda.Therefore, Geda Living Buddha took the initiative to receive Zhang Guohua.He said: "I know people from the Tibetan local government and the three major monasteries. If Commander Zhang needs it, I am willing to go to Lhasa to try to persuade him." Zhang Guohua felt that the matter was serious, so he immediately reported it to the Southwest Bureau, suggesting that Living Buddha Geda go to Lhasa to negotiate in Lhasa as a military and political commissar of Southwest China and vice chairman of Xikang Provincial People's Government. After Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping received Zhang Guohua's telegram, they immediately asked the central government for instructions.The central government quickly replied and agreed. Unexpectedly, after Geda Living Buddha arrived in Xichang, under the instigation of British spy Ford, the Tibetan authorities put him under house arrest and killed him on August 22.When the news came, Zhang Guohua made an oath: "Put the five-star red flag on the Himalayas resolutely, and let the flowers of happiness bloom all over Tibet!" For this reason, Zhang Guohua suggested to the Southwest Bureau and the Central Military Commission to carry out the Battle of Qamdo: "Only by opening the gate of Qamdo, can we open the gate of Qamdo." It is possible to liberate Tibet peacefully." Changdu is the only place to pass through when entering Tibet.After receiving the telegram, the Central Military Commission attached great importance to it.Mao Zedong believed that "the liberation of Qamdo will contribute to the peaceful liberation of the Tibet issue." At the beginning of September, Zhang Guohua officially received an order from the Central Military Commission regarding the Battle of Qamdo. After receiving the order, Zhang Guohua immediately carried out the deployment of "two-line pincer operations against Changdu in the north and south": the southern line was served by the 157th Regiment of the 53rd Division of the Eighteenth Army, and the northern line was served by the 52nd Division.The entire operation focuses on the northern front, and the main force is divided into three routes: the left, the center, and the right: the center troops attack from the front; Composed of companies, under the command of Yin Fatang, the deputy political commissar of the division, they went straight to Enda, 20 kilometers west of Qamdo, and encircled Qamdo for thousands of miles, cutting off the retreat of the Tibetan army. The Battle of Qamdo was launched on October 7 under the command of Zhang Guohua. On October 18, the troops from the right arrived as scheduled and seized Enda, blocking the retreat route of the Tibetan army in Qamdo. Yu Tuan) and 3 copies of each, with a total of 5,738 people, including 180 killed and wounded, 898 captured, and 4,317 people who fought for a copy and surrendered to the uprising, and captured the British spy Ford alive. The door to Tibet was opened, and the dawn of peaceful liberation of Tibet appeared.Liu Shaoqi praised: "The Battle of Qamdo is the Battle of Huaihai for the liberation of Tibet." The Tibetan local government finally accepted the proposal of the Central People's Government and sent a peace delegation headed by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme to Beijing for negotiations. On May 15, 1951, Zhang Guohua was ordered to return to Beijing to participate in the negotiations. On May 23, Zhang Jingwu, director of the General Office of the Central Military Commission, Zhang Guohua, commander of the 18th Army, and Sun Zhiyuan, secretary-general of the Southwest Military and Political Commission, participated in the "Central People's Government and The signing ceremony of the Agreement of the Tibetan Local Government on the Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (referred to as the "Seventeen-Article Agreement").Representatives of the local government of Tibet who signed the agreement were: Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Kaihei Soanwangdui, Tudan Danda, Tudeng Liemen, and Sangpo Tenzin Dhondup. On the day after the signing, Mao Zedong received Zhang Guohua alone.When he learned that Zhang Guohua had served as a soldier in the troops of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo in Jinggangshan for three months, Mao Zedong said: "Both Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo are comrades who have contributed to the revolution." Recalling the past, but this interview left Mao Zedong with more impressions that Zhang Guohua was a "soldier of Jinggangshan", so that many years later, Mao Zedong called Zhang Guohua "Jinggangshan" many times.Regarding the Tibet issue, Zhang Guohua talked about the importance of building roads.Mao Zedong nodded and said: "Equal emphasis must be placed on road construction and production. The troops must enter Lhasa soon and work hard to implement the 'Seventeen-Article Agreement'." "General Buddha Light" On May 25, 1951, Mao Zedong, in the name of the chairman of the Central Military Commission, issued the "Instructions on Marching into Tibet", requiring the troops from the Southwest Military Region and the Northwest Military Region to enter Tibet separately. After the signing of the Agreement on the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, the obstacles to marching into Tibet were cleared away. In October 1951, the troops marching into Tibet were all deployed under the leadership of Zhang Guohua and Tan Guansan.The red flag was successfully inserted on the roof of the world. In February 1952, based on the Eighteenth Army of the People's Liberation Army, the Tibet Military Region was established, and the designation of the Eighteenth Army was revoked at the same time.The Tibet Military Region is a military-level military region under the jurisdiction of the Southwest Military Region.The commander is Zhang Guohua, and the political commissar is Tan Guansan. In May 1955, the Tibet Military Region was upgraded from the military level to the military region level, directly under the leadership of the Central Military Commission. Zhang Guohua and Tan Guansan were respectively promoted to the commander and political commissar of the large military region. In September 1955, the Central Military Commission awarded Zhang Guohua the rank of lieutenant general.So far, since Zhang Guohua led his troops into the snow-covered plateau of Tibet, he planted the red flag on the roof of the world, bringing dawn to the place that people call "paradise" today.Therefore, people gave him a beautiful title - "General Foguang". On April 22, 1956, the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee held an inaugural meeting in Lhasa, officially established.The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso is the chairman, the Panchen Lama Erdeni Chokyi Gyaltsen is the first vice chairman, and Zhang Guohua is the second vice chairman.Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme served as secretary general. Although the army successfully marched into Tibet, the high-level Tibetan officials, with the support of foreign forces, continued to plan rebellions again and again until the Great Tibetan Rebellion broke out in March 1959. On March 17, 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa. On March 19, the Lhasa rebels gathered more than 7,000 people, set up a rebel headquarters in Norbulingka, and formed a tendency to divide and encircle the Tibetan military region and its troops. The slogan they played was: "Break with the Central Committee! Be independent and do a great job!" At this time, Zhang Guohua was being treated in Beijing for heart disease, but he was watching Tibet closely.Political commissar Tan Guansan told Zhang Guohua on the phone: "The Dalai Lama, key officials and their family members have escaped from Lhasa in disguise." Zhang Guohua knew that the troops had already been deployed around Lhasa. As long as Tan Guansan and Chief of Staff Li Jue gave an order, not to mention that the Dalai Lama could not leave Lhasa, the rebels would be smashed to pieces. However, Mao Zedong had instructed, "If the Dalai Lama and his When a group flees, we will not stop them at all, whether they go to Shannan or India, let them go."Therefore, Zhang Guohua said: "That's right. You must pay attention to safety in Tibet, and resolutely implement Chairman Mao's instructions, 'Don't fire the first shot', because the number of troops is limited. Tomorrow I will follow the order of the Central Military Commission and bring fifty The 30th and 31st Divisions of the Fourth Army and the 11th Division of the Lanzhou Military Region entered Tibet to suppress the rebellion." At around 4 a.m. on March 20, the rebel headquarters believed that the Tibet Liberation Army was incompetent. To celebrate the victory, they organized rebels to surround the military compound.At this time, the Tibet Military Region lost all telecommunication contact with the outside world.The military command organization is at stake.Unbearable, Tan Guansan issued a counterattack order at 10 a.m. that day. Six hours later, Zhang Guohua finally got in touch with Tan Guansan, and he notified Tan Guansan that he had brought troops to Tibet.Tan Guansan breathed a sigh of relief. By April 14, the counter-insurgency operation was over, destroying the lairs of the rebels entrenched in the Shannan area, blocking the borders east of Yadong and west of Milin, and cutting off the important passages for the rebels to communicate with foreign lands.Because in this armed rebellion, many temples were related to the rebels, the commanders and fighters who were on fire advocated sweeping it down.Zhang Guohua said: "No. There must be conclusive and sufficient evidence to designate a rebellious temple." In a word, the destruction of the temple was avoided. The story of "'General Fo Guang' protecting the Bodhisattva" spread. After the counter-insurgency ended, Tibet did not settle down, and India set its sights on this Buddhist land again. In August 1962, the Indian government brazenly provoked a large-scale war of aggression against Chinese territory, and the Chinese government was forced to launch a short and limited self-defense counterattack. On August 25, the first armed conflict between the armies of the two sides took place at Longju in the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border. In October, India again provoked a conflict at the Kongka pass in the western sector. At first, in order to avoid border conflicts, the Central Military Commission ordered troops to unilaterally withdraw 20 kilometers from the actual control line. As a result, India believes that China is weak and can be bullied, and has accelerated the speed of its armed invasion of China. Under the unbearable situation, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held an enlarged meeting on October 18, 1962, to make a major decision on the Sino-Indian border issue and to study the military policy towards India. Mao Zedong said: "For many years we have adopted many methods to seek a peaceful solution to the Sino-Indian border issue. India did not do it. It deliberately provoked armed conflicts and intensified them. It is really a deception. Since Nehru must fight, then we The only way is to stay with you. Come and don’t be indecent. As the saying goes, if you don’t fight, you can’t make a deal. Maybe we can counterattack to stabilize the border and hope to achieve a peaceful solution to the border issue. But our counterattack is only a warning and punishment. It is to tell Nehru and the Indian government that military solutions to border issues are not acceptable." At the meeting, Mao Zedong asked Zhang Guohua: "I heard that the Indian army still has some fighting power. Can we win the fight? Comrade Commander of the Tibet Military Region!" Zhang Guohua replied positively and confidently: "We can win the fight, please rest assured, Chairman, we will definitely win the fight." After the meeting, the Central Military Commission appointed Zhang Guohua, the commander of the Tibet Military Region, as the front-line commander.Soon, a combat command organization code-named "419 Units" was formed. On October 19, Zhang Guohua entered the forward command post. At 7:30 on October 20, Zhang Guohua gave an order, and the artillery fire of the People's Liberation Army poured overwhelmingly on the Indian army positions that invaded Kejielang.Two hours later, the first stronghold of the Indian army was captured.By 8 o'clock in the evening, the battle of Kejielang was over.Zhang Guohua smiled: "It's the first time I've been in the army for 33 years, such an easy victory!" On October 23, the Central Military Commission sent a series of telegrams to Zhang Guohua, praising: "Under the difficult conditions of the severe cold on the plateau, the combat troops fought with high morale, fought arduously, fought bravely, and wiped out the enemy simply." " The telegram was forwarded to the troops, and the frontline soldiers were encouraged.In the next month or so, Zhang Guohua commanded the troops to fight two major battles and some sporadic battles, and achieved impressive results: three brigades of the Indian Army were annihilated, and the ace brigade of the Indian Army Daville and another soldier were captured alive. Brigadier General Singh killed and captured more than 7,000 Indian soldiers. In February 1963, Zhang Guohua returned to Beijing to attend the Central Working Conference.This was a regular meeting, but Zhang Guohua received a notice: "There is an additional topic for the meeting, and Chairman Mao must personally listen to Zhang Guohua's report on his work." On the afternoon of February 19, the report meeting was held in Huairen Hall, Zhongnanhai.When Zhang Guohua stepped onto the rostrum of Huairen Hall, his originally calm expression suddenly became tense again, as if all eyes were shooting at him and smiling at him.Zhang Guohua looked left and right, his seat was actually arranged between Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi!Zhang Guohua didn't know how he got to his seat, he seemed very cautious. 会议是由毛泽东亲自主持的，由张国华同志汇报刚刚结束的边境自卫还击作战情况。毛泽东也看到了张国华的拘谨，他幽默地说：“'井冈山'百万军中取上将首级如探囊取物，仗打胜了，你还紧张么子哟！今天是你唱主角喽！”经毛泽东这么一讲，大家哄的一声，笑了起来，会场的气氛顿时变得活跃起来。 张国华照直说起前线亲身经历的事来。张国华说：“中央军委和总部在作战中的每一重大转换时节，都给我们作了及时、具体而又详尽的指示……” 张国华刚说完“指示”两个字，毛泽东又插话说：“我这次是参战了的，还有少奇、总理、小平。” 张国华说：“我们战胜敌人的法宝，靠的就是我们的战士'一不怕苦，二不怕死'的精神！” 毛泽东立即给予了肯定：“我赞成这样的口号，叫做'一不怕苦，二不怕死'。”说完，毛泽东又用手指了指张国华：“这是你的发明权。” 最后，毛泽东高屋建瓴地评价了中印边境之战：“打了一个军事政治仗，或者叫政治军事仗。这一仗，至少可以保持中印边境10年的稳定。”历史证明了毛泽东的预见。 1965年7月24日，西藏自治区筹备委员会向国务院提出了《关于正式成立西藏自治区的请示报告》。8月25日，全国人大常委会第15次会议批准国务院议案，通过关于成立西藏自治区的决议。9月1日，西藏自治区第一届人民代表大会第一次会议在拉萨举行。以国务院副总理谢富治为团长的中央代表团参加大会，并表示祝贺。大会于8日选举产生了西藏自治区人民委员会。阿沛·阿旺晋美当选为自治区人民委员会主席。周仁山、帕巴拉·格列朗杰等7人为副主席。9日，大会举行闭幕式，西藏自治区正式宣告成立，西藏各族群众真正成为了国家和西藏地方的主人。 50年来，从当牛做马到当家作主，从民不聊生到昂首奔小康……如今欢欣鼓舞的雪域儿女永远铭记：今天的幸福生活始终凝聚着党中央的心血、全国人民的关爱。以毛泽东同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体，指引西藏各族人民顺利实现了和平解放，进行了民主改革，在此基础上建立了社会主义制度和人民民主政权，西藏实现了历史上最广泛、最深刻的社会变革，实现了由封建农奴制社会向社会主义社会的历史性跨越。 以邓小平同志为核心的党的第二代、以江泽民同志为核心的党的第三代、以胡锦涛同志为核心的党的第四代中央领导集体将西藏的经济发展和社会繁荣常系于心，开创了西藏经济社会发展和社会局势稳定的崭新局面，推动西藏在科学发展的轨道上实现经济社会跨越式发展，进入了全面建设小康社会的伟大历程。 中央的特殊关怀为西藏插上腾飞的翅膀。为加快西藏社会主义现代化建设的步伐，中央轮番启动了大规模的援建工作。仅1994年至2005年，中央政府累计投资630.11亿元，用于西藏的基础设施建设项目；承担对口支援任务的省市、中央国家部委和中央企业为西藏提供援助项目、物资和资金价值77.6亿元，援藏范围覆盖到全区所有地市和73个县（市）区。 为解决西藏缺少人才问题，国家各有关部门和全国各省市对西藏各地区实行对口支援，动员大批专业技术人员进藏参加建设。对重点工程建设，组织各方面的专家、学者和工程技术人员进藏进行调查研究、编制规划、勘察设计、指导施工。从1985年起，内地24个省、市开办西藏中学或西藏班，对在内地学习的藏族学生在学习、生活上给予特别的优待。 同时，中央还制定和实行了一系列优惠政策和扶持措施，包括对西藏财政补贴，实行“核定基数，定额递增，专项扶持”的政策；在税收上实行“税制一致，适当变通，从轻从简”的政策；对农牧业继续实行“两个长期不变”政策等。在中央第四次西藏工作座谈会上，确定对西藏继续实行的优惠政策有50条，2006年11月，国务院还制定了加快西藏发展、维护西藏稳定的40条优惠政策。 2007年1月31日，国务院常务会议审议并原则通过西藏“十一五”规划项目方案，确定项目180个，总投资1097.6亿元，其中“十一五”期间投资778.8亿元。国务院审议并原则通过了西藏“十一五”规划项目方案，是西藏发展进步历程中的又一大盛事、喜事。 党的温暖阳光照耀着西藏的山山水水，祖国大家庭的甘甜雨露滋润着西藏各族人民，一个又一个标志性工程支撑着西藏的发展，一批又一批援藏项目改造着西藏的河山，一串又一串援藏干部的足迹丰富着西藏团结奋斗的历史，一座又一座不朽丰碑矗立在各族人民心中…… 我们高幸地看到，在党中央正确领导、英明决策、亲切关怀下，在全国人民无私支援下，西藏自治区党委、政府正高举邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想伟大旗帜，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，带领全区各族人民，坚持“一个中心、两件大事、三个确保”新时期西藏工作指导思想不动摇，团结奋斗、顽强拼搏，坚定不移走有中国特色、西藏特点的发展路子，经济社会建设正在并将继续取得辉煌成果。站在新的、更高的历史起点上，一个团结、民主、富裕、文明、和谐的社会主义新西藏必将昂首屹立在世界屋脊之上。