Chapter 6 Chapter Five: The Magnificent Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea

Since the U.S. armed forces invaded North Korea and the Chinese territory of Taiwan at the end of June 1950, people of all ethnic groups in China have taken active actions to protest U.S. aggression in various ways, support the just struggle of North Korean soldiers and civilians, and quickly set off a massive movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. In October 1950, when the United Nations Army led by the United States crossed the "38th Parallel" and led the war to the border of Northeast China, directly threatening China's security, the people of all ethnic groups in China were filled with more righteous indignation and held rallies, parades, and voted Books, newspapers and periodicals firmly demanded to assist the Korean people in their anti-aggression war with practical actions, defend the newborn People's Republic of China, and safeguard the fruits of victory of the people's revolution.The major strategic decision made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to organize the Chinese People's Volunteers to join the war in North Korea is a concentrated expression of the will of the Chinese people.With the Chinese People's Volunteers entering North Korea to join the war on October 19 and the publication of the "Joint Declaration of Democratic Parties" in China on November 4, from the capital to the border, from northeast to north China, from south central to southwest, from east China to northwest, from the capital to the border, from northeast to north China, from south central to southwest, from east China to northwest, from the From cities to villages, from factories to schools, cadres and the masses on all fronts expressed great indignation against the aggressive acts of US imperialism.The magnificent Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression, Aid Korea, and Defend the Homeland, with the participation of hundreds of millions of people, rose rapidly.As the war progressed, so did the movement grow wider, deeper and longer.

In order to have a specialized agency to unify and lead the national War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the Chinese People’s Defense of World Peace and Opposition to U.S. Aggression Committee (referred to as the Chinese People’s Resist U.S. Aid Korea Association) on October 26, 1950. Guo Moruo was elected as the chairman, and Peng Zhen and Chen Shutong (later added Liao Chengzhi) were the vice-chairmen.Then, in North China, Northeast China, East China, Central South, Northwest, and Southwest, six major administrative regions successively established the Resist US Aid Korea General Branch, and established the Resist US Aid Korea branch in each province, city, and autonomous region.Most of the calls, decisions, and instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea were issued through the Chinese People’s Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and were organized and implemented through its local organizations at all levels.

The Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a movement that, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, relied on the superior social system that New China had just established to mobilize and organize hundreds of millions of people and make every effort to support the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. Northeast China and North Korea are only separated by a river. The people of Northeast China and North Korea have long had many friendly exchanges. When the American invading army was approaching the border between North Korea and China, the people of Northeast China took the lead in demanding to go to the front line of North Korea to assist the North Korean army and people in the fight. aggressor.At the meeting of the Nenjiang Match Factory, an advanced producer said: "During the period of Japanese imperialist aggression, the people of our two countries were bullied together and fought against Japan side by side. Now the US imperialists are expanding their war of aggression and want to turn the whole of Korea into a living city." Hell, and the war of aggression will be brought to China. We Chinese people will never tolerate such cruel actions.” The people in the Changbai Mountain area, who were bombed and strafed by American planes, were busy with the autumn harvest during the day and rallied at night. Practical actions to support the Korean People's Army in fighting and defending the country.People in the Northeast also raised a large number of horses, vehicles, stretchers, medical supplies, etc., ready to go to North Korea at any time to serve as field service.

Workers, students, teachers and citizens in Beijing, since the first ten days of October 1950, in letters to newspapers and in mass rallies, have expressed their views and opinions on resolutely resisting American aggression, aiding the Korean people, and safeguarding the security of the motherland. determination. On November 1, more than 4,000 teachers and students of Peking University held a rally on campus, and then went to the streets and villages to carry out extensive publicity activities.On the same day, 376 famous professors from the school, including Tang Yongtong, Zeng Zhaolun, and Wang Hongzhen, jointly signed a letter to Chairman Mao Zedong, angrily condemning the US aggression and expressing their determination to defend the motherland.They said in the letter: "The educators of our university love peace and need peace to restore and develop our cultural and educational undertakings. However, when the security of the motherland is threatened and our undertakings are hindered, we also We will never be afraid to resist wars of aggression. We are willing and determined to devote our greatest strength to defending our motherland."

People from all walks of life in Shanghai, China's largest industrial and commercial city, expressed that the Shanghai people, who have a glorious tradition of anti-imperialist struggle, will never tolerate the US aggression against their homeland and friendly neighbors, and must take practical actions to assist the just struggle of the Korean people.The Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions issued a statement on November 3, calling on millions of workers in the city to take action and make necessary preparations to oppose American aggression, aid the Korean people, and defend their motherland.Employees of Jiangnan Shipyard recalled the painful experience of more than 4,000 employees of the factory being mutilated or severely beaten when Japan occupied Shanghai. Compared with the happy life after liberation, they said excitedly: The freedom we just won must not be allowed to be destroyed. We Chinese people must actively support the Korean people and resist imperialist aggression.More than 21,000 members of the Peasant Self-Defense Force in the suburbs of the city are determined to strengthen current affairs study and technical training, and are ready to act at any time to defend the motherland. "Liberation Daily" and other newspapers published a large number of letters from students requesting to go to North Korea to resist American aggression and defend the security of the motherland.

People in ethnic minority areas also expressed great anger at the expansion of the US war of aggression against North Korea and the continuous bombing and strafing of US planes violating the airspace of Northeast China.Saifuding Aizezi, chairman of the Xinjiang People's Democratic League, said in a written statement on October 22 that the people of Xinjiang are always ready to fight against the American invaders and defend their motherland. In mid-October, Tibetan representatives who were participating in the People’s Representative Conference of Gansu Province in Lanzhou issued a telegram on behalf of 300,000 Tibetan compatriots in the province, saying: “The arrogant plans of the American imperialists will never be realized, and the people of all ethnic groups in China have full strength crush any of their aggressive plots".

Not long after the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was launched, according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, under the deployment of the Chinese People's Defense of World Peace and Against U.S. Aggression Committee, the education of hatred, contempt, and contempt for U.S. imperialism (referred to as "three views" education) was carried out nationwide. The center's propaganda and education activities to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the country, and implemented this education into the whole process of the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea, made it well-known and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

The publicity and education activities to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea were both vigorous and down-to-earth.Central and local newspapers and radio stations published and broadcast a large number of materials on "three visions" education.School teachers, students, and literary and art workers formed propaganda teams to take to the streets, go to factories and countryside, and devoted themselves to propaganda activities with great political enthusiasm.The democratic parties and people's organizations generally held meetings to conduct publicity and education to the masses they contacted, and proposed specific goals in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea.Meetings of representatives of the Korean War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea were widely held in various places, and representatives of all ethnic groups and people from all walks of life were invited to participate, to unify their thinking and understanding, and to discuss how to strengthen the work of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea.Grass-roots units such as factories, villages, government agencies, schools, companies, and streets use blackboard newspapers, wall posters, publicity meetings, seminars, symposiums, and report meetings to carry out targeted publicity and education.Actively guide the people to look back on the history of the US invasion of China for more than a hundred years, especially the crime of the US supporting the Kuomintang in the civil war in the second half of the 1940s and trying to turn China into its colony, and guide the masses to realize that the US will never change its history. Aggressive nature; from the aggressive ambitions of the United States after World War II, the traditional friendship between the Chinese and North Korean people, and the close relationship between the two countries, it is clear that the Chinese people cannot ignore the American invasion of North Korea, and it is indeed just to send volunteers to fight abroad; From the weakness of the American invaders, such as lack of support from the people, lack of troops, low morale, too far behind, and disunity among the allies, we can clearly recognize that imperialism is a "paper tiger" that is strong from the outside, but has a strong leadership from the Communist Party of China in our people's army. , has rich experience in defeating the enemy with superior equipment, and has the support and sympathy of the Chinese and Korean people and the people of the world, and recognizes that the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea will definitely be won.

Patriotic personages from the business and religious circles also joined the ranks of the Korean War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. On November 30, 1950, more than 40,000 patriotic industrialists and businessmen in Tianjin, China's second largest industrial and commercial city, held a demonstration and called Chairman Mao, saying that they had recognized the aggressive nature of the United States and wanted to unite with people from all walks of life. Work together to complete the tasks of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea and defending the country.On December 2, Chairman Mao replied by telegram to the industrial and commercial circles in Tianjin, expressing his welcome to the demonstration, and "hoping that all patriotic industrialists and businessmen in China will work with the masses of the people to form a unified unity against imperialist aggression that is stronger than ever before." This indicates that the Chinese people will definitely win the final victory in the sacred struggle against imperialist aggression.”Since then, industrial and commercial workers in Beijing, Harbin, Qingdao, Xi'an, Wuhan, Shanghai and other cities held demonstrations with tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people in the first half of December of the same year.Industrial and commercial people in many cities took specific actions to resist US aggression and aid Korea by observing government laws and regulations, actively producing and operating, preventing hoarding, and paying taxes in full on time.Protestant and Catholic churches across the country held meetings one after another and issued declarations, determined to sever all ties with imperialism and get rid of imperialist control.Subsequently, Christian and Catholic churches across the country established new churches that are self-governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating. Around the May 1st International Labor Day in 1951, large-scale demonstrations were held in urban and rural areas of China to resist US aggression, aid Korea, oppose the US arming Japan, and defend world peace, with 229.9 million people participating.

With the continuous deepening of the propaganda and education activities centered on the "Three Views" education to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, the Chinese people have generally raised their awareness of patriotism and internationalism, enhanced their national self-esteem and self-confidence, and understood the consistency of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea and defending their homeland. , It strengthened the belief that the Chinese and Korean people must win and the American invaders must be defeated, burst out with great enthusiasm for supporting the war, and determined to contribute their own strength to the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea without hesitation.

On the basis of generally raising the awareness of patriotism and internationalism, the people of all ethnic groups in the country, especially the vast number of passionate young people, set off an upsurge of joining the army and participating in the war.First of all, the vast number of commanders and fighters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army submitted letters of determination and invitations to the leaders one after another, insisting on going to the forefront of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.Batch after batch of troops who volunteered to go to North Korea to join the war rushed to the Korean battlefield with high morale. From the northeastern region adjacent to North Korea to the southwestern border, from central cities to remote villages, there are moving scenes of parents sending off their sons, wives sending off their husbands, and brothers vying to join the army.The Northeast people, who had been enslaved by the Japanese imperialists for 14 years, were determined not to be subjugated slaves in the face of aggressive acts of aggression by the United States. They would go to North Korea to fight against the United States together with the Korean people, just as the people of China and North Korea fought side by side in the War of Resistance Against Japan. aggressor.Andong City in Liaoning Province, which faces North Korea across the river, and its nearby counties such as Donggou, Fengcheng, Xiuyan, Kuandian, etc., were bombed wildly by the U.S. Air Force invading North Korea. More than 400 people were killed or injured, and many Houses were blown to rubble.The bloody crimes committed by the American invaders aroused the indignation of the masses, and within a few days, 5,839 young and middle-aged men signed up to join the army.Li Dayong, a young man from Kuandian County, was bombed by US planes on the day of his wedding. He could no longer restrain his anger, and bid farewell to his newlywed wife the next day and embarked on a journey.Under his influence, eight young people on the same street also signed up to join the volunteer army.In Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, more than 1,000 young and middle-aged people signed up to join the army within 10 days. Some young people bit their fingers and signed the application for volunteering to join the army to show their strong determination.In Antu County, Jilin Province, there is an old Korean mother who sent 4 sons to join the army during the Revolutionary War, and sent her 5th son, Jin Zhuhuan, to the volunteer army.In the old liberated areas such as Northeast China and North China, where the land reform has been completed long ago, militiamen in many districts and townships have also formed "children's army companies" and require collective participation in the volunteer army.There were 97 villages in the Yanbei Special District of Shanxi Province who had not received notifications to enlist in the army. The cadres and people in these villages automatically sent 123 soldiers to the army.In an administrative village in Zhalaite Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, more than 60 young people led their horses to join the volunteer army.In newly liberated areas such as Central South, East China, Northwest, and Southwest China, where land reforms are underway or have just been completed, the vast number of rehabilitated peasants are scrambling to join the volunteer army in order to defend the fruits of victory.In Zhejiang Province, which has a population of only 20 million, more than 1 million peasants have signed up to join the army. Those who have not been approved to join the army say: "Joining the army is more difficult than being a scholar!" Personally sent 4 sons and 1 son-in-law to join the army, and personally sent them to the county seat, earnestly begging the county leaders to accept them no matter what.In Songtao County, Guizhou Province, the number of youths of all ethnic groups who signed up for the army at one time exceeded the planned number by 13 times; in Siping District, Huangping County, with a population of less than 10,000, 463 young Miao people signed up to join the army; in Guizhu County, more than 50 households There are 17 young people who have joined the army in Yi Village.In Northwest China in 1951, more than 24,000 young people of all ethnic groups joined the volunteer army to fight in North Korea.Across the country, there were four upsurges of joining the army. The militias and members of the Chinese New Democratic Youth League played the backbone and leading roles. A total of 2.07 million people joined the ranks of volunteers.People of all ethnic groups deeply understand that the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea is related to the survival of fraternal countries and the security of the motherland, as well as the fundamental interests of people of all ethnic groups. Therefore, they willingly sent their relatives to the front line of Korea, determined to win the war. The Chinese People's Liberation Army has been tempered and tested by long-term revolutionary wars, and has become a revolutionary army capable of conscripting and fighting well.However, compared with the enemies we face, our technical equipment is still very backward, and our cadres' military theory and cultural, scientific, and technical accomplishments are still relatively poor.In order to meet the needs of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and build a modern national defense force, and to train a large number of qualified military cadres, the People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central People's Government and the Government Affairs Council issued two reports on various issues on December 1, 1950 and June 24, 1951. The decision to enroll students in this kind of military cadre school is mainly aimed at young students and young workers.This is a very urgent task.During the two upsurges of participating in military cadre schools, there also emerged a large number of educated youths who resolutely responded to the call of the motherland and many touching examples of parents encouraging their children and teachers guiding students to enroll.142 professors from Shanghai Jiaotong University jointly published a letter to their classmates, encouraging them to join the army and dedicate themselves to the great cause of national defense modernization.Wu Zhiyuan, the only daughter of the manager of Shanghai Tianchu MSG Factory, Wu Zhiyuan, who is only seventy years old, is studying at Fudan University. After she decided to enroll in the military cadre school, she wrote to ask for her father's permission. Wu Yunchu wrote back her daughter with warm praise.He said in the letter: "In my old age, you are the only daughter, and I don't want to be separated from you. But you are willing to dedicate your life to the motherland for the motherland and the people, and you are ready to shed the last drop of blood. This action and spirit are great. How can I forget the righteousness of defending my family and the country with my love.” Wang Yinghua, a member of the Tianjin Children’s Team, and three others, because of their lack of age, went to the Communist Youth League Committee more than 20 times to ask for approval to join the military cadre school.They said: The red scarf is the corner of the five-star red flag, and it is also the responsibility of children to defend the motherland.Thanks to their firm request, it was finally granted.More than 15,000 educated youths in Wuhan have signed up for military cadre schools, and the number of students enrolled in each school has reached more than 70% of the school-age students.In Guangxi Province (now the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), 24,000 young people signed up for the Military Cadre Academy, 13 times the original enrollment number.Across the country, more than 580,000 young people signed up for the military cadre school in the two phases, successfully completing the enrollment task. While young people were enthusiastically joining the army, tens of thousands of farmers (mainly militiamen), railway employees, car drivers and medical workers volunteered to go to the front line of North Korea to perform various duties on the battlefield and serve the Chinese and North Korean People's Armies. A large number of farmers volunteered to go to the front line of North Korea to engage in various field services.Some farmers bring their own stretchers, mules, horses, and carts, and volunteer to join transport teams, stretcher teams, and migrant labor teams to undertake heavy pre-support tasks.In particular, more than 600,000 migrant workers were mobilized in the Northeast region, including more than 210,000 people and more than 60,000 rubber-tyred carts.With the revolutionary spirit of being brave, tenacious and not afraid of sacrifice, they overcame all kinds of difficulties and obstacles, and successfully completed the tasks of transporting the wounded, ammunition and supplies. More than 80% of the total number of railway employees in the country have signed up to volunteer to go to North Korea.There are 1,246 railway employees in Beijing who volunteered to serve North Korea.In the Shanghai Railway Bureau system, 1,366 employees have successively gone to work in North Korea.In addition to sending employees to North Korea, many railway bureaus and cities also organize a reserve team of thousands to tens of thousands of people, ready to be called to serve in North Korea at any time.The railway employees who went to North Korea to serve were not afraid of suffering or death. They tactfully fought against the enemy’s countless bombings and destruction of the railways in North Korea together with the railway soldiers of the Chinese and Korean People’s Army and the Korean people. Drive to the front.By April 1953, among the railway employees serving in the DPRK, 167 units had been honored with collective merit, 2,742 people had been awarded medals and medals by the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea, and 5,621 people's meritorious officials and work models had emerged.According to the statistics of Northeast China in June 1951, there were 5,571 car drivers who volunteered to go to North Korea, accounting for 51.6% of the total number of drivers in Northeast China at that time.Under the frequent raids of enemy planes, regardless of personal safety, they carefully concealed vehicles during the day, and went through untold hardships on the winding and dangerous mountain roads at night. The wounded volunteer soldiers were transported back to the rear for treatment, and the transportation task was successfully completed.The railway employees and car drivers who went to North Korea made outstanding contributions to the construction of "a steel transportation line that can't be beaten or bombed". During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, under the call of "response to the call of the motherland and go to the most glorious post", the first one to go to North Korea was the volunteers of teachers and students of Shanghai Naval Medical University led by the famous model medical worker Li Landing on November 18, 1950. surgery team.Since then, about 6,000 medical workers from all over the country have been active on the Korean battlefield.Under the unified leadership of the Red Cross Society of China, they formed voluntary medical teams, surgical teams, public health teams, and epidemic prevention teams to serve North Korea in batches.These "white-clothed soldiers" who saved lives and healed the wounded, held high the banner of revolutionary humanitarianism, closely cooperated with the medical and health comrades of the Chinese People's Volunteers, and played an important role in rescuing the sick and wounded and smashing the enemy's germ warfare. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the people of the whole country actively joined the army and participated in the war, which enabled the Chinese People's Volunteers to obtain strong manpower support and made a major contribution to the victory of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. In order to enable the heroic Chinese People's Volunteers to eliminate more enemies with fewer sacrifices and win the final victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea as soon as possible, the Chinese People's Association for Resisting U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea issued a call for a campaign to donate weapons on June 1, 1951. Call on the people of the whole country to donate money to purchase aircraft, artillery, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, anti-tank guns and other weapons for the volunteers to improve the volunteers' weapons and equipment.For the convenience of people from all walks of life to pledge donations, according to the price of weapons at that time, the discount prices of various weapons were also specified, such as 150,000 yuan for a fighter jet, 90,000 yuan for a cannon, 250,000 yuan for a tank, etc. .People all over the country responded enthusiastically to this call, and quickly set off a vigorous weapon donation campaign. During the arms donation campaign, many places, units and individuals included the donation of weapons in the patriotic convention as an important practical action to participate in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea.The vast majority of regions and units overfulfilled the original donation plan ahead of schedule, and many heart-warming deeds emerged.The employees of Beijing Shijingshan Iron and Steel Works (the predecessor of the Capital Iron and Steel Company) donated a "Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant" fighter jet by working overtime, increasing production, picking scrap iron, and donating bonuses.The employees of the Yumen Oil Mine in Gansu Province donated a "Petroleum Worker" fighter jet within 8 days with the proceeds from increased production.Cotton farmers in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, on the basis of increasing production and income, handed in cash for donating two "Cotton Farmer" fighter jets within two months.Charity performances are generally held in the literary and art circles all over the country. Some old artists who have been away from the stage for more than 10 or 20 years also participated in the charity performances and donated all the proceeds from the performances.The "Xiangyu Opera Club" led by Chang Xiangyu, a famous actress of Henan Opera, performed more than 170 charity tours in six provinces within six months from August 1951, and donated all the income to a "Xiangyu Opera Club" fighter.Many people consciously cut down on food and clothing, donated generously, and donated cash and objects to express their fervent patriotism.Chen Chusheng, a 46-year-old worker at the Bristle Company in Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, donated all his savings of 50 yuan for his wedding, and also donated 40% of his monthly salary for a long time.Luo Runsheng, a coal mine worker in Fucheng, Hebei Province, donated all his savings of 200 yuan to the volunteer army.Before her mother died, Wang Guoqiao, a woman from Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, left her only pair of gold earrings. No matter how difficult her life was for more than 10 years, she was reluctant to sell them. However, during the weapon donation campaign, she generously donated This precious relic was consecrated.Wugu Nishahan, a 103-year-old Uyghur in Dihua (now Urumqi) City, Xinjiang, persists in gleaning wheat ears, spinning thread and selling money to donate. He is known as the "Old Mother of the Volunteer Army".Many teachers and students in the school also actively participated in the campaign of donating weapons.Students of Tsinghua University participated in hundreds of kinds of extracurricular labor and donated 45,000 yuan of their income.There is a primary school in Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province, with 1,200 students. They use their spare time after school and during holidays to pick grain, collect firewood, and willow twigs. All income of 1,200 yuan is donated.The employees of the private Hengyuan yarn factory in Tianjin, in the campaign of donating weapons, made an excess profit of 32,500 yuan per month due to the increase in production, of which 40% was used for donating weapons, 30% was used as a collective welfare fund for employees, and 30% was used for The development of production by capital has taken into account the interests of both the state and labor.This approach has been promoted in various places and has been welcomed by workers and private businessmen. From the date when the Chinese People's Association for Resisting U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea issued this call, to the end of May 1952, within one year, the people of the whole country donated a total of 556.5 million yuan for the purchase of 3,710 fighter jets.In the case of very low production and living standards in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the weapon donation campaign achieved such gratifying results, which vividly embodies the lofty patriotism and internationalism spirit of the Chinese people, and is also a major contribution made by the Chinese people to the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea .With the increase of national defense investment and the continuous shipment of weapons purchased by the Chinese people with donations to the front lines of North Korea, the Chinese People's Volunteers have significantly improved their weapons and equipment and gradually established an increasingly powerful air force, artillery and tanks. The troops have also been greatly strengthened, so that the comparison of military strength on the Korean battlefield has changed in favor of the Chinese and North Korean people's troops.The launch of the weapon donation campaign and its achievements have greatly boosted the morale of the volunteer commanders and fighters. They said with great excitement: "On our position, the new artillery donated by the people of the motherland will speak to the US aggressor army and let the enemy Taste our cannonballs!" The beginning of the Movement to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea coincided with the second year of the birth of New China.In order to overcome the difficulties of the country's financial situation, break the economic blockade of the United States and other countries, accelerate the recovery and development of the national economy, and ensure that sufficient materials are used to meet the needs of the Korean front, the workers, farmers and intellectuals of the country responded to the demands of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong. Called for, and resolutely implemented the policy of self-reliance and hard work, patriotic production labor emulation and strict economy and striving for contribution activities were carried out in full swing.On the industrial front, in the first quarter of 1951, 2,811 factories and mines across the country launched labor competitions, and 2.23 million workers participated in the competitions.During the competition, the working class loudly put forward the battle cry of "the factory is the battlefield, and the machine is the gun", exerted a high degree of production enthusiasm and creativity, and continuously set various new records, which effectively promoted the recovery of industrial production.On the agricultural front, in March 1951, a mutual aid group led by Li Shunda, a nationally famous labor model in Shanxi Province, issued a patriotic challenge to increase production across the country.By the end of September, more than 12,000 mutual aid groups and more than 2,700 agricultural model workers from 30 provinces (administrative regions) have joined the challenge.Driven by the patriotic competition to increase production, the national output of grain, cotton and other crops in that year exceeded the level of 1950. The Northeast region is the immediate rear of the Korean battlefield and the supply base for the Chinese People's Volunteers. It is responsible for the heaviest task of supplying materials to the Korean front. Production competition was the earliest and most common. In early November 1950, as soon as the news of the Volunteer Army’s entry into the DPRK appeared in the newspapers, many factories and mines in the Northeast launched a patriotic labor emulation. The state-owned industries in the Northeast completed the annual production plan by 11.5% over the year.On the basis of widespread production competition, according to the deployment of the Northeast Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Northeast People's Government, from the second half of 1951, the entire Northeast region carried out a campaign to increase production and save money with the main content of exploiting industrial potential. Created a wealth of 10 million tons of grain. In October 1951, Chairman Mao Zedong convened an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to discuss economic construction.The meeting decided on the general policy of "pursuing lean and simple troops, increasing production and saving money", which was the policy to ensure the victory of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the policy to ensure the continued stability of domestic prices, and the policy to accumulate funds, gain experience, and accelerate national economic construction. On October 23, in his opening speech at the third meeting of the first National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Chairman Mao issued a call to the people of the whole country to "increase production and practice strict economy to support the Chinese People's Volunteers".Since then, the movement to increase production and save money has flourished in all fronts of industry, agriculture, transportation, commerce, post and telecommunications, etc., greatly accelerating the pace of production and construction.In party and government agencies, people's organizations, and public institutions, they also guide their work with the spirit of increasing production and saving, and strive to do more things with less money.Advocating honesty and frugality and opposing extravagance and waste has become a common practice among state officials. Driven by the campaign to increase production and save money, the recovery period of the national economy came to a successful end at the end of 1952.This year, the national industrial and agricultural output value reached 82.7 billion yuan, an increase of 77.5% over 1949; the output of several major industrial and agricultural products has exceeded the highest annual output in Chinese history.Among them, grain reached 163.9 million tons, exceeding 17.9% of the highest annual output in history; cotton reached 1.3 million tons, exceeding 53.6%; steel was 1.35 million tons, exceeding 46.2%; cotton cloth was 3.8 billion meters, exceeding 37.4%. The great achievements of the campaign to increase production and save money have significantly enhanced China's economic strength.The country not only sent sufficient food to the volunteers, but also shipped a large amount of pork, eggs, beef, egg powder, sausages, biscuits, and medical supplies.The employees of the quilt factory worked day and night to sew clothes and quilts for the volunteer commanders and fighters. Every time, they sent the clothing and bedding needed by the volunteers to the Korean battlefield in time before the dressing season.At the same time, the vast number of workers in the military industry are doing everything possible to speed up the production of large quantities of weapons and ammunition.Therefore, the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea had a more consolidated and relatively strong strategic rear, which provided a reliable guarantee for the supply of materials on the Korean front.During the entire war, the people of the whole country provided a total of more than 5.6 million tons of various combat materials to the Korean front, which was the material basis for victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. In order to express strong support and sincere support for the Volunteers, relieve the worries of frontline commanders and fighters, and strive for an early victory in the war, the Communist Party of my country and the Chinese government led the people of the whole country to further carry forward the glorious tradition formed by the Chinese people in the long-term revolutionary war, and attached great importance to the work of special care , Do everything possible to help the martyrs and military families of the Volunteer Army solve production difficulties and arrange their lives.The general public regards doing this work well as a major political task and lists it as an important content of the patriotic pact.They said, "If you don't take good care of the martyrs and military families, you will be sorry for the volunteers in the front." In the cities, implement the policy of "mainly organizing production and introducing employment, supplemented by material subsidies".All the family members of martyrs who had the conditions to participate in productive labor or engage in a certain occupation have successively participated in production or introduced them to employment. According to statistics in October 1951, Chongqing City had recruited 632 strong and military personnel to participate in 63 production organizations such as rice milling, textiles, and sewing, and introduced 1,977 people to employment.For the martyrs and military families who lack labor ability and employment conditions, the cities generally provide in-kind and cash subsidies to ensure their livelihood.The family members of the martyrs in the countryside were given priority when distributing the fruits of the land reform struggle locally.The vast majority of areas have implemented a fixed substitutive farming system for the land belonging to the Liejun. Most of them have sown on time, weeded weeds in a timely manner, applied more fertilizers, dried and stored in warehouses, so that the yield of the substitutive cultivated land reached or exceeded the local average annual yield. Lie and the military subordinates said happily: "Plant early, hoe well, there is no grass growing in the field, the manure on the ground is no less than that of the masses, and the ground still needs to be repaired."The local government also allocates special funds for special care for the families of martyrs and soldiers who are living in extreme difficulties, and mobilizes party members, league members, militia and other people to donate some in kind and cash to ensure that the living standards of martyrs and military families are not lower than the general level of local farmers.Various measures have been taken in urban and rural areas to give preferential treatment to martyrs and military relatives.For example, when going to the hospital to see a doctor, you can give priority to registration, and the fees are reduced or exempted; in the enrollment of schools at all levels, children of martyrs and military families can be given priority in admission under the same conditions; priority can be given to buying tickets at stations and docks; Party and government leaders and representatives of the people from all walks of life in various places have generally and warmly expressed condolences to the martyrs and military families.Especially before the Spring Festival in 1952, the majority of young children enthusiastically responded to the call of the Chinese People's Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, the Ministry of Education, and the Broadcasting Bureau, and actively participated in the activities of doing good things for the volunteers and their families.Some sent gifts to the martyrs and military families, some helped to carry water, sweep the courtyard, unpack and wash bedding, some helped sick martyrs and military families to the hospital for treatment and buy medicines, and some took turns to serve the elderly who could not take care of themselves.During the Spring Festival every year, many people spontaneously go to the homes of lieutenants and military families to pay New Year greetings, give gifts, hang honor lamps and honor plaques, invite them to dinner, watch movies and plays, and set honor seats for the ranks and military families in theaters.Volunteer heroes and exemplary families are even more respected by the people, and there is an endless stream of people who go to celebrate their achievements and congratulate them on major festivals.After the Fifth District of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province received the good news of Cai Jintong, the second-level combat hero of the Volunteer Army, on the August 1st Army Day in 1952, more than 300 representatives of the masses congratulated his family members, took pictures, presented flowers, and presented a horse Malaysia.During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, a good atmosphere has been formed in which everyone respects and cares about Lie and military families, and the whole society attaches importance to preferential treatment. With the frequent spread of good news from the frontline and the extensive development of special care work, the political status, sense of honor and sense of responsibility of martyrs and military families have been continuously improved.Many outstanding martyrs and military families were elected as representatives of the people's congresses at all levels and members of the people's governments at all levels.The political consciousness of the generals of the martyrs has also been continuously improved. In addition to actively participating in social and political activities and industrial and agricultural production, they also wrote letters to encourage their relatives to fight bravely on the Korean front and make contributions to the country.A military family member in Qinghai Province wrote to his son: "We have turned over. Everyone in the village loves and respects us very much. You must fight hard in the front. When we win, we will be reunited again." Some military family members wrote in the letter Said: Everything in the family is very good now, and there is nothing missing, only a piece of good news about your meritorious service is missing!Volunteer soldiers often feel grateful and ashamed when reading such letters. They are grateful for the considerate care of the people of the motherland for the martyrs and their families, and ashamed that they have not made enough contributions to the motherland on the battlefield.This gave the volunteer commanders and fighters a great spiritual power, motivating them to dedicate themselves to the motherland more consciously. At the same time, the party, the government and the general public have also given meticulous care and care to the wounded and sick volunteers who have returned to China for treatment and recuperation.As long as they know which hospital has the wounded and sick, the party and government leaders and some people will take the initiative to go to the hospital to condolences, and some even take part in the work of caring for the wounded and sick, or donate blood to treat the "cutest person."In some cities, the film and theater circles regularly show movies and perform cultural programs for the sick and wounded every month.During major festivals, people from all walks of life organize condolence groups (groups) to visit the wounded and sick in the ward and present various condolence items.Many people also spontaneously took eggs, fruits, snacks, etc., to the hospital to condolences to the wounded and sick of the people's soldiers.The wounded and sick were generally respected and loved by the compatriots of the motherland. They were deeply moved and strengthened their perseverance to fight against the injuries. They were determined to recover quickly, return to the front line, and make new contributions to the motherland and the people. 早在1950年11月上旬，志愿军入朝首战告捷和第二次战役获胜的消息传回祖国后，全国人民就掀起了往朝鲜前线寄送慰问信、慰问袋、慰问品的热潮。北京燕京大学，学生在3天内就寄出慰问信300多封和600多个慰问袋，有的在慰问袋内还装有一张卡片，写道；“亲爱的同志：献给您毛巾、肥皂，用它来擦干您的汗水，洗净您身上敌人的血污，好好休息一会，准备第二次的进攻，让敌人又一个躺在您的利刀下。”上海著名作家章靳以在慰问信中写道：“我一定用我的笔写下你们的光荣史诗。我还要鼓励我的学生响应祖国的号召，投考军事干部学校，作为你们的后盾。”各界人民发自内心支持与拥戴志愿军的慰问信、慰问袋等，纷纷寄送正在奋战中的英雄儿女们之手。到1951年1月，短短的两个多月内，各地就寄出慰问信45万余封，慰问袋36万余个，慰问品61万余件和慰问金人民币114万多元。至同年底，寄送前线的慰问袋已达77万多个，慰问品126万余件。在整个战争期间，仅华北地区寄给志愿军慰问信就有103.9万余封。这些慰问品，凝聚着中华大地的人民对志愿军勇士们的热爱和感激之情，激励着他们英勇杀敌，报效祖国。 为了更直接地向志愿军表达祖国人民对他们的由衷热爱和抗美援朝的坚强决心，在中国人民抗美援朝总会组织和倡导下，先后派出了三届慰问团赴朝慰问。慰问团的成员，一届比一届多，代表性也更广泛。其中包括了全国各民主党派，各人民团体，各地区、各民族和人民解放军的代表，工农业劳动模范和革命烈士家属、革命军人家属的代表，文教界、新闻界、工商界、宗教界和海外华侨的知名人士代表，以及全国各主要剧种中最负盛名的演员在内的文艺工作者。由575人组成的第一届慰问团在总团长廖承志率领下，于1951年4月初抵达朝鲜。他们代表全国人民向志愿军领导人致敬致谢，献旗献礼，志愿军领导人向慰问团汇报了入朝后作战的情况。代表团将携带的由全国人民捐赠的1093面锦旗、420余万元慰问金、2000余箱慰问品以及1.5万多封充满深情的慰问信分送给志愿军、朝鲜人民军以及朝鲜人民。时值志愿军正紧张地进行第四、五次战役，在慰问过程中，因遭敌机轰炸扫射，有4位慰问团成员光荣殉职。该团5月29日回国后，分别到全国2050个县广泛宣传了中朝人民军队英勇战斗的光辉事迹和朝鲜人民对中国人民的感激之情，更加激励了全国人民支援前线的热情。 1952年9月又由1097人组成第二届赴朝慰问团，在总团长刘景范率领下，于同月18日从北京出发。他们在朝鲜前线40多天的慰问活动范围更大。有的代表带病踄过海滩上的烂泥，慰问守卫海岛的战士，有的冒着大雨，翻山越岭，通过敌人炮火封锁线，到阵地前沿慰问；有的到英雄营、连，访问了许多英雄模范人物；代表们还分别到杨根思、罗盛教、姚庆祥等烈士墓前举行扫墓仪式。普遍地慰问了中朝人民军队和朝鲜人民，召开慰问大会、座谈会3100余次，分赠慰问品6000余吨。给志愿军的有些慰问品上，印有“赠给最可爱的人”的字样和抗美援朝纪念章的图案。文工团和电影放映队演出放映近3000场。慰问期间，正是志愿军进行全线性战术反击作战和上甘岭战役之际，也是赴朝参战两周年的前后，我军以战斗的胜利迎接祖国亲人的到来。指战员们说：“看到了祖国人民的代表，就好象看到了祖国5亿人民”。有一首贴在坑道口的快板诗写道：“春风吹过鸭绿江，祖国亲人到前方，带着温暖和希望，来与子弟话短长，见了久别亲人面，个个心里暖洋洋，好象见了毛主席，又象见了爹和娘，千言万语难说尽，不知先说哪一桩。”真切地表达了志愿军指战员的欢欣。他们把祖国人民称自己为“最可爱的人”，视为最高的奖赏和无尚的光荣，表示“最可爱的人一定要做最可爱的事”，决不辜负祖国人民的希望。各部队用许多工作成绩和战斗成果，作为向祖国亲人的献礼。装卸部队有个连队，把装卸1车物资的时间由4分钟缩短为两分半钟。高射炮兵有个连仅用16发炮弹就击落在阵地上空盘旋的1架敌机，连长指着掉下来的敌机向慰问团的亲人说：“这就算是我们送给祖国人民和慰问团的礼物吧！”特级英雄黄继光在投入上甘岭战斗之前，对连领导说：“请告诉祖国人民慰问团，听我的胜利消息吧！”在那次战役中，他毅然以用血肉之躯堵住敌堡枪眼的英雄行动，实践了自己的誓言。“为祖国人民争光！不取得抗美援朝战争的胜利决不回国！”成为志愿军指战员的共同心声和浩然正气。 每届慰问团都拜会了以金日成为首的朝鲜劳动党、政府和人民军最高司令部的领导人，代表中国人民向他们表示崇高的敬意和亲切的慰问。慰问团在慰问朝鲜人民军部队和人民时，热烈赞扬了他们的英勇顽强的斗志，深切感谢他们对志愿军的支持，表达了中国人民支持朝鲜军民将反侵略战争打到底的决心。朝鲜军民由衷地感谢中国人民慰问团，表示坚信：有中国人民做自己的坚强后盾，有世界爱好和平人民的支持，在志愿军的密切协同下，一定会取得最后的胜利。 中国人民为了更多更直接地了解志愿军在朝鲜前线艰苦卓绝的斗争，又两次邀请志愿军代表归国报告朝鲜战场的情况，介绍志愿军协同朝鲜人民军反侵略的英雄事迹。1951年2、3月间，应中国人民抗美援朝总会的邀请，志愿军首次派出柴川若等10人为代表归国。他们在北京先向中央机关和各界人民作了45场报告，听众10万多人。接着又分别走遍24个省的172个市、县和广大农村，行程10万余里，同1025万各界人民见了面，听到他们报告或广播演讲的达4475万多人。半年间，归国代表所到之处，群众载歌载舞，夹道欢迎，还开展了热烈的慰问活动。仅归国代表亲手收到的慰问金即达119万元、慰问信50多万封，慰问品20余万件，慰问袋10万余个，还有大批书刊与许多珍贵的礼品。次年1月，志愿军又一次组成由李雪三率领，有170人的归国代表团。他们先向首都人民作了约90次报告，听众达12.2万人。李雪三还在中央人民广播电台作了题为《感谢全力支持我们的祖国人民》的广播讲话。随后，他们在4个月内走遍了东到杭州湾、西到天山麓、北到满洲里、南到海南岛的辽阔大地。他们在6个大行政区的28个省，8个相当省的行政区，201个专区，11个民族自治地区，1054个县、市，390个乡镇，向群众作了5589次报告，直接听取报告的达3660万人；举行广播大会335次，有组织的听众达1534万余人。同时，将他们从前线带回的抗美援朝战争的实物和照片，在31个城市举办展览，观众220万多人。 此外，在朝鲜停战以前，志愿军还组织过4次国际劳动节和国庆节观礼代表团归国，并向各界同胞作过多次生动感人的报告，都受到了祖国人民的热烈欢迎。 志愿军归国的汇报活动，进一步密切了前线和后方、志愿军指战员和祖国亲人之间的关系。在一些大、中城市都出现数万到几十万人欢迎归国代表的盛况。在一些边远省份和少数民族地区，欢迎场面热烈感人。当代表们到海南岛南端崖县（今三亚市）时，许多少数民族同胞从几十公里以外赶来欢迎英雄儿女们。归国代表到达云南省边境城镇畹町时，许多侨居越南、缅甸的同胞特地从国外赶来听报告，并献礼献花，以表敬意。这许多感人的生动场面使代表们深受鼓舞，他们在每场报告中介绍的志愿军战士的光辉事迹，又深深地打动着每个人的心。志愿军的英雄形象成为广大群众的榜样。归国代表的汇报活动，激发出全国人民更大的爱国主义、国际主义热情，对国内的各项工作发挥了有力的推动作用，成为鼓舞全国人民努力工作、加紧生产、勤奋学习的光辉榜样。归国代表重返朝鲜战场以后，迅速把祖国人民对志愿军的热爱和关怀，以及全国各条战线上取得新的巨大成就，向全军指战员传达，成为进一步激励我军英勇作战的力量。 1953年7月27日，实现了朝鲜停战，抗美援朝战争宣告胜利结束。中国人民抗美援朝总会于19月23日决定组织第三届赴朝慰问团，代表全国人民慰问在反抗侵略、保卫和平事业中建立伟大功勋的中国人民志愿军和朝鲜军民。此届慰问团的规模最大，代表面最广，还有全国各主要剧种中最负盛名的演员参加的文艺工作团，由贺龙任总团长，慰问团的总人数达5448人。10月14日离京赴朝，12月18日回到北京。他们在朝鲜通过慰问会、报告会、座谈会、图片展览、演出、参观、访问、个别交谈等多种方式，普遍地慰问了志愿军的领导机关和各部队；广泛慰问了朝鲜的道、市及大部分郡和一部分里的党政机关、人民团体和军民。10月23日，在平壤市举行的慰问大会上，贺龙总团长在讲话中代表中国人民和毛泽东主席向英雄的朝鲜人民和金日成首相致崇高的敬礼和亲切的慰问。他热烈祝贺朝鲜人民在反对美国侵略的斗争中所取得的伟大胜利，转达中国人民对朝鲜人民的热爱、敬意和感谢，并表达了中国人民积极支援他们医治战争创伤和支持他们实现国家自主和平统一的决心。10月26日，贺龙到志愿军领导机关慰问。他在讲话中热烈赞扬志愿军在抗美援朝战争中所建立的光辉业绩，传达了祖国人民对志愿军的关怀和敬意，报告了国内各项建设事业的伟大成就，鼓励志愿军指战员继续努力，提高警惕，和朝鲜人民军一起，坚决维护停战协定的实施，为和平解决朝鲜问题而奋斗。 中国人民开展抗美援朝运动的事实充分表明，他们不但以一切必需的人力、物力、财力支援了志愿军作战，而且给了志愿军以巨大的精神鼓舞和全国各族人民团结一致的努力，同志愿军在战场上英勇奋战，形成了伟大的人民战争。