Chapter 8 Chapter Seven: The Second Battle That Shocked the World

The book "Using Soldiers" (author Drew Middleton) published in the United States selected 16 major battles that changed the course of history from the 20th century that experienced two world wars. battle.Peng Dehuai, who was the commander and political commissar of the Chinese People's Volunteers at the time, said that this battle "established the basis for victory in the War of Resistance Against the United States."Nie Rongzhen, who was in charge of the work of the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army at that time, praised it as "the second battle of the Volunteers that shocked the world."This battle has special significance that cannot be ignored in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, especially for our Chinese nation, which has long suffered imperialist aggression and bullying, it is an extremely glorious chapter.

On November 5, 1950, the first battle of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea ended successfully, and the "United Nations Army" was forced to retreat from the Yalu River to the south of the Qingchuan River. Its plan to occupy all of Korea before Thanksgiving was completely bankrupt.The Chinese People's Volunteers entered North Korea to participate in the war and won the first battle, which attracted worldwide attention. The U.S. government and the "United Nations Army" headquarters believe that the intentions of the Volunteers to participate in the war are no more than the following three: one is to protect border security and the power facilities of the Yalu River; The third is an attempt to completely drive the "United Nations Army" out of the Korean peninsula.They believe that China did not dare to engage in an all-out war with the United States at the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and the U.S. military only sent troops to North Korea when it was approaching the border between China and North Korea to show that it was to protect the border defense.

How to deal with volunteers participating in the war? The commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army" and the five-star general of the United States MacArthur and others believed that although there were not many volunteers entering the DPRK, the brigade of troops and supplies was pouring across the Yalu River from northeast China, and there was a danger that the "United Nations Army" would be "completely wiped out." He advocated "bombing Manchuria" and expanding the war to Chinese territory.The warring countries such as Britain and France, which suffered heavy losses in the Second World War, believed that China and the Soviet Union had a treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance, and the bombing of Northeast China would provoke a new world war. zone, and then resolve it through political means.The National Security Council, the highest military decision-making body in the United States, studied whether to immediately "attack Manchuria". It was a great time to occupy all of Korea, so they decided to continue to insist on military offensives and quickly occupy all of Korea. At the same time, they actively prepared for a major war in all aspects of the country.The plan drawn up by MacArthur to continue the military offensive and once again aggressively invade the North is: launch an air campaign first, use air force to seal the Sino-North Korean border tightly, prevent China from continuing to increase its troops on the Korean battlefield, and attack the Chinese and North Korean People’s Army in northern North Korea from the air, Then the offensive was launched. The US 10th Army on the east front marched westward through Changjin Lake, and the US 8th Army on the west line went north from the Qingchuan River. , and seize all of North Korea before the Yalu River freezes, and end the Korean War before Christmas.

The "United Nations Army" headed by the United States attached great importance to this battle and called it the "General Offensive."They transferred the 25th Division of the 9th Army, the main force of the U.S. Army in the Seoul area, and the newly entered Turkish Brigade and the 29th British Brigade to the western front; , Transferred to the eastern front, the Air Force added two new jet fighter wings and some other aircraft; a large number of naval ships also sailed to the northern waters of North Korea. The "United Nations Army" and the South Korean Army have 5 armies, 13 divisions, 3 brigades and 1 airborne regiment on the front line, with a total of more than 220,000 troops, an increase of more than 90,000 compared with the first battle, and the main increase The largest is the US military, and has more than 1,200 aircraft, more than 1,000 tanks, and more than 10,000 artillery pieces.

While preparing for a large-scale attack, the U.S. government is also tempting China through the United Kingdom and Sweden, trying to use the so-called "protection of the interests of the CCP" as a bait in exchange for China to sit back and watch it invade and occupy the entire North Korea; He asked the Volunteers to "withdraw" to China, otherwise "the current conflict may not be limited to the North Korean region", in order to coerce the Volunteers to withdraw their troops. After the Volunteer Army won the first battle, the war situation has not fundamentally improved.Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central Military Commission and Commander Peng Dehuai judged that the "United Nations Army" might reorganize a counteroffensive.At that time, the "United Nations Army" was increasing its troops to the front line and bringing in a large number of new weapons and equipment.At this time, the Volunteer Army still had no air force, no navy, and no tanks.The artillery that has arrived on the battlefield also has certain difficulties in directly supporting ground operations under the strict blockade of the US Air Force.And the soldiers lost in the first battle have not been replenished.The Korean People's Army is still in the process of rectification.Since the enemy was not wiped out much in the first battle, they were quickly replenished and strengthened, and their offensive arrogance was also very aggressive.After the "United Nations Army" on the western front retreated to the south of the Qingchuan River, they turned to Feihu Mountain to attack.The eastern front continued to storm Huangcaoling.After the enemy launched the air campaign, more than 1,000 sorties were dispatched every day to bomb and blockade all bridges on the Yalu River and Tumen River, and destroy all means of transportation, military installations, factories, cities and villages from south to the front.Because the United States has absolute air supremacy, the Volunteers marched continuously at night, the troops were fatigued, and the loss of transport vehicles was also large. More than 600 vehicles were lost within 20 days of entering the DPRK (accounting for more than 3U% of the total number of vehicles entering the DPRK at that time), and the supply of food and ammunition was difficult.Moreover, hundreds of thousands of Chinese and North Korean people's troops are gathered in the narrow area from the Qingchuan River to the north of Huangcaoling, with no room for maneuver, which is not conducive to long-term combat.

Chairman Mao Zedong pointed out that after the first blow to the "United Nations Army", the overall situation is favorable to China and North Korea. As long as we seize the opportunity to deal one or two bigger blows to the enemy, the situation in the Korean war can be fundamentally changed.He was determined to take advantage of the enemy's strong and proud psychology and his mistakes in judging the strength and intention of the Volunteers entering the DPRK. He adopted the policy of luring the enemy to go deep and looking for opportunities to wipe out the enemy. Fight one or two battles, wipe out seven or eight enemy regiments, and advance the front to the front line of Pyongyang and Wonsan.In order to ensure the actual victory of this battle, it was decided to quickly transfer the 9th Corps to the North, and to the Changjin area to change the situation on the Eastern Front; the Northeast Military Region used all possible methods to ensure the supply of food, ammunition, and clothing (to protect against the cold) on the east and west fronts .It is required that several wide roads be built on the front line to reach the Dechuan, Ningyuan, and Mengshan areas.At the same time, vigorously carry out the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea in the country, strengthen coastal defense and suppress bandits and special forces, and prepare for the expansion of the enemy's war.He also sent Wu Xiuquan to attend the United Nations General Assembly to expose and accuse the crimes of US imperialism in aggression against the Chinese territory of Taiwan and North Korea.

On November 6, the "United Nations Army" began a tentative attack. On the 7th, the Volunteer Army began to lure the enemy deep, and successively abandoned Huangcaoling, Feihushan, Dechuan and other places.The coastal areas on the eastern front were blocked by the People's Army units.Lure the enemy to the predetermined battlefield.But the enemy is not easy to take the bait.Lieutenant General Walker, commander of the U.S. Eighth Army on the Western Front, and others accepted the lesson of the first battle to split up and fail. They were worried about where China's powerful troops were ambushing, full of doubts, and slowed down.The 1st Army Division, the main force of the U.S. Army on the Eastern Front, has a history of more than 170 years of army building. It has gone abroad to fight 4 times. It claims to have "never lost a battle."How to make the "United Nations Army" believe that the Volunteers are really retreating and dare to divide their troops and advance aggressively is also a big problem.The Volunteer Army has thought of many ways to do this.Such as: fighting steadily, gradually reducing the number of days of fighting; gradually reducing the number of troops to lure the enemy; discarding some worn-out weapons and supplies on the road, and so on. On the 16th, Commander Peng Dehuai also ordered the troops on the front line to continue to withdraw northward from the current position close to the front line, "do not counterattack the advancing enemy, and let the enemy boldly enter my predetermined area."The Political Department of the Volunteer Army also released 100 prisoners of war from the U.S. Army and the South Korean Army on the spot, in order to expand the influence of our preferential policy of prisoners of war, and used them to go back to promote the possible return of the Volunteer Army to China.

This will further confuse the enemy, making the enemy mistakenly believe that the Chinese army is "cowardly retreating", and concludes that its air campaign has prevented China's domestic troops from entering the battlefield. It is not a force that cannot be insulted", so it accelerated the speed of its northward advance and prepared for a general offensive. On the 21st, the "United Nations Army" on the western front advanced to the "attack start line" where the general offensive was scheduled to be launched; the eastern front advanced to the Changjin Lake area and Huishan Town by the Yalu River.

While the forces of the "United Nations Army" are increasingly scattered and aggressive, that is, when they are tightly sealing off the Yalu River and every passage behind the Chinese and Korean People's Armies, more than 150,000 people from the 3 armies and 12 divisions of the 9th Corps of the Volunteer Army are traveling at night and staying at dawn. Hidden in the mountains and forests during the day, controlled the radio station, and secretly entered the Changjin and Houchang River Estuary areas on the eastern route.The United Nations Army was unaware of such a large force action.The 9th Corps took over the eastern front combat mission of the 42nd Army, giving the Volunteers an absolutely superior force on the eastern front.Then the 42nd Army secretly transferred to the Western Front, and strengthened the strength of the Western Front.At this time, the 50th, 66th, 39th, 40th, 38th, and 42nd Armies on the Western Front, with a total of more than 230,000 troops, had been transferred to the northwest of Dingzhou, Guicheng, Taichuan, Yunshan, and Dechuan. The North, Ningyuan and Northeast regions are on standby, and seize the time to prepare before combat.The guerrilla detachment consisting of two battalions of the 42nd Army and one regiment of the People's Army also infiltrated behind the enemy's rear and made contact with the People's Army still behind the enemy's rear.

On November 24th, MacArthur believed that his "clamp-shaped army on the East Road had entered a state of encirclement" and that the war was approaching the "decision stage", so he issued the "Communication" in Tokyo at 10 a.m. that day, announcing the start of the Christmas "end ( The "general offensive" of the "Korean) War" began.He concentrated more than 220,000 US, British, and Turkish troops and most of the South Korean army in North Korea. With the main force of the US military as the main assault force on the east and west fronts, the army, navy and air force jointly launched a massive attack on the border between China and North Korea.Its layout is: use the U.S. air force to strictly seal the border between China and North Korea and launch a fierce strike against the Chinese and North Korean people's troops from the air; the navy transports troops from the sea and supports the land attack with firepower; .The U.S. Ninth Army commanded the U.S. 25th and U.S. 2nd Divisions, and carried out major assaults in the direction of Bitong and Chushan from Lishi and the stadium area respectively. ) maneuvered in the Suncheon area; the left wing used the US 1st Army to command the British 27th Brigade, the South Korean 1st Division, and the US 24th Division, and attacked from the Jiasan and Guchengdong areas along the Gyeongui Railway to Sinuiju and Sokju; the right wing The 2nd Army of South Korea commanded its 7th and 8th divisions, and attacked from the area north of Dechuan and Ningyuan to Jiangjie and Weiyuan. The 29th Brigade was in Pyongyang, and the 187th Airborne Regiment was in Shariwon as the reserve team of the group army.The 10th U.S. Army on the Eastern Front used the 1st, 7th, and 3rd Divisions of the U.S. Army to attack Wupingli, Jiangjie, and Manpu; the 1st Army Corps of South Korea commanded its Capital Division, and the 3rd Division moved along the east coast to the Tumen River. advance.

On this day, MacArthur also flew to North Korea to command the air, and flew along the Yalu River, spying on Chinese territory.At the same time, the enemy also spread a large number of rumors that the United States and Chiang Kai-shek would jointly "counterattack the mainland."Syngman Rhee said at the press conference: "The war between democracies and communism cannot stop at the Yalu River." The US government also arranged for China's representatives to participate in the UN General Assembly to arrive in New York on the 24th in an attempt to win its military victory The moment left China's representatives at the United Nations under political siege. Just when the "United Nations Army" was very proud, Commander Peng Dehuai absorbed the experience and lessons of the first battle according to Chairman Mao Zedong's instructions before the battle that "the Tokugawa side is very important" and the combat plan drawn up at the beginning of the battle. , fully considering the enemy's situation and our situation at that time, formulated the Volunteer Army's second campaign counterattack plan.Chairman Mao made important revisions to the plan. On the 25th, the 27th British Brigade on the Western Front, the 25th and 2nd Divisions of the United States, and the 1st, 7th, and 8th Divisions of South Korea entered Dingzhou, Qiyu Mountain, Shanggudong, Xinxingdong, Niuhyeon-dong, and Fengtianli respectively. The first line: the 3rd, 1st and 7th U.S. Marine Divisions on the Eastern Front, the 3rd South Korean Division, and the Capital Division respectively entered Shechangli, Liutanli, Xinxingli and Xinjiapo, Huisan Township, and Chongjin. . The front of the "United Nations Army" offensive has widened, and its forces have become more dispersed. The east and west lines are separated by 75 kilometers in mountainous areas, and the flanks of the two lines are clearly exposed; , they are not aware of it yet. On the 25th, just as Commander Peng Dehuai was busy commanding before the battle and working hard for the counterattack of the upcoming battle, the US aircraft group suddenly bombed the Volunteer Army's Dayudong command post.Commander Peng Dehuai escaped from danger with the help of his comrades, but Mao Anying, the son of Chairman Mao Zedong, was unfortunately killed. People are very sad. On the evening of the 25th, according to the counterattack plan formulated by Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander Peng Dehuai, the 38th and 42nd Armies on the Western Front took advantage of the enemy's unstable foothold and took advantage of the enemy's unforeseen circumstances. A sudden and violent counterattack.Compared with the U.S. Army, these two divisions of the South Korean Army are poorly equipped and have weaker combat effectiveness; they are close to the two-line separation area, and their flanks are exposed; it is also a mountainous area, which makes it difficult for mechanized troops to move, and it is easy for infantry to intersperse.Although these conditions are favorable to the Volunteer Army, the Volunteer Army still takes these two weaker divisions seriously as "strong enemies".Chairman Mao and Commander Peng decided to use the absolute superiority of one volunteer army to wipe them out; at the same time, the 40th Army attacked the 2nd Division of the United States in the Xinxingdong and Sumindong areas to cut off the connection between the US military and the two divisions; The 50th, 66th, and 39th armies were ordered to move eastward step by step, and entered the Dingzhou, Taichuan, and Yunshan areas to block them, attracting the enemy in front of them to continue to attack north and west, and jointly guarantee the operations in the direction of Dechuan and Ningyuan.The combat units responsible for attacking and annihilating missions also attach great importance to these two divisions.The 38th Army, which attacked Tokugawa, adopted the method of splitting and attacking together. Its 113th Division climbed over the steep and roadless Highland 755 at night along the junction of the 7th and 8th Divisions of South Korea, and waded across the shore. The Datong River, which has been covered with thin ice, advanced more than 100 miles overnight, inserted into the south of Dechuan, and cut off the enemy's retreat; the 112th Division had just climbed over the 1,000-meter-high Miaoxiang Mountain Brother Peak, and inserted into the west of Tokugawa. When they rushed to Xicang, they cut off the connection between the 2nd South Korean Army and the U.S. Army; the 114th Division, which attacked from the front, took advantage of the night to seize the enemy's howitzer positions first, weakening the enemy's firepower, and knocking the enemy to the ground. Compressed to Tokugawa.After the 38th Army formed a four-sided encirclement against the enemy, it launched an attack at 14:00. At 15:00, more than 5,000 enemy soldiers broke through, and the nearby regiments took the initiative to seize high ground to intercept the enemy.Only 18 people from the 5th company of the 336th regiment blocked more than 1,800 people and killed more than 180 enemies.At 19:00 in the battle, the army wiped out most of the more than 5,000 people in the 7th Division of South Korea, and all 7 US military advisers stationed in the division were captured.They said with emotion: "The Communist army's counterattack was so ingeniously and rigorously organized. It was like being a prisoner in a dream!" Its 2 divisions inserted from the area separated by the east and west lines to the south of Ningyuan, the 126th division was responsible for preventing escape and fighting for aid, and the 124th division attacked from south to north.The 125th Division attacked from north to south.The 1st Battalion of the 374th Regiment of the division broke through the enemy's position before the enemy's firepower was launched, and then attacked the enemy in depth, straight into Ningyuan City.After fierce street fighting, the enemy's command organization was disrupted, causing the enemy to lose command and be in chaos.At the same time, the main force of the division also wiped out most of the enemies north of Ningyuan City.At this time, the enemy found that the main force of the 42nd Army was penetrating behind it, so they blocked the second echelon regiment while fleeing southward from the urban area.The 42nd Army took advantage of the momentum to launch a fierce pursuit, and wiped out most of the 8th Division by the 26th.The 40th Army, which was responsible for the division task, restrained the main force of the US 2nd Division in Xinxingdong and the area south of it, and wiped out part of it.So far, according to the deployment of Chairman Mao and Commander Peng, the battle gap has been opened in one fell swoop. On the evening of the 26th, the three armies responsible for frontal blocking launched a fierce attack on the enemy in front of them. On the 27th, the Volunteers on the Western Front had wiped out most of the two divisions of the South Korean Army and part of the US and British troops, occupied the Dechuan, Ningyuan, and Yushan areas, opened up a gap in the battle, and forced the US 1st and 9th armies to begin to return. Shrinking, they also used the captives in Caishan Cave, southeast of Yunnan Province, to shout for a total of 115 people from an engineer company of the 25th Division of the US Army to surrender. In order to plug the gap in the battle, the "United Nations Army" urgently transferred the Turkish Brigade and a part of the 1st US Cavalry Division to maneuver from the Junyuli and Shunchuan areas to Tokugawa.Commander Peng judged that after the Eastern Volunteer Army launched an attack that night, the enemy troops on the Western Front might retreat to the south bank of the Qingchuan River.Immediately according to the original plan, the 38th and 42nd armies were ordered to attack Junyu-ri and Sansuo-ri, Suncheon and Sucheon that night, implementing a double-layered campaign detour, in order to cut off the enemy's rear route into the north of the Qingchuan River. Cooperate with the four frontal armies to first annihilate two divisions of the US 9th Army, and then capture and annihilate one of them during the enemy's retreat. The U.S. Ninth Army is the main force of the U.S. invasion of North Korea.The US 2nd Division under it participated in the famous Normandy landing in World War II, claiming to be "the US 2nd Division that will never be the second"; The main force of the battle has won many medals; the 1st US Cavalry Division is an old unit with a long history and outstanding military exploits in the US military. The whole division has no horses, but still uses its old title; say.These troops are all powerful. On the evening of the 27th, the 38th Army was searching all over the mountains and plains for the stragglers of the 7th Division of South Korea. Before they had a rest, they assembled a regiment and set off.The two main divisions of the army advanced in parallel along the Tokugawa First Army Yuri Highway and its north side.At Gariling and Yukou Stations, they were blocked by the Turkish Brigade and the 1st Division of the US Cavalry respectively.The 113th Division of the army passed through Ansan-dong along a small road and detoured to Junyu-ri South Sansuoli. It was ordered to stay 2 battalions in Dechuan to clean up the battlefield, and 1 battalion to go to Anju South to blow up the bridge. In fact, only 2 regiments of the whole division were inserted into the Sansoli.They overcame the fatigue of days of fighting and marching and the difficulties of high mountains and dangerous roads. They ate raw corn to satisfy their hunger, smashed ice cubes in the river to quench their thirst, and insisted on marching in a hurry.When encountering an enemy on the road, attack swiftly and swiftly; if the enemy is entangled, use small units to resist and cover, and the large force will continue to advance.After dawn, the enemy planes flew over the sky, and the situation was very critical. They took advantage of the fact that they had penetrated behind the enemy lines and were difficult for the enemy to distinguish, and cleverly removed their camouflage, making the enemy planes mistaken for the retreating enemy team, fooling the enemy planes, and achieving a large force attack. In the daytime under the threat of the enemy aircraft group, it advanced more than 140 miles in 14 hours, and arrived at Sansuoli before 8 o'clock on the 28th, cutting off the back road of the US Ninth Army from Junyuli to Sunchon. Overwhelmed the entire formation of the enemy. That night, when the "United Nations Army" still misunderstood that there were only two divisions of the Volunteer Army on the Eastern Front, with the strength of the 27th and 20th Corps and 7 divisions, they braved the extreme cold of the Gaima Plateau. Trekking in knee-deep snow, launched a surprise attack on the U.S. troops entering the Changjin Lake area.By the morning of the 28th, the siege of the enemy at Xinxingli in Liutanli had been completed, and Fushengli, Dead Eagle Ridge, Xinfali, and Xiaohanfali had been occupied, cutting off the besieged U.S. troops and the U.S. troops south of Huangcaoling. They also approached Shecangli and confronted the 7th Regiment of the 3rd Division of the United States. A large number of main US forces on the east and west lines were in trouble. On the night of the 28th, MacArthur, who was shocked, urgently summoned the commanders of North Korea's west and east lines, as well as the commanders of the U.S. Far East Air Force and Navy in Tokyo to study how to get rid of the plight of the Korean battlefield.When the public opinion could not recover the defeat, MacArthur instructed Walker to "avoid being surrounded by a detour from the east" and "retreat on its own when necessary" to guard the front line of Pyongyang.The 10th Army withdrew to the front lines of Hamhung and Xingnam. The Korean War has also shocked the highest decision-making authority in the United States in Washington. On the 28th (that is, the night of the 28th in Tokyo), Washington received MacArthur's report, and Truman immediately called a special meeting of the National Security Council to study ways to reverse the defeat.Then, Truman held a cabinet meeting to study, but there was no good solution.At this moment, Wu Xiuquan, China's special envoy, made a speech at the UN Security Council, accusing the U.S. imperialists of aggression against Taiwan and North Korea, causing the U.S. decision-making authorities to suffer military and political blows at the same time. On the 29th, in panic, MacArthur suggested to Truman that Chiang Kai-shek's troops from Taiwan should be transferred to North Korea to participate in the defense of Pyongyang.Jiang Jun also made preparations for dispatch in Taiwan.But Truman was worried that this would "expand" the war to Taiwan and other regions, so he dismissed the proposal. As the Korean War became increasingly critical, Truman became increasingly anxious. On the 30th, he announced at a press conference: In order to restore North Korea's defeat, "we have been actively considering" the use of atomic bombs on the Korean battlefield.Then the Associated Press reported: "President Truman said today that he is actively considering the use of atomic bombs against the Chinese Communists."Truman's speech meant that it was possible to start a world war immediately, including the use of atomic weapons.So it immediately caused an uproar all over the world. When Washington was unable to save the crisis on the Korean battlefield, on the 28th, Chairman Mao Zedong called the leaders of the Volunteer Army to congratulate the Volunteer Army on their great victory in annihilating the main force of the Second Army Corps in South Korea.At the same time, it is pointed out that there has been an excellent time to wipe out the enemy on a large scale, and we must concentrate our main force on the western front to wipe out the main forces of the US 2nd Division, 25th Division, and 1st Cavalry Division.And pointed out: "As long as the main force of these three divisions is wiped out, the overall situation will be favorable." Commander Peng encouraged the 113th Division to resolutely block the fleeing enemy and fight back to aid the enemy according to Chairman Mao's telegram; The main force of the army quickly approached the 113th Division; the 42nd Army quickly attacked Shuncheon and Sucheon; On the 28th, the 113th Division found that fewer and fewer enemies were withdrawing from the north after a day of blockade in the three institutes.On the military map, there is only one road leading to Shunchuan in Junyuli.The division leader was aware that the map was printed by the Japanese occupying forces in the past, and that new roads might be built after the liberation of Korea.After reconnaissance, it was found that there was a north-south highway next to the railway more than 10 miles to the west.At this time, although the division still had only two regiments, it was too few troops to block the road in the third office. The task assigned by the superior was to block the attack in the third office. fled south.The leaders of the division proceeded from the overall needs of the campaign, and immediately decided to place the main force of the 337th regiment on the front line of Longyuanli on another road. Only one battalion of the 338th regiment was left in the three institutes, and the main force of the 338th regiment was placed on two roads. maneuver between. On the morning of the 29th, after the 337th regiment occupied the first-line position in Longyuanli, it blocked a large number of enemies fleeing south.In this way, the two roads from the south of General Yuli to Shunchuan were all cut off. At the same time, the 42nd Army wiped out an enemy battalion in Wolpo-ri and continued to attack in the direction of Sinchang-ri and Sunchon.The 112th Division of the 38th Army repelled the U.S. blockade at Yukou Station and Peide Station, and the 114th Division annihilated a battalion of the Turkish Brigade at Gariling and Jianzhan Stations, and entered the north and south areas of Fengmingli on the 29th.The 112th Division fought with about 1 regiment of the retreating US 25th Division.The four frontal armies have also advanced to the south of Bocheon, Yongbyon, and the stadium, so that the U.S. 2nd and 25th Divisions, all of the Turkish Brigade, and a part of the U.S. Cavalry 1st Division, and the South Korean 1st Division belonged to the U.S. Ninth Army. One division of the 1st division was surrounded by volunteers on three sides.Only the way to escape to Suchuan via Anzhou to the south has not been blocked. On the 29th, the enemy forces on the western front began to retreat across the board.The U.S. 1st Army withdrew from Cheongcheon to Anju, preparing to flee towards Pyongyang via Sucheon.The U.S. Ninth Army shrank to the Junyuli area in an attempt to break out of the encirclement on the two roads to Sunchon via Longyuanli and Sansuoli.So the volunteers launched a fierce chasing and intercepting battle between Pingyuanli, Junyuli, Sansuoli, and Longyuanli. In order to escape the fate of being encircled and wiped out, the enemy, under the cover of a large number of aircraft, tanks and artillery, violently attacked the front lines of Longyuanli and Sansuoli, the 113th Division of the 38th Army, and broke through the encirclement.At the same time, the British 29th Brigade and the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division were dispatched northward to rescue troops in Sunchon.The 113th Division used the few against the masses in terms of strength, and the weak against the strong in terms of firepower. The reduction in personnel consumed a lot, but it still continued to block the enemies on both sides tenaciously and held its position. On the afternoon of the 29th, the 112th Division of the army launched a parallel pursuit of about one regiment of the 25th Division of the United States in the Fengmingli area, which was trying to turn back to Junyuli, divided and surrounded them, and wiped out most of them.Immediately, he and the 114th Division attacked Yunlongli and Longxingli respectively, and together with the 113th Division fought fiercely with the enemy fleeing south. At 3 o'clock on the 30th, the 40th Army wiped out a battalion of the 2nd Division of the United States, captured Junyuli, and the main force of the army continued to attack Anzhou.The 39th and 66th armies wiped out part of the enemy in the Fengwudong area. After forcing the enemy to flee, the 39th army crossed the Qingchuan River from the west of Junyuli on the morning of the 30th, and attacked west of Longyuanli; the 66th army followed the 6th army The 39th Army crossed the river and wiped out the remaining enemies in the Junyuli area.The 50th Army approached the Qingchuan River from the southeast of Bochuan. On the 30th, the enemy used more than a hundred aircraft, more than a hundred tanks, and hundreds of artillery pieces to bombard the blocking positions of the 38th Army north of Longyuanli and Sansuoli, covering a large number of retreating U.S. troops desperately fighting for the road. Breakout repeatedly.The enemy also dispatched B-29 bombers to drop a large number of heavy bombs, cluster bombs, napalm bombs, and ground-grazing bombs.The positions of the Volunteers are like a sea of ​​flames.Many commanders and fighters not only persisted in fighting due to injuries, but also stubbornly wiped out the enemy at the last moment of the most painful life, just as the writer Wei Wei wrote in his famous article "Who Is the Cutest Person" that the 112th Army of the 38th Army The scene of the 3rd Company of the 335th Regiment of the division during the blockade operation at Songgufeng North of Yongyuanli: "Warriors... with the whining flames on their hats, they rushed towards the enemy, hugged the enemy, and let the fire on their bodies burn the enemy who occupied the position. Some hugged the enemy's waist, and some hugged the enemy Some of them grabbed the enemy's neck and knocked the enemy to the ground, and they fell together with the enemy and burned together." This is a rare feat throughout the ages!This very exciting communication quickly spread throughout the Great Wall, north and south.Since then, the Chinese people have called the volunteers "the cutest people". The commanders and fighters of the 3rd Company of the 337th Regiment of the 113th Division of the 38th Army who guarded the last "gate" of this blockade in Longyuanli also used this spirit to get stuck between the enemies fleeing south and aiding the north. The enemy was less than 1 kilometer away and was out of reach, so the attempt to break out from here had to be abandoned.After repelling the enemy's multiple attacks from 1 company to 1 battalion, the company's position was covered with broken tree trunks, bomb craters connected with bomb craters, and there were only more than 50 people left in the whole company.When the enemy launched the last group attack, the company commander Zhang Youxi led the soldiers to fight with the enemy repeatedly, repulsed the enemy, and held the position.The leading organ of the Volunteer Army awarded the company special collective merit. According to the record in the book "Conflict" published by the United States, Major General Kaiser, the commander of the US 2nd Division, witnessed the situation of "the US 2nd Division, which will never be second" in the north of Longyuanli: "Bodies lay scattered in ditches and on roads. Most of the living, even those who were not yet injured, were stupefied and stunned by the sudden blow. Chinese bullets fell like hail among the rocks, and they had Some were standing beside the car, some were crying under the car... Because of the thick dust on their faces, or the shape of their faces changed because they were dumbfounded, they looked like they were wearing masks." Such was the dreadful ordeal of passing through the enemy's 5-mile-long ambushes. On the return day there were about 3,000 casualties out of the 7,000-odd men who were ambushed--and a great deal of vehicle loss." On the night of the 30th, the 38th Army attacked the surrounded enemy army, and the 8 infantry regiments stabbed the enemy like sharp knives.A division of the 40th Army also entered Qingguli to cooperate with the 38th Army.The battle ended at 8 o'clock on December 1, when the enemy was forced to abandon a large amount of supplies and equipment, and dispersed to break through.Volunteers then transferred to various encirclement and suppression. On December 1, Commander Peng Dehuai wrote a letter of commendation to the 38th Army, and the telegram said: "In this battle, our 38th Army carried forward its excellent fighting style. In particular, the 113th Division moved quickly and took the opportunity to occupy Sansuoli and Longyuanli, preventing the enemy from fleeing from south to north. Although the enemy had more than a hundred aircraft and more than a hundred Under the cover of day-long bombing by two tanks, they repeatedly failed to break through the siege. The results of the battle were brilliant. Nearly a thousand tanks and cars were handed over, and there were still many besieged enemies. Hope to overcome difficulties, muster up courage, and continue to wipe out the besieged enemies, and Pay attention to blocking the enemy's northern aid. The special order rewards you, and I wish you a great victory. Long live the Chinese People's Volunteers! Long live the 38th Army!" From the battle on the western front to 19:00 on the 1st, most of the besieged enemies were annihilated by the volunteers, and the remnants turned west and fled to the south of Suchuan via Anzhou.The 40th Army of the Volunteer Army followed the enemy to Anzhou and occupied Anzhou that night. After the Volunteers launched a counterattack on the Western Front, the 10th Army of the Eastern Front and the 1st Army of South Korea were still actively implementing MacArthur's "General Offensive" plan to end the Korean War on Christmas. Move closer to the 1st Marine Division with the 3rd Division of the United States, and further strengthen its assault force in the main direction, so as to influence and restrict the development of the Western Front. At that time, the situation on the Eastern Front was beneficial to the Volunteers: the enemy's 5 divisions were spread all over the place, and their troops were scattered; It is not conducive to the movement of enemy mechanized troops.The unfavorable factors are: the 9th Corps did not discover the enemy's adjustment after 25 days, did not know that the strength of each point in the Changjin Lake area increased, and the use of attacking forces was insufficient; The 26th Army of the Brigade is still at the mouth of the Houchang River, and it will take 6 days to reach the front line. It is difficult to maneuver and strengthen its forces; it is especially unfavorable because the 9th Corps entered North Korea in an emergency and did not understand the weather in the theater. In the mountainous area, a large amount of food, quilts, and ammunition were stored by the Yalu River. Due to rampant enemy planes and dangerous mountain roads, a large number of cars were destroyed, and they had not been transported to the front line until the eve of the battle.Heavy snow fell in the theater, the lowest temperature was about minus 30 degrees Celsius, sparsely populated, and it was difficult to raise funds on the spot, so that the 9th Corps began its operations under extremely difficult conditions.Although leaders at all levels of the army have made some efforts, they have not been able to fundamentally solve the problem. On the night of the 27th, after the 20th and 27th Armies of the 9th Corps on the Eastern Front simultaneously attacked the U.S. troops in the Changjin Lake area, the 79th and 80th Divisions of the 27th Army and the 58th Division of the 20th Army attacked Liutanli respectively. The U.S. forces in Xinxingli, Xinxingli, and Xiajieyuli encircled the enemy. As the actual strength of the enemy increased at various points, although the number of volunteer attacking troops exceeded that of the enemy, they had less clothing, less food and less ammunition, and their combat effectiveness was weakened. The surrounding points are difficult to capture.The 80th Division attacked the enemy in Xinxingli, killing and wounding more than a thousand enemies at night, thinking that only one battalion of the enemy had been basically wiped out, and the enemy launched a fierce counterattack in the morning, and the attacking troops had to withdraw from the village.The 79th Division attacked the enemy in Liutanli, and after annihilating part of the enemy, it also formed a confrontation with the enemy. On the 28th, the besieged enemy insisted on attacking west and north; on the other hand, repaired fortifications to resist the attack of the Volunteers;The 59th Division, which was flanked by the enemy in Liutanli and Xiajieyuli, wiped out more than a thousand American troops at the positions of Dead Eagle Ridge and Xixingli. On the night of the 28th, the 80th, 79th, and 58th Divisions continued to attack the besieged enemies, and the 80th Division forced more than 300 dead bodies of the enemies standing in Neidong to flee to Xinxingli.The 58th Division captured most of Xiajieyuli Airport and wiped out more than 800 enemies. After two consecutive days of fighting, Shiye further ascertained the enemies at the besieged points. There were 1 division headquarters, 4 regiments, 3 artillery battalions, and 1 tank battalion, with a total of more than 10,000 people, which was a lot more than my original estimate. times.On the one hand, this created conditions for the mass annihilation of U.S. troops. On the other hand, due to cold, hunger and combat attrition, it was also difficult to annihilate these U.S. troops.The leaders of the Corps decided to concentrate their forces to wipe out the enemies individually. First, they concentrated their absolutely superior forces to wipe out the enemies in Xinxingli, and then transferred their forces to wipe out the enemies in Liutanli and Xiajieyuli one by one. The 20th Army concentrated some troops of the 60th Division and the 58th Division in the Xiaomintaili and Fushengli areas. Under the cover of more than 50 aircraft, 1 Marine Battalion and 1 Marine Division of the 1st US Marine Division were assisted from the south and north of Huangcaoling. A tank battalion, the 14th Task Force of the British Royal Marine Corps, and one of the South Korean Marine Corps, with more than 1,000 people and more than 100 tanks and cars, were put into the positions. Most of them were wiped out.The 179th regiment of the Volunteer Army tightened the siege and exerted military pressure on the remnants of the enemy, and at the same time used the prisoners to shout and force the enemy to surrender.The besieged U.S., British and South Korean troops sent four officers as representatives to negotiate a surrender, and our 179th regiment sent a representative to clarify the policy of lenient treatment of captives and accept their surrender.A total of 240 officers and soldiers from the US, British and South Korean troops surrendered, including 1 US lieutenant colonel and 2 majors. When the main force of the 20th Army gathered in the Fushengli area to annihilate the enemies aided by the North, the U.S. troops in Xiajieyuli also attacked southward in an attempt to open the passage for the north-south confrontation.Located in the southeast of Xiajieyuli, the small Gaoling in the southeast of the 1071 and 1 highlands is the only way for it to go south.Yang Gensi, commander of the 3rd company of the 172nd Regiment of the 58th Division, led the company's 3rd platoon to guard Xiaokaolin.The enemy poured a large number of bombs, artillery shells, and incendiary bombs on the 3rd row of positions, and the positions were filled with gunpowder smoke and raging fire.The enemy snatched Xiaokaolin several times, but was repelled by the 8th row.After Yang Gensi ran out of ammunition, he led the soldiers to fight the enemy with bayonets, gun stocks, shovels and stones.In the end, only 2 wounded remained in the platoon and still stood firm.当敌人发起第9次攻击，有40多个美军爬近山头，而支援分队尚未赶到的危急关头，已负伤的杨根思抱起一个5公斤重的炸药包，拉燃导火索，纵身向敌群冲去，炸死了爬上来的敌人，自己也壮烈牺牲。 相继，第9兵团决定第27军集中第80师、第81师（欠1个团）的兵力与优势火力，先歼灭被围美军中战斗力较弱、数量也相对较少的新兴里美第1师1个加强团，尔后再转移兵力逐个围歼其它被围之美军。在部署上，他们把主力放在敌后，进行四面围攻。为防止下碣隅里、柳潭里敌人向新兴里增援，第58、第79师也采取了钳制措施。与此同时，第27军预备队第94师，兵团预备队第26军，亦从后方紧急前调，准备下步参加围歼柳潭里及下碣隅里的作战。 30日晚，第27军主力经15分钟炮火袭击，于23时对新兴里之敌发起攻击。12月1日，敌在伤亡惨重、外援无望、即将被歼之际，于11时在40余架飞机掩护下，以10余辆坦克为先导，向南突围，并突破志愿军兜击部队之阵地。1221.1高地一线的第81师、第242团，居高临下，坚决阻敌南逃；参加围攻的第80师各团，也不顾敌航空兵袭击，分路向敌猛烈攻击，将敌大部歼于新兴里、新垡里地域。残敌南逃，第242团第1营截歼残敌于泗水、后浦以北。这一战斗，第27军主力在极其困难条件下，全歼美军1个加强团。 新兴里战斗后，毛泽东主席致电第9兵团，“庆祝我第9兵团的两次歼敌大胜利”，提出：“应加紧歼灭被围之敌”，“并应准备与必然增援”的美军与南朝鲜军作战，“切实注意增强黄草岭南北阻援和阻止突围之力量”。12月1日，在全歼新兴里美军的同时，西线“联合国军”南逃，东线敌人亦全线动摇。进入清津、惠山镇及新架坡之敌相继撤退。与此同时，被围于柳潭里之美陆战第1师第5、第7两团，亦全力进行突围。当第9兵团正调集部队准备围歼柳潭里之美军时，美第5、第7两团于1日在50余架飞机掩护下，以坦克群为先导，在付出重大伤亡后，于4日逃至下碣隅里。这时第9兵团正调预备队第26军急速南进，准备执行围歼下碣隅敌之任务。出于风雪迷漫，部队前进迟缓，刚到达一部，下碣隅里之美军即在空运出1000余名伤员后，于6日突围南撤。 在朝鲜西、东两线沉重打击下，麦克阿瑟从骄狂不可一世的顶点，跌落为惊弓之鸟。这时他认为志愿军入朝参战的兵力已“增加到50万”，并已逼近平壤至元山铁路线区域，严重威胁其侧后安全，深感处境“愈来愈危急”，如不急速后撤，全军面临着“实力不断地消耗，以致最后全军覆没”的危险。他于12月3日命令西线部队立即撤出平壤，东线队部立即撤到咸兴，然后向“三八线”实施总退却。 根据这一情况，12月4日，毛泽东主席指示志愿军准备先打平壤，“如平壤敌已退，则向三八线攻进。”是时西线志愿军粮弹也已基本耗尽，遂克服困难，组织部分部队正面追击。6日，志愿军第39、第40军各一部和新近开到前线的朝鲜人民军第1军团一道，收复了被美军占领47天的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国临时首都平壤。同时，由游击支队配合敌后人民军各部队，截歼、追歼退却中的“联合国军”，并收复了元山、沙里院等许多重要城镇。 东线下碣隅里之美军南撤后，同时撤至咸兴地区之美第3师北援接应。志愿军鉴于拥有现代化装备之美军机动能力强，决心以多路追击与层层阻击相结合，更多地歼灭逃敌。按照毛泽东主席指示，第9兵团已于6日前预先将原于下碣隅里及富盛里的第20军两个师调到黄草岭南北地区；另着追击社仓里美第3师1个团并歼其1个营的第20军第89师进至下通里地区，以进行层层阻击和打援。当下碣隅里美军突围后，第9兵团又令第26，第27军，分别从正面跟踪追击和右翼平行追击。 这时，部队已断粮数日，冻饿减员严重，仍顽强作战。8日晨，美陆战第1师撤至黄草岭北，志愿军一部200余人先将桥梁炸断。堵住全部南逃美军。美陆战第1师空运来桥梁，在志愿军火力封锁下，无法近前架设。美陆战第1师着其精锐部队攻击高地，被我歼800多人，未能近前。从岭南来援的美第3师部队进至岭南堡后庄，亦被岭南志愿军阻住。美陆战第1师撤退部队在断桥前，陷于绝境。8日夜，衣着单薄、冻饿数日的志愿军堵击部队，全部冻僵在阵地上。9日，美陆战第1师再次攻击高地时，高地已无一声枪响。这样，美陆战第1师部队方得修复和通过断桥，继续南逃。 17日，毛主席致电志愿军和第9兵团，表彰“9兵团此次在东线作战，在极困难条件之下，完成了巨大的战略任务。”并表明中央对由于气候寒冷、给养缺乏及战斗激烈而牺牲的同志，“极为怀念。” 在此前后，阻击与追击部队又连连给逃敌多次打击。人民军第3军团也参加了追击作战。由于元山等地已经收复，东线“联合国军”只得从海上撤退。他们以强大的陆海空火力掩护美陆战第1师撤退，中朝人民军队仍紧追不舍。敌从连浦机场又空运走1000多伤员后，逃向兴南港，调集各种舰船300余艘，于24日全部乘船从海上逃向“三八线”以南。中朝人民军队一直追上码头。此时，志愿军西线6个军已进至“三八线”。至此，战役遂告结束。 此次战役的胜利，大大超出志愿军的预期目的。志愿军在朝鲜军民配合下，从11月6日到12年24日，连续作战49天，歼灭南朝鲜第7、第8两个师和土耳其旅大部，给美第2、第7、陆战第1三个师以歼灭性打击，重创美第25、骑兵第1两个师，其他敌所有参战部队，也都受到不同程度打击。据极不完全的统计，共歼敌3.6万余人，其中美军2.4万余人。美第8集团军司令沃克中将也死于战役尾期。志愿军缴获与击毁各种炮1000余门、汽车3000余辆、坦克与装甲车200余辆、飞机20架。收复了朝鲜民主主义人民共和国“三八线”以北的全部（除襄阳）领土，并收复了“三八线”以南的瓮津半岛及延安半岛，扭转了朝鲜战局，为朝鲜战争的最后胜利奠定了基础。这一战役的胜利震惊世界，给美帝国主义侵略者及以美国为首的侵略集团以沉重打击，使美国统治集团内部及其侵略阵营内部矛盾日益加深。杜鲁门与麦克阿瑟互相攻讦，推诿战败责任。有的参战国也要求撤兵。美《纽约先驱论坛报》称：这次战役“是美国陆军史上最大的失败”。这次战役的胜利，有力地揭穿了美帝国主义的纸老虎本质，极大地鼓舞了中朝军民和世界人民反对帝国主义侵略、保卫世界和平的胜利信心。毛主席在转发这次战役第38军的作战经验时批示：“在志愿军的作战经验中证明，我军对于具有高度优良装备及制空权的美国军队，是完全能够战胜的”。